Article(id=1308840407514054833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0670, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749830400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-14, revisedDate=1764172800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981470230, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981470230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981470230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981470230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1199, endPage=1211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840409627984049, articleId=1308840407514054833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The formation theory of nanophase state in "Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum" and its antipyretic mechanism based on network pharmacology and experimental verification, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the formation mechanism of the nanophase of "Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum" was investigated, and its compatibility, antipyretic efficacy, and underlying mechanisms were systematically evaluated via network pharmacology. Three groups, namely the Rhizoma Anemarrhenae group, the Gypsum group, and the Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum group, were set, with all groups including both nanophase preparations and traditional decoctions. The particle size, salinity, electrical conductivity and surface tension of the solutions were determined, and these combined with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and fingerprint analysis. Targets were screened using the GeneCards and DisGeNet, an active component-target network was constructed, a PPI network was built with the help of the STRING database and Cytoscape, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape. The antipyretic effect of the nanophase solution was verified by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Western blot and real-time PCR. The results indicated that salinity and electrical conductivity promoted the stable formation of the nanophase; and TEM revealed that timosaponin coated the Gypsum crystal structure, leading to nanoparticle formation. Fingerprint analysis identified eight common peaks (neomangiferin and mangiferin as the main components), and the chemical components of the nanophase were consistent with those of the decoction. Through network pharmacology, 31 active components of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Gypsum were obtained, corresponding to 138 potential targets; the number of fever-related targets was of 1 093 fever-related targets were retrieved, among which 188 overlapping targets were screened. The main KEGG enrichment pathways included epidermal growth factor receptor, interleukin-17, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and other signaling pathways. Experimental results showed that the nanophase group of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum decoction significantly reduced the body temperature in febrile rats, inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors, down-regulated fever medium, up-regulated cytoprotective proteins, and suppressed the expression of related mRNA. These findings were consistent with the predictions of network pharmacology. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Harbin University of Commerce (HSDYXY-2024022). This study found that Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum enhances its therapeutic efficacy through the nanophase, and its antipyretic mechanism involves the multi-target regulation of inflammatory pathways and central signaling molecules thereby providing both theoretical and experimental support for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions.

