Article(id=1308841023112044879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757260800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-08, revisedDate=1766332800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981616999, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981616999, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981616999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981616999, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1498, endPage=1512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841023300788560, articleId=1308841023112044879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors targeting papain-like protease, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Papain-like protease (PLpro or PLP) is a key non-structural protein in the replication process of coronaviruses. It is responsible for the cleavage and processing of viral polyproteins, and has deubiquitination and deISGylation activities, which can inhibit the host's innate immune response. Due to the high conservation of PLpro among various coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, it has become an important target for the development of broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitors. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on PLpro has advanced rapidly, and multiple classes of candidate molecules with clear structures and definite mechanisms have been identified, including non-covalent inhibitors (e.g., GRL0617 and its derivatives), covalent inhibitors (e.g., vinyl ester compounds), and inhibitors derived from natural products. This article reviews the research progress of PLpro-targeted inhibitors, covering their structural characteristics, activity data, mechanism of action, and discovery strategies, aiming to provide theoretical support and design ideas for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs.

, authors=Xiang-han BAI, Bing YE, Le-tian SONG, Peng ZHAN*, Xin-yong LIU*, authorsList=Xiang-han BAI, Bing YE, Le-tian SONG, Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841026819809635, articleId=1308841023112044879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向木瓜样蛋白酶的SARS-CoV-2抑制剂的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

木瓜样蛋白酶(papain-like protease, PLpro或PLP) 是冠状病毒复制过程中关键的非结构蛋白, 负责病毒多聚蛋白的剪切加工, 并具有去泛素化(deubiquitination) 和去ISG15化(deISGylation) 活性, 可抑制宿主的天然免疫反应。由于PLpro在SARS-CoV-2、SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV等多种冠状病毒中高度保守, 已成为开发广谱冠状病毒抑制剂的重要靶点。新冠疫情暴发以来, 针对PLpro的研究迅速推进, 已发现多类结构明确、机制清晰的候选分子, 包括非共价抑制剂(如GRL0617及其衍生物)、共价抑制剂(如乙烯酯类化合物) 及天然产物来源的抑制剂。本文综述了以PLpro为靶点的抑制剂研究进展, 涵盖其结构特征、活性数据、作用机制与发现策略, 旨在为广谱抗冠状病毒药物的研发提供理论支持和设计思路。

, authors=柏祥寒, 叶冰, 宋乐天, 展鹏*, 刘新泳*, authorsList=柏祥寒, 叶冰, 宋乐天, 展鹏, 刘新泳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=展鹏, 刘新泳, authorNote=

作者贡献:

柏祥寒负责图片的绘制、论文的撰写与修改; 叶冰、宋乐天负责文章的修改与校对; 展鹏、刘新泳负责文章整体架构和的审核。

, correspAuthorsNote=
展鹏, Tel: 86-531-88382005; E-mail:
刘新泳, Tel: 86-531-88380270; E-mail:
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Structure-based design of potent peptidomimetic inhibitors covalently targeting SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 8633., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841039293669833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan B, Liang XY, Ansari A, et al. Structure-based design of covalent SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitors [J]. 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Unveiling the mechanism of action of a novel natural dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro with molecular dynamics simulations [J]. 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A: Genomic composition of SARS-CoV-2; B: The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2; C: Domains of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro: Ub-like (residues 1-61), thumb (62-178), fingers (179-240), and palm (241-315) (PDB code: 6WZU); D: Location of the catalytic triad: Cys111 (yellow), His272 (blue), and Asp286 (red), figureFileSmall=2E9nRAK1nsoNVt1gmbutUA==, figureFileBig=dSICxxpUuBdbdch8z2tcHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031047668108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L8pvlGDUJDin6W4wulPlcQ==, figureFileBig=feOcyloDEpDgg0+MvMFLKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031173497229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chemical structures of compounds 1-7, figureFileSmall=L8pvlGDUJDin6W4wulPlcQ==, figureFileBig=feOcyloDEpDgg0+MvMFLKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031265771918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1wCdag7KeETkLVYlJZSZuA==, figureFileBig=H7uUlHY9eyxx+ZVYsFwGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031362240911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Binding modes of compounds 1, 5, 17, 19 and 20. A: Schematic representation of the binding mode of GRL0617 (navy blue) with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (PDB code: 7CJM), with key amino acid residues shown in pink. Hydrogen bonds are depicted as yellow dashed lines, and π-π interactions are shown as green dashed lines; B: Superposition of the XR8-24 (navy blue) and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro complex structure, with a salt bridge depicted as a magenta dashed line (PDB code: 7LBS); C: Cocrystal structure of GZNL-P35 (a precursor compound to GZNL-P36, navy blue) in complex with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (PDB code: 8YX5). Hydrogen bonds are shown as yellow dashed lines, and π-π interactions are depicted as orange dashed lines; D: Atomic-level model of the Jun12682 (navy blue) binding site in SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (PDB code: 8UOB). Hydrogen bonds are shown as yellow dashed lines, van der Waals forces as red dashed lines, and π-π interactions as light green dashed lines; E: Key protein-ligand interactions of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro with PF-07957472 (PDB code: 9CSY), figureFileSmall=1wCdag7KeETkLVYlJZSZuA==, figureFileBig=H7uUlHY9eyxx+ZVYsFwGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031441932688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=l+T8BGCMhDnHftwE8S4MoQ==, figureFileBig=KvlNcSQEgUHjjeYWN2sYVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031534207377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Chemical