Article(id=1308841053311037566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1471, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981624200, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981624200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981624200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981624200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1643, endPage=1653, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841053516558463, articleId=1308841053311037566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Platycodin D reverses osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro through the Akt/P70S6K signaling pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Osimertinib, as a first-line therapeutic agent for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), significantly prolongs patients' progression-free survival and overall survival. However, the development of acquired resistance to this agent remains an unavoidable clinical challenge. This study investigated platycodin D (PD) as a potential resistance modulator. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay; cell proliferation was detected using the colony formation assay; cytotoxic effects were evaluated via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; apoptosis was detected by PI/Hoechst double staining and flow cytometry; and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and key components of the Akt/p70S6K pathway as well as phosphorylation levels were examined by Western blot. Results demonstrated that platycodin D suppressed the viability of osimertinib-acquired resistant NSCLC cells and exhibited synergistic antiproliferative effects when combined with osimertinib. The combination treatment significantly inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis, with effects markedly stronger than either agent alone. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combined treatment more effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K as compared to the single treatment group. In conclusion, this study reveals that platycodin D can enhance the cytotoxic effect of osimertinib against resistant NSCLC cells and reverse osimertinib resistance by inhibiting the Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway, thereby providing a promising strategy to overcome osimertinib resistance.

, authors=Qin LIU1, 2, Shu-zhen CHEN2, Shuo-han XI2, Wen-die WANG2, Yue SHANG2, Xi-yan ZHANG2, Lin CAI1, *, authorsList=Qin LIU, Shu-zhen CHEN, Shuo-han XI, Wen-die WANG, Yue SHANG, Xi-yan ZHANG, Lin CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841054690963594, articleId=1308841053311037566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=桔梗皂苷D通过Akt/P70S6K通路体外逆转非小细胞肺癌对奥希替尼的耐药, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

奥希替尼(osimertinib, Osi) 作为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 一线治疗药物, 显著延长了患者的无进展生存期和总生存期, 而其耐药性无法避免。本研究以桔梗皂苷D (platycodin D, PD) 为研究对象, 通过CCK-8检测细胞活力; 通过克隆形成实验检测细胞的增殖; 通过LDH检测对细胞的杀伤作用; 通过PI-Hoechst双染与流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡; 通过蛋白质免疫印迹检测凋亡相关蛋白及Akt/p70S6K通路关键蛋白的表达与磷酸化水平。结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D能抑制奥希替尼获得性耐药的NSCLC细胞活力, 并与奥希替尼联用表现出协同增殖抑制作用, 二者联用能够显著抑制生长并诱导凋亡, 且明显强于单独用药组。机制研究表明, 与单独给药组相比, 联合处理能更有效抑制Akt和p70S6K的磷酸化。综上, 本研究揭示桔梗皂苷D可通过抑制Akt/p70S6K信号通路, 增强奥希替尼对耐药NSCLC细胞的杀伤作用, 逆转奥希替尼的耐药性, 为克服奥希替尼耐药性提供了思路。

, authors=刘勤1, 2, 陈淑珍2, 奚硕涵2, 王文蝶2, 商悦2, 张析妍2, 蔡琳1, *, authorsList=刘勤, 陈淑珍, 奚硕涵, 王文蝶, 商悦, 张析妍, 蔡琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡琳, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘勤完成实验数据和论文写作; 陈淑珍负责实验设计、论文修改及经费支持; 奚硕涵完成前期实验数据和分析; 商悦完成前期药物筛选; 张析妍完成文献调研与分析; 王文蝶、蔡琳提供了方法理论支持和建议。

, correspAuthorsNote=
蔡琳, Tel: 15058323373, E-mail:
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Clin Cancer Res, 2024, 30: 4143-4154., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841054913261707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841054925844620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, companyId=1308841054913261707, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841054934233229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, companyId=1308841054913261707, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841055013925006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841055022313615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, companyId=1308841055013925006, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Active Ingredients and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841055030702224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, companyId=1308841055013925006, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841059350835393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tF1cfrWtfshJxBLPMHMohA==, figureFileBig=Z//cQGzQHDsgyp44KQcv7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841059413749954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells