Article(id=1308840986688717205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=1769356800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981608316, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981608316, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981608316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981608316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1450, endPage=1459, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840986898432407, articleId=1308840986688717205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Efficacy and safety analysis of oral therapeutic drugs for hyperuricemia, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormally elevated level of serum uric acid, which is the key pathological basis of gout. Oral medications reduce blood uric acid level by inhibiting uric acid production and/or promoting uric acid excretion. Xanthine oxidoreductase is the rate-limiting enzyme for uric acid synthesis, by inhibiting its activity, the production of uric acid will be reduced. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1), one of the important proteins mediating uric acid reabsorption in kidney, is also a main target of anti-hyperuricemic drugs. By inhibiting URAT1 activity, the uric acid excretion will be promoted, thereby reducing the blood uric acid. At present, three xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors and two urate transporter 1 inhibitors have been launched, and multiple compounds are currently in clinical trials. The physiological functions and metabolic pathways of uric acid, etiology of hyperuricemia and its therapeutic targets are introduced in this review. We analyze the efficacy and safety of oral therapeutic agents, to provide insights for the development of new drugs and the rational clinical use of medications in the treatment of hyperuricemia.

, authors=Wen-yuan XIA, Xue-chen LI*, Fei YE*, authorsList=Wen-yuan XIA, Xue-chen LI, Fei YE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-chen LI, Fei YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840994704032183, articleId=1308840986688717205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=高尿酸血症口服治疗药物的疗效及安全性分析, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高尿酸血症是以尿酸水平异常升高为主要特征的代谢性疾病, 是痛风的关键病理基础。高尿酸血症的口服治疗药物主要通过减少尿酸生成和/或促进尿酸排泄达到降低血尿酸水平的目的。黄嘌呤氧化还原酶是尿酸合成的限速酶, 抑制其活性可显著减少尿酸生成, 使血尿酸水平降低。尿酸盐转运蛋白1是介导肾脏尿酸重吸收的关键蛋白, 也是抗高尿酸血症的主要靶点, 通过抑制其活性, 可促进尿酸排泄从而降低血尿酸水平。目前, 已有3款黄嘌呤氧化还原酶抑制剂、2款尿酸盐转运蛋白1抑制剂上市, 多个化合物进入临床研究阶段。本文围绕尿酸的生理功能与代谢过程, 以及高尿酸血症的病因和治疗靶点等关键问题, 对高尿酸血症的口服治疗药物(包含上市药物和在研化合物) 进行疗效和安全性分析, 为治疗高尿酸血症的新药研发和合理用药提供参考。

, authors=夏闻远, 李雪晨*, 叶菲*, authorsList=夏闻远, 李雪晨, 叶菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李雪晨, 叶菲, authorNote=

作者贡献:

夏闻远负责数据收集和文章撰写; 叶菲与李雪晨负责指导文章修改和完善。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李雪晨, E-mail:
叶菲, E-mail:
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orderNo=5, keyword=尿酸盐转运蛋白1抑制剂)], refs=[Reference(id=1308841008717201896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Gratteri S, et al. 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Beijing: Pharmacodia, 2026 [2026-01-01]. https://data.pharmacodia.com/drugs/details/1572471233180598788., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841018984858190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yim BT, Sims-McCallum RP, Chong PH. Rasburicase for the treatment and prevention of hyperuricemia [J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2003, 37: 1047-1054., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841019060355663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=94, rfOrder=93, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li QH, Mo YQ, Zeng WC, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose rasburicase for refractory chronic gouty arthritis [J]. Natl Med J China (中华医学杂志), 2023, 103: 1617-1622., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841019186184784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=94, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sherman MR, Saifer MGP, Perez-Ruiz F. PEG-uricase in the management of treatment-resistant gout and hyperuricemia [J]. 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CompoundStructurePhaseInnovatorIC50Adverse eventRef.
Allopurinol Launch: 1966Sebela IrelandIC50 = 5.9 μmol·L-1Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms[26-34]
Febuxostat Launch: 2008Teijin PharmaIC50 = 28 nmol·L-1Boxed warning: Increased risk of mortality[35-46]
Topiroxostat Launch: 2013Fuji YakuhinKi = 5.7 nmol·L-1Liver function abnormalities, gouty arthritis[47-54]
LC350189 Phase ⅢLg ChemicalIC50 = 3.4 nmol·L-1Gout flare, elevated transaminase levels[55-59]
CC15009 PreclinicalIMM of CAMS
& PUMC
IC50 = 0.237 nmol·L-1Not available[60, 61]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841008482320869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Marketed XOR inhibitors and clinical development pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundStructurePhaseInnovatorIC50Adverse eventRef.
