Article(id=1308841018166965091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981615821, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981615821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981615821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981615821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1550, endPage=1559, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841018368291684, articleId=1308841018166965091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Constructing a trinitarian theoretical system of "element structure-quantity ratio structure-phase structure" for component composition, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review focuses on recent advances in the component structure theory and associated research technologies for exploring the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations. The study first outlines the conceptual evolution of TCM "components" across three levels: individual compounds, synergistic groups, and integrated systems. It then introduces the development of the "component structure" theory from its initial three-tier structural framework (version 1.0), through quantitative proportionality modeling (version 2.0), to the current integration of in vivo phase states and biopharmaceutical disposition (version 3.0), which together form a unified theoretical system of element structure, quantity ratio structure, and phase structure. Furthermore, the technological progress of the fundamental research of Chinese medicine under the guidance of this theory is systematically summarized, covering the techniques of fine analysis of small molecules and macromolecules, the analysis and optimization of the component-volume ratio relationship and the analysis of the component-phase structure. Finally, it emphasizes the need for future research to build multidimensional analytical systems, integrate artificial intelligence and big data technologies, and promote standardization, in order to support the modernization and innovation of TCM.

, authors=Nan-nan GUO1, Meng-yuan LI1, Lu SUN3, Lin GAN3, Liang FENG1, 2, 3, *, Xiao-bin JIA1, 2, *, authorsList=Nan-nan GUO, Meng-yuan LI, Lu SUN, Lin GAN, Liang FENG, Xiao-bin JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang FENG, Xiao-bin JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841019446227819, articleId=1308841018166965091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=构建组分构成的“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文围绕中药制剂物质基础研究的关键问题, 聚焦“组分结构”理论的演进及其相关研究技术的新进展。首先, 从个体成分、群体协同到整体整合三个层面梳理中药“组分”概念的发展脉络, 明确“组分结构”理论从1.0版本的“三层次多维结构”, 到2.0版本的结构配比理论, 再到3.0版本整合体内相态与生物处置特征的演进过程, 最终构建“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系; 其次, 系统归纳了该理论指导下中药物质基础研究的技术进展, 涵盖小分子和大分子组分的精细分析技术、组分量比关系解析与优化技术、组分物相结构解析技术。最后指出, 未来研究应在组分结构多维解析、智能化技术融合与标准化体系构建等方面进一步突破, 为中药现代化提供坚实的理论基础与方法支撑。

, authors=郭楠楠1, 李梦园1, 孙露3, 甘霖3, 封亮1, 2, 3, *, 贾晓斌1, 2, *, authorsList=郭楠楠, 李梦园, 孙露, 甘霖, 封亮, 贾晓斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=封亮, 贾晓斌, authorNote=

作者贡献:

郭楠楠负责撰写论文与文献调研; 李梦园负责修改论文; 孙露和甘霖负责提出修改建议; 贾晓斌和封亮负责指导、审阅论文。

, correspAuthorsNote=
封亮,Tel: 13951898629, E-mail:
贾晓斌,Tel: 13605157588, E-mail:
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Term/conceptCore definitionResearch team
Component-based Chinese medicineModern TCM formulations designed via compatibility of effective components based on TCM theory. Features a "two clarities" principle: Relatively clear material basis and mechanism of action, ensuring quality control, safety, and efficacyZhang BL[13]
Science of component-based Chinese medicineA discipline studying the composition of herbs, including effective (e.g., glycosides, alkaloids) and ineffective components (e.g., tannins, proteins), from whole herbs to specific compoundsFu JH[14]
Standardized componentsRepeatably separable and systematically characterized molecular groups from herbal materials, adhering to principles of systematicness, repeatability, and universalityLiang XM[15, 16]
Theory of efficacy-specific componentsPosits that efficacy arises from the ordered integration of components, categorized by compatibility rules, chemical class (e.g., flavonoids), or informational role (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides)Zhang GJ[17]
Macroscopic property hypothesis & digital simulationProposes that an herb's overall property (e.g., hot/cold) is the sum of the contributory forces from its components, which may have opposing propertiesWang HW[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841026442326953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841018166965091, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Multivariate exploration of TCM components by teams