to osimertinib (Osi). The indicated cells were exposed to Osi for 48 h and then detected by CCK-8 assay, figureFileSmall=tF1cfrWtfshJxBLPMHMohA==, figureFileBig=Z//cQGzQHDsgyp44KQcv7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841059615076547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=625gscLLq3YnafPN2nnAGg==, figureFileBig=CbvHzP+WU8dZuLXFavNHUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841059690574020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of platycodin D (PD) on the proliferation of Osi-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. A, B: PC9 and PC9/OR (A), HCC827 and HCC827/OR (B) cells were treated with different concentrations of PD, and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay; C, D: CCK-8 assay was used to determine the viability of PC9/OR (C) and HCC827/OR (D) cells after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment with different concentrations of PD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1; E: The clone formation was used to detect the effect of PD on the proliferation of PC9/OR and HCC827/OR cells (left) and the quantitative analysis of the results (right); F: Cellular morphology of PC9/OR and HCC827/OR cells after treatment with PD (4, 8, 12 and 20 μmol·L-1) for 48 h. Magnification = 10×, scale bar: 360 μm, n = 3, x±s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs control, figureFileSmall=625gscLLq3YnafPN2nnAGg==, figureFileBig=CbvHzP+WU8dZuLXFavNHUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841059778654405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3GFl3lj4qxADeHi+nYogew==, figureFileBig=rZML8xBzfnKrBbmjzMZtOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841059845763270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of the combination of PD and Osi on NSCLC cells resistant to Osi in vitro. A, B: CCK-8 assay was conducted to explore the proliferative capacities of PC9/OR (A) and HCC827/OR (B) treated with the Osi (0.1, 1, 2.5 and 5 μmol·L-1), PD (4, 8, 10 and 12 μmol·L-1), and the combination of PD and Osi for 48 h; C, D: Synergy scoring models demonstrating the synergistic effect of Osi and PD. PC9/OR (C) and HCC827/OR (D) cells were treated with different concentrations of Osi and PD, or their combination as indicated for 48 h. Subsequently, the synergy scoring models were constructed by SynergyFinder according to the cell viability; E: Cellular morphology of PC9/OR and HCC827/OR cells after treatment with PD and Osi for 48 h, Magnification = 10×, scale bar: 360 μm; F, G: The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was used to determine LDH content in the cell supernatant. PC9/OR (F) cells were treated with 1 μmol·L-1 Osi and 8 μmol·L-1 PD, while HCC827/OR (G) cells were treated with 2.5 μmol·L-1 Osi and 10 μmol·L-1 PD, for 24 h. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=3GFl3lj4qxADeHi+nYogew==, figureFileBig=rZML8xBzfnKrBbmjzMZtOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841061536067783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IZDiwp4WSWuZcx1gbo/LOA==, figureFileBig=JAyP3TQNHQ9znFsXkk+0OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841061611565256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The enhancement effect of PD combined with Osi on apoptosis of the Osi-resistant cells. A, B: The CCK-8 assay was applied to determine the reversal effect of 2.5 mmol·L-1 3-methyladenine (3-MA), 10 μmol·L-1 chloroquine (CQ), 20 μmol·L-1 ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and 20 μmol·L-1 Z-VAD (OMe)-FMK (Z-VAD) on the viability suppression induced by the combined treatment of 8 μmol·L-1 PD and 1 μmol·L-1 Osi in PC9/OR (A) and HCC827/OR (B) cell lines; C-F: The apoptosis of PC9/OR (E) and HCC827/OR (F) treated with 10 μmol·L-1 PD and 2.5 μmol·L-1 Osi was measured by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The quantitative results are displayed in Figure 4C and D, respectively; G-J: PC9/OR (G) and HCC827/OR (I) cells were treated with different concentrations of PD for 24 h, followed by Western blot analysis to detect the protein expression of cleaved-PARP and quantification values; K-M: PC9/OR cells were treated with 8 μmol·L-1 PD and 1 μmol·L-1 Osi for 6 h, followed by Western blot analysis to detect the protein expression of cleaved-PARP and CCAS3 and quantification values; N-P: HCC827/OR cells were treated with 10 μmol·L-1 PD and 2.5 μmol·L-1 Osi for 5 h, followed by Western blot analysis to detect the protein expression of cleaved-PARP and CCAS3 and quantification values; Q-T: PC9/OR and HCC827/OR treated with 8 μmol·L-1 PD and 1 μmol·L-1 Osi for 24 h, stained with PI and Hoechst 33342 and photographed by fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative analysis of fluorescence staining in PC9/OR and HCC827/OR cell lines and conducted using Image J for statistical evaluation. Magnification = 10×, scale bar: 170 μm. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1. CAS3: Caspase 3; CCAS3: Cleaved-Caspase 3, figureFileSmall=IZDiwp4WSWuZcx1gbo/LOA==, figureFileBig=JAyP3TQNHQ9znFsXkk+0OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841061712228553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kRiVH7JZOfBzbUB8aJmW1A==, figureFileBig=H61qtcxdBpN9reSe3sH2yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841061787726026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841053311037566, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=The inhibitory effect of PD combined with Osi on the Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. A-F: Western blot analysis of the effects of different concentrations of PD on the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in PC9/OR (A) and HCC827/OR (D) cells for 24 h, along with their normalization analysis; G-L: Western blot analysis of the effects of PD and Osi on the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in PC9/OR (G) and HCC827/OR (J) cells, along with their normalization analysis; M, N: Effects of Osi combined with 0.5 μmol·L-1 capivasertib on the viability of PC9/OR (M) and HCC827/OR (N) cells were assessed by CCK-8 assay. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=kRiVH7JZOfBzbUB8aJmW1A==, figureFileBig=H61qtcxdBpN9reSe3sH2yA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, 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桔梗皂苷D通过Akt/P70S6K通路体外逆转非小细胞肺癌对奥希替尼的耐药
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刘勤 1, 2 , 陈淑珍 2 , 奚硕涵 2 , 王文蝶 2 , 商悦 2 , 张析妍 2 , 蔡琳 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1643-1653
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1643 -1653
桔梗皂苷D通过Akt/P70S6K通路体外逆转非小细胞肺癌对奥希替尼的耐药
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刘勤1, 2, 陈淑珍2, 奚硕涵2, 王文蝶2, 商悦2, 张析妍2, 蔡琳1, *
作者信息
  • 1温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325000
  • 2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
蔡琳, Tel: 15058323373, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘勤完成实验数据和论文写作; 陈淑珍负责实验设计、论文修改及经费支持; 奚硕涵完成前期实验数据和分析; 商悦完成前期药物筛选; 张析妍完成文献调研与分析; 王文蝶、蔡琳提供了方法理论支持和建议。

Platycodin D reverses osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro through the Akt/P70S6K signaling pathway
Qin LIU1, 2, Shu-zhen CHEN2, Shuo-han XI2, Wen-die WANG2, Yue SHANG2, Xi-yan ZHANG2, Lin CAI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Active Ingredients and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1471
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奥希替尼(osimertinib, Osi) 作为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 一线治疗药物, 显著延长了患者的无进展生存期和总生存期, 而其耐药性无法避免。本研究以桔梗皂苷D (platycodin D, PD) 为研究对象, 通过CCK-8检测细胞活力; 通过克隆形成实验检测细胞的增殖; 通过LDH检测对细胞的杀伤作用; 通过PI-Hoechst双染与流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡; 通过蛋白质免疫印迹检测凋亡相关蛋白及Akt/p70S6K通路关键蛋白的表达与磷酸化水平。结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D能抑制奥希替尼获得性耐药的NSCLC细胞活力, 并与奥希替尼联用表现出协同增殖抑制作用, 二者联用能够显著抑制生长并诱导凋亡, 且明显强于单独用药组。机制研究表明, 与单独给药组相比, 联合处理能更有效抑制Akt和p70S6K的磷酸化。综上, 本研究揭示桔梗皂苷D可通过抑制Akt/p70S6K信号通路, 增强奥希替尼对耐药NSCLC细胞的杀伤作用, 逆转奥希替尼的耐药性, 为克服奥希替尼耐药性提供了思路。

桔梗皂苷D  /  奥希替尼  /  非小细胞肺癌细胞  /  耐药  /  凋亡  /  Akt

Osimertinib, as a first-line therapeutic agent for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), significantly prolongs patients' progression-free survival and overall survival. However, the development of acquired resistance to this agent remains an unavoidable clinical challenge. This study investigated platycodin D (PD) as a potential resistance modulator. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay; cell proliferation was detected using the colony formation assay; cytotoxic effects were evaluated via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; apoptosis was detected by PI/Hoechst double staining and flow cytometry; and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and key components of the Akt/p70S6K pathway as well as phosphorylation levels were examined by Western blot. Results demonstrated that platycodin D suppressed the viability of osimertinib-acquired resistant NSCLC cells and exhibited synergistic antiproliferative effects when combined with osimertinib. The combination treatment significantly inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis, with effects markedly stronger than either agent alone. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combined treatment more effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K as compared to the single treatment group. In conclusion, this study reveals that platycodin D can enhance the cytotoxic effect of osimertinib against resistant NSCLC cells and reverse osimertinib resistance by inhibiting the Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway, thereby providing a promising strategy to overcome osimertinib resistance.