Allopurinol Launch: 1966Sebela IrelandIC50 = 5.9 μmol·L-1Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms[26-34]
Febuxostat Launch: 2008Teijin PharmaIC50 = 28 nmol·L-1Boxed warning: Increased risk of mortality[35-46]
Topiroxostat Launch: 2013Fuji YakuhinKi = 5.7 nmol·L-1Liver function abnormalities, gouty arthritis[47-54]
LC350189 Phase ⅢLg ChemicalIC50 = 3.4 nmol·L-1Gout flare, elevated transaminase levels[55-59]
CC15009 PreclinicalIMM of CAMS
& PUMC
IC50 = 0.237 nmol·L-1Not available[60, 61]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841008553624038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundStructurePhaseInnovatorIC50Adverse eventRef.
Benzbromarone Launch: 1971LabazIC50 = 300 nmol·L-1Hepatotoxicity[63-69]
Lesinurad Launch: 2015
Withdrawal: 2019
AstraZenecaIC50 (URAT1) = 7.3 μmol·L-1
IC50 (OAT4) = 3.7 μmol·L-1
Nephrotoxicity[70-74]
Dotinurad Launch: 2020Fuji YakuhinIC50 = 37.2 nmol·L-1Gouty arthritis, bursitis[75-79]
SHR4640 Marketing
Authorization
Application
Hengrui PharmaIC50 = 33.7 nmol·L-1Elevated serum creatinine[80-82]
HP501Phase ⅢHinova PharmaIC50 =124.2 ± 65.0 nmol·L-1Gout flare[83-85]
AR882 Phase ⅢArthrosi
Therapeutics
-Diarrhea, headache[86, 87]
Verinurad Phase ⅡAstraZenecaIC50 = 25 nmol·L-1Elevated serum creatinine[88-90]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841008616538599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840986688717205, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Marketed URAT1 inhibitors and clinical development pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundStructurePhaseInnovatorIC50Adverse eventRef.
Benzbromarone Launch: 1971LabazIC50 = 300 nmol·L-1Hepatotoxicity[63-69]
Lesinurad Launch: 2015
Withdrawal: 2019
AstraZenecaIC50 (URAT1) = 7.3 μmol·L-1
IC50 (OAT4) = 3.7 μmol·L-1
Nephrotoxicity[70-74]
Dotinurad Launch: 2020Fuji YakuhinIC50 = 37.2 nmol·L-1Gouty arthritis, bursitis[75-79]
SHR4640 Marketing
Authorization
Application
Hengrui PharmaIC50 = 33.7 nmol·L-1Elevated serum creatinine[80-82]
HP501Phase ⅢHinova PharmaIC50 =124.2 ± 65.0 nmol·L-1Gout flare[83-85]
AR882 Phase ⅢArthrosi
Therapeutics
-Diarrhea, headache[86, 87]
Verinurad Phase ⅡAstraZenecaIC50 = 25 nmol·L-1Elevated serum creatinine[88-90]
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高尿酸血症口服治疗药物的疗效及安全性分析
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夏闻远 , 李雪晨 * , 叶菲 *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(5): 1450-1459
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (5) : 1450 -1459
高尿酸血症口服治疗药物的疗效及安全性分析
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夏闻远, 李雪晨* , 叶菲*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
李雪晨, E-mail:
叶菲, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

夏闻远负责数据收集和文章撰写; 叶菲与李雪晨负责指导文章修改和完善。

Efficacy and safety analysis of oral therapeutic drugs for hyperuricemia
Wen-yuan XIA, Xue-chen LI* , Fei YE*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1319
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高尿酸血症是以尿酸水平异常升高为主要特征的代谢性疾病, 是痛风的关键病理基础。高尿酸血症的口服治疗药物主要通过减少尿酸生成和/或促进尿酸排泄达到降低血尿酸水平的目的。黄嘌呤氧化还原酶是尿酸合成的限速酶, 抑制其活性可显著减少尿酸生成, 使血尿酸水平降低。尿酸盐转运蛋白1是介导肾脏尿酸重吸收的关键蛋白, 也是抗高尿酸血症的主要靶点, 通过抑制其活性, 可促进尿酸排泄从而降低血尿酸水平。目前, 已有3款黄嘌呤氧化还原酶抑制剂、2款尿酸盐转运蛋白1抑制剂上市, 多个化合物进入临床研究阶段。本文围绕尿酸的生理功能与代谢过程, 以及高尿酸血症的病因和治疗靶点等关键问题, 对高尿酸血症的口服治疗药物(包含上市药物和在研化合物) 进行疗效和安全性分析, 为治疗高尿酸血症的新药研发和合理用药提供参考。

高尿酸血症  /  药物疗效  /  药物安全性  /  黄嘌呤氧化还原酶抑制剂  /  尿酸盐转运蛋白1抑制剂

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormally elevated level of serum uric acid, which is the key pathological basis of gout. Oral medications reduce blood uric acid level by inhibiting uric acid production and/or promoting uric acid excretion. Xanthine oxidoreductase is the rate-limiting enzyme for uric acid synthesis, by inhibiting its activity, the production of uric acid will be reduced. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1), one of the important proteins mediating uric acid reabsorption in kidney, is also a main target of anti-hyperuricemic drugs. By inhibiting URAT1 activity, the uric acid excretion will be promoted, thereby reducing the blood uric acid. At present, three xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors and two urate transporter 1 inhibitors have been launched, and multiple compounds are currently in clinical trials. The physiological functions and metabolic pathways of uric acid, etiology of hyperuricemia and its therapeutic targets are introduced in this review. We analyze the efficacy and safety of oral therapeutic agents, to provide insights for the development of new drugs and the rational clinical use of medications in the treatment of hyperuricemia.