structures of compounds 8-40, figureFileSmall=l+T8BGCMhDnHftwE8S4MoQ==, figureFileBig=KvlNcSQEgUHjjeYWN2sYVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031605510546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uOPVb8/tBXeCr4VYtAURTw==, figureFileBig=ie3J2mAiKO+teyJENtlPqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031672619411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Binding modes of compounds 24, 26, 41, 48. A: Surface representation of the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in complex with 24 (cyan sticks) (PDB code: 7E35), demonstrating that 24 is situated within the channel preceding the catalytic site of the PLpro domain; B: Binding mode of 24 within the two asymmetric PLpro units (Chain A, green; Chain B, pink); C: Co-crystal structures of BiSCoE-Rf1.200 4 PLpro in complex with GRL0617 and compound 26, respectively (PDB codes: 7SKQ, 7SKR); D: Crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 PLproC111S-YM155 complex, revealing three bound molecules of YM155 (depicted as cyan sticks) (PDB code: 7D7L); E: Crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro-PF complex at 2.7 Å resolution. An enlarged view of the fragment shows two proflavine molecules within the substrate-recognition pocket of PLpro (PDB code: 7NT4), figureFileSmall=uOPVb8/tBXeCr4VYtAURTw==, figureFileBig=ie3J2mAiKO+teyJENtlPqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031739728276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rnoFoghtO15h6BMjNUyTmg==, figureFileBig=Q0gZ5hekzaOl2CT9q+CkZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031798448533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Chemical structures of compounds 41-52, figureFileSmall=rnoFoghtO15h6BMjNUyTmg==, figureFileBig=Q0gZ5hekzaOl2CT9q+CkZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031869751702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=G245PzJZSsmDnN58kWYy5A==, figureFileBig=daMOA9YElSnjMuZBL9d7+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841031970414999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Chemical structures of compounds 53-64 and design strategy of compounds 59-61, figureFileSmall=G245PzJZSsmDnN58kWYy5A==, figureFileBig=daMOA9YElSnjMuZBL9d7+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841032058495384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QI8xfd9sTAKGOgiKN1LvWQ==, figureFileBig=XWw/5BcMqarR6SuYvNn1Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841032133992857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Co-crystal structures of compounds 53-55 and 62 with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. A: Co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in complex with VIR250 (Cys111 is depicted in pink, and the formed thioether linkage is shown in yellow; PDB code: 6WUU); B: Co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in complex with VIR251 (Cys111 is depicted in pink, and the formed covalent bond is shown in yellow; PDB code: 6WX4); C: Co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in complex with compound 55 (PDB code: 8EUA); D: Co-crystal structure of compound 59 in complex with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (PDB code: 8IHO); E: Co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in complex with Jun13567 (PDB code: 9D2K), figureFileSmall=QI8xfd9sTAKGOgiKN1LvWQ==, figureFileBig=XWw/5BcMqarR6SuYvNn1Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841032222073242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841023112044879, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/qw4MtlF+FNXPLTAYXQH5w==, figureFileBig=jAJ9/gWoSkNDC9kCfmsEdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841032305959323, 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靶向木瓜样蛋白酶的SARS-CoV-2抑制剂的研究进展
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柏祥寒 , 叶冰 , 宋乐天 , 展鹏 * , 刘新泳 *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(5): 1498-1512
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (5) : 1498 -1512
靶向木瓜样蛋白酶的SARS-CoV-2抑制剂的研究进展
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柏祥寒, 叶冰, 宋乐天, 展鹏* , 刘新泳*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012
通讯作者:
展鹏, Tel: 86-531-88382005; E-mail:
刘新泳, Tel: 86-531-88380270; E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

柏祥寒负责图片的绘制、论文的撰写与修改; 叶冰、宋乐天负责文章的修改与校对; 展鹏、刘新泳负责文章整体架构和的审核。

Research progress on SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors targeting papain-like protease
Xiang-han BAI, Bing YE, Le-tian SONG, Peng ZHAN* , Xin-yong LIU*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1066
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木瓜样蛋白酶(papain-like protease, PLpro或PLP) 是冠状病毒复制过程中关键的非结构蛋白, 负责病毒多聚蛋白的剪切加工, 并具有去泛素化(deubiquitination) 和去ISG15化(deISGylation) 活性, 可抑制宿主的天然免疫反应。由于PLpro在SARS-CoV-2、SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV等多种冠状病毒中高度保守, 已成为开发广谱冠状病毒抑制剂的重要靶点。新冠疫情暴发以来, 针对PLpro的研究迅速推进, 已发现多类结构明确、机制清晰的候选分子, 包括非共价抑制剂(如GRL0617及其衍生物)、共价抑制剂(如乙烯酯类化合物) 及天然产物来源的抑制剂。本文综述了以PLpro为靶点的抑制剂研究进展, 涵盖其结构特征、活性数据、作用机制与发现策略, 旨在为广谱抗冠状病毒药物的研发提供理论支持和设计思路。

冠状病毒  /  木瓜样蛋白酶  /  小分子抑制剂  /  药物设计  /  广谱抗病毒

Papain-like protease (PLpro or PLP) is a key non-structural protein in the replication process of coronaviruses. It is responsible for the cleavage and processing of viral polyproteins, and has deubiquitination and deISGylation activities, which can inhibit the host's innate immune response. Due to the high conservation of PLpro among various coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, it has become an important target for the development of broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitors. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on PLpro has advanced rapidly, and multiple classes of candidate molecules with clear structures and definite mechanisms have been identified, including non-covalent inhibitors (e.g., GRL0617 and its derivatives), covalent inhibitors (e.g., vinyl ester compounds), and inhibitors derived from natural products. This article reviews the research progress of PLpro-targeted inhibitors, covering their structural characteristics, activity data, mechanism of action, and discovery strategies, aiming to provide theoretical support and design ideas for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs.