platycodin D  /  osimertinib  /  non-small cell lung cancer  /  drug resistance  /  apoptosis  /  Akt
刘勤, 陈淑珍, 奚硕涵, 王文蝶, 商悦, 张析妍, 蔡琳. 桔梗皂苷D通过Akt/P70S6K通路体外逆转非小细胞肺癌对奥希替尼的耐药. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1643 -1653 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1471
Qin LIU, Shu-zhen CHEN, Shuo-han XI, Wen-die WANG, Yue SHANG, Xi-yan ZHANG, Lin CAI. Platycodin D reverses osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro through the Akt/P70S6K signaling pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1643 -1653 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1471
肺癌是全球最常见的癌症之一, 分为两种主要组织亚型: 小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌。其中非小细胞肺癌更为常见, 占肺癌发病率的85%[1]。针对非小细胞肺癌的治疗方法已经从传统手术、化疗和放疗逐渐发展到更为个性化和微创的疗法[2]。靶向治疗较传统疗法更为高效和个性化, 非小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗侧重于识别EGFR和MAPK/ERK通路中的突变, 以及ALK和ROS1基因融合。其中EGFR突变是非小细胞肺癌中最常见的靶向驱动突变, 目前有三代表皮生长因子受体络氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor- tyrosine kinase inhibitor, EGFR-TKIs) 获批用于治疗不同临床环境中携带EGFR突变的NSCLC患者, 第一代EGFR-TKI如吉非替尼和厄洛替尼是非小细胞肺癌治疗的先驱, 第二代TKI如阿法替尼表现出更广泛的疗效, 奥希替尼(osimertinib, Osi) 属于第三代EGFR-TKI, 对典型的EGFR激活突变和T790M耐药突变表现出更强的选择性和疗效, 有效地提高了非小细胞肺癌患者的无进展生存期和总生存期[3, 4]。尽管药效卓越, 大多数在用药初始阶段具有良好反应性的患者在9~14个月后均会出现获得性耐药现象。
奥希替尼的耐药是一个必然且复杂的过程, 其机制呈现出高度的异质性, 与EGFR依赖机制相比, 旁路耐药机制是主要原因[5], 这类机制通过利用替代性细胞通路, 激活与EGFR相同的肿瘤细胞生长和生存关键下游效应因子(即ERK1/2与Akt), 从而实现信号通路的重建[6, 7]。作为EGFR的下游通路, PI3K/Akt信号通路在许多癌细胞中存在失调, 其他蛋白也会影响Akt的激活。因此, 多靶点联合治疗对于克服奥希替尼耐药性显得尤为重要。
桔梗皂苷D (platycodin D, PD) 是从桔梗中分离得到的一种皂苷类天然产物, 是中药桔梗中最主要的生物活性成分之一, 属于三萜皂苷类化合物。桔梗皂苷D具有多种药理特性, 包括抗氧化[8]、抗炎[9]、抗肥胖[10]和肝脏保护作用[11]等。在体外和动物模型中, 桔梗皂苷D对多种癌细胞显示出抑制作用, 如肺癌[12, 13]、肝癌[14]、胃癌[15]、结肠癌[16]、乳腺癌[17]等, 主要是通过抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞周期阻滞以及促进细胞凋亡发挥抗癌作用[18, 19]。研究表明桔梗皂苷D通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号激活, 诱导细胞凋亡并导致细胞周期停止, 抑制人类胶质瘤U251细胞的增殖[20]。也有相反的研究表明, 桔梗皂苷D可以激活PI3K/Akt通路, 逆转顺铂处理后p-PI3K和p-Akt的蛋白质水平下调[21]。但是目前缺乏联合使用桔梗皂苷D和EGFR-TKIs治疗癌症的研究。
本研究使用两种奥希替尼耐药的非小细胞肺癌细胞系HCC827/OR和PC9/OR探讨桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼耐药的影响及分子机制。
主要材料和试剂  桔梗皂苷D (货号T3889)、Z-VAD (OMe)-FMK (货号T6013)、氯喹(CQ, 货号T8689)、ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1, 货号T6500)、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA, 货号T1879)、CCK8试剂盒(货号C0005)、蛋白酶抑制剂(货号C0001)、磷酸酶抑制剂Cocktail I (货号C0002)、磷酸酶抑制剂Cocktail II (货号C0003) 均购自上海陶术生物科技股份有限公司; Osi (货号S7297) 购自上海蓝木化工有限公司; RPMI-1640基础培养基(货号PM150110)、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, 货号PB180327)、0.25%胰酶-EDTA溶液(货号PB180226) 均购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司; 