Article(id=1308840391483417128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759334400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-02, revisedDate=1767974400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981466407, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981466407, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981466407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981466407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1336, endPage=1344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840391676355113, articleId=1308840391483417128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=A non-targeted metabolomic analysis and effect pathway study of rat urine under exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the synthetic cannabinoid N-(1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA) has attracted widespread attention due to its high affinity for the CB1 receptor and associated abuse risk; however, its toxicity mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically investigate the toxicological mechanisms of ADB-BUTINACA using an integrated approach. We established an acute rat exposure model (low and high doses: 0.1 and 1 mg·kg-1) and employed untargeted metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis to examine its effects on the urinary metabolome and toxicity pathways. Our analysis identified 52 significantly altered metabolites, including taurine and phenylacetaldehyde, and revealed six disturbed metabolic pathways, such as phenylalanine metabolism and one-carbon metabolism. Notably, choline and methionine were pinpointed as potential dose-dependent biomarkers. Molecular docking results demonstrated a strong binding affinity (-7.8 kcal·mol-1) between ADB-BUTINACA and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3, suggesting that the compound inhibits ALDH3 activity. This inhibition likely disrupts phenylalanine metabolism, leading to the accumulation of phenylacetaldehyde and the upregulation of phenylacetylglycine, thereby inducing oxidative stress and potential cardiovascular and neurotoxicity. Concurrently, the downregulation of methionine and choline indicated an impairment of one-carbon metabolism, which may further exacerbate oxidative stress. In conclusion, this study elucidates the mechanism by which ADB-BUTINACA exposure induces oxidative stress primarily through disrupting phenylalanine and one-carbon metabolism, utilizing non-targeted metabolomics and molecular docking. The identified biomarkers provide a crucial theoretical foundation for future research on the toxicity mechanisms, clinical detection, and risk assessment of synthetic cannabinoids. The experimental protocol complied with the welfare and ethical requirements for experimental animals and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Approval number: 20220718-11).