coronavirus  /  papain-like protease  /  small molecule inhibitor  /  drug design  /  broad-spectrum antiviral
柏祥寒, 叶冰, 宋乐天, 展鹏, 刘新泳. 靶向木瓜样蛋白酶的SARS-CoV-2抑制剂的研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1498 -1512 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1066
Xiang-han BAI, Bing YE, Le-tian SONG, Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU. Research progress on SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors targeting papain-like protease[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1498 -1512 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1066
冠状病毒(coronaviruses, CoVs) 是一类主要引起呼吸道、肠道疾病的病原体[1], 包括α冠状病毒[如人冠状病毒229E (HCoV-229E) 和NL63 (HCoV-NL63)]、β冠状病毒[如严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruse, SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS) 冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)、新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)]、γ冠状病毒、δ冠状病毒等[2]。近20年来, 冠状病毒共引起了3次流行性疾病, 包括2003年的SARS[3]、2012年的MERS[4], 以及2019年底暴发的新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease-19, COVID-19)。虽然SARS-CoV-2的致死率低于SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV, 但其传染性更强, 传播范围更广, 给世界公共卫生事业及人类生命健康安全带来了极大的损失[5]。
小分子抗病毒药物凭借其可直接作用于病毒关键靶点、口服给药便捷等独特优势, 在临床治疗里占据着极为重要的地位, 成为对抗新冠病毒的有力武器。尽管小分子抗病毒药物在COVID-19治疗中发挥了不可忽视的临床疗效, 但已获批药物数量有限且普遍存在耐药突变风险高、给药剂量大或安全窗口窄等问题, 因此仍需开发更多安全有效的新型治疗药物。此外, SARS-CoV-2的自然变异及药物选择压力导致的耐药性突变, 进一步凸显了抗冠状病毒药物研发的迫切需求。目前临床应用的抗COVID-19药物均靶向病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) 或3CL蛋白酶(3C-like protease, 3CLpro), 但病毒持续变异导致的耐药性问题日益突出, 限制了现有药物的长期有效性。这一现状迫切要求研究者突破现有框架, 开发具有全新靶标的抗病毒药物。
在当前抗新型冠状病毒药物的研发中, 病毒编码的蛋白酶, 尤其是主蛋白酶, 已成为重要的药物靶点。然而, 除了主蛋白酶, 冠状病毒还编码另一个关键蛋白酶——木瓜样蛋白酶。与3CLpro相似, PLpro在病毒的生命周期中扮演着不可或缺的角色, 本文旨在综述靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制剂研究进展, 下文将首先详细阐述PLpro的结构与功能, 并系统介绍各类抑制剂的研究现状。
冠状病毒基因组为线性单股正链RNA[6], 具有目前已知的最大RNA基因组(≈30 kb), 包含多达29个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs), 编码9 860个氨基酸。可分为5′-非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)、复制酶(ORF1/ab)、结构蛋白[刺突蛋白(S)-包膜(E) 膜(M)-核衣壳(N)]、3′-非翻译区等序列[7](图1A)。
SARS-CoV-2病毒基因组包括部分重叠的5′末端ORF1a/b编码的大型复制酶多聚蛋白pp1a和pp1ab, 进一步被病毒编码的蛋白酶切割成16种非结构蛋白(non-structural protein, nsp1~16), 这些非结构蛋白在病毒的复制和转录过程中发挥着关键作用。其中, nsp12是具有RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp) 活性的催化亚基, 是冠状病毒复制/转录的关键组成部分; nsp3包括木瓜样蛋白酶, 而nsp5包含胰凝乳蛋白酶和主蛋白酶, nsp3与nsp5共同裂解多聚蛋白而产生非结构蛋白[8]。
首先是S糖蛋白与宿主细胞表面的血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) 受体结合, 介导病毒进入宿主细胞, 随后宿主细胞表面的跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2 (transmembrane protease serine 2, TMPRSS2) 切割激活S蛋白, 病毒通过与宿主细胞膜融合形成一个融合孔, 病毒RNA通过该孔释放到宿主细胞质中, 用于脱壳和复制。病毒-受体复合物也可能通过细胞内吞的方式进入细胞, 形成内吞体。在内吞体中, pH值降低会诱导S蛋白发生进一步的构象变化, 最终导致病毒包膜与内吞体膜融合(内吞体途径)。同时, 病毒的RNA基因组被释放到细胞质中[9]。病毒RNA在宿主体内翻译并加工产生非结构蛋白。这些非结构蛋白组成了病毒的复制-转录复合体(replication-transcription complex, RTC), 负责合成新的病毒RNA和结构蛋白。新合成的结构蛋白和基因组RNA在内质网-高尔基体中间体(endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, ERGIC) 和高尔基体中组装成新的病毒粒子(图1B)[10]。
PLpro是SARS-CoV-2 nsp3的8个功能片段之一, 属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶。PLpro由4个结构域组成, 其中3个结构域形成催化相关的“右手拇指-手掌-手指”(thumb-palm-fingers) 结构, 另一个结构域为N-末端泛素样(Ubl) 结构域(图1C)[11]。Ubl结构域由残基1~61组成, 包含5个β折叠、1个α螺旋和1个310螺旋。而与催化相关的3个结构域中, 拇指亚结构域由6个α螺旋和1个小β折叠组成。手指亚结构域由6个β折叠和两个α螺旋组成, 其中包含一个锌结合位点(由Cys189、Cys192、Cys224、Cys226组成), 锌的结合对蛋白酶的催化活性必不可少[12]。手掌亚结构域由6个β折叠组成, 催化残基Cys111、His272和Asp286位于拇指和手掌亚结构域之间的交界处[13]。SARS-CoV-2 PLpro通过“双口袋”机制精准识别底物(图1D): 催化口袋内的Cys111-His272-Asp286三联体直接攻击底物肽键LXGG↓XX (病毒多聚蛋白) 或LRGG (Ub/ISG15) 的Gly-Gly位点; 同时, 位于手指结构域入口处的S4疏水口袋(由Tyr268-Leu162-β-hairpin组成) 选择性容纳P4位亮氨酸Leu, β-hairpin可翻转“盖”住底物, 形成诱导契合并稳定过渡态。这种“催化+ S4”协同识别方式既保证了病毒多聚蛋白位点的高效切割和底物特异性, 也使其能区分不同泛素链拓扑, 其独特的底物选择性为开发广谱冠状病毒抑制剂提供了关键依据。