, authors=Ting LIU1, Wei ZHENG1, Lu QIAN1, Shuo HE1, Song-he LIU1, Hui-xiang HAN1, Kai-yuan WEI1, Miao YU1, *, Yi-jun ZHAO2, *, authorsList=Ting LIU, Wei ZHENG, Lu QIAN, Shuo HE, Song-he LIU, Hui-xiang HAN, Kai-yuan WEI, Miao YU, Yi-jun ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Miao YU, Yi-jun ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840414124277956, articleId=1308840407514054833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=“知母-石膏”中纳米相态的形成理论及基于网络药理学和实验验证探究其解热机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究“知母-石膏”纳米相态的形成机制, 通过网络药理学探讨其配伍解热作用并验证机制。设置知母组、石膏组、“知母-石膏”组(均含纳米相态和汤剂溶液), 检测溶液粒度、盐度、电导率、表面张力, 结合透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 与指纹图谱分析。通过GeneCards、DisGeNet筛选靶点, 构建活性成分-靶点网络, 借助STRING数据库和Cytoscape构建PPI网络, 利用Metascape进行GO、KEGG富集分析。通过苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)、Western blot、real-time PCR验证纳米相态溶液的解热作用。结果表明, 盐度与电导率促进纳米相态稳定形成; TEM显示知母皂苷包裹石膏晶型形成纳米颗粒。指纹图谱鉴定8个共有峰(新芒果苷、芒果苷为主), 纳米相态与汤剂化学成分一致。通过网络药理学获得知母、石膏活性成分31个, 对应靶点138个, 发热靶点数为1 093个, 筛选出188个共有靶点。KEGG富集通路主要包括表皮生长因子受体、白细胞介素17、缺氧诱导因子1等信号通路。实验结果显示, “知母-石膏”汤剂纳米相态组显著降低发热大鼠体温, 抑制炎症因子的表达, 下调发热介质, 上调细胞保护蛋白, 并抑制相关mRNA表达, 与网络药理学预测一致。本研究所有动物实验均获得哈尔滨商业大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(HSDYXY-2024022)。本研究发现“知母-石膏”通过纳米相态增强药效, 其解热机制涉及多靶点调控炎症通路及中枢信号分子, 为中药复方现代化提供理论与实验依据。

, authors=刘婷1, 郑伟1, 钱禄1, 何硕1, 刘松鹤1, 韩慧缃1, 魏凯源1, 于淼1, *, 赵义军2, *, authorsList=刘婷, 郑伟, 钱禄, 何硕, 刘松鹤, 韩慧缃, 魏凯源, 于淼, 赵义军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于淼, 赵义军, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘婷负责研究设计、实验; 郑伟负责数据处理及文章撰写; 刘松鹤、何硕、钱禄负责RG的指纹图谱; 韩慧缃与魏凯源负责网络药理学部分; 于淼与赵义军提供方法优化。

, correspAuthorsNote=
于淼, E-mail:
赵义军, E-mail:
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Bioact Mater, 2025, 50: 603-639., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308840414342381765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840414350770374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, companyId=1308840414342381765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840414363353287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, companyId=1308840414342381765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150076)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308840414455627976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840414468210889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, companyId=1308840414455627976, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840414484988106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, companyId=1308840414455627976, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2黑龙江中医药大学附属第二医院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308840419555901698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+hDQKIZNyXr59u58gMn8FQ==, figureFileBig=9dDKIsZTO2q/QtwhLAseBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840419631399171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Transmission electron microscopy analysis. A: Nanophase of Rhizoma Anemarrhrnae-Gypsum (N-RG) group; B: Gypsum group; C: Rhizoma Anemarrhrnae group; D: RG group, figureFileSmall=+hDQKIZNyXr59u58gMn8FQ==, figureFileBig=9dDKIsZTO2q/QtwhLAseBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840419828531460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ywxzD0XD8uZDxEMyd9KZcw==, figureFileBig=RAsGn2TsK8+UkHbw7kA7PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840419912417541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of the fingerprints of each component in the N-RG decoction and RG decoction. A: HPLC-UV standard chromatograms of mangiferin (5) and neomangiferin (3); B: HPLC-UV standard profiles for Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction; C: Nanophase of Rhizoma Anemarrhrnae decoction state phase HPLC-UV standard profile; D: HPLC-UV standard chromatogram of RG decoction; E: HPLC-UV standard chromatogram of N-RG decoction, figureFileSmall=ywxzD0XD8uZDxEMyd9KZcw==, figureFileBig=RAsGn2TsK8+UkHbw7kA7PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840419975332102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tPVuFgf6IwmxpRB6arvQWA==, figureFileBig=TFo2yOXZdo6l5nlKYz+zwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420067606791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Active