Article(id=1308841135934636422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751385600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-02, revisedDate=1755100800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981643898, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981643898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981643898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981643898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1586, endPage=1597, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841136144351623, articleId=1308841135934636422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The principle and research progress of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a fundamental tool for enhancing ultrasound imaging contrast, ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have made significant advances in medical diagnosis and therapeutics in recent years. Their development has processed through four generations, with each generation achieving breakthroughs in core gas composition, shell materials, stability, and clinical applicability. The imaging mechanism of UCAs is based on the interaction between microbubbles and ultrasound waves, producing enhanced backscatter to generate clearer images. The in vivo behavior of microbubbles is influenced by various physiological factors. Both the core gas and shell materials are ultimately metabolized or safely eliminated from the body. Common preparation methods include ultrasonic cavitation, high-shear processing, mechanical agitation and so on. In modern medical applications, UCAs are widely employed in the diagnostic imaging of the heart, liver and tumors. Moreover, through targeted ligand modification and drug-loading strategies, they offer potential for theranostic application, i.e., integrating diagnosis and treatment. UCAs can also provide unique therapeutic benefit through gas-mediated therapies. This review systematically presents the development history of UCAs, elaborating on their imaging mechanisms, in vivo behavior, preparation techniques, physicochemical characteristics, and emerging applications at diagnostic-therapeutic interface.

, authors=Miao ZHANG1, Jia-xin XIONG1, Xue-feng ZHANG2, Yuan GAO1, Pei-ya SHEN1, Shuai QIAN1, *, authorsList=Miao ZHANG, Jia-xin XIONG, Xue-feng ZHANG, Yuan GAO, Pei-ya SHEN, Shuai QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuai QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841138954535313, articleId=1308841135934636422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=微泡超声造影剂的原理与研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超声造影剂作为提升超声成像对比度的核心工具, 近年来在医学诊疗领域取得了显著进展。其发展历经四代更迭, 每一代均在核心气体、壳膜材料、稳定性及临床应用等方面实现突破。造影剂的成像原理基于微泡与超声波的相互作用, 通过增强背向散射实现清晰成像。在体内, 微泡的行为受多种因素影响, 最终其核心气体以及壳膜材料均可安全排出体外。制备方法包括超声空化、高剪切技术、机械振荡法等, 所制微泡具备安全、有效、稳定的关键特性。在现代医学应用中, 超声造影剂不仅广泛应用于心脏、肝脏及肿瘤的诊断成像, 还能通过靶向配体修饰与载药技术实现诊疗一体化, 更可借助气体疗法发挥独特优势。本文系统阐述了超声造影剂的发展历程、成像原理、体内运作机制、制备工艺、特性及前沿应用。

, authors=张苗1, 熊佳欣1, 张雪峰2, 高缘1, 沈佩亚1, 钱帅1, *, authorsList=张苗, 熊佳欣, 张雪峰, 高缘, 沈佩亚, 钱帅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱帅, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张苗、熊佳欣负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写; 张雪峰参与综述初稿撰写; 沈佩亚、高缘负责为综述撰写提供思路; 钱帅负责为综述撰写提供思路框架并对稿件进行修改和审校。

, correspAuthorsNote=
钱帅,Tel: 13915957175, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dP8CLIICf8pefgNHaVe4gw==, magXml=JfgqBPSXrkwgs5Qf+GzfRw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7HnBvrhjRl1FN5RKM73vJg==, pdfFileSize=1694610, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mulBml6GeDBWrrzilb1oTA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cH2+9FicnwFw/BsJYuQyiA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1308841139776618905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841140015694235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841139776618905, language=EN, stringName=Miao ZHANG, firstName=Miao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841140200243612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841139776618905, language=CN, stringName=张苗, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841140326072734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841141051687328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841140326072734, language=EN, stringName=Jia-xin XIONG, firstName=Jia-xin, middleName=null, lastName=XIONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142721020323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841140326072734, language=CN, stringName=熊佳欣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841142792323493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142876209576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841142792323493, language=EN, stringName=Xue-feng ZHANG, firstName=Xue-feng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142964289961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841142792323493, language=CN, stringName=张雪峰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139407520149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139415908758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139424297367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143043981739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143228531117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143043981739, language=EN, stringName=Yuan GAO, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143304028592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143043981739, language=CN, stringName=高缘, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143375331762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143450829236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143375331762, language=EN, stringName=Pei-ya SHEN, firstName=Pei-ya, middleName=null, lastName=SHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143509549493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143375331762, language=CN, stringName=沈佩亚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143589241271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=silence_qs@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143660544441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143589241271, language=EN, stringName=Shuai QIAN, firstName=Shuai, middleName=null, lastName=QIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143719264698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143589241271, language=CN, stringName=钱帅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1308841143815733691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=ultrasonic contrast agent), Keyword(id=1308841143895425468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=microbubble), Keyword(id=1308841143987700157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=imaging principle), Keyword(id=1308841144038031806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=preparation method), Keyword(id=1308841144105140671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=diagnosis and treatment), Keyword(id=1308841144168055232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=超声造影剂), Keyword(id=1308841144260329921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=微泡), Keyword(id=1308841144323244482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=成像原理), Keyword(id=1308841144390353347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=制备方法), Keyword(id=1308841144449073604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=诊断治疗)], refs=[Reference(id=1308841147527692756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chong WK, Papadopoulou V, Dayton PA. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: Current status and future [J]. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018, 43: 762-772., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841147607384533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ingram N, McVeigh LE, Abou-Saleh RH, et al. A single short 'tone burst' results in optimal drug delivery to tumours using ultrasound-triggered therapeutic microbubbles [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14: 622., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841147682882006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qin SP, Caskey CF, Ferrara KW. Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: Physical principles and engineering [J]. Phys Med Biol, 2009, 54: R27-57., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841147770962391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang W, Zhang QY, Zhang HP, et al. Advances in preparation method of microbubbles used for medical imaging [J]. Mater Rep (材料导报), 2007, 47-50: 61., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841147846459864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mehier-Humbert S, Bettinger T, Yan F, et al. Plasma membrane poration induced by ultrasound exposure: Implication for drug delivery [J]. J Control Release, 2005, 104: 213-222., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841147926151641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan CH, Lin WH, Ting CY, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for the detection of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening [J]. Theranostics, 2014, 4: 1014-1025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148010037723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park J, Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, et al. Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption [J]. J Control Release, 2017, 250: 77-85., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148077146588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu HY, Tong LJ, Wang YL, et al. Bibliometric analysis of global research trends on ultrasound microbubble: A quickly developing field [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 646626., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148156838365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gramiak R, Shah PM. Echocardiography of the aortic root [J]. Invest Radiol, 1968, 3: 356-366., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148257501662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi BI. Doppler and harmonic ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Hepatol Res, 2007, 37(Suppl 2): S172-S177., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148332999135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Faez T, Emmer M, Kooiman K, et al. 20 Years of ultrasound contrast agent modeling [J]. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2013, 60: 7-20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148404302304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Upadhyay A, Dalvi SV. Microbubble formulations: Synthesis, stability, modeling and biomedical applications [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2019, 45: 301-343., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148475605473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Roelandt J. Contrast echocardiography [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1982, 8: 471-492., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148546908642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: Recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017 [J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 18: 1205-1205af., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148630794723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ophir J, Parker KJ. Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1989, 15: 319-333., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148702097892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feinstein SB, Cheirif J, Ten Cate FJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of a new transpulmonary ultrasound contrast agent: Initial multicenter clinical results [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1990, 16: 316-324., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148765012453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhuang LT, Huang Y. Research progress of using targeted nanoparticles as ultrasound contrast agents [J]. J China Med Univ (中国医科大学学报), 2018, 47: 842-846., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148844704230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lindner JR, Song J, Jayaweera AR, et al. Microvascular rheology of Definity microbubbles after intra-arterial and intravenous administration [J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002, 15: 396-403., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148907618791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan M, He CX, Li F, et al. Research and application of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Chin J Pharm (中国医药工业杂志), 2024, 55: 629-636., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841148991504873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stride E, Segers T, Lajoinie G, et al. Microbubble agents: New directions [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2020, 46: 1326-1343., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149075390954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jakobsen JA. Ultrasound contrast agents: Clinical applications [J]. Eur Radiol, 2001, 11: 1329-1337., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149155082731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han Y, Sun JW, Wei H, et al. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction: Modulation in the tumor microenvironment and application in tumor immunotherapy [J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 937344., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149226385900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang MF, Li J, Zhang XR. Advances in theoretical research on nanoscale ultrasonic contrast agents [J]. Water Purif Technol (净水技术), 2021, 40: 42-52., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149310271981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gorce JM, Arditi M, Schneider M. Influence of bubble size distribution on the echogenicity of ultrasound contrast agents: A study of SonoVue™ [J]. Invest Radiol, 2000, 35: 661-671., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149381575150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Goodwin AP, Nakatsuka MA, Mattrey RF. Stimulus-responsive ultrasound contrast agents for clinical imaging: Motivations, demonstrations, and future directions [J]. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2015, 7: 111-123., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149448684015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen ZX, Chen XJ, Zhao D. Advances in bioanalysis methods and pharmacokinetics of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Cent South Pharm (中南药学), 2024, 22: 2070-2076., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149507404272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cooley MB, Abenojar EC, Wegierak D, et al. Characterization of the interaction of nanobubble ultrasound contrast agents with human blood components [J]. Bioact Mater, 2023, 19: 642-652., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149570318833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Perkins AC, Frier M, Hindle AJ, et al. Human biodistribution of an ultrasound contrast agent (Quantison) by radiolabelling and gamma scintigraphy [J]. Br J Radiol, 1997, 70: 603-611., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149633233394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Walday P, Tolleshaug H, Gjøen T, et al. Biodistributions of air-filled albumin microspheres in rats and pigs [J]. Biochem J, 1994, 299: 437-443., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149683565043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang W, Zhu N, Yan T, et al. The crosstalk: Exosomes and lipid metabolism [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2020, 18: 119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149759062516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bzyl J, Lederle W, Rix A, et al. Molecular and functional ultrasound imaging in differently aggressive breast cancer xenografts using two novel ultrasound contrast agents (BR55 and BR38) [J]. Eur Radiol, 2011, 21: 1988-1995., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149834559989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kabalnov A, Klein D, Pelura T, et al. Dissolution of multicomponent microbubbles in the bloodstream: 1. Theory [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1998, 24: 739-749., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841149889085942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schutt EG, Klein DH, Mattrey RM, et al. Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging: The key role of perfluorochemicals [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2003, 42: 3218-3235., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151575196152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu SY, Chen CC, Tung YS, et al. Effects of the microbubble shell physicochemical properties on ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to the brain [J]. J Control Release, 2015, 212: 30-40., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151671665145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feshitan JA, Chen CC, Kwan JJ, et al. Microbubble size isolation by differential centrifugation [J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2009, 329: 316-324., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151755551226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Al-Jawadi S, Thakur SS. Ultrasound-responsive lipid microbubbles for drug delivery: A review of preparation techniques to optimise formulation size, stability and drug loading [J]. Int J Pharm, 2020, 585: 119559., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151831048699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quaia E. Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: An update [J]. Eur Radiol, 2007, 17: 1995-2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151906546172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mahalingam S, Raimi-Abraham BT, Craig DQ, et al. Formation of protein and protein-gold nanoparticle stabilized microbubbles by pressurized gyration [J]. Langmuir, 2015, 31: 659-666., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841151994626557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao YZ, Liang HD, Mei XG, et al. Preparation, characterization and in vivo observation of phospholipid-based gas-filled microbubbles containing hirudin [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2005, 31: 1237-1243., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152078512638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Suslick KS, Grinstaff MW. Protein microencapsulation of nonaqueous liquids [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1990, 112: 7807-7809., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152149815807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Grinstaff MW, Suslick KS. Air-filled proteinaceous microbubbles: Synthesis of an echo-contrast agent [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991, 88: 7708-7710., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152233701888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nyborg WL. Biological effects of ultrasound: Development of safety guidelines. Part Ⅰ: Personal histories [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26: 911-964., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152317587969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan KB, Gao YH, Liu P, et al. Preparation of lipid-coated ultrasound contrast agent by mechanical shaking: A preliminary experimental study [J]. Chin J Ultrasound Med (中国超声医学杂志), 2006, 22: 561-563., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152380502530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du YF, Wan MX, Zhao WM, et al. Study on the preparation of a new sugar albumin microbubble ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2001, 36: 859-862., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152456000003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bjerknes K, Dyrstad K, Smistad G, et al. Preparation of polymeric microcapsules: Formulation studies [J]. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000, 26: 847-856., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152514720260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang BB, Gao CY, Shen JC. Polylactide hollow spheres fabricated by interfacial polymerization in an oil-in-water emulsion system [J]. Colloid Polym Sci, 2006, 284: 513-519., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152577634821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pan DY, Yang L, Hou LB. Preparation and evaluation of lipid microbubbles ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Chin Pharm J (中国药学杂志), 2012, 47: 818-821., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152644743686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang B, Zhang YD, Zhao JF, et al. Preparation of nanoscale ultrasound microbubbles contrast agent [J]. Chin J Exp Surg (中华实验外科杂志), 2009, 26: 1023-1025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152699269639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang L, Liu Z, Zuo S, et al. Preparation of negative charged lipid-coated microbubbles by mechanical vibration [J]. Chin J Med Imaging Technol (中国医学影像技术), 2006, 22: 1773-1776., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152770572809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soetanto K, Chan M. Fundamental studies on contrast images from different-sized microbubbles: Analytical and experimental studies [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26: 81-91., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152829293066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Unger EC, McCreery TP, Sweitzer RH, et al. Acoustically active lipospheres containing paclitaxel: A new therapeutic ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Invest Radiol, 1998, 33: 886-892., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152904790539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sha TT, Miao XY, Zheng RQ, et al. Preparation method and characteristics of biomimetic microbubble [J]. Chin J Ultrasonogr (中华超声影像学杂志), 2022, 32: 161-168., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841152976093708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang QQ, Zhao Y, Chen KP, et al. Preparation of sulfur hexafluoride lipid microbubble [J]. West China J Pharm Sci (华西药学杂志), 2016, 31: 346-349., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153043202573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang HB, Chen L, Yang CX, et al. Preparation methods and applications of tanshinone IIA-loaded lipid nanobubble ultrasound contrast agents: CN, 115590986A [P]. 2023-01-13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153127088654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farook U, Stride E, Edirisinghe MJ. Preparation of suspensions of phospholipid-coated microbubbles by coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization [J]. J R Soc Interface, 2009, 6: 271-277., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153206780431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stride E, Edirisinghe M. Novel preparation techniques for controlling microbubble uniformity: A comparison [J]. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2009, 47: 883-892., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153273889296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pancholi KP, Farook U, Moaleji R, et al. Novel methods for preparing phospholipid coated microbubbles [J]. Eur Biophys J, 2008, 37: 515-520., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153366163985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seo M, Gorelikov I, Williams R, et al. Microfluidic assembly of monodisperse, nanoparticle-incorporated perfluorocarbon microbubbles for medical imaging and therapy [J]. Langmuir, 2010, 26: 13855-13860., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153450050066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dollet B, Van Hoeve W, Raven JP, et al. Role of the channel geometry on the bubble pinch-off in flow-focusing devices [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100: 034504., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153517158931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han WB, Wang X, Liu Y, et al. A perspective review of droplets and bubbles formation in microfluidics [J]. Microgravity Sci Technol, 2024, 36: 1-26., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153630405140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Göcze I, Wohlgemuth WA, Schlitt HJ, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for bedside imaging in subclinical acute kidney injury [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2014, 40: 431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153705902613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schneider A, Johnson L, Goodwin M, et al. Bench-to-bedside review: Contrast enhanced ultrasonography-a promising technique to assess renal perfusion in the ICU [J]. Crit Care, 2011, 15: 157., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153773011478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hwang M, De Jong RM Jr, Herman S, et al. Novel contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation in neonatal hypoxic ischemic injury: Clinical application and future directions [J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2017, 36: 2379-2386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153903034903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu CL, Feng YE, Huang PT, et al. Adverse reactions after the use of SonoVue contrast agent: Characteristics and nursing care experience [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98: e17745., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841153970143768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fontanilla Echeveste MT, Ripollés González T, Aguirre Pascual E. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound fundamentals: The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of contrast. Basics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging [J]. Radiologia (Engl Ed), 2024, 66: S36-S50., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841154062418458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Doinikov AA, Haac JF, Dayton PA. Resonance frequencies of lipid-shelled microbubbles in the regime of nonlinear oscillations [J]. Ultrasonics, 2009, 49: 263-268., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841154129527323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Marsh JN, Hughes MS, Hall CS, et al. Frequency and concentration dependence of the backscatter coefficient of the ultrasound contrast agent Albunex® [J]. J Acoust Soc Am, 1998, 104: 1654-1666., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841154209219100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sirsi S, Feshitan J, Kwan J, et al. Effect of microbubble size on fundamental mode high frequency ultrasound imaging in mice [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2010, 36: 935-948., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841154288910877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Borden MA, Song KH. Reverse engineering the ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2018, 262: 39-49., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841154368602654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and Surface Forces [M]. 3rd ed. New York: Academic press, 2011: 107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156033741343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Borden MA, Kruse DE, Caskey CF, et al. Influence of lipid shell physicochemical properties on ultrasound-induced microbubble destruction [J]. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2005, 52: 1992-2002., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156126016032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Q, Liang XW, Zhang YF, et al. A review of contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue® and SonazoidTM in non-hepatic organs [J]. Eur J Radiol, 2023, 167: 111060., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156218290721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L, Dong BW, Jiang L, et al. Microbubble contrast agent SonoVue: An efficient medium for the preoperative lymphatic mapping of thyroid carcinoma [J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 1077145., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156306371106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Salih M, Ali SM, Jena N, et al. Review of ultrasound contrast agents in current clinical practice with special focus on Definity® in cardiac imaging [J]. Future Cardiol, 2021, 17: 197-214., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156369285667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cohen JL, Cheirif J, Segar DS, et al. Improved left ventricular endocardial border delineation and opacification with Optison (FS069), a new echocardiographic contrast agent. Results of a phase Ⅲ multicenter trial [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998, 32: 746-752., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156444783140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Marelli C. Preliminary experience with NC100100, a new ultrasound contrast agent for intravenous injection [J]. Eur Radiol, 1999, 9 (Suppl 3): S343-S346., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156507697701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yanagisawa K, Moriyasu F, Miyahara T, et al. Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2007, 33: 318-325., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156583195174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ignee A, Atkinson NS, Schuessler G, et al. Ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Endosc Ultrasound, 2016, 5: 355-362., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156641915431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rouhi N, Chakeri Z, Ghorbani Nejad B, et al. A comprehensive review of advanced focused ultrasound (FUS) microbubbles-mediated treatment of Alzheimer's disease [J]. Heliyon, 2024, 10: e37533., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156700635688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=80, rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rix A, Curaj A, Liehn E, et al. Ultrasound microbubbles for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases [J]. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2020, 46: 545-552., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156771938857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schoen S Jr, Kilinc MS, Lee H, et al. Towards controlled drug delivery in brain tumors with microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound [J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2022, 180: 114043., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156839047722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin CY, Lin YC, Huang CY, et al. Ultrasound-responsive neurotrophic factor-loaded microbubble-liposome complex: Preclinical investigation for Parkinson's disease treatment [J]. J Control Release, 2020, 321: 519-528., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156906156587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Q, Xu XX, Chen BB, et al. Ultrasound-targeted microbubbles destruction assists dual delivery of β-amyloid antibody and neural stem cells to restore neural function in transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease [J]. Med Phys, 2022, 49: 1357-1367., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841156977459756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li YJ, Gao ZJ, Zheng XB, et al. Interventional removal of travelling microthrombi using targeted magnetic microbubble [J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, 13: e2401631., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157044568621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Z, Li M, Guo R, et al. Treating myocardial infarction via a nano-ultrasonic contrast agent-mediated high-efficiency drug delivery system targeting macrophages [J]. Sci Adv, 2025, 11: eadp7126., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157111677486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen M, Liang XL, Gao C, et al. Ultrasound triggered conversion of porphyrin/camptothecin-fluoroxyuridine triad microbubbles into nanoparticles overcomes multidrug resistance in colorectal cancer [J]. ACS Nano, 2018, 12: 7312-7326., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157191369263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Snipstad S, Sulheim E, Åslund AKO, et al. Nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles for treatment of lung cancer [J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2024, 199: 106804., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157266866736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen ZH, Huang J, Huang CX, et al. Preparation of triptolide-loaded ultrasound-targeted microbubbles and preliminary study on proliferation inhibition of breast cancer cells [J]. China Pract Med (中国实用医药), 2022, 17: 186-190., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157350752817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fix SM, Papadopoulou V, Velds H, et al. Oxygen microbubbles improve radiotherapy tumor control in a rat fibrosarcoma model - a preliminary study [J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13: e0195667., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841157409473074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Changizi S, Marquette IG, Vansant J, et al. Carbon monoxide release from ultrasound-sensitive microbubbles improves endothelial cell growth [J]. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2024, 112: 600-612., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841139407520149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139415908758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139424297367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841144553931205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=i24Vra2VENbRxNh1Dbo47Q==, figureFileBig=mulBml6GeDBWrrzilb1oTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841144608457158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=The typical structure of microbubbles, figureFileSmall=i24Vra2VENbRxNh1Dbo47Q==, figureFileBig=mulBml6GeDBWrrzilb1oTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841144855921095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hFHUiWIxQjvdln054n2E1g==, figureFileBig=4FKTUKORzbnI6x5upbFz7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841144956584392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Acoustic characteristics and signal processing of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). A: Ultrasound waves are reflected, refracted, scattered, transmitted, and absorbed by tissues; B: Microbubble-specific imaging sequences capture nonlinear signals from the contrast agent while excluding tissues with linear scattering, figureFileSmall=hFHUiWIxQjvdln054n2E1g==, figureFileBig=4FKTUKORzbnI6x5upbFz7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841145048859081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Qfg17nZlFgcwZ2ah4eolWw==, figureFileBig=mz95J2hftJIoSUrt45r0sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841145132745162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Concept of osmotically stable bubbles. An osmotic equilibrium is established where the partial pressure inside the bubble is maintained at approximately 1 atm. Water-soluble gases diffuse in and out of the bubble, while the additional partial pressure of perfluorocarbon vapor counteracts the combined effects of blood pressure and Laplace pressure, figureFileSmall=Qfg17nZlFgcwZ2ah4eolWw==, figureFileBig=mz95J2hftJIoSUrt45r0sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841145233408459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oxO63s+EOIc+xJYyYz+lNw==, figureFileBig=zg1gU5Q7LxTgzccGfWH1cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841145308905932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Coaxial current fluid dynamics atomization technology and microfluidic technology. A: Coaxial electrohydrodynamic techniques processing; a schematic of the experimental apparatus used; B: A device for controlling the generation of monodisperse microbubbles through pressure and flow rate; working mechanism of microbubble generation, figureFileSmall=oxO63s+EOIc+xJYyYz+lNw==, figureFileBig=zg1gU5Q7LxTgzccGfWH1cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841145384403406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Comparison dimensionContrast-enhanced ultrasoundEnhanced CTEnhanced MRI
Real-time performanceDynamic continuous imaging (similar to video)Static tomographic imaging (similar to photo)Static multi-sequence imaging
SafetyNo radiation, no nephrotoxicityRadiation exposure, risk of iodine allergyRisk of gadolinium nephrotoxicity
Applicable populationPatients with renal insufficiency, children, pregnant womenRequires renal function assessmentRequires renal function assessment
Examination costLowHighHighest
), ArticleFig(id=1308841147066319311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of ultrasound contrast imaging with other imaging technologies. CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Comparison dimensionContrast-enhanced ultrasoundEnhanced CTEnhanced MRI
Real-time performanceDynamic continuous imaging (similar to video)Static tomographic imaging (similar to photo)Static multi-sequence imaging
SafetyNo radiation, no nephrotoxicityRadiation exposure, risk of iodine allergyRisk of gadolinium nephrotoxicity
Applicable populationPatients with renal insufficiency, children, pregnant womenRequires renal function assessmentRequires renal function assessment
Examination costLowHighHighest
), ArticleFig(id=1308841147150205392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameShell componentManufacturerMarket launch/ clinical trial
EchovistSemi-synthetic sugarSchering AG, German1991 (withdrawn)
LevovistSemi-synthetic sugar, palmitic acidSchering AG, German1995 (withdrawn)
AlbunexAlbuminMolecular Biosystems Inc., USA1993 (withdrawn)
OptisonAlbuminGE Healthcare, UK1997
Definity/LuminityPhospholipidLantheus Medical Imaging Inc, USA2001/2014
Imagent/ImavistPhospholipidSchering AG, German2002 (withdrawn)
Lumason/SonoVuePhospholipidBracco Diagnostics Inc., Italy2006
SonazoidPhospholipidGE Healthcare UK2006
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidHunan Runkun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.2008
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidXiamen Lizhuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.2019
Perflutren Microbubbles for InjectionPhospholipidBeijing Feiruida Medical Technology Co., Ltd.Phase Ⅰ suspended
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidXiamen Lizhuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Phase Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1308841147255062993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Approved and investigational contrast agents: Domestic and international overview

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameShell componentManufacturerMarket launch/ clinical trial
EchovistSemi-synthetic sugarSchering AG, German1991 (withdrawn)
LevovistSemi-synthetic sugar, palmitic acidSchering AG, German1995 (withdrawn)
AlbunexAlbuminMolecular Biosystems Inc., USA1993 (withdrawn)
OptisonAlbuminGE Healthcare, UK1997
Definity/LuminityPhospholipidLantheus Medical Imaging Inc, USA2001/2014
Imagent/ImavistPhospholipidSchering AG, German2002 (withdrawn)
Lumason/SonoVuePhospholipidBracco Diagnostics Inc., Italy2006
SonazoidPhospholipidGE Healthcare UK2006
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidHunan Runkun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.2008
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidXiamen Lizhuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.2019
Perflutren Microbubbles for InjectionPhospholipidBeijing Feiruida Medical Technology Co., Ltd.Phase Ⅰ suspended
Perfluoropropane-albumin microsphere injectionPhospholipidXiamen Lizhuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Phase Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1308841147343143378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameGasShell componentDistributionApplication
SonoVueSF6PhospholipidBloodLeft ventricular opacification, microvascular enhancement, breast and breast lesion detection, etc.
DefinityC3F8PhospholipidBloodEchocardiography, liver/kidney imaging
OptisonC3F8AlbuminBloodLeft ventricular opacification, endocardial border delineation
SonazoidC4F10Hydrogenated egg yolk phosphatidyl serineBlood, Kupffer cellMyocardial perfusion, focal liver disease
), ArticleFig(id=1308841147418640851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Composition, structure, and clinical applications of commonly used ultrasound contrast agents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameGasShell componentDistributionApplication
SonoVueSF6PhospholipidBloodLeft ventricular opacification, microvascular enhancement, breast and breast lesion detection, etc.
DefinityC3F8PhospholipidBloodEchocardiography, liver/kidney imaging
OptisonC3F8AlbuminBloodLeft ventricular opacification, endocardial border delineation
SonazoidC4F10Hydrogenated egg yolk phosphatidyl serineBlood, Kupffer cellMyocardial perfusion, focal liver disease
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=Y, firstLetterEn=Y, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304509553505227679, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国药学会、中国医学科学院药物研究所, publishedBy=《药学学报》编辑委员会编辑出版, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914171, updatedTime=1788948914171, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304509553559753632, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914184, updatedTime=1788948914184, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=Y, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1778515200000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
微泡超声造影剂的原理与研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
张苗 1 , 熊佳欣 1 , 张雪峰 2 , 高缘 1 , 沈佩亚 1 , 钱帅 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(5): 1586-1597
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (5) : 1586 -1597
微泡超声造影剂的原理与研究进展
全屏
[Author(id=1308841139776618905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841140015694235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841139776618905, language=EN, stringName=Miao ZHANG, firstName=Miao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841140200243612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841139776618905, language=CN, stringName=张苗, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841140326072734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841141051687328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841140326072734, language=EN, stringName=Jia-xin XIONG, firstName=Jia-xin, middleName=null, lastName=XIONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142721020323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841140326072734, language=CN, stringName=熊佳欣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841142792323493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142876209576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841142792323493, language=EN, stringName=Xue-feng ZHANG, firstName=Xue-feng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841142964289961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841142792323493, language=CN, stringName=张雪峰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139407520149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139415908758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139424297367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139407520149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143043981739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143228531117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143043981739, language=EN, stringName=Yuan GAO, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143304028592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143043981739, language=CN, stringName=高缘, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143375331762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143450829236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143375331762, language=EN, stringName=Pei-ya SHEN, firstName=Pei-ya, middleName=null, lastName=SHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143509549493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143375331762, language=CN, stringName=沈佩亚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])]), Author(id=1308841143589241271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=silence_qs@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143660544441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143589241271, language=EN, stringName=Shuai QIAN, firstName=Shuai, middleName=null, lastName=QIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841143719264698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, authorId=1308841143589241271, language=CN, stringName=钱帅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841139193610642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139201999251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841139210387860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841135934636422, companyId=1308841139193610642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])])]
张苗1, 熊佳欣1, 张雪峰2, 高缘1, 沈佩亚1, 钱帅1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
通讯作者:
钱帅,Tel: 13915957175, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张苗、熊佳欣负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写; 张雪峰参与综述初稿撰写; 沈佩亚、高缘负责为综述撰写提供思路; 钱帅负责为综述撰写提供思路框架并对稿件进行修改和审校。

The principle and research progress of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents
Miao ZHANG1, Jia-xin XIONG1, Xue-feng ZHANG2, Yuan GAO1, Pei-ya SHEN1, Shuai QIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751
文章导航
收藏切换

超声造影剂作为提升超声成像对比度的核心工具, 近年来在医学诊疗领域取得了显著进展。其发展历经四代更迭, 每一代均在核心气体、壳膜材料、稳定性及临床应用等方面实现突破。造影剂的成像原理基于微泡与超声波的相互作用, 通过增强背向散射实现清晰成像。在体内, 微泡的行为受多种因素影响, 最终其核心气体以及壳膜材料均可安全排出体外。制备方法包括超声空化、高剪切技术、机械振荡法等, 所制微泡具备安全、有效、稳定的关键特性。在现代医学应用中, 超声造影剂不仅广泛应用于心脏、肝脏及肿瘤的诊断成像, 还能通过靶向配体修饰与载药技术实现诊疗一体化, 更可借助气体疗法发挥独特优势。本文系统阐述了超声造影剂的发展历程、成像原理、体内运作机制、制备工艺、特性及前沿应用。

超声造影剂  /  微泡  /  成像原理  /  制备方法  /  诊断治疗

As a fundamental tool for enhancing ultrasound imaging contrast, ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have made significant advances in medical diagnosis and therapeutics in recent years. Their development has processed through four generations, with each generation achieving breakthroughs in core gas composition, shell materials, stability, and clinical applicability. The imaging mechanism of UCAs is based on the interaction between microbubbles and ultrasound waves, producing enhanced backscatter to generate clearer images. The in vivo behavior of microbubbles is influenced by various physiological factors. Both the core gas and shell materials are ultimately metabolized or safely eliminated from the body. Common preparation methods include ultrasonic cavitation, high-shear processing, mechanical agitation and so on. In modern medical applications, UCAs are widely employed in the diagnostic imaging of the heart, liver and tumors. Moreover, through targeted ligand modification and drug-loading strategies, they offer potential for theranostic application, i.e., integrating diagnosis and treatment. UCAs can also provide unique therapeutic benefit through gas-mediated therapies. This review systematically presents the development history of UCAs, elaborating on their imaging mechanisms, in vivo behavior, preparation techniques, physicochemical characteristics, and emerging applications at diagnostic-therapeutic interface.