PLpro是SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2 nsp3的主要功能域, 具有多种功能, 包括病毒多聚蛋白的切割、去泛素化(deubiquitination, DUB) 和去ISG15化(deISGylation) 等。PLpro与3CLpro (主蛋白酶) 协同作用, 共同切割病毒的多聚蛋白(pp1a和pp1ab) 生成多种功能蛋白, 以保证病毒复制周期的顺利进行。其中PLpro主要负责切割nsp1/2、nsp2/3和nsp3/4之间的位点, 释放出nsp1、nsp2和nsp3[14]。同时, PLpro所具备的去泛素化和去ISGylation活性, 与病毒的免疫逃避密切相关, 直接抑制宿主干扰素通路, 抑制抗病毒炎症信号通路的激活, 帮助病毒逃避免疫反应。总之, PLpro抑制剂同时具有抗病毒复制与抗炎症免疫的双重功能, 且PLpro在SARS-CoV-2、SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV等多株冠状病毒中高度保守、不易突变, 这使PLpro成为开发新型口服、广谱抗新冠病毒抑制剂的关键靶点。
非共价抑制剂作为靶向新冠病毒PLpro的核心类别之一, 以小分子有机化合物为主要形态, 通过化学修饰模拟PLpro底物的关键结合基团, 借助氢键、疏水作用等非共价相互作用与PLpro结合, 从而抑制其催化活性。这类抑制剂因结构可调节性强、作用机制易于解析, 成为开发广谱抗冠状病毒药物的重要方向, 下文将从基于GRL0617的抑制剂、哌啶类、吲哚类等多个结构分支, 系统梳理其活性数据、结合模式及优化策略。
GRL0617 (1, 图2) 原是针对SARS-CoV PLpro开发的抑制剂[15], 它GRL0617以非共价方式结合并抑制PLpro, 抑制常数(Ki) 为1.37 μmol·L-1。COVID-19暴发后, 为应对新冠肺炎治疗的迫切需求, GRL0617再次受到了研究人员的重视。
2020年, Shin等[16]测试了GRL0617对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑酶活性, 发现GRL0617具有抑制病毒复制和增强抗病毒免疫反应的潜力。2021年, Huang课题组[17]发现小分子抑制剂GRL0617可以抑制新冠病毒PLpro体外剪切泛素链和类泛素化蛋白ISG15的活性, 并阻断病毒复制。二维NMR实验显示, GRL0617干扰了PLpro与ISG15的蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI)。
Gao等[18]获得的X射线共晶结构显示, GRL0617结合在PLpro的S4-S3亚位点, 诱导临近loop序列闭合, 从而使S1-S2的活性位点关闭, 其催化功能丧失。分子结合时, Asp164的侧链氧与GRL0617苯环上的氨基形成氢键, Gln269的骨架氨基与分子的羰基氧形成另一个重要氢键(图3A)。GRL0617在SARS-CoV-2 PLpro和SARS-CoV PLpro中的结合模式高度相似, 是一种具有广谱性的苗头化合物。研究者以GRL0617的结构生物学信息为起点, 设计并筛选出了多个对SARS-CoV-2具有抗病毒活性的抑制剂。
2021年, Wang课题组[19]结合FlipGFP PLpro体系中的高通量筛选与合理优化, 得到了SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂Jun9-53-2 (2) 和Jun9-72-2 (3, 图2)。上述两个化合物在Vero E6细胞系中的抗病毒活性显著增强, 约为GRL0617的3倍(Jun9-53-2: EC50 = 5.28 ± 2.60 μmol·L-1; Jun9-72-2: EC50 = 7.93 ± 3.17 μmol·L-1; GRL0617: EC50 = 9.29 ± 3.45 μmol·L-1)。其中Jun9-53-2 (2) 为GRL0617酰胺键修饰后的类似物。虽然去除了原有的氢键供受体(羰基O/酰胺NH), 但分子中心的氮原子转变为脂肪胺, 碱性显著增强, 与邻近的Asp164产生了盐桥作用, 成为该化合物活性维持并提高的关键因素。然而由于细胞毒性和代谢稳定性不佳, 该系列分子未进行进一步的临床前评价。
2022年, Shen等[20]以GRL0617为先导化合物, 根据其与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的共晶结构发现了潜在的配体结合位点。以GRL0617的萘基苯甲酰胺结构为起点, 将萘环整体替换为2-苯基噻吩药效团, 显著提高了先导化合物的结合亲和力和抑制活性。在该系列中, 除了XR8-23 (4, EC50 = 1.4 ± 0.1 μmol·L-1, IC50 = 0.39 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1) 和XR8-24 (5, EC50 = 1.2 ± 0.2 μmol·L-1, IC50 = 0.56 ± 0.03 μmol·L-1) 表现出优于GRL0617 (1, EC50 > 20 μmol·L-1, 图2) 的抗病毒活性外, 后续优化的XR8-69 (6) 和XR8-89 (7) 也显示出更强的抑制效力, 尤其是XR8-89对PLpro的IC50达到0.113 μmol·L-1, 结合亲和力(KD) 为0.113 μmol·L-1。共晶结构显示, 作为修饰后的线性分子, XR8-24新引入的噻吩和环戊胺插入SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的“BL2沟槽”, 产生了多重疏水作用和范德华力; 另一方面, 苯胺N上引入的氮杂环丁烷与Glu167的侧链羧基产生额外的盐桥作用(图3B)。该文献首次发现并验证了全新结合位点BL2沟槽和关键残基, 为PLpro抑制剂的设计提供了新思路。
2022年, Ferreira等[21]通过累计约60 μs的分子动力学(molecular dynamics, MD) 模拟, 系统分析了SARS-CoV-2 PLpro与其抑制剂——GRL0617 (1)、XR8-89 (7)、PLP_Snyder530 (8) 等复合物的构象动态。结合主成分分析与马尔可夫状态模型, 发现BL2-loop的构象变化(开放态—闭合态) 是调控抑制剂结合的关键因素。研究表明, 抑制剂PLP_Snyder530 (IC50 = 6.4 μmol·L-1, 图4, 8) 的苯甲酰胺核心与Tyr268形成π-π堆积作用、同时通过氢键与Gln269稳定结合, 与GRL0617的结合模式类似。
同年, Tian等[22]通过基于结构的虚拟筛选结合分子动力学模拟验证和生物学评估, 从包含35 000个分子的内部化合物数据库中筛选出4种具有优异抑制活性的化合物(9~12, 图4), 其IC50值在0.6~2.4 μmol·L-1之间, 其中化合物10 (IC50 = 0.6 ± 0.2 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性是阳性对照GRL0617 (IC50 = 2.5 ± 0.4 μmol·L-1) 的4倍。