ingredient-intersecting target interaction network, figureFileSmall=tPVuFgf6IwmxpRB6arvQWA==, figureFileBig=TFo2yOXZdo6l5nlKYz+zwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420143104264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xjUiR5TyhBbXFSuM+QdbEw==, figureFileBig=YtLMUwn4BCLrRw/PlW+rfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420206018825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Network diagram of PPI relationships for the 26 core targets, figureFileSmall=xjUiR5TyhBbXFSuM+QdbEw==, figureFileBig=YtLMUwn4BCLrRw/PlW+rfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420310876426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KBiaqTgInSR6W5PMIUSkCw==, figureFileBig=LQJr3MJ2ULt1Mv5fHdOM2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420398956811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=GO analysis of biological process top 10 pathways (A), cellular component top 10 pathways (B), molecular function top 10 pathways (C), figureFileSmall=KBiaqTgInSR6W5PMIUSkCw==, figureFileBig=LQJr3MJ2ULt1Mv5fHdOM2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420495425804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=u7xeJ0mz2PxAgnLKmhNsBg==, figureFileBig=jYf8dv4j8kIchwX2JUhXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420617060621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=KEGG analysis of top 20 pathways, figureFileSmall=u7xeJ0mz2PxAgnLKmhNsBg==, figureFileBig=jYf8dv4j8kIchwX2JUhXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420721918222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Mj/igrsUon9fy3Z+VpGYzw==, figureFileBig=BSyOTza31FGBj/Iasr/JTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840420830970127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of RG, N-RG and PG treatment on fever and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines in rats induced by dried yeast suspension. A: IL-1; B: IL-2; C: IL-6; D: IL-10; E: Interferon-γ (IFN-γ); F: TNF-α; G: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); H: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); I: Nitric oxide (NO). n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=Mj/igrsUon9fy3Z+VpGYzw==, figureFileBig=BSyOTza31FGBj/Iasr/JTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840422525468944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7ES6WzwHO0tc7kWkU+m+4g==, figureFileBig=NGkSg1gx0Bc7Sk614FC7Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840422630326545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of RG and N-RG on proteins in rats. A: IL-1β; B: TRPV4; C: NF-κB; D: TNF-α; E: HSP70; F: Western blot images of IL-1β, TRPV4, NF-κB, TNF-α, HSP70 protein expression. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=7ES6WzwHO0tc7kWkU+m+4g==, figureFileBig=NGkSg1gx0Bc7Sk614FC7Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840422781321490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Rit97xwNTDtt5EyfKrPLMA==, figureFileBig=k80VNpQZtw55MqplOuN0Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840422865207571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of RG and N-RG on RT-PCR in rats. A: TNF-α; B: NF-κB; C: IL-1β; D: TRPV4; E: HSP70. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=Rit97xwNTDtt5EyfKrPLMA==, figureFileBig=k80VNpQZtw55MqplOuN0Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840422928122132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequenceLength/bp
GADPHForward: 5'-GTGCTGAGTATGTCGTGGAG-3'289
Reverse: 5'-GTCTTCTGAGTGGCAGTGAT-3'
TNF-αForward: 5'-CTCATTCCTGCTCGTGG-3'199
Reverse: 5'-CTCCGCTTGGTGGTTT-3'
NF-κBForward: 5'-GCAGCACTCCTTATCAACC-3'248
Reverse: 5'-GGTGTCGTCCCATCGTAG-3'
IL-1βForward: 5'-ATCCCAAACAATACCCA-3'174
Reverse: 5'-CAACTATGTCCCGACCA-3'
HSP70Forward: 5'-CGAGGAGGTGGATTAGAGGC-3'270
Reverse: 5'-GCTGAGGTGTTCGCAGGAA-3'
TRPV4Forward: 5'-ACAAGTGGCGTAAGTTCGG-3'185