, authors=Hao-zhe XU1, Xiao-wei LI1, Xin-zhe JIA1, Si-yue ZHENG2, Jing ZHOU1, Yi-lei FAN1, *, Yi ZHOU3, *, authorsList=Hao-zhe XU, Xiao-wei LI, Xin-zhe JIA, Si-yue ZHENG, Jing ZHOU, Yi-lei FAN, Yi ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi-lei FAN, Yi ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840393433768506, articleId=1308840391483417128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA暴露下大鼠尿液非靶向代谢组分析及效应通路研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 合成大麻素N-(1-氨甲酰基-2, 2-二甲基丙基)-1-丁基吲唑-3-甲酰胺(ADB-BUTINACA) 作为新型精神活性物质, 因其高CB1受体亲和力及滥用风险引发广泛关注, 但其毒性机制尚不明确。本研究旨在系统探讨ADB-BUTINACA对尿液代谢组的影响及其毒性作用通路。通过构建大鼠急性暴露模型(低、高剂量: 0.1、1 mg·kg-1), 结合非靶向代谢组学技术及分子对接分析, 研究ADB-BUTINACA对尿液代谢组的影响及其相关毒性作用通路。研究确定了牛磺酸、苯乙醛等52种差异代谢物, 筛选出胆碱、甲硫氨酸为潜在的生物标志物, 并发现苯丙氨酸代谢、一碳代谢等6条代谢通路受显著扰动。分子对接结果表明ADB-BUTINACA与醛脱氢酶ALDH3具有强结合亲和力, 可能通过抑制ALDH3酶活性, 导致苯丙氨酸代谢紊乱, 进而引起苯乙醛积累和苯乙酰甘氨酸上调, 诱发氧化应激及潜在心血管与神经毒性风险。同时, 生物标志物甲硫氨酸与胆碱的下调提示一碳代谢受阻, 进一步加剧氧化应激。本研究通过非靶向代谢组学结合分子对接技术, 揭示ADB-BUTINACA暴露通过影响苯丙氨酸代谢及一碳代谢等途径引发氧化应激的毒性作用机制, 并筛选出胆碱与甲硫氨酸作为潜在的剂量依赖性生物标志物, 为合成大麻素的毒性机制研究、临床检测及风险评估提供了重要理论依据。本实验方案符合实验动物福利伦理要求, 并取得浙江中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20220718-11)。

, authors=徐昊哲1, 李霄炜1, 贾昕哲1, 郑思跃2, 周婧1, 范一雷1, *, 周熠3, *, authorsList=徐昊哲, 李霄炜, 贾昕哲, 郑思跃, 周婧, 范一雷, 周熠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范一雷, 周熠, authorNote=

作者贡献:

本研究思路由范一雷设计; 徐昊哲、贾昕哲、李霄炜负责实验和论文撰写; 周熠提供论文撰写思路及修改论文; 郑思跃、周婧负责相关文献的调研与收集。

, correspAuthorsNote=
范一雷, Tel: 86-571-87787031, E-mail:
周熠, E-mail:
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合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA暴露下大鼠尿液非靶向代谢组分析及效应通路研究
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徐昊哲 1 , 李霄炜 1 , 贾昕哲 1 , 郑思跃 2 , 周婧 1 , 范一雷 1, * , 周熠 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(4): 1336-1344
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (4) : 1336 -1344
合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA暴露下大鼠尿液非靶向代谢组分析及效应通路研究
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徐昊哲1, 李霄炜1, 贾昕哲1, 郑思跃2, 周婧1, 范一雷1, * , 周熠3, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江警察学院, 全省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310052