hyperuricemia  /  medication efficacy  /  medication safety  /  xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor  /  urate transporter 1 inhibitor
夏闻远, 李雪晨, 叶菲. 高尿酸血症口服治疗药物的疗效及安全性分析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1450 -1459 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1319
Wen-yuan XIA, Xue-chen LI, Fei YE. Efficacy and safety analysis of oral therapeutic drugs for hyperuricemia[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1450 -1459 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1319
尿酸(uric acid, UA) 是嘌呤代谢的最终产物。嘌呤的来源可分为内源性合成和外源性摄入。嘌呤的合成(图1) 首先由5′-磷酸核糖-1′-焦磷酸合成酶催化三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 和5′-磷酸核糖生成5′-磷酸核糖-1′-焦磷酸(5′-phosphoribosyl-1′- pyrophosphate, PRPP), PRPP通过一系列反应合成次黄嘌呤单核苷酸(inosine monophosphate, IMP), IMP可转化为单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate, AMP) 和单磷酸鸟苷(guanosine monophosphate, GMP)。AMP和GMP分别转化为肌苷和鸟苷, 肌苷和鸟苷通过嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(purine nucleoside phosphorylase, PNP) 催化分别生成次黄嘌呤和鸟嘌呤。次黄嘌呤被黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(xanthine oxidoreductase, XOR) 氧化、鸟嘌呤被鸟嘌呤脱氨酶脱胺, 生成相同的代谢物黄嘌呤, 随后被XOR进一步氧化形成UA。XOR是嘌呤代谢的限速酶, 对机体UA生成的调控有重要作用[1, 2]。
在除灵长类动物外的哺乳动物体内, 尿酸可被尿酸氧化酶进一步氧化为尿囊素, 尿囊素相较于尿酸水溶性更好, 更易排出体外。由于灵长类动物缺乏尿酸酶, 其血尿酸水平要远高于其他哺乳动物[3]。人体主要通过肾脏和肠道排泄尿酸, 其中肾排泄约占三分之二, 肠道排泄占三分之一[4]。肾脏在维持血尿酸稳态中起重要作用, 尿酸经肾小球滤过, 而后90%以上的尿酸被肾近端小管的转运体重吸收进入体循环。研究发现有多种转运体参与尿酸的重吸收(图2[5]), 如葡萄糖转运体9 (glucose transporter 9, GLUT9)、尿酸盐转运蛋白1 (urate transporter 1, URAT1) 和有机阴离子转运体4 (organic anion transporter 4, OAT4), 其中URAT1和OAT4位于近端小管上皮细胞的顶端膜上, 将尿酸盐摄取进入细胞, 再经由基底膜侧的GLUT9重吸收最终进入血液[6]。
尿酸是人体重要的抗氧化剂之一, 在一定浓度范围内是强大的自由基清除剂, 约占血浆抗氧化能力的60%[7, 8]。尿酸可通过维持钙稳态、抑制活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的积累来减轻神经元损伤[9]。临床研究表明, 多发性硬化症症状复发的患者血尿酸水平明显低于症状缓解的患者, 血尿酸水平与该疾病活动度呈负相关[10]。在评估血尿酸水平与阿尔茨海默病认知下降的相关性研究中发现, 较高水平的血尿酸与较慢的认知下降程度相关[11]。然而, 尿酸水平过高可能存在促氧化作用, 一方面高水平尿酸可直接促进机体氧化反应, 研究表明尿酸可增加大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的表达, 激活NF-κB和MAPK信号通路, 使环氧化酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) 的基因表达上调[12]; 另一方面, XOR的氧化型亚型在催化生成尿酸的同时产生副产物ROS, 可造成氧化应激。研究表明, 尿酸水平异常增高与XO活性增高及其产物ROS增加呈正相关[13, 14]。