Reverse: 5'-CCTGTGAGGAGCGTGATG-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1308840423007813909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequence information. GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; IL: Interleukin; HSP70: Heat shock protein 70; TRPV4: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequenceLength/bp
GADPHForward: 5'-GTGCTGAGTATGTCGTGGAG-3'289
Reverse: 5'-GTCTTCTGAGTGGCAGTGAT-3'
TNF-αForward: 5'-CTCATTCCTGCTCGTGG-3'199
Reverse: 5'-CTCCGCTTGGTGGTTT-3'
NF-κBForward: 5'-GCAGCACTCCTTATCAACC-3'248
Reverse: 5'-GGTGTCGTCCCATCGTAG-3'
IL-1βForward: 5'-ATCCCAAACAATACCCA-3'174
Reverse: 5'-CAACTATGTCCCGACCA-3'
HSP70Forward: 5'-CGAGGAGGTGGATTAGAGGC-3'270
Reverse: 5'-GCTGAGGTGTTCGCAGGAA-3'
TRPV4Forward: 5'-ACAAGTGGCGTAAGTTCGG-3'185
Reverse: 5'-CCTGTGAGGAGCGTGATG-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1308840423079117078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupSalinity/‰Conductivity/s·cm-1Stickiness /mPa·sSurface tension/mN·m-1
GypsumDecoction1.32 ± 0.052.24 ± 0.0741.07 ± 1.4272.75 ± 0.65
Nano phase state1.24 ± 0.031.61 ± 0.0528.71 ± 1.5170.2 ± 0.62
Rhizoma AnemarrhenaeDecoction1.39 ± 0.092.15 ± 0.0640.96 ± 2.1771.25 ± 0.55
Nano phase state0.96 ± 0.041.57 ± 0.0533.87 ± 1.5769.1 ± 0.45
RGDecoction1.64 ± 0.092.67 ± 0.0948.93 ± 2.1976.57 ± 0.47
Nano phase state1.45 ± 0.052.13 ± 0.0745.78 ± 1.8674.02 ± 0.61
), ArticleFig(id=1308840423154614551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The result of the physical parameter (n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s). RG: Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupSalinity/‰Conductivity/s·cm-1Stickiness /mPa·sSurface tension/mN·m-1
GypsumDecoction1.32 ± 0.052.24 ± 0.0741.07 ± 1.4272.75 ± 0.65
Nano phase state1.24 ± 0.031.61 ± 0.0528.71 ± 1.5170.2 ± 0.62
Rhizoma AnemarrhenaeDecoction1.39 ± 0.092.15 ± 0.0640.96 ± 2.1771.25 ± 0.55
Nano phase state0.96 ± 0.041.57 ± 0.0533.87 ± 1.5769.1 ± 0.45
RGDecoction1.64 ± 0.092.67 ± 0.0948.93 ± 2.1976.57 ± 0.47
Nano phase state1.45 ± 0.052.13 ± 0.0745.78 ± 1.8674.02 ± 0.61
), ArticleFig(id=1308840423225917720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupParticle size/nmPDI
GypsumDecoction1 045.9 ± 18.81.000 ± 0.005
Nano phase state482.6 ± 10.50.712 ± 0.011
Rhizoma AnemarrhenaeDecoction453.9 ± 9.70.368 ± 0.008
Nano phase state328.1 ± 9.60.248 ± 0.009
RGDecoction1 353.7 ± 13.80.601 ± 0.013
Nano phase state410.0 ± 11.40.314 ± 0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1308840423313998105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840407514054833, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Result of particle size (n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s). PDI: Polydispersity index

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GroupParticle size/nmPDI
GypsumDecoction1 045.9 ± 18.81.000 ± 0.005
Nano phase state482.6 ± 10.50.712 ± 0.011
Rhizoma AnemarrhenaeDecoction453.9 ± 9.70.368 ± 0.008
Nano phase state328.1 ± 9.60.248 ± 0.009
RGDecoction1 353.7 ± 13.80.601 ± 0.013
Nano phase state410.0 ± 11.40.314 ± 0.006
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“知母-石膏”中纳米相态的形成理论及基于网络药理学和实验验证探究其解热机制
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刘婷 1 , 郑伟 1 , 钱禄 1 , 何硕 1 , 刘松鹤 1 , 韩慧缃 1 , 魏凯源 1 , 于淼 1, * , 赵义军 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(4): 1199-1211
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (4) : 1199 -1211
“知母-石膏”中纳米相态的形成理论及基于网络药理学和实验验证探究其解热机制
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刘婷1, 郑伟1, 钱禄1, 何硕1, 刘松鹤1, 韩慧缃1, 魏凯源1, 于淼1, * , 赵义军2, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150076
  • 2黑龙江中医药大学附属第二医院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
于淼, E-mail:
赵义军, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘婷负责研究设计、实验; 郑伟负责数据处理及文章撰写; 刘松鹤、何硕、钱禄负责RG的指纹图谱; 韩慧缃与魏凯源负责网络药理学部分; 于淼与赵义军提供方法优化。

The formation theory of nanophase state in "Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum" and its antipyretic mechanism based on network pharmacology and experimental verification
Ting LIU1, Wei ZHENG1, Lu QIAN1, Shuo HE1, Song-he LIU1, Hui-xiang HAN1, Kai-yuan WEI1, Miao YU1, * , Yi-jun ZHAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