  • 2浙江工业大学化学工程学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
  • 3国家毒品实验室浙江分中心, 浙江 杭州 310052
通讯作者:
范一雷, Tel: 86-571-87787031, E-mail:
周熠, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

本研究思路由范一雷设计; 徐昊哲、贾昕哲、李霄炜负责实验和论文撰写; 周熠提供论文撰写思路及修改论文; 郑思跃、周婧负责相关文献的调研与收集。

A non-targeted metabolomic analysis and effect pathway study of rat urine under exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA
Hao-zhe XU1, Xiao-wei LI1, Xin-zhe JIA1, Si-yue ZHENG2, Jing ZHOU1, Yi-lei FAN1, * , Yi ZHOU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310052, China
  • 2College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 3National Narcotics Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou 310052, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1178
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近年来, 合成大麻素N-(1-氨甲酰基-2, 2-二甲基丙基)-1-丁基吲唑-3-甲酰胺(ADB-BUTINACA) 作为新型精神活性物质, 因其高CB1受体亲和力及滥用风险引发广泛关注, 但其毒性机制尚不明确。本研究旨在系统探讨ADB-BUTINACA对尿液代谢组的影响及其毒性作用通路。通过构建大鼠急性暴露模型(低、高剂量: 0.1、1 mg·kg-1), 结合非靶向代谢组学技术及分子对接分析, 研究ADB-BUTINACA对尿液代谢组的影响及其相关毒性作用通路。研究确定了牛磺酸、苯乙醛等52种差异代谢物, 筛选出胆碱、甲硫氨酸为潜在的生物标志物, 并发现苯丙氨酸代谢、一碳代谢等6条代谢通路受显著扰动。分子对接结果表明ADB-BUTINACA与醛脱氢酶ALDH3具有强结合亲和力, 可能通过抑制ALDH3酶活性, 导致苯丙氨酸代谢紊乱, 进而引起苯乙醛积累和苯乙酰甘氨酸上调, 诱发氧化应激及潜在心血管与神经毒性风险。同时, 生物标志物甲硫氨酸与胆碱的下调提示一碳代谢受阻, 进一步加剧氧化应激。本研究通过非靶向代谢组学结合分子对接技术, 揭示ADB-BUTINACA暴露通过影响苯丙氨酸代谢及一碳代谢等途径引发氧化应激的毒性作用机制, 并筛选出胆碱与甲硫氨酸作为潜在的剂量依赖性生物标志物, 为合成大麻素的毒性机制研究、临床检测及风险评估提供了重要理论依据。本实验方案符合实验动物福利伦理要求, 并取得浙江中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20220718-11)。

合成大麻素  /  N-(1-氨甲酰基-2  /  2-二甲基丙基)-1-丁基吲唑-3-甲酰胺  /  尿液  /  非靶向代谢组学  /  UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS

In recent years, the synthetic cannabinoid N-(1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA) has attracted widespread attention due to its high affinity for the CB1 receptor and associated abuse risk; however, its toxicity mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically investigate the toxicological mechanisms of ADB-BUTINACA using an integrated approach. We established an acute rat exposure model (low and high doses: 0.1 and 1 mg·kg-1) and employed untargeted metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis to examine its effects on the urinary metabolome and toxicity pathways. Our analysis identified 52 significantly altered metabolites, including taurine and phenylacetaldehyde, and revealed six disturbed metabolic pathways, such as phenylalanine metabolism and one-carbon metabolism. Notably, choline and methionine were pinpointed as potential dose-dependent biomarkers. Molecular docking