ultrasonic contrast agent  /  microbubble  /  imaging principle  /  preparation method  /  diagnosis and treatment
张苗, 熊佳欣, 张雪峰, 高缘, 沈佩亚, 钱帅. 微泡超声造影剂的原理与研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1586 -1597 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751
Miao ZHANG, Jia-xin XIONG, Xue-feng ZHANG, Yuan GAO, Pei-ya SHEN, Shuai QIAN. The principle and research progress of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1586 -1597 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751
超声成像(ultrasound imaging), 又称诊断超声或超声检查, 是基于超声波物理特性发展而来的医学影像技术。临床上, 该技术向人体组织发射频率在1~20 MHz的高频声波。借助不同生物组织间声阻抗的差异性, 接收并处理反射或散射的回波信号。这些信号经计算机处理后, 能够生成实时动态图像。医生可通过图像观察器官结构、血流动力学特征及组织病变情况。然而, 当相邻组织的声阻抗差异较小时, 超声图像的组织对比度会随之降低。这就导致细微结构或病变的分辨难度增加。此时, 超声造影剂便展现出独特的应用优势。
超声造影剂(ultrasound contrast agents, UCAs)是一种通过静脉注射的微泡制剂, 可通过增强组织间的声学特性差异, 显著提升图像对比度。微泡(microbubbles)通常由壳膜(蛋白质、脂质、聚合物)和填充气体(全氟化碳、六氟化硫)两部分组成[1], 平均直径为1~10 μm, 微泡的典型结构见图1。微泡的内部气体具有一定惰性和较强的散射能力, 一方面可以提升微泡的稳定性, 另一方面能够产生高效的声波散射。与血液中的红细胞相比, 微泡表现出的散射强度要高出1 000倍以上[2]。
临床应用中, 向患者静脉注射UCAs后, 可获得血流动态的高对比度图像, 辅助医生精准确诊病变组织[3], 微泡内的气体最终会通过肺部呼出体外。该技术在人体微小血管与组织灌注检测成像方面优势显著, 兼具成像清晰、实时快速、操作简便等特点, 因而在医学临床检测应用中日益广泛[4]。与增强CT (碘/钡类造影剂)、增强MRI (钆类造影剂)等技术相比, 超声造影成像不仅安全无创、费用低廉, 还能直观动态地观察病灶边界、大小及血流等信息。其突出优势在于时间分辨率高, 可实时动态显示0.5 mm以下微血管, 显著提升早期肿瘤、血栓等微小病变的检出率。超声造影与其他影像技术的对比如表1所示。
在疾病诊疗一体化的研究中, 超声造影剂展现出双重价值: 一方面, 在微泡表面结合特异性配体, 靶向微泡可随血液循环精准聚集于病变区域, 对疾病的早期检测和靶向治疗具有重要意义; 另一方面, 微泡作为药物载体, 在较高的声压下引发惯性空化, 通过微泡破碎产生的喷射、微流及冲击波[5], 可短暂打开细胞紧密连接或血脑屏障, 增强细胞膜通透性并促进细胞内吞, 为药物、基因及其他大分子的跨膜传递开辟通道[6, 7]。超声与微泡结合在癌症、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病的综合诊断和治疗方面展现出广阔前景[8]。本文将从UCAs的发展历程出发, 依次介绍其成像原理、体内运作机制、制备方法、特性及现代应用。
20世纪60年代后期, Gramiak和Shah[9]在临床检查中首次观察到超声对比效应。在后续实验中, 他们注意到在心脏内注射含有吲哚菁绿染料(一种常用的测量血流的物质)的生理盐水溶液后, 会在M型超声心动图上产生特征性的“回声云”现象。这一发现标志着造影剂超声心动图技术的初步诞生[10], 也为通过外源性物质增强超声成像对比度的研究奠定了基础。但是, 包裹空气或氧气的生理盐水存在直径大、稳定性差的显著缺陷。原因是其表面无壳膜包封, 当静脉注射进入血液后容易在气芯和周围液体产生的表面张力作用下破裂[11], 不能通过肺循环到达指定部位。因此, 只能通过导管直接注入心脏实现心室显影, 对患者造成很大创伤[12]。
1970年后UCAs进一步发展, 主要集中在心脏病学中的各种应用, 如心脏结构和腔尺寸的识别[13]。然而, 由于游离气泡的固有缺陷, 如寿命短、尺寸大小不确定且静脉注射后不能通过肺循环等因素, UCAs的潜力未得到充分发掘。从1980年开始, 大量的研究致力于促使造影超声心动图成为一种成熟的临床诊断技术[14]。1989年, Ophir与Parker[15]总结了UCAs在医学成像中的应用, 并将不同物理性质的造影剂分为游离气泡、包封气泡、胶体悬浮液、乳液和水溶液等五类。直到1990年, Feinstein等[16]首次报道了经超声处理的白蛋白可产生更稳定且尺寸可控的微泡, 并产生了首个被批准用于临床的UCAs——Albunex。
目前, 常用的UCAs多以微米级或纳米级包膜微泡为主, 壳膜内部充满惰性的氟碳气体。通常根据壳膜材料不同可分为四类, 分别是脂质体微泡、蛋白质微泡、聚合物微泡和表面活性剂微泡。目前在国内外获批上市及在临床试验阶段的微泡造影剂相关信息如表2所示。UCAs出现至今已有近半个世纪, 其发展大致可分为四代, 每一代在核心气体、壳膜材料、稳定性及临床应用上均有显著突破。
第一代的UCAs以空气为气体核心, 包封材料为白蛋白或半乳糖等生物聚合物[17]。通过静脉注射后, 该类造影剂能经过肺循环到达心脏进行显影[18]。但是, 空气在血液中的扩散系数较高, 循环时间较短且造影效果较差[19, 20]。
第二代的UCAs在外壳和气芯均进行了改进。包封材料使用磷脂或聚合物作为外壳, 并采用惰性气体(六氟化硫、全氟丙烷)作为气芯以提高稳定性和有效性。惰性气体在血液中的溶解度低, 在散射超声信号上更高效, 也更稳定, 在临床上获得了广泛的应用[21]。这个时期的主要代表产品为美国GE Healthcare公司的全氟蛋白A型微球注射剂、Lantheus公司的八氟丙烷脂质微球注射液及意大利Bracco公司的注射用六氟化硫微泡。
第三代的UCAs引入靶向功能。通过在微泡表面偶联抗体、多肽小分子, 实现对特定病变的精准结合。同时, 包封材料优化为合成磷脂, 常温保存时稳定性显著提升。在超声下诱导微泡破裂引起的空化效应而改变细胞膜通透性, 促使携载的药物或基因到达目标组织或器官[22]。
第四代的UCAs融合多功能诊疗一体化, 并开始向纳米级别过渡。目前在世界范围内获得批准上市的商用造影剂均为微米级, 直径在1~10 μm之间, 能够自由通过肺毛细血管, 且微米级的气泡在医学超声频率下可以产生共振现象, 使得气泡散射的超声信号大幅度增强。但是, 微米级气泡因其循环时间短、尺寸大等缺点, 不能穿过血管壁进入组织, 从而限制了其对血管外疾病的显影能力, 使其仅能应用于血池显像。对于炎症及栓塞部位处的血管, 由于血管较狭窄, 微米级UCAs有时也无法顺利通过[23]。因此, 具有更小尺寸和对病变部位有靶向能力的纳米级UCAs成为了热点, 目前尚处于研究阶段, 未应用到临床。
超声成像是由于微泡与超声波相互作用形成的背向散射引起。超声波散射是指声波在介质中传播时, 遇到两种声阻抗不同(声阻抗差 > 0.1%)的介质界面或内部微观结构时, 部分能量向各个方向分散传播的现象, 其本质是声波与介质中声阻抗不连续体的相互作用。当散射波方向与入射波夹角为180°时, 称为背向散射, 其信号可被探头接收(图2A)。
微泡增强背向散射的机制主要体现在3个方面: ①声阻抗差异。微泡核心多为全氟化碳、六氟化硫等惰性气体, 与血液或周围组织的声阻抗差异显著(气体声阻抗远低于液态介质), 导致超声波在气-液界面发生强烈反射与散射, 这是背向散射的物理基础[8]; ②共振振荡效应。在低声压条件下, 微泡随入射波频率发生周期性的膨胀和收缩(稳定空化), 其共振频率与半径成反比。临床常用微泡的直径范围为1~5 μm, 对应的共振频率与医学超声频率(1~10 MHz)高度匹配, 从而最大化散射效率[24], 这种稳定振荡通过气-液界面的声阻抗差异, 显著增强背向散射信号, 直观反映微泡在血管内的分布; ③非线性散射。超声波的正压相位压缩微泡, 负压相位使其膨胀。由于气体压缩性远高于液体, 微泡的振动呈非线性(不对称的膨胀-收缩过程)。非线性振动会生成基频(入射波频率)以外的谐波(二次谐波、次谐波), 这些谐波是微泡特有的信号, 与周围组织的线性回波明显区分。基于此, 通过滤波器选择性提取微泡的谐波信号, 线性信号(组织背景)因相位抵消被消除, 而微泡的非线性信号因相位不对称被保留并叠加, 显著提升信噪比(图2B), 可有效抑制组织背景的基频干扰[25]。
揭示微泡的体内药代动力学行为, 需同时关注完整微泡、游离核心气体、外壳材料在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程。给药途径是影响微泡吸收与分布的重要因素。静脉给药时, 微泡直接进入血液循环, 是全身造影的主要方式。通过针或导管将微泡注入腹膜腔、胆道等血管外腔隙, 可实现局部腔内造影成像[26], 例如, 六氟化硫微泡经静脉注射后, 随血液循环到达需要成像的部位。由于微泡的直径小, 可通过肺循环进入体循环, 随后, 微泡会随着血流分布到全身各个组织和器官。其分布情况受血流动力学因素影响[27], 如血流速度、血管口径等。血流速度快、血管口径大的部位, 微泡更容易到达, 主要积聚部位为肝脏(Kupffer细胞)和脾脏(巨噬细胞)[28, 29]。
微泡在血液循环中的稳定性有限, 循环时间仅为几分钟, 其外壳在体内发生生物降解, 一部分被分解代谢, 如脂质微泡可在脂肪酶的作用下被代谢为甘油和脂肪酸等小分子物质; 另一部分微泡先被巨噬细胞摄取, 在细胞内经历一系列的代谢过程, 如被溶酶体中的酶分解等[30, 31]。最终, 大部分代谢产物及少部分极小的微泡通过肾脏滤过, 随尿液排出体外; 另一部分代谢产物也可能经肝脏代谢后进入胆汁, 随粪便排出体外。因微泡直径(2~5 μm)小于肺毛细血管平均直径(7~8 μm), 能顺利通过肺循环完成气体交换, 其惰性气体核心则通过血液扩散至肺部, 经呼吸排出体外。以Option为例[31], 静脉给药6 min内, 99.9%的C3F8通过肺部被呼出。
微泡消失的原因主要有3点: ①微泡同时受到平衡压力(亨利定律)、拉普拉斯压力和血压的影响; ②氧气代谢还会降低血液中的氧张力; ③暴露在强烈的超声波能量下会导致气泡破坏, 因为共振时气泡的快速收缩和膨胀会产生机械应力并削弱封装壳。根据公式(1)计算气泡所承受的拉普拉斯压力。
$ ΔP = 2σ/r(1) $
其中, σ是空气与水的界面张力, r是气泡的半径。
气泡表面的表面活性剂膜降低了空气与水的界面张力, 从而降低了拉普拉斯压力, 但并不能完全消除。当气体离开气泡时, 在压力梯度的驱动下, 气泡收缩, 拉普拉斯压力增大, 气泡加速收缩。根据公式(2)计算气泡内气体向水(或血液)中溶解引发的半径随时间的减小。
$ {d}_{r}/{d}_{t} = -DL\left[\left({\overline{p}}^{*}+2\sigma /r\right)/\left({p}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{m}}+4\sigma /3r\right)\right]\left[1/r+ \\\quad \quad \quad 1/\sqrt[]{\pi Dt}\right] $