  • 2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0670
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本文研究“知母-石膏”纳米相态的形成机制, 通过网络药理学探讨其配伍解热作用并验证机制。设置知母组、石膏组、“知母-石膏”组(均含纳米相态和汤剂溶液), 检测溶液粒度、盐度、电导率、表面张力, 结合透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 与指纹图谱分析。通过GeneCards、DisGeNet筛选靶点, 构建活性成分-靶点网络, 借助STRING数据库和Cytoscape构建PPI网络, 利用Metascape进行GO、KEGG富集分析。通过苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)、Western blot、real-time PCR验证纳米相态溶液的解热作用。结果表明, 盐度与电导率促进纳米相态稳定形成; TEM显示知母皂苷包裹石膏晶型形成纳米颗粒。指纹图谱鉴定8个共有峰(新芒果苷、芒果苷为主), 纳米相态与汤剂化学成分一致。通过网络药理学获得知母、石膏活性成分31个, 对应靶点138个, 发热靶点数为1 093个, 筛选出188个共有靶点。KEGG富集通路主要包括表皮生长因子受体、白细胞介素17、缺氧诱导因子1等信号通路。实验结果显示, “知母-石膏”汤剂纳米相态组显著降低发热大鼠体温, 抑制炎症因子的表达, 下调发热介质, 上调细胞保护蛋白, 并抑制相关mRNA表达, 与网络药理学预测一致。本研究所有动物实验均获得哈尔滨商业大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(HSDYXY-2024022)。本研究发现“知母-石膏”通过纳米相态增强药效, 其解热机制涉及多靶点调控炎症通路及中枢信号分子, 为中药复方现代化提供理论与实验依据。

知母  /  石膏  /  纳米相态  /  解热  /  网络药理学

In this study, the formation mechanism of the nanophase of "Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum" was investigated, and its compatibility, antipyretic efficacy, and underlying mechanisms were systematically evaluated via network pharmacology. Three groups, namely the Rhizoma Anemarrhenae group, the Gypsum group, and the Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum group, were set, with all groups including both nanophase preparations and traditional decoctions. The particle size, salinity, electrical conductivity and surface tension of the solutions were determined, and these combined with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and fingerprint analysis. Targets were screened using the GeneCards and DisGeNet, an active component-target network was constructed, a PPI network was built with the help of the STRING database and Cytoscape, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape. The antipyretic effect of the nanophase solution was verified by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Western blot and real-time PCR. The results indicated that salinity and electrical conductivity promoted the stable formation of the nanophase; and TEM revealed that timosaponin coated the Gypsum crystal structure, leading to nanoparticle formation. Fingerprint analysis identified eight common peaks (neomangiferin and mangiferin as the main components), and the chemical components of the nanophase were consistent with those of the decoction. Through network pharmacology, 31 active components of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Gypsum were obtained, corresponding to 138 potential targets; the number of fever-related targets was of 1 093 fever-related targets were retrieved, among which 188 overlapping targets were screened. The main KEGG enrichment pathways included epidermal growth factor receptor, interleukin-17, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and other signaling pathways. Experimental results showed that the nanophase group of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum decoction significantly reduced the body temperature in febrile rats, inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors, down-regulated fever medium, up-regulated cytoprotective proteins, and suppressed the expression of related mRNA. These findings were consistent with the predictions of network pharmacology. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Harbin University of Commerce (HSDYXY-2024022). This study found that Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum enhances its therapeutic efficacy through the nanophase, and its antipyretic mechanism involves the multi-target regulation of inflammatory pathways and central signaling molecules thereby providing both theoretical and experimental support for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions.

rhizoma anemarrhenae  /  gypsum  /  nanophase  /  antipyretic  /  network pharmacology
刘婷, 郑伟, 钱禄, 何硕, 刘松鹤, 韩慧缃, 魏凯源, 于淼, 赵义军. “知母-石膏”中纳米相态的形成理论及基于网络药理学和实验验证探究其解热机制. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1199 -1211 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0670