results demonstrated a strong binding affinity (-7.8 kcal·mol-1) between ADB-BUTINACA and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3, suggesting that the compound inhibits ALDH3 activity. This inhibition likely disrupts phenylalanine metabolism, leading to the accumulation of phenylacetaldehyde and the upregulation of phenylacetylglycine, thereby inducing oxidative stress and potential cardiovascular and neurotoxicity. Concurrently, the downregulation of methionine and choline indicated an impairment of one-carbon metabolism, which may further exacerbate oxidative stress. In conclusion, this study elucidates the mechanism by which ADB-BUTINACA exposure induces oxidative stress primarily through disrupting phenylalanine and one-carbon metabolism, utilizing non-targeted metabolomics and molecular docking. The identified biomarkers provide a crucial theoretical foundation for future research on the toxicity mechanisms, clinical detection, and risk assessment of synthetic cannabinoids. The experimental protocol complied with the welfare and ethical requirements for experimental animals and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Approval number: 20220718-11).

synthetic cannabinoid  /  N-(1-amino-3  /  3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide  /  urine  /  non-targeted metabolomics  /  UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS
徐昊哲, 李霄炜, 贾昕哲, 郑思跃, 周婧, 范一雷, 周熠. 合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA暴露下大鼠尿液非靶向代谢组分析及效应通路研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1336 -1344 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1178
Hao-zhe XU, Xiao-wei LI, Xin-zhe JIA, Si-yue ZHENG, Jing ZHOU, Yi-lei FAN, Yi ZHOU. A non-targeted metabolomic analysis and effect pathway study of rat urine under exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1336 -1344 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1178
合成大麻素(synthetic cannabinoids, SCs) 是一类通过人工合成手段设计、模拟Δ9-四氢大麻酚(THC) 结构或活性的化合物, 近年来滥用形势日益严峻, 新衍生物不断涌现[1]。据《2024世界毒品问题报告》, 合成大麻素受体激动剂是最常见的新精神活性物质[2]。与天然大麻不同, SCs多为全激动剂(full agonists), 对CB1/CB2受体具有更高亲和力和效能, 因此毒性风险更高, 滥用后可能引发严重的神经毒性、心血管事件甚至致死案例, 且通常难以通过常规毒检方法检测[3-7]。其中, N-(1-氨甲酰基-2, 2-二甲基丙基)-1-丁基吲唑-3-甲酰胺(ADB-BUTINACA) 为近年新出现的SCs代表, 其吲哚核心与丁酸侧链的结构特征已被证实与CB1受体高亲和力相关。尽管ADB-BUTINACA因其高效活性和广泛滥用引发关注, 但目前有关其毒理学机制、体内代谢过程与靶器官损伤模式的研究仍较为有限, 现有文献多集中于结构鉴定、急救病例分析, 缺乏系统性的体内暴露模型与机制性验证。本团队前期的血清代谢组学研究发现, ADB-BUTINACA急性暴露可显著扰乱大鼠体内的氨基酸代谢、TCA循环及视黄醇代谢等通路, 揭示了ADB-BUTINACA引发脂质与能量代谢紊乱的潜在风险[8]。因此, 为更全面地揭示ADB-BUTINACA的毒性作用机制, 本研究构建大鼠模型模拟ADB-BUTINACA暴露状态, 结合非靶向尿液代谢组学开展毒性机制探索, 不仅具有理论价值, 也有助于为临床诊断与干预提供早期生物标志物与潜在靶点。