高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia, HUA) 是尿酸生成过多或排泄减少而导致的代谢性疾病。诊断标准为在正常嘌呤饮食状态下, 非同日两次空腹血尿酸水平男性高于420 μmol·L-1、女性高于360 μmol·L-1 [15]。当血尿酸(serum uric acid, sUA) 水平高于尿酸钠(monosodium urate, MSU) 晶体形成的饱和点时, MSU晶体形成并沉积于关节和周围组织, 可发展为痛风[16]。
根据中国大陆高尿酸血症和痛风患病率及危险因素的横断面调查, 成年人HUA的总体患病率为17.7%, 男性患病率(23.5%) 显著高于女性(11.7%); 成年人痛风的患病率为3.2%, 男性患病率(4.4%) 明显高于女性(2.0%)。中国成年人HUA和痛风患病率远高于以往的研究报告, 其中中国男性痛风患病率(23.5%) 甚至高于美国(20.2%) 和澳大利亚(16.6%) 等发达国家[17]。
目前高尿酸的治疗药物可分为抑制尿酸合成药物和促进尿酸排泄药物, 前者主要以XOR为靶点, 通过抑制XOR的催化活性, 减少尿酸生成; 后者主要以URAT1为靶点, 通过抑制URAT1转运活性, 减少肾脏对尿酸的重吸收, 促进尿酸排泄。目前新药研发更倾向以URAT1为靶点, 已有多个URAT1抑制剂进入临床阶段研究。
尿酸合成的关键酶是XOR。哺乳动物的XOR以二聚体形式存在, 分子量为300 kDa, 由两个相同且独立的亚基组成[18]。每个子单元由三个结构域组成: 最大的C端结构域包含钼辅助因子(molybdenum cofactor, Moco), 中间结构域包含黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(favin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) 辅助因子, 最小的N端结构域包含两个铁硫簇([2Fe-2S] 型)。氧化还原反应中心按Moco、两个铁硫簇和FAD的顺序排列[19]。
在哺乳动物中, XOR存在氧化型——黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XO) 和还原型——黄嘌呤脱氢酶(xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH) 共两种可互相转化的亚型。在缺氧/缺血条件下, XDH倾向于转化为XO。XDH以NAD+作为电子受体, 催化次黄嘌呤转化为尿酸的同时生成NADH。XO以O2作为电子受体, 催化尿酸生成的同时产生超氧阴离子(O2-) 和过氧化氢(H2O2) 两种ROS, 进一步引起氧化应激损伤[20-22]。XDH向XO的转化依赖于特定的氨基酸残基簇(Phe-549、Arg-335、Trp-336和Arg-427)。Moco和FAD的连接肽可经半胱氨酸氧化或蛋白酶解进行修饰, 并传递至活性位点环(Gln-423-Lys-433), 导致后者构象发生显著变化。这两种修饰均可使Phe-549从簇中脱离, Phe-549-Trp-336相互作用的丧失导致Trp-336的芳香侧链发生重定向, 进而迫使Arg-427发生位移, 引起整个环(Gln-423-Lys-433) 的构象发生重大变化, 并完成从XDH形式向XO形式的转化。同时, 一条通往FAD的溶剂通道开放, 允许氧分子更易进入XO的活性位点[23]。人类XOR催化活性的调节受到转录和翻译后水平的严格控制, 除哺乳期乳腺、胃肠道、肾脏和肝脏外, 其他组织XOR表达水平较低[24]。
除高尿酸血症外, 血XOR的活性还与多个代谢相关指标呈正相关(包括体重、体重指数、舒张压、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、空腹血糖和糖化血糖蛋白)[25], 因此被认为是与肥胖症、肝功能障碍、胰岛素抵抗等代谢紊乱相关的生物标志物。研究表明, XOR活性升高可通过提高血尿酸水平降低一氧化氮的生物利用度和胰岛素依赖型的葡萄糖摄取, 诱发代谢性炎症和内皮功能障碍[24]。
临床治疗HUA和痛风的一线用药是XOR抑制剂。本节将比较XOR抑制剂(表1[26-61]) 别嘌呤醇、非布司他和托匹司他的活性、临床药效、安全性等指标, 并引入《美国风湿病学会痛风管理指南(2020)》中的用药建议, 最后介绍具有成药潜力的在研XOR抑制剂, 分析其与临床同类药物比较的作用强度、安全性和结构特点等特征。