Ting LIU, Wei ZHENG, Lu QIAN, Shuo HE, Song-he LIU, Hui-xiang HAN, Kai-yuan WEI, Miao YU, Yi-jun ZHAO. The formation theory of nanophase state in "Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum" and its antipyretic mechanism based on network pharmacology and experimental verification[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1199 -1211 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0670
发热多由感染、组织损伤或炎症等因素引发。外源性热源侵入机体后, 被免疫细胞识别并触发内源性致热物质(细胞因子) 释放。这些物质通过血液循环激活脑血管受体, 刺激下丘脑体温调节中枢, 促使发热介质合成, 导致体温调定点上移, 最终通过增加产热、减少散热引发体温升高。传统中医认为, 发热是人体正气与邪气相争、阴阳失衡的表现, 外感六淫(风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火) 导致卫阳郁遏、腠理闭塞, 或阴虚火旺、气血郁滞、引发脏腑功能失调, 虚火或实火内生。病机关键在于解表透邪、滋阴降火、疏肝理气、消积导滞等法恢复阴阳平衡。知母和石膏均有清热泻火、生津止渴的功效, 二者配伍使用可协同增效, 故常相须为用, 可用于治疗温热病中出现高烧、口渴、出汗等“气分热盛”症状及阴虚内热的患者[1-3]。《伤寒杂病论》中白虎汤是解热的代表方[4], 其按君臣佐使将石膏分为君药, 知母分为臣药配伍, 从而发挥其解热作用。
汤剂作为临床常用中药剂型, 近年研究发现其煎煮过程中可形成纳米颗粒。Zhou等[5]通过尺寸排阻色谱法从板蓝根汤剂中分离出纳米颗粒; Lü课题组[6]通过高速离心和透析的方法从白虎汤中分离出直径约100 nm纳米颗粒, 其中包括新芒果苷颗粒。纳米相态的形成机制涉及热力学不稳定体系中纳米颗粒的界面能作用: 高表面自由能促使颗粒聚集, 但双电层结构、带电聚合物吸附及布朗运动维持其稳态[7, 8]。此外, Ca2+、Mg2+等离子的静电斥力可抑制聚集[9]。煎煮过程中, 加热促使分子解离并释放天然大分子(淀粉、蛋白质), 这些天然大分子材料形成的亲水或疏水胶体溶液会增加溶液的稳定性[10-12]。尽管大分子对纳米形成至关重要, 但中药汤剂的相组成机制(电位、盐度) 研究较少[13-15]。
基于此, 本研究聚焦“知母-石膏”(Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum, RG) 汤剂, 探究其纳米相态(nanophase of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Gypsum, N-RG) 的形成机制, 利用网络药理学构建RG活性成分-靶点网络图, 探索核心作用靶点和参与解热作用的通路等, 以及其潜在的作用机制, 并以脂多糖建立大鼠发热模型验证RG解热的药效机制, 从而为相关研究及临床应用提供一定的科学依据和理论支持。
仪器  分体式陶瓷中药煲(广东天际电器股份有限公司); 高速离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂); 梅特勒天平(瑞士METTLER公司); FA2004分析电子天平(上海良平仪器表有限公司); 纳米粒度及zeta电位分析仪(英国马尔文仪器有限公司); 透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM, 日本电子株式会社); 高效液相色谱仪(Waters中国有限公司); 超声波清洗机(宁波新芝生物科技有限公司); 高速离心机TGL-16C (上海安亭科学仪器厂)。
试剂  知母(20230512, 北京本草方源药业有限公司); 石膏(SAO251, 安徽广印堂中药股份有限公司); 芒果苷对照品、新芒果苷对照品(MUST-16040103、MUST-16042232, 成都曼斯特生物科技有限公司); 环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) 试剂盒、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-10试剂盒、一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 试剂盒、干扰素γ (interferon-gamma, IFN-γ) 试剂盒(2761、2304、2740、2312, 冰岛Decode公司); 肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α试剂盒、IL-1β试剂盒、IL-2试剂盒、IL-4试剂盒(bsk00163、bsk0027、bsk0031、bsk0037, 北京博奥森生物技术有限公司); 前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2) 试剂盒(AK0017MAY09017, 武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技有限公司); IL-6试剂盒(CK-E30646R, 武汉萨默斯生物科技有限公司); RT-PCR、SYBR PrimeScript RT-PCR试剂盒(DRR037、DRR041, 大连宝生物工程有限公司); TNF-α antibody (PB0082, 武汉博士德生化科技有限公司); 兔抗核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) p65亚基多克隆抗体、兔抗IL-1β多克隆抗体、兔抗热休克蛋白70 (heat shock protein 70, HSP70) 多克隆抗体、兔抗瞬时受体电位香草素4通道(transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, TRPV4) 多克隆抗体(abs119958、abs120224、abs135605a、abs138144a, 上海爱必信生物科技有限公司); IP裂解液、苯甲基磺酰氟、一抗稀释液、一抗二抗去除液(P0013、ST506、P0023A、P0025, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); 二抗稀释液(ZB2301, 北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司); Western专用脱脂奶粉(4169671, 美国Becton公司)。
细胞与动物  雄性SD大鼠(220 ± 20 g), 来自黑龙江中医药大学实验动物中心, 许可证号: SYXK (黑) 2013-004。实验动物的饲养和操作规程均遵守哈尔滨商业大学实验动物饲养和使用的相关规定, 本研究所有动物实验均获得哈尔滨商业大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(HSDYXY-2024022)。
制备RG标准汤剂和N-RG汤剂  知母93.75 g于1 981 mL水中浸泡30 min, 而后与250 g生石膏碎共同转入砂锅中, 武火煮沸转至文火煎煮45 min, 4层纱布趁热过滤即得RG标准汤剂[16]。2 496 ×g、37 ℃、10 min离心, 取上清液20 mL加入分子量为7 000 Da的透析袋中, 两端用透析袋夹子夹紧, 投入盛有120 mL蒸馏水的烧杯中, 烧杯用保鲜膜盖住(防止杂质进入造成污染), 放入水浴振荡器进行摇晃振荡, 37 ℃下透析20 min, 共进行2次透析, 即得N-RG汤剂。
RG汤剂的物理化学特性  两种中草药被分成3组, 分别是石膏组、知母组、RG组。将每组溶液分为煎煮溶液和纳米相态溶液, 通过笔式盐度计和电导率计检测其电导率、盐度; 使用毛细管粘度计测定粘度; 采用最大气泡法检测表面张力。每次测量进行3次, 最终结果为平均值。将上述3组样品溶液的粒度由纳米粒度及zeta电位分析仪测定。将每组溶液滴在涂有碳膜的铜网格上, 风干, 用透射电镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 观察颗粒形态。
RG汤剂超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography, UPLC) 指纹图谱建立
色谱条件  采用色谱柱InertSustain C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水(B), 流速1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温20 ℃, 进样体积10 μL。比较3组汤剂和纳米相态溶液的指纹图谱, 评估RG处方的成分变化与N-RG形成之间的相关性。