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Term/conceptCore definitionResearch team
Component-based Chinese medicineModern TCM formulations designed via compatibility of effective components based on TCM theory. Features a "two clarities" principle: Relatively clear material basis and mechanism of action, ensuring quality control, safety, and efficacyZhang BL[13]
Science of component-based Chinese medicineA discipline studying the composition of herbs, including effective (e.g., glycosides, alkaloids) and ineffective components (e.g., tannins, proteins), from whole herbs to specific compoundsFu JH[14]
Standardized componentsRepeatably separable and systematically characterized molecular groups from herbal materials, adhering to principles of systematicness, repeatability, and universalityLiang XM[15, 16]
Theory of efficacy-specific componentsPosits that efficacy arises from the ordered integration of components, categorized by compatibility rules, chemical class (e.g., flavonoids), or informational role (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides)Zhang GJ[17]
Macroscopic property hypothesis & digital simulationProposes that an herb's overall property (e.g., hot/cold) is the sum of the contributory forces from its components, which may have opposing propertiesWang HW[18]
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构建组分构成的“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系
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郭楠楠 1 , 李梦园 1 , 孙露 3 , 甘霖 3 , 封亮 1, 2, 3, * , 贾晓斌 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(5): 1550-1559
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (5) : 1550 -1559
构建组分构成的“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系
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郭楠楠1, 李梦园1, 孙露3, 甘霖3, 封亮1, 2, 3, * , 贾晓斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2江苏省儿科中药与特色制剂重点实验室, 江苏 泰兴 225400
  • 3中国药科大学附属江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198
通讯作者:
封亮,Tel: 13951898629, E-mail:
贾晓斌,Tel: 13605157588, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

郭楠楠负责撰写论文与文献调研; 李梦园负责修改论文; 孙露和甘霖负责提出修改建议; 贾晓斌和封亮负责指导、审阅论文。

Constructing a trinitarian theoretical system of "element structure-quantity ratio structure-phase structure" for component composition
Nan-nan GUO1, Meng-yuan LI1, Lu SUN3, Lin GAN3, Liang FENG1, 2, 3, * , Xiao-bin JIA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chinese Medicine and Specialized Formulations, Taixing 225400, China
  • 3Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1168
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本文围绕中药制剂物质基础研究的关键问题, 聚焦“组分结构”理论的演进及其相关研究技术的新进展。首先, 从个体成分、群体协同到整体整合三个层面梳理中药“组分”概念的发展脉络, 明确“组分结构”理论从1.0版本的“三层次多维结构”, 到2.0版本的结构配比理论, 再到3.0版本整合体内相态与生物处置特征的演进过程, 最终构建“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系; 其次, 系统归纳了该理论指导下中药物质基础研究的技术进展, 涵盖小分子和大分子组分的精细分析技术、组分量比关系解析与优化技术、组分物相结构解析技术。最后指出, 未来研究应在组分结构多维解析、智能化技术融合与标准化体系构建等方面进一步突破, 为中药现代化提供坚实的理论基础与方法支撑。

中药物质基础  /  组分结构理论  /  组分结构特征解析技术  /  要素结构  /  量比结构  /  物相结构

This review focuses on recent advances in the component structure theory and associated research technologies for exploring the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations. The study first outlines the conceptual evolution of TCM "components" across three levels: individual compounds, synergistic groups, and integrated systems. It then introduces the development of the "component structure" theory from its initial three-tier structural framework (version 1.0), through quantitative proportionality modeling (version 2.0), to the current integration of in vivo phase states and biopharmaceutical disposition (version 3.0), which together form a unified theoretical system of element structure, quantity ratio structure, and phase structure. Furthermore, the technological progress of the fundamental research of Chinese medicine under the guidance of this theory is systematically summarized, covering the techniques of fine analysis of small molecules and macromolecules, the analysis and optimization of the component-volume ratio relationship and the analysis of the component-phase structure. Finally, it emphasizes the need for future research to build multidimensional analytical systems, integrate artificial intelligence and big data technologies, and promote standardization, in order to support the modernization and innovation of TCM.

