Article(id=1308828816001302540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978706598, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978706598, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978706598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978706598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=896, endPage=909, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828817809047565, articleId=1308828816001302540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the preparation of volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang solidification using porous carriers and evaluation of its sustained-release performance, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important intermediate in TCM preparations. However, its strong volatility and poor stability hinder the stable application of solid preparations containing volatile oil. There is an urgent need to develop novel stabilization and sustained/controlled-release technologies. In this study, four porous materials, namely SiO2, Sylysia 350FCP silica (350FCP-SiO2), Sylysia 770FCP silica (770FCP-SiO2), and porous starch, were used to prepare solidified powder of the volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang (CMVO). Comprehensive characterization of the solidified powder was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), simultaneous thermal analysis, and electronic nose methods. The pore size, pore characteristics of the materials, and the release behavior of the components before and after solidification of the volatile oil were analyzed to evaluate its sustained-release performance. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to evaluate the correlation between the key physicochemical parameters of the carrier materials and the adsorption rate of the essential oil, as well as the sustained/controlled-release performance of the components. The results showed that among the four carriers, 350FCP-SiO2 exhibited the strongest adsorption capacity for the essential oil, with an adsorption ratio of essential oil to carrier as high as 2.5 mL·g-1. In terms of sustained-release performance, 350FCP-SiO2 and 770FCP-SiO2 exhibited a sustained-release effect on benzylacetone, a strongly volatile component in CMVO. Correlation analysis indicated that the adsorption rate of the material was positively correlated with the BJH cumulative adsorption volume and the total single-point adsorption pore volume. The 24-hour retention rate of benzylacetone was mainly positively correlated with the t-plot micropore volume and t-plot micropore area of the material, while dehydrocostus lactone, a weakly volatile component, was less affected by the carrier material during its release process. This study demonstrates that porous materials with different physicochemical properties and pore characteristics can effectively regulate the sustained-release performance of different volatile components in TCM essential oils. The findings provide theoretical basis and application reference for the solidification and stabilization of TCM essential oils.

, authors=Hui-ting LI1, Xiao-ying HUANG1, 2, Yi CHEN1, Meng-ya GONG1, Jia-hui WANG1, Hua HE1, Gang-nan CHEN1, Ming YANG1, *, authorsList=Hui-ting LI, Xiao-ying HUANG, Yi CHEN, Meng-ya GONG, Jia-hui WANG, Hua HE, Gang-nan CHEN, Ming YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828819348357146, articleId=1308828816001302540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=多孔载体固化沉木挥发油的制备及其缓释性能评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药挥发油是中药制剂的重要中间体, 但挥发性强、稳定性差, 不利于含挥发油固体制剂的稳定应用, 亟需开发新型稳定化、控释技术。本研究采用二氧化硅、Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅、多孔淀粉4种多孔材料制备沉木挥发油固化粉末, 采用扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热法、同步热分析、电子鼻等方法对固化粉末进行全面表征; 对材料孔径、孔隙特征及其固化挥发油前后的成分释放行为进行分析, 评价其缓释性能; 最后, 通过多元统计分析方法评价载体关键理化参数与精油吸附率、成分缓控释性能的相关性。结果表明, 4种载体中, Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅对精油吸附力最强, 精油∶载体吸附比例高达2.5 mL·g-1; 在缓释性能方面, Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅对沉木挥发油中强挥发性成分苄基丙酮起到了缓释作用; 相关性分析表明, 材料吸附率主要与BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积呈正相关性; 苄基丙酮24 h保留率主要与材料t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积呈较高正相关性; 沉木挥发油中弱挥发性成分去氢木香内酯的释放过程受载体影响较小。研究表明, 具有不同理化特性及孔隙特征的多孔材料可有效调控中药精油不同挥发性成分的缓释性能, 该研究可为中药精油固化、稳定化提供理论依据和应用参考。

, authors=李慧婷1, 黄小英1, 2, 陈义1, 龚梦雅1, 王佳惠1, 何华1, 陈纲楠1, 杨明1, *, authorsList=李慧婷, 黄小英, 陈义, 龚梦雅, 王佳惠, 何华, 陈纲楠, 杨明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨明, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李慧婷负责实验操作和论文整体框架设计、撰写与修改; 黄小英参与研究方案的设计; 陈义负责理化表征的数据处理和图片制作; 龚梦雅、王佳惠参与部分实验; 何华、陈纲楠参与文献资料的调研; 杨明负责总体思路的提出和设计, 对论文进行指导与修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨明, Tel: 86-791-87119032, E-mail:
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Chin J Nat Med, 2016, 14: 177-184., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308834459844182583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834459852571192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, companyId=1308834459844182583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834459860959801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, companyId=1308834459844182583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308834459940651578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834459953234491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, companyId=1308834459940651578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for TCM Essential Oils and Development of TCM Aromatherapy Products at the New District, Jiangxi Guxiangjinyun Great Health Industry Co. 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A: CMVO-SiO2-SP (CMVO∶SiO2 = 0.1∶1, 0.2∶1); B: CMVO-350FCP-SP (CMVO∶350FCP-SiO2 = 0.5∶1, 1∶1, 1.5∶1, 2∶1, 2.5∶1, 3∶1); C: CMVO-770FCP-SP (CMVO∶770FCP-SiO2 = 0.1∶1, 0.3∶1, 0.5∶1); D: CMVO-PS-SP (CMVO∶PS = 0.1∶1, 0.3∶1, 0.5∶1). CMVO: Volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang; PS: Porous starch, figureFileSmall=Ar/3IGIAUQjIc2nx4OBM1g==, figureFileBig=jnTuEXrQDSquBggeewi5tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834465045119606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OzWYA01Tu+stgUDmWL0gZg==, figureFileBig=7udwFcAx7C87TaAd/skIKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834465103839863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Methodological investigation of GC-MS and evaluation of CMVO release characteristics at 25 ℃. A: Chromatograms of blank control sample (a), mixed standard sample (b), test sample (c), standard curve of benzylacetone (d), standard curve of dehydrocostuslactone (e); B: Changes in content of benzylacetone and dehydrocostus lactone (a), changes in retention rate of benzylacetone and dehydrocostus lactone (b); C: Release curves of major volatile components; D: Cluster analysis of major component release curves, figureFileSmall=OzWYA01Tu+stgUDmWL0gZg==, figureFileBig=7udwFcAx7C87TaAd/skIKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834465166754424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gymFRDJYH1G11GBuG3SL3w==, figureFileBig=oi82+kVBxPufj3wlrQ0UDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834465238057593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in component content of four porous materials after loading CMVO. A: The content of benzylacetone in samples of four porous materials with different oil loading ratios at 25 ℃ for 0 and 24 h; B: The content of dehydrocostus lactone in samples of four porous materials with different oil loading ratios at 25 ℃ for 0 and 24 h; C: 24-Hour content variation curves of benzylacetone and dehydrocostus lactone in four materials with optimal oil-adsorption ratios, figureFileSmall=gymFRDJYH1G11GBuG3SL3w==, figureFileBig=oi82+kVBxPufj3wlrQ0UDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834466919973498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y6T5ulRXYezuQ9CZaLRtBQ==, figureFileBig=8a+6AprWXXax6IsjNFHSHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467008053883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Characterization diagram of porous materials and their solidified powders with CMVO. A: The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of SiO2 (a), CMVO-SiO2-SP (b), 350FCP-SiO2 (c), CMVO-350FCP-SP (d), 770FCP-SiO2 (e), CMVO-770FCP-SP (f), PS (g), CMVO-PS-SP (h); B: Thermal gravity (TG) of CMVO and solidified powders; C: Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves of CMVO and solidified powders; D: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization diagrams; E: X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern; F: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra; G: Radar analysis of odor information, figureFileSmall=Y6T5ulRXYezuQ9CZaLRtBQ==, figureFileBig=8a+6AprWXXax6IsjNFHSHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467083551356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dVGh5kYtQ1Uh/5fUpc5ToQ==, figureFileBig=jAzOnZBLj+TVaxxl4OLB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467184214653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Particle size distribution and N2 absorption/desorption isotherms of porous carriers. A: Particle size distribution of SiO2 (a), 350FCP-SiO2 (b), 770FCP-SiO2 (c), PS (d); B: N2 absorption/desorption isotherms, figureFileSmall=dVGh5kYtQ1Uh/5fUpc5ToQ==, figureFileBig=jAzOnZBLj+TVaxxl4OLB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467251323518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=raasDrOvuDGvpB8IqF+sdg==, figureFileBig=/9RdyXAVIcwDVlT6wkvqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467331015295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Partial least squares regression (PLS) model regression and variable influence on projection (VIP) contribution analysis. A: Correlation between optimal adsorption capacity and physical parameters; B: Correlation between benzylacetone retention rate and physical parameters; C: Correlation between dehydrocostus lactone retention rate and physical parameters; D: VIP contribution of physical parameters to optimal adsorption capacity; E: VIP contribution of physical parameters to benzylacetone retention rate; F: VIP contribution of physical parameters to dehydrocostus lactone retention rate, figureFileSmall=raasDrOvuDGvpB8IqF+sdg==, figureFileBig=/9RdyXAVIcwDVlT6wkvqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834467419095680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pore structural parameterParameter nameSiO2350FCP-SiO2770FCP-SiO2PS