2023年, Garland等[23]基于12个PLpro抑制剂复合物晶体结构, 采用超大规模虚拟筛选(1.4亿分子库) 结合实验验证, 发现17个化合物具有PLpro抑制活性(IC50 < 30 μmol·L-1)。其中VPC-300195 (13, 图4) 在病毒抑制实验中表现最优(IC50 = 15 μmol·L-1), 活性较阳性对照XR8-89 (7, IC50 = 40.3 μmol·L-1) 提升2.7倍。尽管其抗病毒效力仍低于Nirmatrelvir (Mpro抑制剂), 但其独特的结合模式(同时占据S3/S4亚位点与BL2沟槽) 为开发同类PLpro抑制剂提供了借鉴价值。
同年9月, Ghosh等[24]以GRL0617作为先导分子, 设计并合成了一系列衍生物, 其中GRL0617的N-甲基衍生物(14, 图4), 显示出最优的PLpro抑制活性(IC50 = 0.48 μmol·L-1, ID50 = 20 μmol·L-1), 与GRL0617 (1, IC50 = 0.9 μmol·L-1) 相比有一定程度的改善, 对接模型显示其通过额外氢键增强了与靶蛋白的亲和力。此外, 通过将GRL0617中的羧酰胺基团替换为磺酰胺得到的化合物15 (IC50 = 6.3 μmol·L-1, ID50 = 56 μmol·L-1)、16 (IC50 = 1.3 μmol·L-1, ID50 = 64 μmol·L-1) 表现出与GRL0617相当的抑酶活性和抗病毒活性。作为电子等排体, 上述磺酰胺衍生物的磺酰基氧也能与PLpro活性位点的Gln269形成氢键, 同时3-氨基基团与Tyr268和Gln269侧链产生相互作用, 从而保持显著的抑制效果。
2024年, Shang团队[25]通过计算机辅助的基于结构的药物设计开发了一系列新型非共价SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂。该研究团队通过在GRL0617的萘环上骈合吡咯烷酮类结构, 并优化连接基团(环丙基) 和S2位点取代基(N-甲基哌嗪), 得到了先导化合物GZNL-P36 (17, 图4), 其表现出优异的PLpro抑制活性(IC50 = 6.45 nmol·L-1) 和抗突变病毒效果(SARS-CoV-2 EC50 = 58.2~306.2 nmol·L-1), 同时具有高口服生物利用度(F = 62.4%) 和良好的药代动力学特性。该团队解析了GZNL-P36的前体化合物GZNL-P35与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro复合物的共晶结构, 晶体结构分析显示, GZNL-P35 (18, IC50 = 8.15 nmol·L-1) 通过氢键(与Asp164、Gln269、Glu167) 和疏水相互作用(与Tyr268、Pro247等) 稳定结合在PLpro活性位点(图3C)。在动物实验中, GZNL-P36显著降低了感染小鼠肺部的病毒载量和炎症反应。该化合物解决了口服生物利用度与代谢稳定性问题, 为开发首个口服PLpro抑制剂提供了关键候选药物分子, 具有巨大潜力。
2024年, Wang课题组[26]基于GRL0617的结构优化, 设计出一系列靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的新型非共价抑制剂。该研究团队基于与BL2沟槽和新发现的泛素结合位点(Val70) 结合的理念, 设计并合成了85种双芳基苯类化合物。其中, 先导化合物Jun12682 (19, 图4) 具有显著的PLpro抑制活性(Ki = 37.7 nmol·L-1) 和抗新冠病毒突变株效果(SARS-CoV-2 EC50 = 0.42~2.02 μmol·L-1), 且对奈玛特韦等耐药株有效。晶体结构显示, Jun12682通过吡唑基团与Val70Ub位点的Met208/Pro247以及BL2沟槽的Tyr264形成疏水和π-π相互作用, 同时其二甲氨基侧链与Glu167产生静电作用(图3D)。动物实验中, 口服Jun12682可显著降低感染小鼠的肺部病毒载量, 改善小鼠生存率, 并减轻炎症反应。
同年, Garnsey等[27]通过机器学习驱动的药物设计, 从GRL0617 (化合物1) 出发, 经过两轮优化: 萘环系统替换为喹啉、苯胺基团修饰为甲基哌嗪, 再引入环丙基, 最终得到先导化合物PF-07957472 (20, 图4), 其对新冠病毒表现出优异的抑制活性(EC50 = 0.147 μmol·L-1)。PF-07957472与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的复合物晶体结构揭示了其结合模式: 它占据由柔性BL2环形成的口袋, 与Asp164、Glu167、Tyr268以及Gln269主链N形成关键氢键, 并与Pro247、Pro248和Tyr268发生堆叠相互作用(图3E)。PF-07957472与GRL0617在PLpro结合口袋的结构叠合阐明了其活性显著提升的分子机制: 喹啉-N-甲基吡唑系统提供了更大的疏水表面和更有效的π-π堆叠(与Tyr268); 质子化的哌嗪N-甲基胺与Glu167形成盐桥; 环丙基更好地结合Tyr264。
2014年, Báez-Santos等[28]设计合成的SARS-CoV PLpro抑制剂rac5c (21)、rac3k (22) 系列化合物(图4), 具有哌啶-4-甲酰胺类骨架。2020年, Klemm等[14]确证rac5c能显著抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的活性(IC50 = 0.81 μmol·L-1), 在细胞实验中能有效阻断病毒nsp3自剪切, 具有去泛素化活性, 并在感染模型中展现出与瑞德西韦(IC50 = 0.1~1.7 μmol·L-1) 相当的抗病毒效果。
然而, 后续研究者对rac5c的化合物进行稳定性分析发现了许多缺陷, 尤其是萘环可能存在易代谢位点及潜在毒性。2022年, Calleja等[29]对此哌啶类抑制剂进行了多方面的改进, 主要为提高化合物的活性、选择性、代谢稳定性及改善其药代动力学特性。通过在rac5c的萘基环上引入甲氧基, 得到了化合物23 (图4), 优化了先导化合物的代谢稳定性和抑制活性(IC50 = 0.76 μmol·L-1)。
2021年, Shan等[30]通过构建荧光探针、高通量筛选、基于结构的药物设计及细胞实验优化, 发现了具有亚微摩尔级SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制活性的抑制剂化合物24和25 (图4)。化合物24与PLpro的共晶结构显示, 该分子以U形构象占据PLpro催化位点附近的结合口袋, 关键相互作用包括与Tyr269的疏水相互作用, 与Asp165的静电相互作用, 与Leu163、Pro248等的范德华力, 以及与Tyr269羰基的氢键作用(图5A、B)。研究人员还通过与PLpro-24复合物的共晶结构对比, 揭示了化合物25可能的结合模式。
2022年, Freitas等[31]通过对上述哌啶抑制剂的核心骨架跃迁, 设计并筛选了30种基于萘-含氮杂环骨架的小分子抑制剂, 发现GRL0617和化合物26 (图4) 等对SARS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2及蝙蝠冠状病毒BiSCoV-Rf1.200 4的PLpro均具有低微摩尔级抑制活性(IC50 = 1.0~8.4 μmol·L-1)。研究者解析了GRL0617及化合物26与BiSCoV-Rf1.200 4 PLpro的共晶结构(图5C), 将小分子PLpro抑制剂的抗病毒谱扩展至动物冠状病毒。