标准液和待测液的制备  精确称取芒果苷、新芒果苷标准品1.21 mg, 分别用10 mL甲醇溶解, 即得0.12 mg·mL-1标准液。将1 mL RG (或N-RG) 用50%甲醇稀释至10 mL, 然后超声30 min, 以4 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 收集上清液, 用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 即得待测液。
RG网络药理学分析  
活性成分及潜在靶点筛选从TCMSP (Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology) 数据库中筛选其潜在活性成分(以口服利用度OB ≥ 30 %, 类药性DL ≥ 0.18为筛选条件), 再通过PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 获取相应的SMILES文件, 随后在Swiss Target Prediction (http://swisstarget-prediction.ch/) 导入各个活性成分的SMILE号获取输入相关成分靶点。再用Uniprot (https://www.uniprot.org/) 进行ID mapping校准, 得到活性成分潜在靶点的标准化基因名称。最后将结果导入Cytoscape 3.7.2软件, 构建药物活性成分-疾病靶点网络, 寻找重要的候选成分。选取排名靠前活性成分构建药物活性成分-疾病靶点网络图。
蛋白互作网络构建与关键靶点筛选  以“fever”为关键词分别检索GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/)、OMIM (https://www.omim.org/)、DisGeNET (https://www.disgenet.org/) 数据库, 得到发热相关靶点。使用UniPort数据库, 选择物种为human, 将以上收集到的所有靶点名称校准为官方基因名称, 汇总相关靶点并去除冗余靶点。随后利用Venny在线平台, 导入所获取的RG相关靶点数据集和发热相关靶点数据集, 绘制Venn图, 由两者获得的交集靶点, 即为RG治疗发热的潜在作用靶点。将交集靶点导入STRING数据(https://cn.string-db.org/) 选择种属“Homo spaiens”, 筛选出满足“combine score ≥ 0.4”的基因, 去除无连接靶点, 构建PPI互作网络模型, 随后将PPI分析结果以PNG格式导入Cytoscape 3.7.2软件, 利用软件中的“Network Analyzer”功能对PPI网络图进行拓扑属性分析。选取度值(degree)、介数中心性(betweenness centrality, BC) 和接近中心性(closeness centrality, CC) 3个重要拓扑参数均大于中位数的靶点作为关键靶点。
富集分析  将交集靶点导入Metascape数据库(https://metascape.org/gp/index.html#/main/step1) 进行GO和KEGG富集分析(P < 0.05)。
RG和N-RG汤剂的药效学评估  50只大鼠按照体重梯度分成5组(n = 10), 选取1组健康雄性SD大鼠作为空白组(black group, BG), 其他4组大鼠建立发热模型, 皮下注射脂多糖(100 μg·kg-1)。4组模型大鼠分别为模型组(model group, MG)、阳性对照组(positive control group, PG, 阿司匹林)、N-RG组和RG组。发热模型建立6 h后, PG大鼠胃内注射3.2 mg·kg-1阿司匹林, N-RG组和RG组以同样方式分别注射20 mL·kg-1 N-RG、RG, BG组和MG组注射同体积的生理盐水。给药2 h后, 向SD大鼠腹腔内注射过量麻醉剂(3%戊巴比妥钠) 40 mg·kg-1, 并切除下丘脑组织。收集血液样本在3 000 r·min-1的转速下离心20 min以获得血清。用ELISA试剂盒检测血清中IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ的水平, 及下丘脑组织中的PGE2、NO和cAMP水平。
Western blot检测  从SD大鼠的下丘脑中提取总蛋白质。取100 mg蛋白质经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离, 然后电印迹到PVDF膜上, 接着将PVDF膜用5%脱脂牛奶进行阻断, 并与一抗在4 ℃下孵育过夜。接着在25 ℃将膜与适量二抗孵育1 h, 洗脱。之后对蛋白条带进行显影和密度定量分析。
Real-time PCR检测基因表达  用Trizol提取细胞总RNA, 按照TaKaRa反转录试剂盒说明进行cDNA第1链合成, 并以此为模板, 进行real-time PCR检测基因表达, 引物序列见表1, 按照操作说明书进行。PCR扩增反应条件为: 95 ℃预变性30 s; 95 ℃、5 s, 60 ℃、34 s, 40个循环。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测下丘脑中多个基因的表达水平。
统计学方法  统计学方法采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件通过单因素方差分析对数据进行统计学分析。数据以平均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 若P < 0.05为具有统计学差异。
与相应的煎煮溶液相比, 3组纳米相态溶液的盐度值略有下降, 电导率值略低于煎煮溶液的电导率值。与纳米相态溶液相比, 煎煮溶液的粘度更高。此外, 所有煎煮溶液的表面张力也均高于其对应的纳米相态溶液(表2)。
结果表明, 在这3组中, 煎煮溶液中的粒径大于纳米相态溶液中的颗粒大小。纳米相溶液的分散性和稳定性高于其他组别(表3)。
N-RG与RG汤剂分离提取物的TEM形态特征对比结果如图1所示, 在N-RG组中, 其外观为较圆整的类球形实体, 表面光滑, 大小均匀, 粒子之间界限清晰, 无粘连, 被一些生物大分子裹挟(如鞣制、蛋白质等)。在石膏组中, 外观呈现规律的晶型分布, 晶层分布均匀。知母组外观显示出大分子有机物囊团聚集, 无清晰边界, 分布不均匀, 囊团大小不一。而在RG组中观察到有大量的聚集颗粒, 没有单一均匀的颗粒。
标准物质色谱图用于比较受试处方的色谱图。在标准物质色谱图中, 3、5号峰分别对应新芒果苷、芒果苷。在知母组中, 纳米相溶液与原溶液相比, 新芒果苷(峰值3) 浓度有所下降。在N-RG组中, 与原液相比新芒果苷的含量发生了变化, 其余峰值没有变化。结果表明, 分离过程并没有改变RG新芒果苷与芒果苷这两种主要化学成分(图2)。
Cyctoscape可视化分析得到活性成分-靶点-疾病关系网络(图3), 共包含169个节点, 蓝色和紫色节点为活性成分, 粉色节点代表潜在的疾病治疗靶点, 黄色节点代表知母和石膏潜在的共同疾病治疗靶点。以节点大小表示degree值大小, 其中degree值排名靠前的活性成分为芒果苷、异芒果苷、山柰酚、大黄素、香草酸、苯甲酸, 这些可能是RG汤剂发挥解热作用的关键活性物质。
通过GeneCards、pharmGKB、OMIM数据库获得1 093个疾病靶点。经Venny分析得188个交集靶点。通过Cytoscape 3.7.2对RG配伍的靶点蛋白进行蛋白相互作用(PPI) 分析, 构建蛋白互作网络图, 其中degree、BC和CC均大于中位数的节点包括TNF、IL-6和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)、信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、IL-1β、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT1) 等26个靶点, 可能是RG发挥解热作用的核心靶点(图4)。
使用Metascape数据库对活性成分和疾病的交集靶点进行GO与KEGG分析, GO分析共显著富集了1 008个GO条目, 其中生物过程(BP) 936个, 细胞成分(CC) 34个, 分子功能(MF) 38个。根据基因比例值进行排名, 选取每个类别中显著富集的前10个进行可视化分析(图5)。GO富集分析结果显示, NO生物合成的正向调控(positive regulation of NO biosynthetic process)、神经炎症反应的调控(regulation of neuroinflammatory response)、脂多糖介导的信号通路(lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway)、活性氧的响应(response to reactive oxygen species) 等生物过程和膜筏(membrane raft)、黏着斑(focal adhesion)、核膜(nuclear envelope) 等细胞成分及细胞因子受体结合(cytokine receptor binding)、生长因子受体结合(growth factor receptor binding)、一氧化氮合酶调节活性(NO synthase regulator activity)、蛋白磷酸酶结合(protein phosphatase binding) 等分子功能都和解热抗炎通路相关。