别嘌呤醇是次黄嘌呤的异构体, 可与次黄嘌呤竞争性结合XOR的钼中心, 其抑制XOR的IC50值为5.9 μmol·L-1 [26]。口服别嘌呤醇300 mg后30~120 min血药浓度达到峰值(2.1 ± 0.6)×103 ng·mL-1, 生物利用度为90.4% ± 8.7%[27]。在体内, 60%~70%的别嘌呤醇可转化为活性产物氧嘌呤醇, 与别嘌呤醇相比, 氧嘌呤醇的半衰期更长, 约为16 h, 而别嘌呤醇的半衰期仅为1~2 h, 但其体内外活性均显著弱于别嘌呤醇[28]。
别嘌呤醇可能诱发严重的不良反应: 药物反应伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, DRESS), 一旦发生致死率较高, 临床表现为发热、全身皮疹、淋巴结病、血液学异常并累及一个或多个内脏器官, 以肝炎最为常见, 其次是肾炎、心肌炎[29]。发生DRESS的原因包括遗传因素、高剂量用药、肾功能衰竭及联合利尿剂用药[30, 31]。人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA) 基因是人类基因组中最具多态性的基因, 在调节特异性免疫中起着至关重要的作用。药物可与HLA抗原肽相互作用, 从而引起T细胞介导的超敏反应[32]。研究表明, 携带HLA-B*58:01等位基因与别嘌醇诱发的DRESS密切相关[33]。
非布司他是一种非嘌呤结构的选择性XOR抑制剂, 抑制XOR的IC50为28 nmol·L-1 [35]。非布司他口服吸收迅速, tmax为1.5 h, 在10~240 mg的剂量范围内, Cmax随剂量增大而增加, 口服生物利用度约为85%。非布司他与血浆蛋白高度结合(98%~99%), 主要与白蛋白结合。在日剂量大于40 mg时表现出明显的双相消除, 初始半衰期约2 h, 终末半衰期约为9.4 h。非布司他在人体内通过Ⅰ和Ⅱ相途径广泛代谢: 通过细胞色素P450代谢为氧化产物和经尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶代谢, 形成非布司他酰基葡萄糖醛酸[36]。
非布司他降尿酸疗效优于别嘌呤醇, 且具有一定改善肾功能的作用[37, 38]。在对高尿酸血症伴慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 患者的治疗中, 与别嘌呤醇和仅接受常规治疗的对照组相比, 非布司他治疗可保持较高的平均肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) 并显著降低肾脏疾病进展风险[39]。此外, 非布司他对三氧化二砷、万古霉素诱导的肾损伤也具有一定的保护作用, 主要表现为降低炎症因子和凋亡标志物的表达[40, 41]。
非布司他的多剂量给药耐受性良好, 在一项递增剂量(10、20、30、40、50、70、90、120、160、180和240 mg) 的安全性研究中, 安慰剂组的不良事件(adverse event, AE) 总发生率为62%, 非布司他组的AE总发生率为40%~90%。各组中最常见的不良事件是头痛(20%~70%), 大多数不良事件的强度为轻度或中度[42]。一项为期五年的研究评估了痛风患者长期使用非布司他治疗的疗效和安全性, 116名受试者中约91%报告了AE, 其中大多数为轻度或中度, 并且AE发生率未随时间增加, 期间未出现超敏反应[43]。
然而, 美国食品药品监督管理局于2019年针对非布司他发布了安全性警示公告: 使用非布司他治疗会增加患者的死亡风险。这一结论主要根据是一项非布司他和别嘌呤醇治疗痛风的心血管安全性研究, 该研究对6 190名患者随机分组, 接受非布司他或别嘌呤醇治疗, 随访时间中位数为32个月。结果显示, 非布司他组的全因死亡率和心血管死亡率高于别嘌呤醇组[全因死亡的危险比(hazard ratio, HR) 为1.22; 心血管死亡的HR为1.34][44]。非布司他具有强效降尿酸作用, 但因其潜在的风险, 在《美国风湿病学会痛风管理指南(2020)》中并未被推荐为首选降尿酸一线用药[45]。
托匹司他是由日本富士药品株式会社研发的非嘌呤类选择性XOR抑制剂, 通过与钼共价结合和与底物结合口袋中的氨基酸残基相互作用竞争性抑制XOR活性, Ki值为5.7 nmol·L-1[47]。健康受试者单次口服20、40和80 mg托匹司他, Cmax分别为215.46 ± 94.04、473.74 ± 319.83和1 009.63 ± 585.98 ng·mL-1 [48]。
在一项托匹司他临床试验中, 对4 253例患者进行疗效分析, 用药初期血清尿酸均值为482.2 ± 86.8 μmol·L-1, 18周后均值为377.9 ± 87.4 μmol·L-1。54周后平均值为365.2 ± 77.9 μmol·L-1。18周后血清尿酸水平下降率为19.03% ± 23.90%, 54周后下降率为21.19% ± 22.07%, 均较给药开始时显著下降[49]。