material basis of traditional Chinese medicine  /  component structure theory  /  component structure characterization technology  /  element structure  /  quantity ratio structure  /  phase structure
郭楠楠, 李梦园, 孙露, 甘霖, 封亮, 贾晓斌. 构建组分构成的“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1550 -1559 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1168
Nan-nan GUO, Meng-yuan LI, Lu SUN, Lin GAN, Liang FENG, Xiao-bin JIA. Constructing a trinitarian theoretical system of "element structure-quantity ratio structure-phase structure" for component composition[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1550 -1559 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1168
中药物质基础是中药发挥药效的化学物质组成, 也是中药现代化研究的核心内容。面对中药具有药效物质构成的多元性、生物药剂学过程的模糊性、体内多环节相互作用的复杂性等特点, 如何在保持中药本色的前提下将复杂问题简化并表征其性质, 是中药物质基础全面解析亟待解决的瓶颈问题。传统的“单体-靶点”研究模式往往关注某一特定的成分或途径, 而忽略了中药的整体效应, 这无疑限制了研究者对中药真实作用机制的认识。近年来, 中药药效物质基础的整体性研究日益受到关注, 逐步形成以“组分”为代表的多元研究思路与方法体系[1]。本文系统梳理了组分概念的形成与目前中药组分研究的主要理论框架, 介绍了本课题组“组分结构”理论发展的三个阶段并总结了新兴技术在中药物质基础研究中的应用, 以期为中药现代化提供理论支撑与实践参考。
在探讨复杂系统时, 学术界常采用两种主要的研究模式: “自上而下”和“自下而上”[2]。这两种模式在中药物质基础研究中也得到了广泛应用, “自下而上”的模式通常从中药的单体成分或组分入手, 通过提取、分离和鉴定, 筛选出具有药效的组分, 并研究这些微观物质如何组合、共同作用来形成复杂的整体功能; “自上而下”的模式通常以中药复方的整体效应为研究起点, 逐步解析复方的物质基础和作用机制。
中药物质基础研究是中药现代化的关键环节, 其发展经历了从个体成分的发现、到群体的协同作用、再到整体的综合解析, 体现出从微观到宏观、从局部到整体的科学认知过程(图1)。
中药物质基础的个体层面研究始于对单一化学成分的探索。20世纪初, 陈克恢从麻黄中分离出麻黄碱, 开启了中药活性成分研究的先河[3]。此后, 在抗癌、保护脑功能、抗疟疾等方面展现出显著的药理活性的喜树碱[4]、石杉碱甲[5]、青蒿素[6]等众多活性成分相继被发现。
在个体层面研究取得丰硕成果的基础上, 研究者们逐渐意识到中药的复杂性和多样性。中药的药效并非依赖单一成分, 而是多种成分协同作用的结果[7]。因此, 群体层面的研究应运而生, 关注一类或几类成分的混合体(即有效部分或成分群), 强调中药成分的协同作用和整体效应。Luo等[8]提出“有效部分”的概念, 指各种中药复方的药物中具有相似化学性质的一大类化合物, 它不同于一种中药中的有效成分和有效部位, 而是复方所有药物含某类化合物的总和。例如, 在对清开灵注射液的研究中, 通过分析其化学成分和药理药效, 确定了胆酸、黄芩苷、栀子苷类、珍珠母水解氨基酸类四类组分的配伍可以代表清开灵治疗脑水肿的功效[9]。Zhang等[10]建立了一套符合中药作用特点的药效物质基础研究体系: 在整体解析部分, 由部分回归整体, 即在中药复方整体的基础上, 遵循原方成分含量比例, 评估“部分”对“整体”的贡献, 从众多成分中寻找能基本代表原方疗效的“等效成分群”。例如, 在复方中药芪参益气滴丸对心肌细胞保护的研究中, 通过系统筛选, 成功确定了其等效成分群, 这些成分在保护心肌细胞方面具有显著的协同作用, 为复方中药的药效物质基础研究提供了新的思路和方法。