代谢组学是近年来兴起的重要组学技术, 尤其是非靶向代谢组学(non-targeted metabolomics), 通过对生物样本中所有小分子代谢物进行全面检测, 可同时检测千余种代谢物, 并通过多元统计分析(如PCA、OPLS-DA) 识别暴露相关差异代谢物[9, 10]。此外, 代谢组学能够放大基因和蛋白表达的微小变化, 可用于分析生物转化路径、推断毒性机制并筛选潜在毒性相关代谢标志物[11, 12]。近年来, 该技术已被广泛应用于新型毒品、环境污染物和药物毒性研究中, 展现出良好的灵敏性与临床转化潜力[13]。相较于血液或脑组织样本, 尿液样本因其具备采集方便、无创和代谢物种类丰富的特点, 在代谢组学研究中具有独特优势[14, 15]。尿液能反映体内代谢过程的末端产物变化, 适用于代谢产物筛查与毒性暴露后的全身反应分析。合成大麻素代谢物(如ADB-BUTINACA acid) 在尿液中检出窗口长达24 h, 是研究毒性反应动态变化的重要样本来源[16]。此外, 本研究进一步整合分子对接技术, 通过预测ADB-BUTINACA和蛋白质之间的相互作用来验证代谢组学推断的毒性作用靶点, 揭示其毒性分子机制[17]。
综上所述, 合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA作为一种高毒性和高滥用潜力的新精神活性物质, 其毒理机制亟待阐明。本研究基于急性大鼠暴露模型, 基于非靶向代谢组学技术, 结合分子对接技术, 系统分析了尿液代谢产物, 旨在揭示ADB-BUTINACA诱导的关键代谢通路紊乱、挖掘潜在的毒性相关生物标志物并初步构建其毒性作用的机制网络图谱。研究结果将有助于揭示ADB-BUTINACA毒性机制, 并为其临床检测与干预提供理论依据与方法参考。
实验动物  18只SPF级成年雄性SD大鼠(体重190~210 g, 购自上海瑞莱克斯实验动物有限公司) 于温度24 ± 2 ℃、相对湿度55% ± 10%、12 h光/暗循环的屏障环境中适应性饲养1周, 自由摄食饮水。实验方案符合实验动物福利伦理要求, 并取得浙江中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20220718-11)。
药物与试剂  ADB-BUTINACA化合物C18H26N4O2的标准品(纯度≥ 99.8%, 购自上海原思标物科技有限公司); 甲酸(HPLC级, 纯度≥ 96%, 购自美国Tedia公司); 乙腈和甲醇(HPLC级) 以及标准品2-氯苯丙氨酸、L-蛋氨酸-d₃、苯丙氨酸-d₈和柠檬酸-d₄均购自德国Merck公司。
仪器与设备  UltiMateTM 3000超高效液相系统(包括自动进样器、恒温柱温箱、四元泵、真空脱气机) 和Q-Exactive高分辨四极杆静电场轨道阱质谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司); Milli-Q水纯化系统(法国Millipore公司); ALLEGRA X-15R高速离心机(美国Beckman公司)。
给药方案  大鼠随机分为3组(n = 6): 对照组(等体积蒸馏水灌胃)、低剂量组(0.1 mg·kg-1)、高剂量组(1 mg·kg-1)。ADB-BUTINACA标准品(纯度≥ 99.8%, 上海原思标物科技有限公司)。实验前禁食12 h, 按5 mL·kg-1的灌胃体积单次给药, 对照组灌胃同等体积蒸馏水。实验期间, 各组大鼠均食用标准饲料。
尿液样品制备  给药24 h后收集大鼠尿液(代谢笼个体收集), 液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存。检测前室温解冻混匀后, 取20 μL尿液, 与67 μL混标(包括2-氯苯丙氨酸、L-蛋氨酸-d3、苯丙氨酸-d8和柠檬酸-d4) 共同加入913 μL 0.1%甲酸水溶液中, 涡旋混匀30 s, 4 ℃静置10 min, 12 000 ×g离心5 min, 取上清液经0.22 μm聚醚砜滤膜过滤, 转移至进样瓶中供UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS采集分析。
代谢组学分析  数据采集使用UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS系统。代谢物分离采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水, 流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈, 梯度洗脱条件如下: 0~3 min, 2% B; 3~15 min, 2%~100% B; 15~18 min, 100% B; 18~18.5 min, 100%~2% B; 18.5~21 min, 2% B, 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 柱温30 ℃。质谱采用HESI离子源, 正/负离子模式, 鞘气40 L·min-1, 辅助气10 L·min-1, 毛细管温度350 ℃, Full MS/ddMS2扫描(m/z 60~900), 分辨率70 000 (MS1)、15 000 (MS2), 碰撞能量20/40/60 eV。每6个样本插入QC混合样监控系统稳定性。