对4 329例病例进行的安全性分析中, 301例病例共发生390项不良反应, 总体不良反应发生率为6.95%。长期给药安全性较好, 主要不良反应为肝功能异常(n = 39)、痛风性关节炎(n = 34)、瘙痒和肾功能损害(n = 15)、肝脏疾病(n = 12), 发生率分别为0.90%、0.79%、0.35%、0.28%[49]。
托匹司他也有一定的肾脏保护作用, 可降低高尿酸血症合并3期慢性肾病患者的尿白蛋白肌酐比[50]。有研究表明托匹司他可改善糖尿病肾病, 对db/db小鼠模型具有降低肾脏XOR活性、减少足细胞损伤标志物表达、恢复裂隙素和平足蛋白表达、降低尿白蛋白排泄量等作用[51]; 对Akita小鼠具有减少肾脏系膜扩张和胶原沉积等作用[52]。在对高尿酸血症合并糖尿病患者的临床研究中, 托匹司他可显著减少尿蛋白和尿液肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白[53]。
LC350189 (Tigulixostat) 是由韩国LG化学公司开发的新型的非嘌呤类选择性XOR抑制剂, 用于治疗痛风和高尿酸血症, 目前处于临床Ⅲ期研究, 为同类药物中全球最高研发状态[55]。LC350189体外抑制XOR活性与非布司他相当, IC50为3.4 nmol·L-1 [56]。在对健康受试者的研究中, LC350189在10~800 mg剂量范围内单次/多次口服的耐受性良好, sUA水平呈现剂量依赖性显著下降。LC350189在单次和多次经口给药后迅速吸收, 在给药后约3 h达到最大血浆峰浓度。口服10、25、50、100和200 mg后Cmax分别为313.3、978.0、1 441.3、3 525.0和8 767.5 ng·mL-1; t1/2分别为5.1、8.1、7.1、6.6和13.3 h[57]。
在Ⅱ期临床研究中, 对痛风患者用药治疗, 与安慰剂组相比, LC350189组患者在第12周达到预期血尿酸水平(< 297.4 mol·L-1) 的比例明显更高。研究中LC350189的三个剂量组(10~800 mg内) 耐受性均良好, 在治疗相关的不良事件(treatment emergency adverse event, TEAE) 方面, LC350189组和安慰剂组间并无显著差异, 最常报告的TEAE为痛风发作, 痛风发作的程度大多为轻度或中度, 2例重度痛风发作病例(50和100 mg LC350189组各1例) 与给药无关; 2例患者(100和200 mg LC350189组各1例) 由于转氨酶水平升高而停止用药, 但不需要进一步治疗[58]。
近期完成的两项Ⅲ期研究旨在评估使用Tigulixostat (100、200或300 mg) 6个月(n = 350) 和最长12个月治疗痛风合并高尿酸血症患者的安全性和疗效(n = 2 542), 试验完成时间分别为2024年12月和2025年5月[59]。
CC15009是基于非布司他和托匹司他与靶点的相互作用模式, 采用药效团融合策略设计的XOR抑制剂, 通过保留1,2,4-三唑环确保与XOR的最大氢键作用, 同时在苯基上引入取代基保持和Asn-768的氢键作用[60]。CC15009在体外实验表现出强于非布司他的XOR抑制活性(IC50 = 0.237 nmol·L-1)。在小鼠急性和慢性高尿酸血症模型中均可显著降低血尿酸水平, 药效与同剂量非布司他相当。药代动力学研究中, 小鼠和大鼠口服CC15009 (5 mg·kg-1), t1/2分别为3.51 ± 1.57和1.00 ± 0.42 h, Cmax分别为280.30 ± 8.75和658.45 ± 401.90 ng·mL-1。在安全性方面, CC15009的急性毒性和亚急性毒性试验未见明显异常, 也未发现遗传毒性[61]。鉴于非布司他的心血管风险, 通过膜片钳实验评估了CC15009对心脏离子通道的抑制作用。CC15009对hERG通道仅有微弱阻滞作用, 对Cav1.2和Nav1.5通道均无抑制作用。CC15009对这些离子通道的IC50均超过30 μmol·L-1, 表明其诱发QT间期延长及相关心血管事件的风险较低[61]。
肾脏是尿酸排泄的主要器官, 尿酸的肾脏排泄量取决于其在肾小管中经尿酸转运体分泌和重吸收的综合结果, 其中ATP结合盒转运蛋白G2、多药耐药蛋白4和有机阴离子转运体(organic anion transporter, OAT) 1/3介导尿酸外排, 有机阴离子转运蛋白4/10、GLUT9和URAT1介导尿酸重吸收[5]。尿酸的重吸收是支撑相对高水平循环尿酸的关键因素, 约90%的滤过尿酸会被重吸收。其中, URAT1是由SLC22A12基因编码的转运体, 主要表达于肾脏近端小管上皮细胞的顶端刷状边界膜上, 具有12个跨膜结构域, 分子量约为60 kDa。URAT1已被证明可以运输尿酸盐和其他有机阴离子(如水杨酸盐、乳酸盐)。URAT1介导的尿酸转运是一个依赖于钠梯度的三级活性过程, 由基底侧Na+-K+-ATP酶建立钠梯度, 驱动Na+偶联的有机阴离子转运体, 为尿酸重吸收提供了驱动力[62]。URAT1已被作为治疗高尿酸血症的重要靶点之一, URAT1抑制剂通过减少尿酸重吸收, 促进尿酸排泄, 使血尿酸水平降低。