中药药效不仅取决于单一成分或成分群的活性, 更依赖于各成分之间的相互作用关系及整体结构特征。中药物质基础研究需要兼顾传统中医理论的整体观与现代科学分析方法, 既不能仅聚焦于活性单体及有效部位而忽视整体关联, 也不应停留于模糊笼统的整体认知。本课题组[11]提出的“组分结构”理论是整体层面研究的核心内容。该理论认为, 中药/复方的物质基础是由多种组分构成的有机整体, 这些组分之间存在一定的数量比例、排列次序、结合方式等结构特征, 且这种结构特征与中药药效密切相关。
自张伯礼、王永炎院士在“973”项目中开创性提出以“组分配伍”研制现代中药以来, “组分”成为行业内学者研究的新热点。然而, 由于各研究团队[12]对“组分”的认识理解不尽相同且研究切入视角存在差异, 目前学界对“组分”的定义尚未形成统一共识。行业内学者对“组分”的研究探索如表1[13-18]所示。
中药“组分”概念的提出使得中药物质基础研究这一复杂问题简单化, 但目前研究仍存在两方面的问题, 其一, 各家对“组分”的定义仍比较混乱, 未达成共识; 其二, 各团队对中药组分研究视角各不相同, 尚未形成统一的研究模式。为厘清概念, 本团队[19]提出“组分”应为两个或两个以上具有“结构相似性、性质相似性”的成分按照特定的方式有序组合形成的整体单元。尽管学者们从工艺标准化、药效、药性等多维度构建了中药组分研究框架, 但现有研究主要聚焦于组分的物质属性层面, 对其结构特征的本质规律仍缺乏系统性解析。中药组分的复杂性不仅源于其化学组成, 更与组分的空间结构、量比关系、相互作用及物相分布密切相关。因此, 中药组分研究亟需从“成分-功能”向“结构-功能”延伸。
“组分”作为中药制剂的基本单元, 既避免了单体成分难以表征中药整体协同效应的局限, 又克服了全方物质基础过于庞杂、难以精准调控的难题。作为由结构/性质相似成分构成的功能模块, “组分”是理解和利用中药多成分体系作用特点的关键层级, 为后续深入研究其内在结构并最终实现中药制剂的“讲清楚说明白”奠定了坚实基础。贾晓斌提出的中药物质基础“组分结构”理论旨在通过系统解析中药多组分的要素结构、量比关系及物相特征, 揭示其整体调控作用的科学内涵, 以期为中药新药研发提供创新性理论指导。自理论创立以来, 本团队经过十余年的持续探索与完善, 推动该理论体系不断深化发展, 目前已演进至3.0版本(图2)。
基于对传统中药复方物质基础和现代中药复方创新物质基础的认识, 本团队[11]提出了“功能组分”新观点, 认为中药复方成分可以划分为有效组分、功能组分和无用成分。有效组分即直接发挥药效作用的组分; 功能组分指即使本身不具有明确的相关联药理活性, 但能在体内外正向影响有效组分发挥其作用的组分。中药复方物质基础是由有效组分和功能组分共同构成的有序的整体, 具有“三个层次多维结构”, 即: 基本单元为结构稳定的单体成分; 由同一化学类别成分构成的组分, 其内部单体间存在配伍配比关系; 由多组分构成的整体, 其组分间也存在配伍配比关系。
“组分结构”理论由最初的物质基础“三个层次多维结构”逐步发展, 认识到除组分的构成要素外, 组分内/组分间的量与量结构关系也是影响中药组分性质的关键。基于此, 本团队提出“组分结构”理论, 即物质基础自身各种要素之间的相互关联和相互作用的方式, 包括构成物质基础的要素及其数量比例、排列次序、结合方式和因发展而引起的效应变化。Liu等[20]对银杏内酯组分中4个报道成分进行配比, 通过体内外药效药理实验研究不同的内酯组合物对抗凝血作用的影响, 初步确定最优银杏内酯组分结构配比范围是银杏内酯A-银杏内酯B为1∶2~1∶9。Kang等[21]将均匀设计试验法与药理动物模型相结合, 剖析独一味抗炎有效成分的协同作用与配伍结构, 结果显示, 环烯醚萜苷组分内(山栀子苷甲酯∶8-O-乙酰山栀子苷甲酯)最佳结构比例为1.21∶1, 3类组分间(环烯醚萜苷∶苯乙醇苷∶黄酮苷类)最佳结构比例为4.8∶1.6∶1。随着“组分结构”理论的不断丰富、完善, 本课题组[22-28]相继创新性提出组分生物药剂学性质表征方法, 构建了中药组分生物药剂学分类系统, 开展了以“组分”为制剂单元的多元释药系统的设计, 并应用于中药质量控制、安全性评价等多个方面。
自组装是指分子在非共价键的弱相互作用和协同效应下, 自发地形成有序结构的过程[29]。在中药传统煎煮过程中, 中药活性成分运动剧烈, 在非共价键作用力或其他因素影响下自组装形成颗粒、凝胶、纤维等聚集体, 从而提高药物的生物利用度[30]。Qin等[31]从芍药甘草汤中分离出自组装纳米颗粒并对其进行表征及含量测定, 通过实验验证其能显著抑制银屑病模型小鼠的炎症因子表达及炎性细胞浸润。Shang等[32]采用透析与超速离心技术, 结合透射电子显微镜观察及粒径分析, 首次从六君子汤中观察到了平均直径约为100 nm的自组装纳米颗粒。Yang等[33]发现中药多糖与淫羊藿低糖苷组分在水中以分子间氢键相互作用自组装形成聚集体, 不仅能显著提高难溶性低糖苷组分的溶解度, 还可有效改善其渗透性和稳定性。