胎牛血清(货号A5669710)、特级胎牛血清(货号10270-106)、青-链霉素溶液(货号15140-122) 均购自美国Gibco Life Science公司; 二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 货号0231) 购自天津庄盟生物科技有限公司; 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 细胞毒性检测试剂盒(货号C0017)、结晶紫染色液(货号C0121) 均购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 4%多聚甲醛(货号BL539A) 购自安徽白鲨生物有限公司; 细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(货号AP101) 购自杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司; 牛血清白蛋白(BSA, 货号A6020A) 购自北京博奥拓达科技有限公司; BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒(货号23225) 购自中国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司; Caspase 3 (货号9662S)、cleaved-Caspase 3 (货号9664S)、p70S6K (货号2708S)、P-p70S6K (货号9205)、Akt (货号4691S)、P-Akt (货号4060S)、PARP (货号9542S) 均购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; GAPDH (货号60004-1-lg) 购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; Tubulin (货号ab1017t) 购自北京博奥瑞景公司。
细胞培养  PC9、PC9/OR、HCC827和HCC827/OR由西安交通大学第一附属医院石璞玉博士提供。PC9、PC9/OR细胞使用含10%胎牛血清, HCC827、HCC827/OR细胞使用含10%特级胎牛血清以及100 μg·mL-1青霉素、100 μg·mL-1链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基, 于5% CO2、37 ℃条件下进行培养。
CCK8法检测细胞增殖抑制活性  将对数生长期的细胞按3 000~4 000个/孔的密度接种于96孔板, 于CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加入含不同浓度药物的10% FBS培养基, 以DMSO作为对照组。分别培养24、48、72 h后, 将实验各组的培养基吸出, 加入培养基稀释的10% CCK-8溶液100 μL, 37 ℃培养箱孵育1~2 h。酶标仪450 nm处测定吸光值。细胞存活率计算公式: 细胞存活率= (给药组吸光度-空白对照组吸光度) / (对照组吸光度-空白对照组吸光度) × 100%。
克隆形成  将对数生长期的细胞按1 000个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, 待细胞贴壁后, 每孔加入含不同浓度药物的10% FBS培养基, 以DMSO作为对照组。培养10天后, 弃掉培养基, 使用PBS洗涤2次, 弃掉PBS。每孔加入4%多聚甲醛1 mL, 常温固定15 min。弃去多聚甲醛, 加入结晶紫染色液染色15 min。使用纯水洗涤残余的染色液, 晾干后拍照, 使用Image J进行定量分析。
协同效应分析  联合治疗可产生协同、加成、拮抗或增强效应。采用零交互作用强度(ZIP)模型、Bliss独立模型和最高单药活性(HAS) 模型对奥希替尼和桔梗皂苷D的联合用药数据进行分析。其中, ZIP模型通过对比单药与联合用药剂量反应曲线在特定剂量水平的效能变化, 以捕捉药物间的相互作用; Bliss独立模型基于独立事件概率理论, 假设两种药物随机独立发挥作用, 可推算预期联合效应; HSA模型则定义联合用药预期效果为对应浓度下单药反应的最大值。研究采用非固定剂量配比组合奥希替尼与桔梗皂苷D, 通过CCK-8法检测各浓度组合的抑制率, 并利用SynergyFinder (https://synergyfinder.fimm.fi/) 计算各参照模型的协同作用评分。根据评分标准: 小于-10分为拮抗作用, -10至10分之间为相加作用, 大于10分则判定为协同作用。
LDH释放检测  选择处于对数生长期的细胞, PC9/OR按3 000个/孔, HCC827/OR按4 000个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中, 恒温培养箱过夜后, PC9/OR加入1 μmol·L-1奥希替尼和8 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D或DMSO处理24 h, HCC827/OR加入2.5 μmol·L-1奥希替尼和10 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D或DMSO处理24 h, 随后根据LDH检测试剂盒说明书进行操作, 最后使用酶标仪在490 nm处检测吸光值。