2023年, Hersi等[32]通过表型筛选从含70种化合物的库中发现了一种新型SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂SIMR3030 (27, 图4), 其显示出对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的高效抑酶活性(IC50 = 0.039 9 ± 0.081 μg·mL-1), 在细胞实验中显著降低病毒基因(ORF1b和spike) 的表达, 并具有直接灭活病毒的效果。SIMR3030是一种区别于前两种骨架的八氢吲哚并[2, 3-a]喹啉嗪新骨架, 为SARS-CoV-2 PLpro新型小分子抑制剂的开发提供了借鉴。
2024年, Kuzikov等[33]通过药物再利用的评估筛选, 发现了一种非共价抑制剂CPI-169 (28, 图4), 其对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的IC50为14.17~19.8 μmol·L-1。热稳定性实验、竞争性STD-NMR及分子对接证实CPI-169与GRL0617竞争结合PLpro的BL2沟槽, 表明CPI-169可能通过占据该经典结合位点来抑制PLpro行使正常功能。
2022年, Yuan等[34]通过高通量筛选50 080个化合物, 发现了苯并嘧啶类非共价抑制剂F0213 (29, 图4)。在SARS-CoV-2感染的仓鼠模型中, 研究者通过口服(po) 和腹腔注射(ip) 两种途径给予仓鼠F0213 (5 mg·kg-1)。结果显示, 口服给药与腹腔注射一样, F0213均能显著降低肺部病毒载量, 并改善肺部病理损伤, 是首个报道的具有口服活性的广谱PLpro抑制剂。其通过双重机制发挥抗病毒作用, 既能阻断PLpro对病毒多蛋白的切割, 又能拮抗PLpro的去泛素化酶活性, 恢复干扰素通路。F0213对SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 = 7.4 μmol·L-1, EC50 = 4.5 μmol·L-1)、SARS-CoV-2的变异株、SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、HCoV-229E及OC43均显示显著抑制活性(EC50 = 2.2~4.8 μmol·L-1)。但由于结合亲和力较低, 未能成功解析F0213与PLpro的共晶结构。
2024年, Li等[35]通过高通量筛选285种蛋白酶抑制剂库, 发现了3种新型PLpro抑制剂, ceritinib (IC50 = 106.29 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 21.09 μmol·L-1)、CA-074Me (IC50 = 39.35 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 47.66 μmol·L-1) 和bruceine D (IC50 = 0.78 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 0.38 μmol·L-1) (30~32, 图4)。其中, ceritinib和CA-074Me在细胞内表现出显著的PLpro抑制活性, 其中CA-074Me的细胞内活性强于ceritinib。
2021年, Weglarz‐Tomczak等[36]通过分析SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的活性位点, 结合分子建模和酶活性研究, 发现了一系列以ebselen (33, IC50 = 2 μmol·L-1) 及其衍生物为代表的苯并异硒唑酮类化合物, 能够有效抑制PLpro的活性, 其中一些ebselen衍生物(34~37, 图4) 表现出低微摩尔级别的抑制活性。研究显示, ebselen及其衍生物通过与PLpro活性位点中的Cys111形成共价键, 从而不可逆地抑制酶活性。
2023年, Zmudzinski等[37]报道了34种ebselen及其二硒化物衍生物对SARS-CoV-2关键功能蛋白(PLpro、Mpro和nsp14甲基转移酶) 的抑制活性研究。其中化合物38 (图4) 表现出对PLpro的最强抑制效力(IC50 = 0.578 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1), 显著优于母体化合物ebselen。另外化合物39 (IC50 = 0.990 ± 0.06 μmol·L-1) 和40 (IC50 = 1.038 ± 0.08 μmol·L-1) 对PLpro的抑制活性也略优于ebselen。
2021年, Zhao等[38]高通量筛选了超过6 000种化合物, 包括已批准的药物、临床试验中的候选药物等, 以发现针对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制剂。他们发现YM155 (41)、隐丹参酮(42)、丹参酮I (43) (图6) 和GRL0617对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro具有抑制作用(IC50 = 2.21~5.63 μmol·L-1), 特别是YM155, 一种正在临床试验中的抗癌候选药物, 显示出最强的抗病毒活性(EC50 = 170 nmol·L-1)。此外, 研究者还报道了YM155与PLpro的高分辨率共晶结构(图5D), 该结构揭示了每个分子上两个常见的YM155结合位点, 包括底物结合袋和ISG15结合位点。此外, 在拇指结构域附近观察到另一个YM155结合位点。
2022年, Santos等[39]通过基于结构的虚拟筛选和生化验证, 全面研究了针对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro和Mpro的新型抑制剂。研究人员对包含688种萘醌类化合物及其衍生物的库进行了虚拟筛选, 对挑选出的24种化合物进行进一步的生化实验。结果显示, 其中3个化合物(44~46, 图6) 对PLpro的抑制作用明显(IC50 = 1.9~3.3 μmol·L-1)。MD模拟表明, 这些抑制剂具有稳定的结合模式, 凸显了萘醌骨架作为抗SARS-CoV-2药物的潜力。
同年, Napolitano等[40]通过高通量筛选发现了一种临床批准药物吖啶黄(acriflavine, ACF) (47, 图6), 对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro具有强效抑制作用。实验表明, ACF在细胞模型、体外人类气道上皮培养及小鼠模型中均能以纳摩尔浓度抑制病毒复制, 且对SARS-CoV-2及其他β冠状病毒具有广谱活性。此外, ACF作为一种已注册药物, 具有价格低廉、易于获取的优势, 且在临床试验中显示出良好的安全性, 因此被认为是一个有前景的临床研究候选药物。此外研究人员解析了PLpro-原黄素(proflavine, PF, 48) 复合物的共晶结构。结构显示, PF作为ACF的主要成分, 以双分子形式π-π堆叠在PLpro的底物结合口袋(S3~S5位点), 以独特双分子模式阻断催化活性中心(图5E)。
2024年, Fischer等[41]通过筛选内部化合物库, 发现一个基质金属蛋白酶13抑制剂(ZHAWOC5684, 49, IC50 = 32.79 μmol·L-1) 具有抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的活性。该研究团队以此为先导化合物, 系统地进行了构效关系研究, 最终获得了两个活性显著提升的代表性化合物, ZHAWOC6941 (50, IC50 = 8.46 ± 0.38 μmol·L-1) 和ZHAWOC25153 (51, IC50 = 7.30 ± 1.31 μmol·L-1, 图6)。该研究成功发现并优化了基于酞酰亚胺骨架的新型SARS-CoV-2 PLpro非共价抑制剂。