KEGG富集分析显示了150个显著富集的通路, 选取前20个进行可视化, 相关基因主要富集于“EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药信号通路”、“IL-17信号通路”、“HIF-1信号通路”和“PD-L1在癌症中的表达和PD-1检查点通路”等(图6)。
MG大鼠的IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平分别为3.74 ± 0.19、179.09 ± 8.13、24.88 ± 1.56、28.72 ± 2.98、34.68 ± 2.11、146.31 ± 12.61 pg·mL-1, 与BG组相比有显著性差异(P < 0.01), 说明发热模型成功建立。另一方面, N-RG组和RG组与MG组比较, 除IL-10外, N-RG组和RG组血浆细胞因子水平明显下降(P < 0.01)。有研究表明[17, 18], PEG2、cAMP和NO可介导内源性热原体温调节。本课题组的研究结果表明, MG组下丘脑中的PEG2、cAMP和NO水平如下: 386 ± 6.6、56.17 ± 3.03和19.21 ± 2.2 pg·mL-1。与BG组相比, MG组有显著性差异(P < 0.01), 这表明大鼠发烧与这些细胞因子在产热中发挥作用有关。与MG组相比, N-RG和RG组大鼠下丘脑中的PEG2和NO水平明显升高(P < 0.01), 而cAMP水平下降(P < 0.01)。这些结果表明, N-RG组与RG组具有相同的解热作用(图7)。
采用Western blot法检测各组SD大鼠下丘脑蛋白的含量。与BG组相比, MG组的IL-1β、TRPV4、NF-κB、TNF-α和HSP70表达水平明显升高(P < 0.01), 而RG组和N-RG组的IL-1β、TRPV4、NF-κB和TNF-α的表达与MG组相比明显降低(P < 0.01)。此外, RG组和N-RG组的HSP70表达水平较MG组相比显著上升(P < 0.01)。这表明RG和N-RG不但抑制促炎蛋白的表达, 还上调保护蛋白的表达(图8)。
各实验组大鼠下丘脑中的mRNA表达如图9所示。与BG组相比, MG组中TNF-α、NF-κB、IL-1β和TRPV4这4个基因的mRNA表达均显著上调(P < 0.01)。在MG组中, TRPV4和HSP70的mRNA表达上调, 表明在发热条件下促进了蛋白质的合成。在RG组和N-RG组中, IL-1β、TRPV4、NF-κB和TNF-α的mRNA水平与MG组相比均显著下调。因此, real-time PCR证实RG组和N-RG组的基因表达在转录层面受到了明显抑制。
石膏、知母配伍有明显的退热作用[19]。石膏退热虽快但作用较弱且短暂, 知母退热虽缓但作用较强而持久, 两种药合用退热效果显著[20]。同时, 知母和石膏合用可减轻脂多糖诱导的发烧症状[21], 在欧洲国家也被广泛使用。正如本课题组在先前研究中所讨论的, 根据溶液分散系统将RG方剂分为真溶液相、纳米相, 并研究了其解热作用。结果表明, N-RG的解热效果优于RG。在开发N-RG口服液或其他剂型时, 纳米相态可能增强药物的稳定性和生物利用度, 有助于更好地发挥其药理作用。
在此基础上, 本研究继续探讨方剂物理化学指标对纳米相态形成的影响。N-RG溶液具有一定的盐度值, 这是由于整个体系中含有一些电解质, 盐分的加入可降低带电荷胶体粒子间相互作用势中的稳定能垒[22]。此外, 由于纳米聚集体的形成, 所有的理化参数, 包括盐度、电导率、粘度和表面张力等, 都与复方配伍的合理性有关。
网络药理学分析揭示RG复方通过多靶点协同发挥解热抗炎作用。关键靶点TNF、IL-6和GAPDH在PPI网络中呈现高度连接性, 其中TNF和IL-6作为核心炎症因子直接调控发热进程, GAPDH则通过糖酵解-凋亡-基因表达调控轴参与炎症级联反应。GO富集分析显示其作用机制具有多层次协同特征: 生物过程层面, 通过抑制LPS-TLR4、NF-κB和MAPK通路减少IL-6、TNF-α及PGE2合成, 并调控eNOS或iNOS平衡以缓解氧化应激损伤[23]; 细胞成分层面, 破坏膜筏或小窝结构可阻断TLR4信号转导, 而干预核膜NF-κB转位则抑制促炎基因表达[24-26]; 分子功能层面, 通过调控炎症因子(如IL-1β、TNF-α) 与IL-1R或TNF-R的结合, 以及调节PP2A磷酸酶活性, 形成对炎症信号的双向调节网络[27]。KEGG富集分析显示相关基因主要富集于“AGE-RAGE信号通路”、“IL-17信号通路”和“HIF-1信号通路”。“AGE-RAGE通路”通过激活NF-κB等转录因子, 促进TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子释放, 加剧炎症反应[28, 29]。抑制该通路可减少炎症因子表达, 从而发挥解热抗炎作用。IL-17是促炎核心因子, 通过诱导中性粒细胞募集、抗菌肽分泌及放大TNF-α、IL-6等炎症级联反应参与发热和炎症。HIF-1在缺氧条件下激活, 调控VEGF等基因促进血管新生, 改善组织缺血缺氧状态; 同时可调节糖代谢和炎症相关基因(IL-1β), 间接减轻炎症反应[30, 31]。结合GO和KEGG富集分析的结果, 进一步表明RG方剂与治疗发热密切相关, 且与炎症有着不可分割的联系。
最后通过药效学实验验证RG的解热作用。N-RG通过调控HSP70表达发挥双向调节作用: 发热状态下HSP70升高维持细胞稳态, 同时通过抑制NF-κB活化降低IL-1β和TNF-α表达。TRPV4作为温度敏感通道, 其表达抑制进一步证实了该配伍对热敏信号通路的调控作用。Western blot和real-time PCR结果验证RG和N-RG可显著下调IL-1β、NF-κB、TNF-α和TRPV4的表达水平。通过RG和N-RG的理化性质和药效学评价对比, 发现N-RG的活性略优于RG的活性。本课题组推测可能在非分离的原汤剂之中, 存在大分子裹挟和阻碍(糖类、淀粉、鞣质等), 使得某些解热的药物活性成分包裹于囊团之中。虽然可能在长久的给药过程中两者的累计释放效果差不多, 但在体内缓慢吸收消化的过程中, 这些RG汤剂中的大分子需要被体液消化才能将有效物质释放出来, 因此以精简给药量和优化药物剂型的未来考虑, 体积大幅精简而效果显著的N-RG成为更好选择。如Lü等[6]发现白虎汤(含石膏、知母) 煎煮过程中形成的纳米颗粒(100 nm) 以新芒果苷为核心, 被大分子(蛋白质、多糖) 包裹形成稳定结构。分离后的纳米颗粒解热效果显著优于原汤剂, 证明包裹态成分在原汤中释放受限, 验证了“高分子包裹活性成分”的现象, 且分离后纳米颗粒生物利用度更高。此外, 该复方的抗炎机制与代谢性疾病存在深度关联。通过调节IL-7信号通路和AGE-RAGE信号通路, N-RG汤剂可能在滑膜炎症或高血糖相关疾病中具有潜在应用价值。AGE-RAGE信号通路上游机制中, 高血糖促进非酶糖基化生成AGEs, 并诱导胰岛β细胞或血管内皮RAGE过表达; 下游AGEs-RAGE结合激活NF-κB、MAPK通路, 驱动TNF-α、IL-6释放及ROS生成, 通过IRS-1丝氨酸磷酸化引发胰岛素抵抗, 同时诱导β细胞凋亡和血管病变, 形成“高血糖-炎症-氧化应激”恶性循环[32]。IL-7信号通路上游机制中, 滑膜成纤维细胞异常分泌IL-7, 其受体IL-7Rα在滑膜中高表达; 下游通过JAK-STAT通路促进T细胞(尤其是Th17、γδT细胞) 扩增并抑制调节性T细胞功能, 导致IL-7、TNF-α等促炎因子过量分泌, 最终引发滑膜增生、骨质破坏及关节畸形[33, 34]。这种跨疾病通路的关联性凸显了中药复方“异病同治”的科学内涵。
本研究分析并讨论了纳米相态的形成机制, 确定了纳米相形成的关键因素。同时, 借助网络药理学并通过Western blot和real-time PCR方法, 研究了N-RG的解热作用机制。研究借助KEGG富集分析找出关键通路, 并通过这些通路联系不同的疾病, 探索RG在其他疾病中的应用。这将推动中药复方研究从单一症状缓解向多维度机制调控转变, 为经典方剂的现代化应用奠定理论基础。同时, 这种对RG方剂中纳米聚集体形成机制的阐明, 也将为中药炮制研究提供另一种新思路。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0670
  • 接收时间:2025-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-14
  • 修回日期:2025-11-27
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    1哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150076
    2黑龙江中医药大学附属第二医院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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