$ L = C_{\mathrm{liquid}}/C_{\mathrm{gas}} $
其中, dr/dt是气泡收缩率, D是气体在水中的扩散率, L是奥斯特瓦尔德系数, Patm是大气压, P*是超压(由全身血压和氧气代谢构成), Cliquid和Cgas分别表示溶质在液体相和气相中的浓度。L越低, 气泡在血液中的溶解速度越慢, 存留时间越长。全氟碳化物气体是已知的最难溶于水但挥发性的化学物质, 这种气体在血流中形成的气泡(直径约5 mm)寿命可长达几分钟(空气气泡仅有几秒钟), 具有良好的渗透稳定性, 作为微泡气体核心。
对于气体核心, 其体内溶解速率主要取决于拉普拉斯压力, 并与超压$ {\stackrel{-}{P}}^{\mathrm{*}} $直接相关。此外, 气体在体温环境下的蒸气压也是影响气泡寿命的关键因素。当蒸气压过低时, 气泡收缩至坍缩半径, 随后凝结为液态[32]。微泡在血液中的溶解过程可分为3个阶段[33]: 第一阶段, 气泡适应血流环境, 迅速膨胀或收缩直至内外压力平衡, 关键参数包括气体的初始摩尔分数、气泡表面张力、血压和氧代谢水平; 第二阶段, 气体缓慢扩散, 微泡直径的平方随时间线性降低, 降低速率与奥斯特瓦尔德系数和气体扩散率正相关; 第三阶段, 充填气体分压升高凝结, 微泡变为液体, 超声无法检测, 降低界面张力可延缓但无法阻止气泡崩溃。
气泡在血液中的平衡状态如图3所示, 气泡受到血管施加的动脉压(100 Torr)和表面张力(100 Torr)两种向内收缩的压力, 同时也受到气泡核心向外膨胀扩散的压力, 内外压力相互对抗。当内部气体采用氮气时, 其分压为760 Torr, 气泡有向外的膨胀驱动力, 需坚硬的微泡外壳抵挡住才能保持不破裂; 而当使用水溶性极低的全氟碳化合物作为气泡核心时, 其分压为200 Torr, 和外部收缩压力相抵消, 在具有外壳的条件下在循环系统中更加稳定, 既不会因压力失衡破裂, 也不会过度膨胀, 从而为超声成像提供稳定的声学反射界面。
微泡的临床应用受到其自身物理特性的影响, 包括微泡的直径大小及其表面包覆层的力学和流变学特性[34, 35]。这些特性取决于微泡的配方及生产技术[36]。临床上使用的UCAs, 其微泡直径范围应控制在1~5 μm。微泡直径过大会引起微脉管栓塞, 不能穿过肺部循环而无法在心室显影, 而直径过小往往在检测前就会消失。因而微泡需要适宜的尺寸确保可以穿越肺部毛细血管, 从而增强超声诊断信号[37]。目前, 国内外常用的微泡制备方法主要包括超声空化技术、高剪切技术、机械振荡法、薄膜水化法、冷冻干燥技术等, 此外还有同轴电流流体动力学原子化技术、微流体技术[38]。
最常用的微泡制备方法是超声处理法, 其制备原理是利用高强度超声将气体分散于含成膜材料的液体介质中[39]。首先, 通过超声乳化作用, 使气体在含有蛋白质或表面活性剂等涂层材料的溶液中形成气泡悬浮液, 气泡表面会自动吸附成膜材料; 其次, 悬浮液中惯性空化产生的高温高压, 可导致表面涂层发生化学改性, 增强微泡稳定性。
微泡的尺寸分布与浓度会受到多重因素影响, 包括超声频率、功率、脉冲参数, 以及液体的粘度、表面张力等[40]。但这些变量间缺乏明确的理论关联, 工艺重现性较差, 导致超声法制备的微泡普遍存在尺寸分布宽、壳膜厚度不均匀等局限性[41]。对于静脉注射用微泡, 通常需通过分馏或过滤工艺去除大尺寸气泡, 以规避血管栓塞风险[42]。此外, 声振过程中无菌操作难度大, 且存在金属探头磨损导致的污染隐患, 进一步增加了质量控制与规模化制备的难度[43], 超声空化技术目前主要用于实验室制备UCAs。Du等[44]以白蛋白和蔗糖为成膜材料, 全氟丙烷与氧气为气体核心, 采用超声技术制备微泡, 其平均直径为3.4 μm。所制备的微泡表现出较强的耐热性且在4 ℃下保存半年无明显变化, 还有较强的非线性特征, 适合于人体微管的超声造影。
高剪切技术也是一种常用的微泡制备方法, 尤其是制备聚合物包被的微泡。其原理是通过高剪切搅拌将溶解于溶剂的聚合物乳化到水性悬浮液中, 并引入与水和聚合物溶剂均不混溶的液体作为稳定剂。高速剪切产生的热量促使聚合物溶剂蒸发, 导致聚合物沉淀并包覆于液滴表面, 形成液体填充的微球。随后, 通过洗涤去除残留溶剂, 经冷冻干燥得到充满气体的微泡外壳[45, 46]。
微泡的尺寸分布取决于初始乳液的液滴均一性及后续加工中微球的碎裂或聚结程度。因此对于需要严格控制微泡尺寸的应用, 还需额外的过滤处理。Pan等[47]在制备全氟丙烷微泡时, 将脂质混悬液置于50 mL聚丙烯管中, 插入剪切刀头至液面下, 通入全氟丙烷以24 000 r·min-1高速剪切2 min, 成功制得包裹全氟丙烷的脂质微泡。Zhang等[48]以高剪切分散法制备纳米级超声微泡造影剂, 以混合的半合成磷脂和全氟丙烷作原料, 制备获得的微泡分散均匀、平均粒径为335 ± 5 nm, 是纳米级的新型超声微泡造影剂。
将各类成膜材料按特定比例混悬于水性溶剂中, 分装至西林瓶冷冻干燥后, 加入含高渗糖及表面活性剂的水合液重新水合, 缓慢注入气体置换西林瓶顶部空气, 接着以恒定的振荡频率和幅度进行水平往复式机械振荡[49]。研究表明, 微泡的尺寸与振荡频率及幅度密切相关, 相较于其他制备工艺, 机械振荡法具有稳定性好、工艺相对简单且重现性更佳的突出优势[43]。
Soetanto等[50]通过注射器以每分钟60次的频率连续抽取和排出0.5%的十二烷酸钠溶液, 同时辅以机械搅拌, 促使大量微泡生成。随后利用量管对微泡进行分馏处理, 溶液分层后, 上层为较大的微泡, 下层则形成富含大量微泡的牛奶状溶液。Unger等[51]在制备MRX-552UCAs时, 将紫杉醇混悬于大豆油中, 加入磷脂混悬液并充入全氟丁烷气体, 密封后以4 200 r·min-1的速率振荡获得平均直径为2.9 μm的紫杉醇脂质微泡。
将各类成膜材料以氯仿、正己烷等有机溶剂溶解, 通过氮吹仪或旋转蒸发仪去除溶剂形成薄膜。随后向薄膜中加入磷酸盐缓冲溶液或纯水, 水化形成脂质悬浮液[52], 利用挤出器对悬浮液进行处理, 使脂质体粒径均一化。处理后的悬浮液转移至无菌西林瓶, 抽真空后注入氟化类气体, 制得含气微泡。该方法适用于制备脂质体类微泡, 特别是载药脂质体微泡。
Wang等[53]采用薄膜水化法制备内含SF6气体的脂质微泡。以大豆磷脂、胆固醇为成膜材料, 逐滴加入氯仿使其全部溶解, 利用旋转蒸发仪蒸干溶剂, 残余溶剂在干燥器中挥干, 在烧瓶壁上形成一层薄膜, 经水化后, 用探头式超声仪进行超声, 同时在底部充入SF6气体。超声结束, 于室温下水浴中冷却3 min使膜结构稳固, 即得内含SF6气体的脂质微泡。经验证所制备的SF6脂质微泡的形态规则、大小均匀。
冷冻干燥法通常以磷脂类化合物作为成膜材料, 加入适量的表面活性剂及合适的助悬剂, 经混合进行冷冻干燥处理。以SonoVue造影剂为例, 将聚乙二醇4000与磷脂类成分溶于叔丁醇溶剂, 经充分溶解后在20 kPa压力下进行冷冻干燥, 所得冻干粉末用SF6饱和, 并通过蒸馏水复溶。该方法的原理是通过升华过程去除冻结物料中的水分或溶剂, 其优势在于能够有效保持产品的生物活性及形态结构稳定。Zhang等[54]发明了一种基于冷冻干燥技术制备负载丹参酮ⅡA的脂质纳米微泡UCAs的方法。该技术通过优化冻干工艺参数, 不仅显著提高了丹参酮ⅡA的生物利用度, 还能降低药物不良反应, 使靶向给药系统达到更优的药效水平, 为UCAs在抗肿瘤领域的应用提供了新的技术路径。
同轴电流流体动力学原子化技术已发展成为成熟的微泡制备方法, 其原理是使两种流动流体在高压作用下形成同轴喷射流, 经雾化过程生成均匀液滴[55]。当两种流体不互溶时, 可实现一种流体对另一种流体的封装。通过调节气体流速、液体流速及施加电压的参数组合, 能够产生连续稳定的微泡流, 在此范围内改变参数, 可以控制微泡的大小和均匀性[55]。该技术装置通常由同轴排列的双针头构成, 流体分别通过一对精密注射泵输送。制备微泡时, 内针用于供应气体, 外针则输送涂层材料悬浮液。在针头与针尖下方近距离设置的接地环形电极之间, 施加数千伏的电位差(图4A)[56]。这种电场驱动的同轴射流雾化机制, 为可控微泡制备提供了高效的技术平台。Pancholi等[57]首次使用同轴电流体动力学雾化制备了甘油-空气系统的微气泡悬浮液, 获得3~7 μm直径的微气泡, 并使用专门设计制造的T型接头装置制备了粒径高度均一的单分散性微气泡, 显著提高了超声成像的灵敏度[58]。
相较于同轴电流流体动力学原子化装置, 微流体装置仅在非常有限的压力和流速条件下提供操作控制, 但能够更精准地调制微泡的尺寸和多分散性, 这种方法对于制备单分散液滴已得到广泛认可。迄今为止, 应用于制备微泡的微流体装置主要有两种类型, 一类是通过软光刻技术制备的流动聚焦装置[59]。另一类是由毛细管在聚合物块内组装成T型接头结构的机械单元[57]。这两种装置的核心结构均包含一个关键孔口, 气体流在此处挤压液体流并聚焦形成射流, 随着气-液界面在距孔口特定位置处失稳, 通过“夹断”机制生成单分散气泡(图4B)[59]。
微流控技术的显著优势在于可通过调节流体流速、设备参数来实现对微泡尺寸控制。Han等[60]利用交叉流动聚焦型微流控装置, 通过调整流体的流速比和通道的几何结构, 可以有效控制微泡的尺寸和单分散性。然而该技术存在微泡生成速率较慢的局限性, 制备足量微气泡往往需耗时数小时。此外, 微通道易被灰尘颗粒堵塞, 导致设备频繁校准或更换。尽管工程领域正持续探索高效稳定的单分散微气泡制备策略, 但现阶段微流体技术仍难以满足生物医学研究的实际应用需求[35]。
微泡作为UCAs的核心部分, 在医学影像领域发挥关键作用, 其性能需从安全性、有效性和稳定性等多个方面进行严格评估和优化。
微泡属于典型的核-壳结构, 由外层壳膜和内层气芯组成。在临床应用中, 微泡经静脉注入人体, 对内层气体的安全性有严格要求, 需具备无毒、生物惰性的特点, 不参与人体代谢过程且最终经肺部呼吸排出。而外壳则发挥稳定微泡结构的作用, 通过防止微泡聚集和溶解, 保证其在体内的有效性。外壳的材料应具备良好的生物相容性, 并能被人体代谢清除。在尺寸规格方面, 微泡直径需控制在10 μm以下, 以确保能够顺利通过毛细血管而不造成血流阻塞。
根据美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准, 微泡的典型临床使用剂量为静脉注射1~2 mL, 微泡数量约109~1010个, 实际使用时需严格参照药品说明书中的剂型及给药方案执行。多项临床研究为特定人群使用该造影剂提供了安全性证据。在ICU收治的危重症成年患者群体中, 静脉注射微泡造影剂未观察到显著不良反应[61, 62]。另有研究证实, 该类造影剂在健康婴儿及新生儿群体中同样展现出良好的安全性[63]。值得关注的是, 作为静脉注射制剂的微泡也有潜在风险, 如引发血流动力学波动、心律失常、注射部位局部反应, 以及头痛、头晕、面部潮红、胃肠道不适等不良反应[64]。
在声场环境中, 微泡呈现非线性振荡特性, 其压缩与膨胀过程表现出显著的行为不对称性。这种非线性振荡机制促使高次谐波产生, 而这些谐波信号正是超声造影成像的关键。事实上, 声波在介质传播、反射及散射过程中均存在非线性效应, 其中二次谐波的幅度最为突出, 相比之下, 其他高次谐波可忽略不计, 这进一步凸显了微泡非线性振荡产生谐波用于成像的重要性。
微泡的振荡行为取决于入射声波的振幅, 这与声功率和机械指数(mechanical index, MI)密切相关, 而该振荡特性又直接决定了超声图像中的信号强度与持续时间。MI用于量化超声波在惯性空化阈值附近的能量强度。当MI较低时, 微泡维持稳定振荡状态, 产生持续时间较长的信号; 而当MI较高时, 微泡会迅速破裂, 释放出强度高但持续时间短的信号。基于此, 临床实践中多采用较低MI, 以获取持久稳定的造影信号[65]。