同年, Liu等[42]通过高通量筛选和结构优化, 发现了靶向PLpro K63特异性去泛素化活性的新型非共价抑制剂SIMM-036 (52, 图6)。该抑制剂对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的K63去泛素化活性表现出特异性强效抑制(IC50 = 10.48 ± 1.034 μmol·L-1)。此外, SIMM-036在抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro介导的病毒复制和恢复宿主Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN-β) 反应方面表现出比GRL0617更强的活性。研究还通过分子对接和氢氘交换质谱(HDX-MS) 分析揭示了SIMM-036与PLpro的结合模式, 发现SIMM-036能够更好地占据PLpro的BL2口袋, 从而增强其对K63去泛素化活性的抑制。
SARS-CoV-2 PLpro共价抑制剂通过引入乙烯甲酯、富马酰胺等亲电弹头, 与PLpro活性位点的催化半胱氨酸Cys111形成不可逆共价键, 可显著提升抑制效力与作用持久性, 同时凭借对PLpro的高选择性, 成为应对非共价抑制剂潜在耐药风险的重要研究方向。此类抑制剂的设计多基于PLpro结构特征, 精准靶向活性口袋及周边关键区域(如BL2沟槽), 以下重点围绕研究成熟、应用广泛的乙烯甲酯弹头类展开, 系统梳理其设计策略、活性表现及分子结合机制。
2020年, Rut等[43]基于组合底物库(HyCoSuL) 筛选和全面的活性分析, 揭示了SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的底物特异性规则, 并基于此设计了含有非天然氨基酸的肽类骨架、具有高选择性的不可逆抑制剂VIR250和VIR251 (53、54, 图7)。这些抑制剂对SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2 PLpro表现出高选择性, 而对其他蛋白酶(MERS-CoV PLpro、人类去泛素化酶UCH-L3) 的抑制作用较弱。此外, 该研究团队还解析了SARS-CoV-2 PLpro分别与VIR250和VIR251复合物的晶体结构, 抑制剂中的乙烯基甲酯与PLpro的催化半胱氨酸Cys111通过迈克尔加成反应形成硫醚共价键, 并在PLpro活性口袋(S4~S1) 内形成氢键、范德华力等相互作用网络(图8A、B)。
2023年, Sanders等[44]通过在非共价SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂GRL0617的核心结构上引入拟肽接头和亲电弹头, 设计了一系列共价抑制剂, 其中最有效的化合物55 (图7) 含有富马酸甲酯弹头, 具有显著的抑制活性和选择性(IC50 = 0.094 μmol·L-1, kinact/Ki = 9 600 L·mol-1 s-1)。另外, 55的N-乙酰化类似物56 (IC50 = 0.230 μmol·L-1) 和含丙炔酰胺弹头的化合物57 (IC50 = 0.098 μmol·L-1) 也显示出纳摩尔级的抑制活性。化合物55与PLpro复合物的共晶结构显示, Cys111的硫原子与55的富马酸甲酯部分的β碳原子形成了共价键(图8C)。电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS) 也证实了这些化合物与PLpro活性位点Cys111结合形成了共价加合物。
2023年, Wang等[45]通过结构导向设计开发了新型共价拟肽类抑制剂, 即基于已知低活性拟肽抑制剂VIR251 (54, IC50 ≈ 50 μmol·L-1) 和强效非共价抑制剂化合物58 (IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.34 μmol·L-1) 活性, 采用融合策略设计出化合物59 (图7), 进一步将化合物59的弹头替换为GRL0617类似物化合物60的弹头, 得到化合物61 (IC50 = 0.23 μmol·L-1, 图7)。研究者解析了化合物59与PLpro的高分辨率共晶结构(图8D), 表明化合物59与PLpro催化位点Cys111形成了共价键, 证实了其共价结合模式, 同时揭示了与关键残基(特别是Tyr268) 的重要相互作用, 为理解作用机制和进一步优化奠定了结构基础。
2024年, Wang课题组[46]通过基于结构的药物设计, 开发了一系列SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的共价抑制剂。该研究团队利用之前发现的Val70Ub结合位点, 通过柔性连接子将半胱氨酸反应性弹头(如富马酰胺、乙烯基磺酰胺等), 连接到双芳基苯基骨架的PLpro抑制剂上, 设计了一系列共价抑制剂。其中多个化合物, 特别是富马酰胺类抑制剂如Jun13567 (62)、Jun13728 (63)、Jun13714 (64) (图7), 表现出强效的酶抑制活性(IC50 = 0.1~0.3 μmol·L-1) 和抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.09~0.96 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性极低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1)。PLpro与Jun13567的X射线晶体结构(图8E) 揭示了催化位点Cys111与富马酰胺弹头之间的共价结合, 验证了设计策略。
除了上述小分子化合物抑制剂外, 还有许多天然来源的活性成分对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro发挥抑制作用。
2022年Li等[47]通过基于结构的虚拟筛选, 从含有9 000多个中药来源化合物的传统中药化合物库中鉴定出9种天然双黄酮类化合物(65~73, 图9), 这些双黄酮能有效抑制PLpro的蛋白水解活性(IC50 = 9.5~43.2 μmol·L-1)。分子对接研究表明, 双黄酮通过“双翼模式”结合在PLpro底物结合口袋的P3/P4区域, 与多种氨基酸残基(Lys157、Leu162、Asp164等) 形成氢键, 从而阻止底物进入。
2025年Gu等[48]基于高通量筛选, 从该课题组内部天然产物库中(约2 000种化合物) 鉴定出两种天然产物, sydowiol B及其类似物violaceol Ⅰ (74、75, 图9) 为SARS-CoV-2 Mpro和PLpro的双靶抑制剂。对于Mpro和PLpro, sydowiol B的IC50值分别为2.91 ± 1.09和5.77 ± 1.16 μmol·L-1, 而violaceol Ⅰ的IC50值则分别为8.27 ± 1.15与42.35 ± 1.02 μmol·L-1。文中还报道了该课题组通过分子对接、MD和突变验证, 揭示sydowiol B的作用机制为占据活性中心并诱导结构Zn2+从锌指结构域迁移到S2螺旋, 进而阻断底物结合。
综上, PLpro作为冠状病毒生命周期中的关键非结构蛋白, 不仅介导病毒多聚蛋白(pp1a/pp1ab) 的剪切成熟以保障病毒复制, 更通过去泛素化(DUB) 与去ISG15化活性拮抗宿主先天免疫通路, 其催化三联体(Cys111-His272-Asp286) 及BL2沟槽(Tyr268-Pro247-Pro248) 在α、β、γ、δ各属冠状病毒中高度保守, 使其成为突破现有靶向RdRp (如瑞德西韦) 与3CLpro (如奈玛特韦) 药物耐药性、开发广谱抗冠状病毒药物的核心靶点。