此外, 内源性胆酸盐作为天然表面活性剂可与药物分子发生自组装, 显著改善药物的生物相容性[34]。Sun等[35]研究发现羊脂油中脂肪酸类成分不仅可以促进形成胶束、囊泡等多元超分子自组装载体, 还可与人体胆酸盐协同构建混合自组装胶束, 有效增加药物溶解度, 促进吸收。Mo等[36]发现在胃肠环境中, 内源性胆酸、卵磷脂等可与药物小分子发生自组装, 进而影响药物在体内生物处置过程。
中药组分在体内代谢过程中, 其物相结构会因pH、酶活性、肠道菌群等因素发生动态变化。Yang等[37]研究发现中药活性成分栀子苷在β-葡萄糖苷酶的催化作用下转化为栀子苦素, 与肠道内的有害代谢物甲胺发生反应, 生成栀子蓝。这种反应不仅显著降低了甲胺的含量, 且生成的栀子蓝为直径约3.3 nm的球形纳米颗粒, 稳定了肠道微生态环境, 从而可能在其药理活性中发挥关键作用。
基于此, 本团队[38]将物相结构纳入中药物质基础研究框架, 并结合体内相态与生物处置, 构建了“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系。组分的“要素结构”是化学组成基础, 特定的“量比结构”通过影响分子间相互作用(如氢键、疏水作用), 驱动“物相结构”(如纳米颗粒、胶束、胶体)的形成与稳定; 而所形成的“物相结构”又会动态影响组分在体内的释放、吸收、转运等生物处置过程, 最终调控其整体药效。这一理论将中药研究从“静态成分分析”提升至“动态相态调控”层面, 对中药创新制剂的设计提供了理论指导与新路径。例如, Li等[39]将雷公藤红素和人参皂苷Rh2共价结合到聚乙二醇片段的两端, 从而构建了双亲性聚合物。这种具有“疏水-亲水-疏水”结构的聚合物材料可将雷公藤红素封装在胶束的疏水内核中, 改善其生物利用度, 从而提高抗肿瘤效应。Luo等[40]在生理条件下制备了一种由大黄酸-黄连素-甘草酸中药小分子多组分自组装水凝胶体系, 无外源性非活性成分或金属离子的参与, 具有可注射性及最佳脑膜量适配性, 为创伤性脑损伤急性期实现局部给药提供了一种有前景的策略。
中药制剂物质基础“组分结构”理论为阐释中药多组分协同作用机制提供了创新理论框架。组分构成要素的多元性、量比关系的复杂性及物相结构的动态变化特征, 对解析技术提出了更高要求。系统阐明组分的化学构成要素、量比配比关系及物相形态特征, 是实现中药制剂“讲清楚说明白”的核心基础。本节将围绕组分结构的三个核心维度, 对关键解析技术的最新研究进展进行总结, 见图3。
组分化学结构的解析旨在全面、精准地筛选鉴定出构成组分的所有活性单体成分, 是研究组分结构特征的基石。面对中药成分的复杂性与多样性, 高分辨、高灵敏、高选择性的解析技术至关重要。
受体色谱技术是基于锁-匙配对特征的药物活性成分在固定化受体表面色谱保留与在线洗脱, 其优越性体现在特异性强、稳定性好、药性特征清晰, 能实现复杂体系中高活性成分的快速筛选、分离与鉴定[41]。Jin等[42]通过将带有Halo标签的β2-肾上腺素受体(β2-AR)固载于氨基聚苯乙烯微球表面, 构建了一种高效亲和色谱固定相, 并结合逐步前沿分析与注射量依赖法, 系统评价了麻黄附子细辛汤(Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction, MFXD)中与β2-AR结合的活性成分, 成功筛选出MFXD中有抗哮喘作用的麻黄碱、乌头碱、卡乌碱和查斯曼碱4种活性成分。
表面等离子共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR)是一种基于光学原理的生物传感器技术, 能够实时、无标记地检测生物分子之间的相互作用[43]。近年来, 该技术在中药活性成分的高通量筛选与表征领域展现出巨大应用潜力。Lv等[44]开发了整合SPR与UPLC-Q/TOF-MS的高效筛选策略, 将肿瘤坏死因子受体1 (TNF-R1)固定于SPR芯片, 从白芍中筛选并鉴定出芍药苷和芍药醇两种抗炎活性成分。Zhang等[45]开发了一种双靶点SPR生物传感器, 通过将SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白受体结合域和血管紧张素转换酶2共固定于SPR芯片, 实现了对中药提取物中多靶点活性成分的同步筛选, 为中药活性成分的发现提供了一种新的方法。