细胞凋亡检测  选择细胞状态良好且处于对数生长期的细胞, 以1.2×105个/孔的密度接种到6孔板中, 恒温培养箱培养24 h。向6孔板中加入2.5 μmol·L-1奥希替尼、10 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D或者DMSO, 继续培养24 h。收集细胞, 离心, 弃去上清, 并使用PBS洗涤两次。使用500 μL 1×binding buffer重悬细胞, 并用200目滤网过滤转移到流式管中, 加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC和10 μL PI, 轻弹管底混匀, 避光孵育5 min, 流式细胞仪检测。
PI/Hoechst 33342染色  选择处于对数生长期的细胞, 以1×105个细胞/孔接种于6孔板中, 恒温培养箱培养24 h后, 向孔板中加入1 μmol·L-1奥希替尼、8 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D或DMSO处理, 12 h后染色。弃去上清, 每孔用1 mL PBS清洗去除残留培养基, 随后用PI/Hoechst 33342染色, 终浓度为10 μg·mL-1, 室温避光孵育15 min, 随后使用荧光显微镜拍照, 使用Image J进行定量分析。
Western blot检测蛋白表达  选择对数生长期的细胞接种于10 cm皿中, 培养24 h后, PC9/OR细胞加入1 μmol·L-1奥希替尼和8 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D, DMSO作为溶剂对照, 恒温培养箱培养6 h; HCC827/OR细胞加入2.5 μmol·L-1奥希替尼和10 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D, DMSO作为溶剂对照, 恒温培养箱培养5 h。收集细胞, 加入含蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液, 裂解30 min, 提取总蛋白。随后4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 收集上清, BCA法测定蛋白浓度并配平。经SDS-PAGE电泳、转膜、5%脱脂牛奶封闭后, 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, 加入相应的二抗孵育2 h, 洗膜后, 曝光仪成像, 使用Image J分析图片。
统计学分析  每组实验重复3次及以上, 采用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计学分析, 数据采用平均值±标准差(standard deviation, SD) 表示, 组间比较采用t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05代表具有显著性差异。
首先检测PC9和HCC827或奥希替尼耐药株PC9/OR和HCC827/OR对奥希替尼的敏感程度, 根据CCK-8实验结果显示奥希替尼能够浓度依赖性地抑制以上4株细胞的生长, 其中PC9和HCC827细胞的IC50值分别为0.008 57 ± 0.002 09和0.001 00 ± 0.000 04 μmol·L-1, 奥希替尼耐药株PC9/OR和HCC827/OR的IC50值分别为2.071 67 ± 0.359 72和4.532 67 ± 0.205 05 μmol·L-1 (图1), 对PC9和HCC827的耐药倍数分别为241.74和4 532.67, 这些结果表明PC9/OR和HCC827/OR对奥希替尼的敏感性明显低于亲本细胞, 耐药性显著。
为探究桔梗皂苷D对奥希替尼耐药和非耐药NSCLC细胞的影响, 使用不同浓度的桔梗皂苷D处理NSCLC细胞48 h, CCK-8结果显示, 桔梗皂苷D能浓度依赖性地抑制PC9、PC9/OR、HCC827、HCC827/OR的生长(图2A、B), 其中PC9/OR和HCC827/OR对桔梗皂苷D显示出更强的敏感性, 这表明桔梗皂苷D可能对EGFR-TKI耐药株具有一定的选择性。因此, 后续主要围绕奥希替尼耐药株进行研究。采用CCK8法测定不同浓度桔梗皂苷D给药处理24、48、72 h后PC9/OR和HCC827/OR的存活力变化(图2C、D), 与空白组相比, 各给药组显著降低奥希替尼耐药株的存活率, 进一步证明这种生长抑制作用具有浓度依赖性, 同时也具有时间依赖性, PC9/OR细胞的IC50值分别为11.28 ± 0.34、10.43 ± 0.06、9.51 ± 0.15 μmol·L-1, HCC827/OR细胞的IC50值分别为14.35 ± 0.39、9.84 ± 1.30、7.53 ± 0.76 μmol·L-1。克隆形成结果同样证实, 桔梗皂苷D能有效抑制PC9/OR和HCC827/OR的增殖, 且抑制效果呈浓度依赖性(图2E)。光学显微镜观察发现, 空白对照组PC9/OR细胞呈纺锤形和圆形, HCC827/OR细胞呈上皮细胞样, 经桔梗皂苷D处理48 h后, 细胞随着浓度的升高出现皱缩、破裂, 且细胞数随着浓度的递增也逐步减少(图2F), 进一步证明桔梗皂苷D具有抑制奥希替尼耐药NSCLC细胞的增殖和生长的能力。
为研究桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼对耐药NSCLC细胞的耐药逆转作用, 采用CCK-8检测奥希替尼和桔梗皂苷D单药及联合治疗后对耐药细胞株增殖的影响。图3A、B结果表明, 与单独使用奥希替尼或桔梗皂苷D相比, 联合治疗组表现出更明显的增殖抑制作用。进一步构建ZIP、Bliss和HAS协同评分模型, 以验证其协同效应(图3C、D)。结果显示, 所有模型协同评分在PC9/OR和HCC827/OR细胞中均超过10, 说明二者联用对细胞的增殖存在协同作用。在光学显微镜下, 2.5 μmol·L-1奥希替尼与10 μmol·L-1桔梗皂苷D联用表现出比单药更显著的抑制作用(图3E)。在此基础上, 本研究进一步采用LDH释放实验检测桔梗皂苷D对奥希替尼耐药细胞的影响。LDH活性较为稳定, 细胞凋亡或坏死而造成的细胞膜结构的破坏会导致细胞质内的LDH释放到培养液中。图3F、G的结果表明, 与单独给药相比, 联合治疗显著促进LDH的释放, 具有更强的杀伤作用。上述结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼在耐药NSCLC细胞系中具有协同的生长抑制作用, 可能逆转NSCLC细胞对奥希替尼的耐药性。