微泡在声场中的振荡行为本质上取决于其共振频率, 而这一频率又受到微泡大小、外壳物理性质以及周围介质特性的综合影响。当外界超声频率与微泡共振频率相匹配时, 微泡的背向散射信号与整体回声强度将显著增强[24, 66]。理论研究表明, 直径在3~9 μm区间的微泡, 最有可能在2~10 MHz (临床常用超声频率)内产生共振, 因此该尺寸范围的微泡对背向散射信号的贡献最为显著[24]。
UCAs的回声强度与微泡的浓度和大小有关, Marsh等[67]研究证实, Albunex造影剂的背向散射系数与微泡浓度呈线性比例。在一定浓度范围内采用不同大小的微泡对小鼠肾脏进行超声成像, 结果表明造影剂的增强效果与循环持续性受微泡大小影响, 尺寸较大的微泡(4~5、6~8 μm)能显著增强超声图像对比度, 呈现正向对比效果; 而1~2 μm的微泡增强效果相对较弱[68]。
UCAs在临床应用中, 需在悬浮液中保持足够长时间的稳定性, 以满足储存、运输、操作以及体内成像检查等环节的需求, 其稳定时长通常要求达到5~30 min[69]。为实现这一目标, 微泡采用特殊结构设计: 将低溶解度的生物惰性气体封装于生物可降解的脂质或蛋白质外壳内。相较于无外壳的微泡, 此类结构增强了微泡的稳定性。无外壳微泡仅由气相和液相组成, 在相互接近时, 会受到范德华力、静电力和毛细管力等多种作用力影响, 这些力的综合作用决定了微泡是否发生聚集。此外, 从能量学角度分析微泡在储存过程中的稳定性可知, 若微泡间存在能垒, 可有效抑制其合并。当能垒超过25kT (k是玻尔兹曼常数, T是绝对温度)时, 微泡可视为稳定状态[70]。
在微泡表面添加外壳是提升其稳定性的一种关键策略。外壳一方面可降低疏水力对微泡的吸引作用, 另一方面能够产生新的排斥力, 从而有效避免微泡聚结。研究表明, 磷脂成分对微泡外壳性能具有显著影响。Borden等[71]发现, 调整磷脂与乳化剂的组成比例, 会改变微泡外壳的内聚性。其中, 长酰基链磷脂与表面活性剂类乳化剂协同作用, 可增强外壳材料的形变能力, 进而提升微泡抗破裂性能, 维持其稳定性。实验结果表明, 当DSPG∶DSPC∶DSPE-PEG2000以60∶30∶10的比例配制时, 微泡稳定性达到最优状态。
微泡造影剂作为医学成像领域的重要工具, 已广泛应用于心脏、肝脏、肿瘤及血管等组织器官的成像检测。通过对微泡表面进行靶向分子修饰, 可实现对特定病灶的精准靶向成像, 显著提升疾病诊断的准确性与特异性。随着技术的发展, 微泡造影剂在医学领域的应用已突破传统成像诊断的局限, 逐步向诊疗一体化模式演进。其核心价值不仅体现在增强影像对比度以优化疾病诊断, 更延伸至靶向治疗与精准药物递送领域。此外, 通过包裹不同功能气体, 微泡造影剂还可开展气体疗法, 为疾病治疗提供新的策略与手段。
目前临床常用的UCAs以SonoVue、Definity、Optison和Sonazoid为主。SonoVue以SF6气体为核心成分, 外层由中性磷脂膜包裹, 属于纯血池造影剂。其临床应用覆盖乳腺癌、胰腺肿瘤、甲状腺癌及颈部淋巴结病变等诊断领域[72]。Chen等[73]研究发现, SonoVue可用于甲状腺癌患者术前淋巴系统全面示踪, 引导前哨淋巴结识别率高达96.77%, 同时显著提升中央隔室与侧室淋巴结转移的诊断准确性。
Definity与Optison均以八氟丙烷为气体核心, 差异在于外壳材料。Definity是脂质外壳, Optison是白蛋白外壳。Definity主要用于左心室浑浊、左心室血栓、根尖变异型肥厚型心肌病、心肌致密化不全及心内肿块等心脏疾病的超声检测[74]。Optison则适用于超声心动图成像质量欠佳的患者, 通过增强左心室浑浊度以优化心内膜边界显影。相较于Albunex, Optison因微泡尺寸更小、稳定性更强, 可在血液循环中维持更持久的声学增强效应, 显著提升左心室心内膜边界显影的持续时间与可重复性[75]。
Sonazoid的核心成分为全氟丁烷气体, 外壳由带负电荷的氢化卵磷脂-磷脂酰丝氨酸复合物构成, 这一特殊结构赋予其独特的肝脏Kupffer细胞靶向性。注射后, Sonazoid可被肝脏内特异性吞噬细胞(Kupffer细胞)主动摄取, 形成血管后期至延迟期的肝实质显影。由于肝癌组织缺乏Kupffer细胞, 在该阶段表现为“负性显影”, 从而显著提升肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤等局灶性肝病的诊断灵敏度。与SonoVue、Definity、Optison等仅提供动态血流动力学信息的造影剂不同, Sonazoid的Kupffer细胞吞噬率高达99% (SonoVue仅为7.3%), 使其成为兼具血流灌注与组织特异性成像能力的新型造影剂[76, 77]。4种临床常用造影剂其成分、结构与应用场景各具特点(表3)。
靶向UCAs可通过被动或主动方式富集于炎症、血栓及血管生成等特定区域[78]。其中, 主动靶向策略通过在微泡表面修饰抗体、多肽、核酸片段等特异性配体, 实现与病变部位受体的精准结合, 显著提升靶向效率, 在早期肿瘤诊断、血栓状态评估及炎症监测中发挥重要作用。载药UCAs则能在超声激发下于病灶局部释放药物, 既提升靶区药物浓度, 又降低非病灶组织的药物暴露, 有效减轻药物的全身不良反应。目前, 这两类造影剂已有相关研究应用于阿尔茨海默病[79]、心血管疾病[80]、肿瘤[81]等重大疾病。
在神经退行性疾病治疗方面, 帕金森病以多巴胺能神经元进行性退化为核心病理特征, 导致纹状体多巴胺水平显著下降, 进而引发震颤、僵直等运动障碍及认知功能衰退。研究表明, 神经胶质细胞系衍生的神经营养因子(glialcellline-derivedneurotrophicfactor, GDNF)与脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)对多巴胺能神经元具有保护作用。Lin等[82]在帕金森病动物模型研究中证实, 通过超声靶向微泡系统递送结合GDNF的靶向微泡, 可有效发挥神经保护功能, 显著改善动物行为学缺陷, 减少细胞内钙超载, 降低胶质纤维酸性蛋白与半胱天冬酶-3 (caspase 3)表达水平, 并抑制多巴胺能神经元丢失, 为神经退行性疾病的治疗提供了创新策略。Zhu等[83]的研究进一步表明, 超声靶向微泡辅助递送β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)抗体与神经干细胞, 能够突破血脑屏障进入阿尔茨海默病小鼠大脑, 加速Aβ斑块清除, 促进BDNF表达, 显著改善小鼠学习记忆能力。
在心血管疾病领域, 尽管尿激酶、链激酶等溶栓药物已广泛应用于血栓治疗, 但超声联合载药微泡技术可实现药物在血栓部位的精准释放, 进一步提升溶栓疗效。针对心肌梗死后CD86阳性巨噬细胞在缺血损伤区域聚集引发的继发性心肌损伤问题, Li等[84]采用靶向磁性微泡联合磁导管技术, 在微血栓大鼠模型中成功实现微血栓的高效识别与清除, 3 min内使微血栓浓度降低60%, 且未对重要器官造成损伤。此外, 纳米UCAs介导的巨噬细胞靶向递送技术, 可特异性将小分子化合物与核酸递送至心肌梗死区域的CD86阳性巨噬细胞, 显著降低全身不良反应[85]。
肿瘤治疗方面, Chen等[86]制备的的卟啉/喜树碱-氟尿苷三联体微泡联合超声与激光照射, 对HT-29结直肠癌细胞的肿瘤抑制率高达90%, 且无复发迹象, 为克服癌症耐药性提供了新方向。同时, 微泡包裹载药纳米颗粒的策略显著增强了药物肺部靶向性, 在非小细胞肺癌小鼠模型中展现出良好的治疗效果[87]。Chen等[88]制备的叶酸修饰载雷公藤酯醇靶向超声微泡, 对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖具有显著抑制作用。
微泡所包裹的气体不仅具备声学增强特性, 还可作为治疗活性成分参与疾病干预。肿瘤组织常伴随酸性、缺氧的微环境, 且肿瘤体积越大, 缺氧程度越显著。在乳腺癌大鼠模型研究中, 静脉注射表面活性剂包裹的氧气可显著提升肿瘤组织的放射敏感性[89]: 通过增加肿瘤氧分压达20 mm Hg, 使放射敏感性提升近两倍, 相较于单纯放疗, 该抗缺氧治疗可延缓肿瘤生长约30天。此外, 一氧化氮因参与血小板调节、炎症反应及内皮细胞功能调控, 与深静脉血栓消退密切相关。Changizi等[90]在深静脉血栓大鼠模型中发现, 注射一氧化氮微泡后, 第8天血栓重量与长度比值较对照组下降40%, 证实其促血栓溶解作用。而包裹一氧化碳的微泡则可促进内皮细胞扩散与增殖, 提升VE-钙黏蛋白表达水平, 展现出对血管内皮功能的保护潜力。
本文系统综述了UCAs的发展历程、成像原理、体内运作机制、制备方法、关键特性及医学应用。自UCAs问世以来, 已历经四代技术革新, 其微泡成像原理与体内作用机制逐渐明晰。随着制备技术的成熟和微泡性能的优化, UCAs在医学影像诊断与治疗领域取得了显著突破。
在未来研究方向上, 纳米级微泡与多功能微泡将会成为两大核心领域。纳米级微泡凭借粒径优势, 可穿透血管屏障实现高分辨率成像和精准靶向治疗, 在早期诊断和微创治疗中展现独特价值。多功能微泡通过整合靶向识别与药物递送系统, 从而开发诊疗一体化新型造影剂。未来新型超声微泡技术将向高精度成像、靶向治疗和个体化医疗方向持续迈进, 为精准医学提供新的技术支撑。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Chong WK, Papadopoulou V, Dayton PA. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: Current status and future [J]. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018, 43: 762-772.
2
Ingram N, McVeigh LE, Abou-Saleh RH, et al. A single short 'tone burst' results in optimal drug delivery to tumours using ultrasound-triggered therapeutic microbubbles [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14: 622.
3
Qin SP, Caskey CF, Ferrara KW. Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: Physical principles and engineering [J]. Phys Med Biol, 2009, 54: R27-57.
4
Wang W, Zhang QY, Zhang HP, et al. Advances in preparation method of microbubbles used for medical imaging [J]. Mater Rep (材料导报), 2007, 47-50: 61.
5
Mehier-Humbert S, Bettinger T, Yan F, et al. Plasma membrane poration induced by ultrasound exposure: Implication for drug delivery [J]. J Control Release, 2005, 104: 213-222.