配体垂钓技术(ligand fishing, LF)作为一种高效的靶向活性物质发现策略, 在中药复杂体系小分子活性成分的辨识中展现出显著优势, 其原理是基于生物靶点与活性配体之间的相互作用, 将特定的生物靶点固定化于固相载体表面, 构建成“垂钓”探针, 将活性配体从复杂的样品体系中“垂钓”出来[46]。Chen等[47]采用装载酶的中空纤维作为基质, 从经典抗糖尿病复方干姜黄芩黄连人参汤中筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶和血管紧张素转化酶双靶点抑制剂, 垂钓出小檗碱、黄连碱和黄芩苷3种活性成分, 该策略为从多组分、多靶点中药中筛选生物活性成分提供了强有力的手段。Hou等[48]构建了一种中空纤维吸附脂肪酶的流体灌注系统, 从苦丁茶总皂苷中筛选出能与脂肪酶结合, 并具有抗动脉粥样硬化活性的苦丁茶皂苷A和C。进一步通过脂肪酶抑制活性实验和低密度脂蛋白聚集体诱导的泡沫细胞形成模型对这两种化合物的活性进行了验证, 证实了筛选体系的可靠性。此外, 该系统还具有与色谱和质谱系统在线联用的潜力, 有望进一步提高中药活性成分的筛选效率和准确性。
亲和超滤技术(affinity ultrafiltration, AUF)是一种基于分子尺寸差异的分离技术, 它通过超滤膜的选择透过性, 将受体-配体复合物与游离小分子进行分离。在实际应用中, 先将大分子靶点与中药复杂体系共同孵育, 使其形成受体-配体复合物, 在离心力作用下, 利用超滤膜对不同尺寸物质的透过性差异, 将复合物与游离小分子分离开来, 从而实现活性成分的富集[49]。Tian等[50]通过LC-MS和AUF从柴胡中筛选具有神经氨酸酶抑制活性的单体化合物, 共筛选出化合物10种, 包括柴胡皂苷A、柴胡皂苷D、异鼠李素、阿魏酸等柴胡皂苷类及黄酮类和酚酸类化合物。
光声成像(photoacoustic imaging, PAI)是一种基于光声效应实现生物组织成像的新兴非侵入式光学成像技术。其原理是通过脉冲激光激发光声探针, 组织吸收光能后产生热弹性膨胀并释放超声波信号, 经高灵敏度超声传感器接收后, 利用算法重建生成图像。该技术融合了光学高对比度与声学深穿透性的双重优势, 兼具高空间分辨率与深层组织穿透能力, 在肿瘤检测等领域展现出显著的应用前景[51, 52]。例如, Zhang等[53]开发了一种小分子光声探针(AB-DiOH), 可对急性肾脏损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)早期阶段的氧化还原(ClO-/GSH)失衡进行高灵敏度及特异性的响应, 实现了对AKI的高效便捷的可视化检测, 成功从中药成分库中筛选出了对AKI有保护作用的紫云英苷。
此外, 更为前沿的大数据和人工智能技术(artificial intelligence, AI)已应用于中药小分子的活性预测和作用机制研究[54]。Hioki等[55]利用机器学习技术辅助筛选中药提取物作为疫苗佐剂, 通过结合多参数分析和机器学习算法, 从73种中药提取物中筛选出具有潜在佐剂活性的成分, 分析发现人G-CSF和小鼠RANTES是预测佐剂活性的最佳生物标志物。基于此, 采用结合正负预测参数的两步筛选策略, 成功区分了具有高佐剂活性的中药提取物与已知佐剂。Zeng等[56]构建了一个涵盖中药术语、药材、化合物、靶点及疾病的多维知识图谱, 并创新性地采用可解释图神经网络对中医配伍机制进行量化建模, 通过邻域扩散策略, 显著提升了化合物-靶点关联的覆盖率, 为中药活性成分的靶点预测提供了有力的计算工具。
“中医不传之秘在于量”, 组分内/组分间量与量之间的结构关系是影响药物疗效的关键原因。因此, 组分量比关系解析与结构优化至关重要。
本团队[57]建立组分结构优化多指标综合评价系统, 对组分中各成分活性进行多指标权重加权表征。对各指标进行量纲标准化处理, 在此基础上, 结合成分的活性贡献、结构特征等因素, 赋予不同指标相应的权重, 从而全面、客观地评价各成分在组分中的综合活性表现。基于“组分结构”理论, 明确最佳构成要素及量比结构, 通过系统分析各组分的药效贡献和协同作用机制, 优化组分内量比和组分间量比, 使其在最佳量比范围内发挥最大的药效潜力。
由于中药量效关系的复杂性和非线性, 使得量效关系分析极具挑战, Wang等[58]提出了一种基于深度波尔兹曼机(deep boltzmann machine, DBM)和偏最小二乘法的分析模型, 该模型使用DBM从特征空间中提取非线性特征, 替换偏最小二乘中的分量, 并执行多元线性回归, 利用麻杏石甘汤的实验数据和UCI机器学习库的数据对模型进行了验证, 实验结果表明, 该模型的预测精度较高, 基于DBM和偏最小二乘法的模型的预测精度比现有方法平均提高10%。