为进一步探索桔梗皂苷D对奥希替尼耐药细胞株的逆转机制, 使用3-MA、CQ、Fer-1和Z-VAD细胞死亡抑制剂与桔梗皂苷和奥希替尼联合使用, 结果显示Z-VAD能够部分逆转桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼引起的细胞生长抑制作用, 而其他抑制剂无逆转作用(图4A、B)。进一步采用Annexin V-FITC/PI流式检测桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联合应用对耐药细胞凋亡的影响。图4C~F结果显示, 桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼联合使用时, PC9/OR和HCC827/OR的凋亡率分别为22.31% ± 2.28%和35.11% ± 1.84%, 与单药组的凋亡率相比, 联合用药组的细胞凋亡率更高, 且具有显著的统计学意义(P < 0.01), 表明桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联合使用的诱导细胞凋亡能力更强。此外, 使用不同药物剂量的桔梗皂苷D处理PC9/OR和HCC827/OR细胞, 图4G~J结果显示在高剂量下凋亡标志性蛋白cleaved-PARP蛋白水平上调, 证实桔梗皂苷D在PC9/OR和HCC827/OR细胞中发生了凋亡性死亡。凋亡相关蛋白检测的结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼的联合应用通过激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶Caspase 3, 使其形成活化的cleaved-Caspase 3, 并上调cleaved-PARP蛋白的表达水平, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。与单药组相比, 联合用药组能更快诱导细胞发生凋亡性死亡(图4K~P)。因此, 桔梗皂苷D促进奥希替尼引起的耐药NSCLC细胞凋亡。PI/Hoechst 33342双染结果进一步表明, 与单独治疗组相比, 桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联合使用能够增加PI阳性率, 协同促进奥希替尼耐药NSCLC细胞凋亡(图4Q~T)。
活化的Akt通过磷酸化多种酶、激酶和转录因子等下游因子, 进而调节细胞的功能。非小细胞肺癌细胞对奥希替尼耐药后, Akt通路发生活化, 因而研究者认为Akt的激活是奥希替尼耐药的机制之一[22, 23]。进一步研究桔梗皂苷D对Akt通路的影响, 图5A~F结果显示, 桔梗皂苷D能够抑制Akt通路的磷酸化水平, 并呈浓度依赖性。为探索桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼联合后对Akt通路的影响, 采用免疫印迹对给药处理6 h后的PC9/OR和处理5 h的HCC827/OR细胞中Akt信号通路相关蛋白水平进行了检测。Western blot结果表明, 与桔梗皂苷D或奥希替尼单独处理相比, 联合治疗组能显著抑制Akt及其下游p70S6K蛋白的磷酸化(图5G~L)。为验证Akt通路在耐药非小细胞肺癌细胞中的重要性, 使用P-Akt抑制剂capivasertib与奥希替尼联合应用, 结果显示能促进PC9/OR和HCC827/OR细胞的增殖抑制作用, 并且在同一奥希替尼剂量下, 除奥希替尼5 μmol·L-1和capivasertib联用组在PC9/OR没有统计学差异外, 其余联用组的生长抑制作用明显强于奥希替尼组, 存在显著的统计学意义(P < 0.01, 图5M、N)。
据GLOBOCAN数据统计, 肺癌的发生率和致死率位居前列, 分别是12.4%和18.7%。非小细胞肺癌是肺癌的主要病理类型, 尽管目前EGFR-TKI的开发已经发展到第四代, 但尚未获准临床使用[24, 25], 奥希替尼仍是非小细胞肺癌治疗的一线药物[26]。然而, 耐药性仍然无法避免, 机制涉及C797S位点突变、MET和HER2扩增、旁路激活以及转化为SCLC等[7, 27, 28]。因此, 寻求有效的药物逆转奥希替尼的耐药有着重要的临床价值。据报道, 天然产物如小檗碱等能逆转奥希替尼的获得性耐药, 小檗碱与奥希替尼联合使用时, 可协同且选择性地降低多种MET扩增型奥希替尼耐药EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌细胞系的存活率和抑制裸鼠体内移植瘤的生长, 这种协同作用可能通过上调Bim蛋白、下调Mcl-1蛋白, 从而增强细胞凋亡诱导效应来实现[29]。从天然产物中寻找奥希替尼的耐药逆转剂具有很好的可行性。桔梗皂苷D也是来源于桔梗的一种天然产物, 具有多种药理活性, 且对多种癌细胞系包括非小细胞肺癌在体内和体外具有强效的抗肿瘤活性。目前, 尚未发现桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联用的相关报道, 因此研究桔梗皂苷D对奥希替尼耐药的逆转作用能够丰富天然产物的作用机制, 为桔梗皂苷D抗肿瘤作用的研究提供参考。