6
Fan CH, Lin WH, Ting CY, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for the detection of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening [J]. Theranostics, 2014, 4: 1014-1025.
7
Park J, Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, et al. Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption [J]. J Control Release, 2017, 250: 77-85.
8
Wu HY, Tong LJ, Wang YL, et al. Bibliometric analysis of global research trends on ultrasound microbubble: A quickly developing field [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 646626.
9
Gramiak R, Shah PM. Echocardiography of the aortic root [J]. Invest Radiol, 1968, 3: 356-366.
10
Choi BI. Doppler and harmonic ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Hepatol Res, 2007, 37(Suppl 2): S172-S177.
11
Faez T, Emmer M, Kooiman K, et al. 20 Years of ultrasound contrast agent modeling [J]. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2013, 60: 7-20.
12
Upadhyay A, Dalvi SV. Microbubble formulations: Synthesis, stability, modeling and biomedical applications [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2019, 45: 301-343.
13
Roelandt J. Contrast echocardiography [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1982, 8: 471-492.
14
Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: Recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017 [J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 18: 1205-1205af.
15
Ophir J, Parker KJ. Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1989, 15: 319-333.
16
Feinstein SB, Cheirif J, Ten Cate FJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of a new transpulmonary ultrasound contrast agent: Initial multicenter clinical results [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1990, 16: 316-324.
17
Zhuang LT, Huang Y. Research progress of using targeted nanoparticles as ultrasound contrast agents [J]. J China Med Univ (中国医科大学学报), 2018, 47: 842-846.
18
Lindner JR, Song J, Jayaweera AR, et al. Microvascular rheology of Definity microbubbles after intra-arterial and intravenous administration [J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002, 15: 396-403.
19
Yan M, He CX, Li F, et al. Research and application of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Chin J Pharm (中国医药工业杂志), 2024, 55: 629-636.
20
Stride E, Segers T, Lajoinie G, et al. Microbubble agents: New directions [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2020, 46: 1326-1343.
21
Jakobsen JA. Ultrasound contrast agents: Clinical applications [J]. Eur Radiol, 2001, 11: 1329-1337.
22
Han Y, Sun JW, Wei H, et al. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction: Modulation in the tumor microenvironment and application in tumor immunotherapy [J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 937344.
23
Yang MF, Li J, Zhang XR. Advances in theoretical research on nanoscale ultrasonic contrast agents [J]. Water Purif Technol (净水技术), 2021, 40: 42-52.
24
Gorce JM, Arditi M, Schneider M. Influence of bubble size distribution on the echogenicity of ultrasound contrast agents: A study of SonoVue™ [J]. Invest Radiol, 2000, 35: 661-671.
25
Goodwin AP, Nakatsuka MA, Mattrey RF. Stimulus-responsive ultrasound contrast agents for clinical imaging: Motivations, demonstrations, and future directions [J]. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2015, 7: 111-123.
26
Chen ZX, Chen XJ, Zhao D. Advances in bioanalysis methods and pharmacokinetics of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Cent South Pharm (中南药学), 2024, 22: 2070-2076.
27
Cooley MB, Abenojar EC, Wegierak D, et al. Characterization of the interaction of nanobubble ultrasound contrast agents with human blood components [J]. Bioact Mater, 2023, 19: 642-652.
28
Perkins AC, Frier M, Hindle AJ, et al. Human biodistribution of an ultrasound contrast agent (Quantison) by radiolabelling and gamma scintigraphy [J]. Br J Radiol, 1997, 70: 603-611.
29
Walday P, Tolleshaug H, Gjøen T, et al. Biodistributions of air-filled albumin microspheres in rats and pigs [J]. Biochem J, 1994, 299: 437-443.
30
Wang W, Zhu N, Yan T, et al. The crosstalk: Exosomes and lipid metabolism [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2020, 18: 119.
31
Bzyl J, Lederle W, Rix A, et al. Molecular and functional ultrasound imaging in differently aggressive breast cancer xenografts using two novel ultrasound contrast agents (BR55 and BR38) [J]. Eur Radiol, 2011, 21: 1988-1995.
32
Kabalnov A, Klein D, Pelura T, et al. Dissolution of multicomponent microbubbles in the bloodstream: 1. Theory [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1998, 24: 739-749.
33
Schutt EG, Klein DH, Mattrey RM, et al. Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging: The key role of perfluorochemicals [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2003, 42: 3218-3235.
34
Wu SY, Chen CC, Tung YS, et al. Effects of the microbubble shell physicochemical properties on ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to the brain [J]. J Control Release, 2015, 212: 30-40.