数据分析与统计  原始数据经Compound Discoverer 3.2软件(美国Thermo Fisher公司) 提取峰面积、对齐及内标校正, 生成代谢物特征矩阵。将实验获得的MS/MS谱与mzCloud和HMDB等数据库中高分辨标准谱图进行相似度比对(包括特征碎片离子及其相对丰度模式), 仅保留谱图匹配度较高的代谢物作为可靠候选, 本论文鉴定出的代谢物归类为MSI Level 2注释。数据经以10为底的对数转换和Pareto标准化后, 使用SIMCA-P 14.1软件(瑞典Umetrics公司) 进行多元统计分析, 采用主成分分析(PCA) 评估样本间分布与组内差异, 进一步采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA) 构建模型, 以区分ADB-BUTINACA暴露组与对照组间的代谢模式差异。通过模型交叉验证和置换检验(n = 200) 评估模型的稳定性与可靠性。根据OPLS-DA模型结果, 结合变量重要性投影值(VIP) > 1、单因素统计分析的P < 0.05和FC > 2或FC < 0.5, 筛选统计学显著的差异代谢物。利用MetaboAnalyst 6.0平台, 结合KEGG数据库进行代谢通路富集分析与功能注释, 识别显著扰动的代谢通路。
分子对接  本研究中, ALDH3的晶体结构来源于蛋白质数据库(PDB ID: 8BB8, http://www.rcsb.org/pdb)。ADB-BUTINACA的结构可从PubChem数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound) 中获取, 以便后续进行分子对接计算。在进行这些计算之前, 所有水分子都从结构中移除。使用AutoDock Tools 1.5.6版本对蛋白质结构进行预处理, 并利用AutoDock Vina识别共晶配体结合位点并执行分子对接, 计算结合亲和力能量。在正式对接过程之前, 提取蛋白质中的原始共晶配体以进行重对接, 每次对接运行9次, 选择亲和能最低的构象作为最终结合模式并计算均方根偏差(RMSD), 以评估该对接方法在该蛋白质系统中的相关性。最后, 使用LigPlus进行配体相互作用分析。LigPlus是一款用于生成配体-蛋白质相互作用的二维示意图的软件, 有助于理解配体与蛋白质之间的相互作用模式和接触点。
对正、负离子模式下的不同剂量组进行了多元统计分析。PCA分析结果如图1所示, 各组间分离显著且QC样本较集中, 说明检测过程中仪器稳定, 检测结果可靠, 其中正离子模式下PCA模型的R2为0.625, Q2为0.316, 负离子模式下, PCA模型的R2为0.512, Q2为0.345, 结果显示两个模型的解释能力一般、预测能力较弱, 在样本分类和组间差异识别中的作用有限。因而进一步采用OPLS-DA模型(图2) 分析ADB-BUTINACA对尿液代谢组的影响。正、负离子模式下各模型均展现出较高的对X、Y变量的解释能力以及整体预测能力, 具备组间差异识别的优越性。为进一步验证模型的可靠性, 作者对各OPLS-DA模型采取了置换检验(图3), 200次置换检验中, 各模型的预测参数Q2的线性回归方程在Y轴上截距均小于0, 说明模型可靠, 没有过拟合。
本研究通过构建S-plot图对ADB-BUTINACA干预后大鼠血清中的代谢产物进行了可视化分析, 以识别潜在的差异性代谢标志物(图4)。图中每一个点对应不同的代谢物, 其中红色点所对应的代谢物在统计学上呈显著变化, 具有较高的可靠性与代表性。当S-plot图中的点位于第一象限时, 说明其在干预组中相较于对照组上调; 而位于第三象限的点则呈现下调趋势。综合分析结果表明, 不同剂量ADB-BUTINACA的干预均诱导了一系列显著变化的代谢物, 这些代谢物可能与药物干预所引起的生理反应密切相关, 具备成为潜在生物标志物的研究价值。
进一步根据VIP、P、FC值筛选差异代谢物(P < 0.05, VIP > 1, FC > 2/FC < 0.5), 在利用HMDB和mzCloud数据库比对差异代谢物的一、二级质谱后, 低、高剂量ADB-BUTINACA干预组共筛选出52种潜在的标志性差异代谢物, 其中上调代谢物20种, 下调代谢物32种。上调代谢物包括牛磺酸、苯乙醛、苯乙酰甘氨酸等; 下调代谢物包括甲硫氨酸、胆碱、精氨酸等。为了揭示不同组别样本中差异代谢物的整体表达模式, 本研究选取上述52种差异代谢物绘制热图。如图5所示, 聚类热图直观展示了对照组和ADB-BUTINACA低以及高剂量组的差异代谢物的含量变化情况。颜色标度表示log2(FC), 红色表示丰度相对较高, 蓝色表示丰度相对较低, 由聚类热图可以发现牛磺酸、苯乙醛、苯乙酰甘氨酸等差异代谢物的水平随ADB-BUTINACA浓度的升高而上调; 胆碱、甲硫氨酸等差异代谢物的水平随ADB-BUTINACA浓度的降低而下调。
将差异代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst 6.0的通路分析模块中, 以揭示与ADB-BUTINACA暴露相关的潜在代谢通路, 如图6所示: ADB-BUTINACA的差异代谢物显著富集在苯丙氨酸代谢、精氨酸生物合成、一碳代谢、牛磺酸和次牛磺酸代谢、维生素B6代谢、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢这六条代谢通路上。如图7, 这些代谢途径中, 暴露于高剂量ADB-BUTINACA下的大鼠尿液中牛磺酸、苯乙醛、苯乙醛甘氨酸含量显著上调, 而甲硫氨酸、胆碱含量显著下调。其中甲硫氨酸与胆碱具有显著的剂量依赖性, 是潜在的生物标志物。