本节将介绍已上市使用(包括部分后期撤市) 的URAT1抑制剂(表2[63-90]) 苯溴马隆、雷西纳德和多替诺雷, 分析其药效、安全性、药代动力学特征并结合临床研究数据进行对比分析。另外, 对多个处于临床研究阶段的URAT1抑制剂的研发进度、药效和安全性信息进行总结, 并分析其与上市药物相比的优劣势。
苯溴马隆是一种非特异性URAT1抑制剂, 对URAT1的IC50值为300 nmol·L-1[63]。健康受试者单次口服苯溴马隆100 mg后, Cmax为1 840 ± 870 ng·mL-1, t1/2为2.77 ± 1.07 h, 主要代谢产物苯扎隆在给药3 h后可检出, 6 h后血清苯扎隆浓度达到最大值(7.9 ± 2.1)×105 ng·mL-1, 苯扎隆的t1/2为13.52 ± 2.18 h[64]。在一项苯溴马隆与非布司他治疗痛风和高尿酸血症的疗效和安全性比较研究中, 苯溴马隆在快速降低sUA水平和抑制炎症方面表现出较非布司他更好的疗效[65]。
然而在广泛使用苯溴马隆治疗后, 多次出现苯溴马隆致肝损伤的病例报告, 且部分为暴发性肝衰竭[66-68], 由于严重的肝毒性, 苯溴马隆自2003年起退出欧洲市场, 目前苯溴马隆在中国、新加坡等一些亚洲国家使用。
雷西纳德是URAT1和OAT4的选择性抑制剂, 对URAT1和OAT4的IC50值分别为7.3和3.7 μmol·L-1, 由美国阿斯利康开发, 于2015年12月在美国获批[70]。雷西纳德多用于XOR抑制剂治疗无法达到目标sUA水平时, 与其联合使用[71]。单次口服400 mg雷西纳德后吸收迅速, tmax为2.21 h, Cmax为1.73×104 ng·mL-1。雷西纳德的绝对口服生物利用度为100%, t1/2为15.1 h[72]。
在一项雷西纳德联合别嘌呤醇治疗的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究中, 单独服用别嘌呤醇组、雷西纳德200 mg联用别嘌呤醇组和雷西纳德400 mg联用别嘌呤醇组的患者sUA水平达到356.9 μmol·L-1的比例分别为27.9%、54.2%和59.2%。与单独服用别嘌呤醇相比, 联用雷西纳德和别嘌呤醇治疗组的有效率显著提高。在安全性分析中, 各组患者出现痛风的比例均较低且无显著差异。雷西纳德200 mg联用别嘌呤醇组和单独使用别嘌呤醇组肾脏AE的发生率相当, 但雷西纳德400 mg联用别嘌呤醇组的肾脏AE发生率更高。与单独使用别嘌呤醇相比, 雷西纳德联用别嘌呤醇组(特别是400 mg剂量组) 血清肌酐升高的发生率更高[73]。后续研究中雷西纳德因肾毒性被FDA给予黑框警告, 最终于2019年停止销售。
多替诺雷是一种新型选择性URAT1抑制剂, 对URAT1的IC50为37.2 nmol·L-1, 由日本富士药品株式会社开发, 于2024年12月在中国获批上市[75, 76]。多替诺雷在低剂量下可有效抑制位于肾近端小管细胞顶端膜的URAT1对尿酸的吸收[77]。健康男性志愿者口服1 mg多替诺雷后, Cmax为100.92 ± 21.20 ng·mL-1, tmax为2.17 ± 0.75 h, t1/2为10.31 ± 1.27 h[78]。在一项多替诺雷与苯溴马隆疗效对比的Ⅲ期研究中, 2 mg多替诺雷治疗组和50 mg苯溴马隆治疗组末次随访时血尿酸水平低于356.9 μmol·L-1的患者比例分别为86.2%和83.6%, 差异无统计学意义, AE发生率分别为45.1%和40.4%, 大多数AE为轻度或中度[79]。目前多替诺雷被认为是新一代安全且高效的降尿酸治疗药物。
SHR4640是一种高选择性URAT1抑制剂, 由江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司开发, SHR4640对URAT1的IC50为33.7 nmol·L-1 [80, 81]。在一项中国高尿酸血症受试者中开展的有效性和安全性的Ⅱ期研究中, 受试者被分为5 mg、10 mg SHR4640和50 mg苯溴马隆3个治疗组, 治疗第5周达到目标血尿酸水平的受试者比例分别为32.5%、72.5%和61.5%, 显著高于安慰剂组。与安慰剂相比, 5 mg、10 mg SHR4640和50 mg苯溴马隆组在第5周的sUA分别降低了32.7%、46.8%和41.8%, 所有组间治疗后AE的发生率相当, 未报告严重AE[82]。
HP501是一种高选择性的URAT1抑制剂, 由海创药业股份有限公司研发, 目前全球最高研发阶段为临床Ⅲ期[83, 84]。临床前药理研究表明, HP501抑制人URAT1的IC50为124.2 ± 65.0 nmol·L-1。对大鼠和猴进行单剂量给药试验, HP501的最大耐受剂量分别为2 000和1 000 mg·kg-1 [85]。