AI技术近年来被广泛应用于中药复方的配伍优化, He等[59]提出了反向传播人工神经网络(backpropagation artificial neural network, BP-ANN)与非支配排序遗传算法(nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ, NSGA-Ⅱ)相结合的智能优化策略。策略首先利用BP-ANN强大的非线性映射能力, 以方中药物的组分配比为输入, 以关键药效学指标为输出, 构建高精度的量效关系预测模型, 有效解决了中药多成分、多靶点作用下的复杂非线性建模难题。在此基础上, 进一步采用多目标优化算法NSGA-Ⅱ, 以“疗效最大化”和“用药量最小化”等多个目标同时作为进化方向, 在广阔的组分比例空间中进行并行搜索, 最终快速、高效地筛选出Pareto最优前沿上的多组分配比方案。该方法不仅避免了单目标优化的局限性, 为研究者提供了一系列权衡后的优选方案, 更从整体上揭示了复方内部“组分-效应”的深层规律, 为中药复方的精准设计与临床精准用药提供了强有力的计算学工具和方法学支撑。
组分在制剂中并非单一分子的简单集合, 其物理形态(如胶束、囊泡、纳米颗粒、凝胶等)及其动态变化构成了组分的“物相结构”。研究发现, 在常温条件下的水溶液环境、水煎煮过程或炮制处理中, 部分中药天然小分子可发生自组装行为, 形成结构稳定的超分子聚集体。如, 中药多糖可作为功能组分, 与活性小分子通过自组装形成纳米尺度的有序结构, 从而改善其溶解性、稳定性及生物利用度等药剂学性质[60]。因此解析这些微观结构的形态、尺寸分布、三维构象及其动态变化对于理解组分的理化性质、稳定性及其潜在生物药剂学行为至关重要。透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)[61, 62]、扫描电子显微镜[63]、动态光散射[64]及核磁共振波谱[65], 在静态形貌观察、尺寸测定及分子间相互作用分析方面提供了基础支撑, 目前被广泛应用于物相结构的表征。然而, 随着中药组分研究向复杂体系、近生理状态及动态过程等深层次问题拓展, 对物相结构解析技术提出了更高要求。
冷冻电镜(cryo-electron microscopy, Cryo-EM)通过快速冷冻样品至玻璃态, 结合高分辨成像与先进的三维重构算法, 可直接呈现样品在近生理含水状态下高分辨率的三维结构全貌与内部结构细节(如空腔、分层、分子排列方式等), 分辨率可达亚纳米级, 克服了传统TEM的二维投影局限[66, 67]。这一强大的解析能力在天然产物自组装体系研究中展现出革命性优势。例如, Peng等[68]利用Cryo-EM对源自中药三七的活性成分三七皂苷R1 (notoginsenoside R1, ZR1)的自组装行为进行了深入研究, 该团队在近原子分辨率下成功地解析了ZR1分子自组装形成的左手螺旋纳米纤维的三维结构。Cryo-EM清晰揭示了该自组装体的精细“物相结构”特征: 每个不对称单元包含两个ZR1分子, 这些分子通过精密的氢键网络相互作用并稳定组装; 进一步观察到, 纳米纤维呈现出独特的“核-壳”分层结构, 内部由疏水的三萜皂苷元构成核心, 而暴露的双糖基团则形成亲水的表面层。此外, 该研究精确测定了螺旋的关键几何参数(包括螺距、轴向上升距离和扭转角), 完整描绘了这种有序纳米纤维在三维空间中的整体构象及其内部空腔的分布特征, 为理解中药活性成分自组装的构效关系、设计功能性水凝胶递送系统提供了关键依据。
原位液相透射电镜(in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy, LP-TEM)是一种能够在液体环境中实时观察物质动态结构与反应过程的高分辨率表征技术。其核心原理是通过特制的液体池将样品封装在电子透明的氮化硅薄膜窗口之间, 既维持液体环境以模拟生理或反应条件, 又允许电子束穿透以实现高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率成像。该技术突破了传统TEM对干燥、真空环境的依赖, 可直接捕捉纳米尺度下物质的动态演化, 如自组装、相变、界面反应等过程, 尤其适用于研究中药活性成分在近生理条件下的物相结构变化及构效关系[69]。Xia等[70]对中药半枝莲与白花蛇舌草复方的研究为例, 为探究其活性成分黄酮类如野黄芩苷(scutellarin, STR)与环烯醚萜类如栀子苷酸(geniposidic acid, GPA)自组装形成纳米粒的原理, 该团队利用LP-TEM进行实时观测, 清晰捕获了纳米粒子形成的3个动态阶段: 初始的分子簇形成、纳米颗粒初步融合生长, 以及最终稳定纳米结构的生成。这项观察直接证实了STR与GPA分子可通过氢键、π-π堆积等超分子作用力在液相中自发驱动有序组装, 为“纳米中药”自下而上的构筑过程提供了直观、关键的动态证据。