近来有研究者报道, 桔梗皂苷D能够通过miR-877-3P/PNMA5调节轴诱导铁死亡, 从而抑制NSCLC细胞PC9和H1299的生长及迁移[12], 也能通过调节Hsa-miR-1246/FUT9/GSK3β通路干预NSCLC细胞PC9和A549的生长[30], 那么, 桔梗皂苷D能否影响奥希替尼耐药NSCLC细胞株的生长呢? 本研究结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D能够浓度和时间依赖性地抑制奥希替尼获得性耐药的NSCLC细胞PC9/OR和HCC827/OR的生长, 这与文献报道一致; 特别的是桔梗皂苷D对奥希替尼耐药细胞株的生长抑制作用强于其对应的敏感细胞株。在此基础上, 本研究进一步观察了桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联用对耐药细胞生长的抑制作用。结果发现, 桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联用能协同抑制耐药细胞的生长, 且二者联用能促进LDH的释放, 因而桔梗皂苷D可能具有逆转奥希替尼耐药的作用。
细胞凋亡是抗肿瘤药物产生作用的机制之一, 其中Caspase 3和PARP的剪切活化是凋亡发生的标志。文献报道, 桔梗皂苷D处理可显著降低NSCLC细胞H1299和H2030的活力、减少集落形成数量、损伤线粒体功能, 并诱导细胞凋亡, 主要通过激活JNK1/AP-1信号轴上调PUMA表达, 进而诱导NSCLC细胞凋亡[13]。那么细胞凋亡是否为桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼联用产生协同抑制获得性耐药细胞生长的机制呢? 本研究结果表明, 桔梗皂苷D在高剂量下能引起PARP的活化, 而较低剂量的桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼联用能够明显促进奥希替尼耐药细胞凋亡, 使得Caspase 3和PARP剪切条带的表达量明显高于单药, 且PI染色也进一步说明联用组较单药组有更显著的细胞凋亡率, 因此推测细胞凋亡是桔梗皂苷D逆转奥希替尼耐药的机制。
Akt是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶, 一种细胞生长和分化的信号分子, 激活后能够调节许多下游蛋白的功能, 主要参与细胞的存活、增殖、迁移、代谢和血管生成[31]。Akt的异常过度表达或激活已在多种癌症中被观察到, 包括卵巢癌、肺癌和胰腺癌, 且与癌细胞增生和存活率增加有关[32-35]。研究表明, 靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路成分可用来克服癌症治疗中的药物耐药性。在非小细胞肺癌患者中, 获得性EGFR-TKI耐药患者的P-Akt (Ser473) 水平升高, 接受EGFR-TKI治疗的P-Akt阴性患者的无进展生存率(PFS) 为14.5个月, 而P-Akt阳性患者仅为6.1个月。这些数据显示, P-Akt水平作为预测患者初期EGFR-TKI反应降低的新型生物标志物, 具有潜在重要作用[36]。具有与耐药相关的获得性突变的小细胞肺癌患者中, PI3K-Akt信号通路获得共20个基因富集, 研究表明PI3K/Akt通路的激活可能在SCLC治疗耐药中起作用[37]。70 kDa核糖体蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K) 受PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) 途径调控, 该信号通路参与细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等多种细胞功能的调节, 与肿瘤的发生发展及转移密切相关[38]。p70S6K的激活能直接影响细胞的生长和存活, 有研究观察到p70S6K在乳腺癌和脑膜瘤中异常, 使p70S6K成为PAM通路抑制的关键靶点[39-41]。本研究发现桔梗皂苷D和奥希替尼联合应用能有效抑制Akt蛋白及下游蛋白p70S6K的磷酸化, 使用Akt抑制剂可增加耐奥希替尼对非小细胞肺癌细胞的生长抑制作用。Grazini等[42]通过基因工程手段引入PIK3CA/Akt/PTEN基因改变的EGFR突变型NSCLC细胞, 会对奥希替尼产生耐药性; 而联合使用奥希替尼与Akt抑制剂capivasertib处理, 则可使这些耐药细胞重新对奥希替尼敏感。此外, 在携带PIK3CA/Akt/PTEN基因改变的异种移植瘤和患者来源异种移植瘤体内模型中, 其对奥希替尼的敏感性显著低于无这些基因改变的模型; 且在这些双突变模型中, 与单独使用奥希替尼相比, capivasertib联合奥希替尼的方案展现出更强的抗肿瘤效果。本研究结果也表明了Akt抑制剂capivasertib增强奥希替尼对耐药细胞的增殖抑制作用。因此, 本课题组认为桔梗皂苷D与奥希替尼联用时可能通过Akt/p70S6K信号通路发挥作用。
综上所述, 桔梗皂苷D作为桔梗中主要活性成分, 与奥希替尼协同克服非小细胞肺癌耐药, 可能是通过抑制Akt信号通路和促进细胞凋亡产生抗肿瘤效应。本研究为桔梗皂苷D在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的应用提供了科学证据, 也为桔梗皂苷D与EGFR-TKIs的联合治疗在临床应用中提供了理论基础。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1471
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    1温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325000
    2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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