35
Feshitan JA, Chen CC, Kwan JJ, et al. Microbubble size isolation by differential centrifugation [J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2009, 329: 316-324.
36
Al-Jawadi S, Thakur SS. Ultrasound-responsive lipid microbubbles for drug delivery: A review of preparation techniques to optimise formulation size, stability and drug loading [J]. Int J Pharm, 2020, 585: 119559.
37
Quaia E. Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: An update [J]. Eur Radiol, 2007, 17: 1995-2008.
38
Mahalingam S, Raimi-Abraham BT, Craig DQ, et al. Formation of protein and protein-gold nanoparticle stabilized microbubbles by pressurized gyration [J]. Langmuir, 2015, 31: 659-666.
39
Zhao YZ, Liang HD, Mei XG, et al. Preparation, characterization and in vivo observation of phospholipid-based gas-filled microbubbles containing hirudin [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2005, 31: 1237-1243.
40
Suslick KS, Grinstaff MW. Protein microencapsulation of nonaqueous liquids [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1990, 112: 7807-7809.
41
Grinstaff MW, Suslick KS. Air-filled proteinaceous microbubbles: Synthesis of an echo-contrast agent [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991, 88: 7708-7710.
42
Nyborg WL. Biological effects of ultrasound: Development of safety guidelines. Part Ⅰ: Personal histories [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26: 911-964.
43
Tan KB, Gao YH, Liu P, et al. Preparation of lipid-coated ultrasound contrast agent by mechanical shaking: A preliminary experimental study [J]. Chin J Ultrasound Med (中国超声医学杂志), 2006, 22: 561-563.
44
Du YF, Wan MX, Zhao WM, et al. Study on the preparation of a new sugar albumin microbubble ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2001, 36: 859-862.
45
Bjerknes K, Dyrstad K, Smistad G, et al. Preparation of polymeric microcapsules: Formulation studies [J]. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000, 26: 847-856.
46
Jiang BB, Gao CY, Shen JC. Polylactide hollow spheres fabricated by interfacial polymerization in an oil-in-water emulsion system [J]. Colloid Polym Sci, 2006, 284: 513-519.
47
Pan DY, Yang L, Hou LB. Preparation and evaluation of lipid microbubbles ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Chin Pharm J (中国药学杂志), 2012, 47: 818-821.
48
Zhang B, Zhang YD, Zhao JF, et al. Preparation of nanoscale ultrasound microbubbles contrast agent [J]. Chin J Exp Surg (中华实验外科杂志), 2009, 26: 1023-1025.
49
Yang L, Liu Z, Zuo S, et al. Preparation of negative charged lipid-coated microbubbles by mechanical vibration [J]. Chin J Med Imaging Technol (中国医学影像技术), 2006, 22: 1773-1776.
50
Soetanto K, Chan M. Fundamental studies on contrast images from different-sized microbubbles: Analytical and experimental studies [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26: 81-91.
51
Unger EC, McCreery TP, Sweitzer RH, et al. Acoustically active lipospheres containing paclitaxel: A new therapeutic ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Invest Radiol, 1998, 33: 886-892.
52
Sha TT, Miao XY, Zheng RQ, et al. Preparation method and characteristics of biomimetic microbubble [J]. Chin J Ultrasonogr (中华超声影像学杂志), 2022, 32: 161-168.
53
Wang QQ, Zhao Y, Chen KP, et al. Preparation of sulfur hexafluoride lipid microbubble [J]. West China J Pharm Sci (华西药学杂志), 2016, 31: 346-349.
54
Zhang HB, Chen L, Yang CX, et al. Preparation methods and applications of tanshinone IIA-loaded lipid nanobubble ultrasound contrast agents: CN, 115590986A [P]. 2023-01-13.
55
Farook U, Stride E, Edirisinghe MJ. Preparation of suspensions of phospholipid-coated microbubbles by coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization [J]. J R Soc Interface, 2009, 6: 271-277.
56
Stride E, Edirisinghe M. Novel preparation techniques for controlling microbubble uniformity: A comparison [J]. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2009, 47: 883-892.
57
Pancholi KP, Farook U, Moaleji R, et al. Novel methods for preparing phospholipid coated microbubbles [J]. Eur Biophys J, 2008, 37: 515-520.
58
Seo M, Gorelikov I, Williams R, et al. Microfluidic assembly of monodisperse, nanoparticle-incorporated perfluorocarbon microbubbles for medical imaging and therapy [J]. Langmuir, 2010, 26: 13855-13860.
59
Dollet B, Van Hoeve W, Raven JP, et al. Role of the channel geometry on the bubble pinch-off in flow-focusing devices [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100: 034504.
60
Han WB, Wang X, Liu Y, et al. A perspective review of droplets and bubbles formation in microfluidics [J]. Microgravity Sci Technol, 2024, 36: 1-26.
61
Göcze I, Wohlgemuth WA, Schlitt HJ, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for bedside imaging in subclinical acute kidney injury [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2014, 40: 431.
62
Schneider A, Johnson L, Goodwin M, et al. Bench-to-bedside review: Contrast enhanced ultrasonography-a promising technique to assess renal perfusion in the ICU [J]. Crit Care, 2011, 15: 157.
63
Hwang M, De Jong RM Jr, Herman S, et al. Novel contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation in neonatal hypoxic ischemic injury: Clinical application and future directions [J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2017, 36: 2379-2386.
64
Hu CL, Feng YE, Huang PT, et al. Adverse reactions after the use of SonoVue contrast agent: Characteristics and nursing care experience [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98: e17745.
65
Fontanilla Echeveste MT, Ripollés González T, Aguirre Pascual E. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound fundamentals: The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of contrast. Basics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging [J]. Radiologia (Engl Ed), 2024, 66: S36-S50.
66
Doinikov AA, Haac JF, Dayton PA. Resonance frequencies of lipid-shelled microbubbles in the regime of nonlinear oscillations [J]. Ultrasonics, 2009, 49: 263-268.
67
Marsh JN, Hughes MS, Hall CS, et al. Frequency and concentration dependence of the backscatter coefficient of the ultrasound contrast agent Albunex® [J]. J Acoust Soc Am, 1998, 104: 1654-1666.
68
Sirsi S, Feshitan J, Kwan J, et al. Effect of microbubble size on fundamental mode high frequency ultrasound imaging in mice [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2010, 36: 935-948.
69
Borden MA, Song KH. Reverse engineering the ultrasound contrast agent [J]. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2018, 262: 39-49.
70
Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and Surface Forces [M]. 3rd ed. New York: Academic press, 2011: 107.
71
Borden MA, Kruse DE, Caskey CF, et al. Influence of lipid shell physicochemical properties on ultrasound-induced microbubble destruction [J]. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2005, 52: 1992-2002.
72
Zhang Q, Liang XW, Zhang YF, et al. A review of contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue® and SonazoidTM in non-hepatic organs [J]. Eur J Radiol, 2023, 167: 111060.
73
Chen L, Dong BW, Jiang L, et al. Microbubble contrast agent SonoVue: An efficient medium for the preoperative lymphatic mapping of thyroid carcinoma [J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 1077145.
74
Salih M, Ali SM, Jena N, et al. Review of ultrasound contrast agents in current clinical practice with special focus on Definity® in cardiac imaging [J]. Future Cardiol, 2021, 17: 197-214.
75
Cohen JL, Cheirif J, Segar DS, et al. Improved left ventricular endocardial border delineation and opacification with Optison (FS069), a new echocardiographic contrast agent. Results of a phase Ⅲ multicenter trial [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998, 32: 746-752.
76
Marelli C. Preliminary experience with NC100100, a new ultrasound contrast agent for intravenous injection [J]. Eur Radiol, 1999, 9 (Suppl 3): S343-S346.
77
Yanagisawa K, Moriyasu F, Miyahara T, et al. Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells [J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2007, 33: 318-325.
78
Ignee A, Atkinson NS, Schuessler G, et al. Ultrasound contrast agents [J]. Endosc Ultrasound, 2016, 5: 355-362.
79
Rouhi N, Chakeri Z, Ghorbani Nejad B, et al. A comprehensive review of advanced focused ultrasound (FUS) microbubbles-mediated treatment of Alzheimer's disease [J]. Heliyon, 2024, 10: e37533.
80
Rix A, Curaj A, Liehn E, et al. Ultrasound microbubbles for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases [J]. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2020, 46: 545-552.
81
Schoen S Jr, Kilinc MS, Lee H, et al. Towards controlled drug delivery in brain tumors with microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound [J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2022, 180: 114043.
82
Lin CY, Lin YC, Huang CY, et al. Ultrasound-responsive neurotrophic factor-loaded microbubble-liposome complex: Preclinical investigation for Parkinson's disease treatment [J]. J Control Release, 2020, 321: 519-528.
83
Zhu Q, Xu XX, Chen BB, et al. Ultrasound-targeted microbubbles destruction assists dual delivery of β-amyloid antibody and neural stem cells to restore neural function in transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease [J]. Med Phys, 2022, 49: 1357-1367.
84
Li YJ, Gao ZJ, Zheng XB, et al. Interventional removal of travelling microthrombi using targeted magnetic microbubble [J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, 13: e2401631.
85
Ma Z, Li M, Guo R, et al. Treating myocardial infarction via a nano-ultrasonic contrast agent-mediated high-efficiency drug delivery system targeting macrophages [J]. Sci Adv, 2025, 11: eadp7126.
86
Chen M, Liang XL, Gao C, et al. Ultrasound triggered conversion of porphyrin/camptothecin-fluoroxyuridine triad microbubbles into nanoparticles overcomes multidrug resistance in colorectal cancer [J]. ACS Nano, 2018, 12: 7312-7326.
87
Snipstad S, Sulheim E, Åslund AKO, et al. Nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles for treatment of lung cancer [J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2024, 199: 106804.
88
Chen ZH, Huang J, Huang CX, et al. Preparation of triptolide-loaded ultrasound-targeted microbubbles and preliminary study on proliferation inhibition of breast cancer cells [J]. China Pract Med (中国实用医药), 2022, 17: 186-190.
89
Fix SM, Papadopoulou V, Velds H, et al. Oxygen microbubbles improve radiotherapy tumor control in a rat fibrosarcoma model - a preliminary study [J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13: e0195667.
90
Changizi S, Marquette IG, Vansant J, et al. Carbon monoxide release from ultrasound-sensitive microbubbles improves endothelial cell growth [J]. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2024, 112: 600-612.
2026年第61卷第5期
PDF下载
314
144
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751
  • 接收时间:2025-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-02
  • 修回日期:2025-08-14
基金
作者信息
    1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

通讯作者:

钱帅,Tel: 13915957175, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0751
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