小角X射线散射(small-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS)是一种通过对样品在极小角度范围内散射的X射线进行探测和分析, 来获取物质在纳米级尺度范围内结构信息的无损伤表征技术。SAXS对电子密度差异敏感, 能够提供关于纳米尺度结构的形态、尺寸、分布、界面特性及有序结构的周期等信息, 尤其适用于研究溶液或半固态体系(如凝胶、生物大分子复合物)的亚微观结构, 弥补了电镜等技术对样品干燥或染色处理可能带来的结构扰动的局限性[71, 72]。在中药来源的多组分水凝胶研究中, SAXS展现出独特优势。例如, Ji等[73]以甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid, GA)和葛根素(puerarin, PUE)两种中药活性成分为研究对象构建二元水凝胶体系时, 利用SAXS技术深入探究了两者的共组装机制。通过采集散射数据, 发现GA与PUE并非各自独立形成纤维网络, 而是通过氢键相互作用共同组装, 这种结构特征与扫描电镜观察到的纤维形态变化一致, 且与分子动力学模拟中螺旋结构的形成过程相互印证, 为理解该二元水凝胶的自修复性能及选择性抗菌活性提供了关键的结构依据。
在中医药领域专家学者的探索下, 中药组分研究已初步构建了多维理论框架, 在工艺标准化和药效组分解析等方面取得阶段性进展。然而, 当前组分中药研究尚未形成统一, 贾晓斌团队提出的“组分结构”理论历经三个发展阶段, 创新性地构建了“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体的理论体系, 为阐释中药多组分协同作用机制提供了新框架。
当前研究在物质属性与功能表征层面取得进展, 但仍面临三大关键科学问题亟待突破: ①组分本质的结构特征(如化学结构、量比关系、物相分布)的系统性解析体系尚未建立; ②体内动态机制研究滞后, 缺乏对组分在体内代谢过程中引发的物相结构变化的深度解析; ③跨学科技术整合不足, 人工智能、大数据与中药组分研究的融合仍处于初步阶段, 标准化与国际化评价体系尚未完善。
未来中药组分研究需以“组分结构”理论为核心, 向以下方向突破: ①组分结构的多维解析体系构建: 综合运用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS)、受体色谱等技术, 结合分子动力学模拟与机器学习, 建立“结构-功能-动态”一体化解析平台, 系统阐明组分的化学结构、量比关系、物相结构; ②人工智能与大数据驱动: 利用AI辅助药物设计技术, 优化组分配伍比例, 预测新型复方组合, 加速中药创新制剂研发; ③跨学科交叉与应用转化: 融合材料科学、生物工程等领域技术, 开发基于中药组分自组装特性的新型给药系统, 改善难溶性成分的生物利用度。推动组分结构理论在经典名方二次开发、中药智能制造中的应用, 构建“理论-技术-产业”一体化创新链。
为实现上述突破并推动该理论体系的规范化与国际化应用, 须同步构建与之配套的标准化体系并明确实施路径: ①基于“要素结构-量比结构-物相结构”三位一体理论, 制定中药“组分”的术语体系与界定标准, 明确“结构相似性”与“性质相似性”的量化指标, 建立按化学类别、功能属性及物相形态等进行系统归类的组分分类标准, 从源头上消除概念混淆; ②针对小分子/大分子组分分析、组分量比优化、物相结构表征等关键技术, 统一数据采集与解读流程。推动建立组分结构标准物质库, 研发包括单一组分、混合量比及典型物相结构(如自组装纳米颗粒对照品)在内的系列标准物质, 确保检测结果的可溯源性与可比性; ③构建遵循国际标准的中药组分结构数据库, 重点收录组分在要素结构、量比结构、物相结构等方面的数据, 并逐步推动与国际相关数据库的兼容与对接, 提升理论的国际认可度。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1168
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-12-26
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    1中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2江苏省儿科中药与特色制剂重点实验室, 江苏 泰兴 225400
    3中国药科大学附属江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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