近年来, PLpro抑制剂研究已形成多维度发展格局。在非共价抑制剂领域, 以GRL0617为先导的结构优化持续突破: 早期衍生物Jun9-53-2通过酰胺键修饰转化为脂肪胺结构, 与Asp164形成盐桥作用, 抗病毒活性较母核提升3倍; 后续优化的GZNL-P36通过萘环骈合吡咯烷酮及S2位点N-甲基哌嗪取代, 实现IC50达6.45 nmol·L-1的强效抑制, 且口服生物利用度达62.4%, 在小鼠模型中显著降低肺部病毒载量与炎症反应; PF-07957472则通过喹啉环替换萘环、引入甲基哌嗪与环丙基, 增强与Tyr268的π-π堆叠及Glu167的盐桥作用, Ki值低至2 nmol·L-1, 展现出优异的临床转化潜力。此外, 哌啶类抑制剂rac5c经甲氧基修饰改善代谢稳定性后, 对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的IC50维持在0.76 μmol·L-1; 吲哚类化合物SIMR3030凭借八氢吲哚并[2, 3-a]喹啉嗪新骨架, 实现0.039 9 μg·mL-1的抑酶活性; 嘧啶类F0213作为首个口服广谱PLpro抑制剂, 在仓鼠模型中通过双重机制(阻断多聚蛋白剪切与恢复干扰素通路) 降低肺部病毒载量, 对SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV均有效。共价抑制剂研究则聚焦亲电弹头的精准设计: VIR250/VIR251以乙烯基甲酯为弹头, 与Cys111形成硫醚键, 对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制活性达亚微摩尔级; Jun13567通过富马酰胺弹头与双芳基苯基骨架结合, 同时靶向催化位点与Val70Ub位点, IC50 0.1~0.3 μmol·L-1且细胞毒性极低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1); Sanders团队[44]在GRL0617核心引入富马酸甲酯弹头, 所得化合物kinact/Ki达9 600 L·mol-1 s-1, 显著提升作用持久性。天然产物领域, 双黄酮类化合物通过“双翼模式”结合PLpro的P3/P4区域, 与Lys157、Asp164形成氢键, IC50 9.5~43.2 μmol·L-1; Sydowiol B作为PLpro-Mpro双靶点抑制剂, 通过诱导Zn2+从PLpro锌指结构域迁移, 实现对两种蛋白酶的协同抑制(PLpro IC50 5.77 μmol·L-1, Mpro IC50 2.91 μmol·L-1), 为多靶点药物设计提供新思路。
尽管研究取得显著进展, PLpro抑制剂研发仍面临多重挑战。其一为选择性难题: PLpro与人类去泛素化酶(如USP18) 在催化结构域存在较高同源性, 非共价抑制剂易因结合口袋相似性产生脱靶效应, 而共价抑制剂虽对Cys111具有靶向性, 但仍可能与其他含活性半胱氨酸的人类蛋白(如半胱氨酸蛋白酶) 反应, 引发潜在毒性; 其二是体外-体内转化障碍: 部分抑制剂在酶学与细胞实验中活性优异(如CPI-169, IC50 14.17~19.8 μmol·L-1), 但因水溶性差、肝脏CYP450酶介导的代谢过快, 导致体内暴露量不足, 无法在肺部(病毒主要感染部位) 达到有效治疗浓度; 其三为耐药突变的潜在风险: 虽PLpro关键结构域保守, 但体外传代实验已发现BL2-loop区域Tyr268Phe突变可削弱抑制剂与S4疏水口袋的相互作用, 导致化合物敏感性下降, 而临床中针对RdRp与3CLpro的耐药突变已证实病毒的进化适应能力, PLpro抑制剂的耐药应对机制亟待完善; 其四是联合用药策略缺失: 3CLpro抑制剂奈玛特韦通过与利托那韦联合抑制CYP3A4代谢实现药代优化, 而PLpro抑制剂目前多为单靶点研究, 尚未系统探索与其他抗病毒药物(如RdRp抑制剂) 的协同作用, 难以发挥联合用药在降低耐药风险、增强疗效方面的优势。而PLpro抑制剂与现有RdRp或3CLpro抑制剂联用, 具备协同增效的显著潜力: 其作用机制互补, 能实现“直接抗病毒”与“恢复宿主免疫”的双重打击; 同时, 通过攻击病毒复制周期中的多个保守环节, 可显著提高遗传屏障, 有效降低耐药突变风险, 因此亟需开发更稳健、广谱的联合抗病毒方案。
未来PLpro抑制剂研究需借鉴3CLpro抑制剂“结构导向-高通量筛选-临床转化”的成熟策略, 实现多维度突破。在策略整合层面, 应构建“结构解析-AI筛选-药代优化”的三阶研究框架: 首先利用高分辨率共晶结构(如PDB: 8YX5、9D2K) 明确BL2沟槽与Val70Ub位点的协同结合模式, 揭示抑制剂诱导的构象变化(如BL2-loop闭合), 为理性设计提供依据; 其次借鉴Garland团队[23]1.4亿分子库的超大规模虚拟筛选经验, 结合机器学习模型(如Garnsey团队[27]的喹啉环优化策略) 扩大化合物库覆盖, 同时引入基于片段的药物设计(fragment-based drug design, FBDD), 提升苗头化合物的成药性; 最后参考3CLpro抑制剂的前药设计与代谢调控策略, 通过引入酯键、磷酸酯基团改善口服生物利用度, 或探索与CYP3A4抑制剂的联合应用, 延长体内半衰期, 解决现有抑制剂药代缺陷。
技术迭代方面, 需推动结构生物学与功能评价技术的深度融合: 应用冷冻电镜单颗粒分析捕捉PLpro与抑制剂结合过程中的动态构象(如Zn2+结合域的构象波动), 结合分子动力学模拟(如Ferreira团队[21]60 μs MD模拟) 解析BL2-loop开放-闭合平衡对抑制活性的影响, 类似3CLpro抑制剂研发中对催化口袋构象变化的精准解析; 同时开发基于细胞的双功能报告系统(如FlipGFP-PLpro与IFN-β荧光素酶联用体系), 实现对抑制剂抗病毒活性与免疫调节功能的同步评价, 避免单一酶学活性评价的局限性。
在靶点协同与广谱性强化上, 应聚焦双位点与双靶点设计: 针对PLpro, 设计同时作用于催化三联体与Zn2+结合域的双位点抑制剂, 利用Zn2+结合域在冠状病毒中的高度保守性提升广谱性, 参考3CLpro抑制剂对SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV的抑制逻辑; 对于双靶点抑制剂(如sydowiol B), 通过药效团拼接策略优化PLpro与Mpro的结合亲和力, 降低单一靶点耐药风险, 同时开展体外联合药敏实验, 明确PLpro抑制剂与3CLpro/RdRp抑制剂的协同指数, 为临床联合用药方案提供数据支持。
临床转化导向的优化是关键落脚点: 针对现有抑制剂溶解度低、肺部靶向性差的问题, 借鉴3CLpro抑制剂的晶体工程与制剂技术, 通过盐型筛选、固体分散体制备提升溶解度, 或开发吸入制剂增强肺部局部暴露; 开展早期临床前PK-PD关联研究, 建立抑制剂在肺部组织的暴露量与抗病毒效果的定量关系, 同时评估长期给药的安全性(如对人类DUBs的影响), 为临床剂量设计与适应症选择提供依据, 推动PLpro抑制剂从临床前研究向早期临床试验转化, 最终实现对持续变异冠状病毒的有效防控。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1066
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
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    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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