在男性高尿酸血症患者中对HP501进行药代动力学和药效学研究, HP501的t1/2为10.98~12.53 h。给药30、50、60、90和120 mg的平均Cmax分别为2 180.0 ± 836.95、3 504.0 ± 710.54、4 357.0 ± 1 396.56、6 294.2 ± 1 089.68和7 839.2 ± 2 396.65 ng·mL-1。给药3天后, 血药浓度达到稳态水平, 稳态下HP501的平均t1/2为11.77~13.47 h。在30~90 mg剂量范围内, 降低血尿酸的百分比随剂量增加而增加, 而120 mg则与90 mg持平, HP501在90 mg剂量下其药效达到饱和。在30、50、60和90 mg剂量范围中, 治疗后患者的最低血清UA水平低于360 μmol·L-1的百分比分别为20.00%、50.00%、50.00%和83.33%; 而120 mg剂量组中此比例并未继续增加, 为75.00%[84]。
AR882是Arthrosi Therapeutics研发的选择性URAT1抑制剂, 目前全球最高研发状态为临床Ⅲ期[86]。
一项评估AR882对痛风患者的安全性、耐受性和药效的Ⅱb期试验表明, 在治疗12周后, 75和50 mg剂量组AR882的中位sUA水平从基线511.5 μmol·L-1分别降低至208.2和297.4 μmol·L-1。在75 mg剂量组中, sUA低于356.9、297.4、237.9和178.4 μmol·L-1的患者占比分别为89%、82%、63%和29%; 在50 mg剂量组中, sUA低于356.9、297.4和237.9 μmol·L-1的患者占比分别为78%、50%和8%。在该研究中, 经AR882治疗的患者没有出现严重AE, 报告的AE均为轻度或中度[87]。
Verinurad是阿斯利康公司开发的新一代选择性URAT1抑制剂, 目前全球最高研发状态为临床Ⅱ期[88]。
Verinurad抑制URAT1的IC50为25 nmol·L-1 [89]。在一项针对痛风或无症状高尿酸血症患者为期12周的研究中, Verinurad在5、10、12.5 mg三个剂量下表现出剂量依赖性的降尿酸作用, 其中sUA低于297.4 μmol·L-1的患者比例在10和12.5 mg剂量组中更大。该研究中安慰剂组有1名患者报告了严重AE, Verinurad组有5名患者报告了严重AE, 均与药物作用无关[90]。
高尿酸血症药物研发已不局限于单一靶点, 如东阳光药业股份有限公司开发的HEC93077和通化东宝药业股份有限公司开发的THDBH151, 均为XOR和URAT1双靶点抑制剂, 同时抑制尿酸的合成和重吸收, 进一步增强药物疗效, 两款化合物均完成临床Ⅰ期, 处于临床Ⅱ期研发阶段[91, 92]。除口服小分子化学药物进行治疗外, 基于人类缺乏尿酸酶这一特征, 研究人员考虑通过引入外源尿酸酶, 产生短时高效的分解尿酸作用, 用于急重症患者的治疗, rasburicase是由转基因酿酒酵母产生的重组尿酸酶, 较早上市使用[93]。对难治性慢性痛风性关节炎具有较好作用, 可降低患者痛风石负荷及尿酸盐体积, 且总体安全性良好, 未发生严重不良反应[94]。Pegloticase是新一代聚乙二醇重组尿酸酶, 通过偶联聚乙二醇, 可延长尿酸酶在体内半衰期并降低其免疫原性, 进一步提升用药安全性和有效性[95]。
总之, 目前兼具有效性和安全性的口服降尿酸药物较少, 新药开发主要围绕XOR和URAT1两个靶点。已上市的XOR抑制剂中, 别嘌呤醇存在严重的超敏反应; 非布司他因增加死亡风险被FDA增加黑框警告; 托匹司他目前主要在日本使用, 缺乏全面的安全性数据。已上市的URAT1抑制剂中, 苯溴马隆因严重不良反应在部分地区撤市; 近期上市的多替诺雷在临床研究中展现出用药剂量低且疗效好的优势, 有望成为新的降尿酸一线用药。目前处于临床研究阶段的XOR抑制剂和URAT1抑制剂表现出较好的疗效且暂未见严重的安全性问题, 未来可进一步扩充高尿酸血症治疗药物市场。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1319
  • 接收时间:2025-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-07
  • 修回日期:2026-01-26
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    中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050

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