非靶向代谢组学分析显示ADB-BUTINACA暴露显著扰动了苯丙氨酸代谢通路, 并且差异代谢物苯乙醛和苯乙酰甘氨酸异常上调。为进一步探讨ADB-BUTINACA对苯丙氨酸代谢的干扰作用, 本研究采用AutoDock Vina对ADB-BUTINACA与醛脱氢酶(ALDH3) 进行分子对接。如图8所示, ADB-BUTINACA与酶分子之间的相互作用被展示为球棒模型, 其中小分子ADB-BUTINACA通过紫色阴影标示。氢键相互作用以绿色虚线表示, 而非共价相互作用则通过带辐条的弧线表示。当配体与受体的结合构象较为稳定时, 相应的亲和能更低。研究结果显示, ADB-BUTINACA与ALDH3的亲和能为-7.8 kcal·mol-1, 揭示小分子ADB-BUTINACA与苯丙氨酸代谢的关键酶之间具有较强的结合亲和力。表明ADB-BUTINACA与ALDH3的结合具有较强的竞争力, 并能形成稳定的结合结构。通过关键氨基酸残基互作图谱分析(图8) 发现, ADB-BUTINACA与ALDH3与Ser188、Glu140、Val191、Gly187、Leu 253、Phe 335和Trp113形成非键连接, 与Thr112、Ser139和Tyr185残基形成氢键连接。分子对接实验表明, ADB-BUTINACA可通过高亲和力结合ALDH3并抑制其活性, 从而导致了苯丙氨酸代谢通路的紊乱。
ADB-BUTINACA作为一种效力极强合成大麻素受体激动剂, 近年来在全球范围内被广泛滥用, 但其体内代谢转化途径及其毒理学作用研究仍处于初级阶段。为深入解析其毒性作用机制, 本研究通过代谢组学分析发现ADB-BUTINACA暴露可显著扰动苯丙氨酸代谢和一碳代谢这两条代谢通路。在苯丙氨酸代谢通路中, 关键中间代谢物苯乙醛和苯乙酰甘氨酸的水平发生显著变化。苯乙醛是一种高反应性的宿主-微生物共代谢物, 其积累可诱导活性氧(ROS) 产生, 介导氧化应激和细胞损伤, 并与慢性萎缩性胃炎等病理状态密切相关[18-20]。苯乙酰甘氨酸是肠道菌群依赖代谢途径的终产物, 其上调表明ADB-BUTINACA可能通过抑制ALDH3阻断了苯乙醛的正常氧化, 转而激活了肠道菌群依赖的苯丙氨酸代谢分支[21]。值得注意的是, 苯乙酰甘氨酸作为宿主肠道微生物群的一种促进血栓形成的副产品, 被认为是促进血栓形成的危险因素和心血管疾病生物标志物[21-23]。且苯乙酰甘氨酸水平升高也与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD) 密切相关, 新近研究进一步显示, 患有自闭症谱系障碍儿童的尿液中检测到苯乙酰甘氨酸的增加, 在自闭症谱系障碍患者组的通路富集研究中, 苯丙氨酸代谢被显著富集, 苯乙醛被认为参与苯丙氨酸代谢途径, 并已被网络和机器学习模型确定为潜在的自闭症谱系障碍的生物标志物, 这与本研究结果相呼应[24, 25]。这些发现提示, ADB-BUTINACA对苯丙氨酸代谢的扰动, 特别是苯乙醛积累和苯乙酰甘氨酸上调, 可能是其诱发心血管毒性和潜在神经发育毒性的重要代谢基础。另一方面, 一碳代谢作为整合叶酸循环、甲硫氨酸循环和胆碱代谢的核心网络, 对维持氧化还原稳态和甲基化反应至关重要[26]。胆碱与甲硫氨酸作为其中的关键代谢物已被证实与氧化应激密切相关: 胆碱可调节大鼠急性肾损伤以及热应激诱导的氧化应激而甲硫氨酸缺乏同样会导致氧化应激, 本研究中甲硫氨酸、胆碱水平的下降, 表明ADB-BUTINACA可能通过影响一碳代谢, 进一步导致了氧化应激[27-29]。需要指出的是, 胆碱和甲硫氨酸目前仅为基于非靶向代谢组学筛选得到的候选毒性生物标志物, 尚未在独立样本中通过靶向定量方法和功能实验完成系统确证。因此, 相关分子在ADB-BUTINACA暴露监测和毒性评估中的应用价值仍需在进一步研究中加以验证。
分子对接研究为上述代谢扰动提供了分子机制解释。ADB-BUTINACA与醛脱氢酶ALDH3的亲和能为-7.8 kcal·mol-1, 通过高亲和力结合醛脱氢酶ALDH3直接抑制其催化活性, 导致苯丙氨酸代谢通路发生显著性扰动。而ALDH3是ALDH超家族的重要成员, 在氧化应激防御和脂质稳态中发挥关键作用[30]。ADB-BUTINACA通过结合ALDH3, 直接抑制了其催化活性。由于ALDH3被抑制, 苯乙醛无法被有效氧化清除而导致异常积累。苯乙醛的积累不仅是氧化应激的诱因, 也推动了代谢流向苯乙酰甘氨酸生成的分支偏移, 导致其水平的上调[18]。同时, ALDH3本身作为氧化应激防御的关键酶, 其活性的抑制会直接削弱细胞清除活性醛类的能力, 进一步加剧氧化损伤[27]。此外, 在本研究中具有强抗氧化能力的牛磺酸水平显著上调, 为细胞内氧化还原压力增加提供了进一步的佐证[31, 32]。
综上所述, 合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA通过靶向结合并抑制醛脱氢酶ALDH3活性, 扰动了苯丙氨酸代谢与一碳代谢等关键代谢途径进而导致氧化应激, 对机体产生毒性影响, 本研究通过大鼠急性暴露模型, 结合非靶向代谢组学与分子对接技术, 系统阐明了ADB-BUTINACA的代谢毒性机制, 确定了2种潜在的生物标志物、52种标志性差异代谢物及6条受显著影响的代谢途径, 为ADB-BUTINACA的毒理评估与临床检测提供了理论依据。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1178
  • 接收时间:2025-10-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-02
  • 修回日期:2026-01-10
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    1浙江警察学院, 全省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310052
    2浙江工业大学化学工程学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
    3国家毒品实验室浙江分中心, 浙江 杭州 310052

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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