Specific surface area/m2·g-1Single point surface area4.12266.86438.764.51
BET surface area4.63284.14472.326.69
Langmuir surface area4.13334.04525.70-35.70
T-plot micropore area0.6174.34446.133.57
T-plot external surface area4.03209.8026.193.12
BJH adsorption cumulative surface area of pores3.47255.55228.163.21
BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores4.60409.91177.787.56
Pore volume/cm3·g-1Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores0.008 91.355 40.269 20.008 5
T-plot micropore volume-0.000 00.030 20.234 00.000 8
BJH adsorption cumulative volume of pores0.008 11.357 80.168 30.007 2
BJH desorption cumulative volume of pores0.008 41.359 80.139 60.008 9
Pore diameter/nmAdsorption average pore diameter7.6519.082.285.07
BJH adsorption average pore width9.3421.252.958.91
BJH desorption average pore width7.2813.273.144.70
), ArticleFig(id=1308834467502981761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Specific surface area, pore volume, pore size of 4 types of porous materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pore structural parameterParameter nameSiO2350FCP-SiO2770FCP-SiO2PS
Specific surface area/m2·g-1Single point surface area4.12266.86438.764.51
BET surface area4.63284.14472.326.69
Langmuir surface area4.13334.04525.70-35.70
T-plot micropore area0.6174.34446.133.57
T-plot external surface area4.03209.8026.193.12
BJH adsorption cumulative surface area of pores3.47255.55228.163.21
BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores4.60409.91177.787.56
Pore volume/cm3·g-1Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores0.008 91.355 40.269 20.008 5
T-plot micropore volume-0.000 00.030 20.234 00.000 8
BJH adsorption cumulative volume of pores0.008 11.357 80.168 30.007 2
BJH desorption cumulative volume of pores0.008 41.359 80.139 60.008 9
Pore diameter/nmAdsorption average pore diameter7.6519.082.285.07
BJH adsorption average pore width9.3421.252.958.91
BJH desorption average pore width7.2813.273.144.70
), ArticleFig(id=1308834467578479234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variabled90SpanBET surface areaT-plot micropore areaBJH adsorption cumulative surface area of poresSingle point adsorption total pore volume of poresT-plot micropore volumeBJH adsorption cumulative volume of poresBJH adsorption average pore width24 h retention rate of benzylacetoneOptimum adsorption rate24 h retention rate of dehydrocostus lactone
d901.0.466-0.279-0.097-0.402-0.439-0.083-0.431-0.335-0.083-0.317-0.529
Span0.4661.0.4810.7830.108-0.5000.800-0.558-0.8580.802-0.5480.009
BET surface area-0.2790.4811.0.9000.9110.4480.8840.379-0.1170.8800.331-0.185
T-plot micropore area-0.0970.7830.9001.0.6410.0140.999**-0.063-0.5380.999**-0.1100.050
BJH adsorption cumulative surface area of pores-0.4020.1080.9110.6411.0.7760.6130.7260.3020.6070.687- 0.372
Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores- 0.439-0.5000.4480.0140.7761.-0.0220.997**0.835-0.0290.985*-0.530
T-plot micropore volume-0.0830.8000.8840.999**0.613-0.0221.-0.098-0.5681.000**-0.1460.072
BJH adsorption cumulative volume of pores-0.431-0.5580.379-0.0630.7260.997**-0.0981.0.875-0.1050.992**-0.533
BJH adsorption average pore width-0.335-0.858-0.117-0.5380.3020.835-0.5680.8751.-0.5730.889-0.458
24 h retention rate of benzylacetone-0.0830.8020.8800.999**0.607-0.0291.000**-0.105-0.5731.-0.1530.078
Optimum adsorption rate-0.317-0.5480.331-0.1100.6870.985*-0.1460.992**0.889-0.1531.-0.628
24 h retention rate of dehydrocostus lactone-0.5290.009-0.1850.050-0.372-0.5300.072-0.533-0.4580.078-0.6281.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834467645588099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828816001302540, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation between physical property parameters of porous carriers and optimum adsorption rate, 24 h retention rate of benzylacetone and dehydrocostus lactone. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01

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Variabled90SpanBET surface areaT-plot micropore areaBJH adsorption cumulative surface area of poresSingle point adsorption total pore volume of poresT-plot micropore volumeBJH adsorption cumulative volume of poresBJH adsorption average pore width24 h retention rate of benzylacetoneOptimum adsorption rate24 h retention rate of dehydrocostus lactone
d901.0.466-0.279-0.097-0.402-0.439-0.083-0.431-0.335-0.083-0.317-0.529
Span0.4661.0.4810.7830.108-0.5000.800-0.558-0.8580.802-0.5480.009
BET surface area-0.2790.4811.0.9000.9110.4480.8840.379-0.1170.8800.331-0.185
T-plot micropore area-0.0970.7830.9001.0.6410.0140.999**-0.063-0.5380.999**-0.1100.050
BJH adsorption cumulative surface area of pores-0.4020.1080.9110.6411.0.7760.6130.7260.3020.6070.687- 0.372
Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores- 0.439-0.5000.4480.0140.7761.-0.0220.997**0.835-0.0290.985*-0.530
T-plot micropore volume-0.0830.8000.8840.999**0.613-0.0221.-0.098-0.5681.000**-0.1460.072
BJH adsorption cumulative volume of pores-0.431-0.5580.379-0.0630.7260.997**-0.0981.0.875-0.1050.992**-0.533
BJH adsorption average pore width-0.335-0.858-0.117-0.5380.3020.835-0.5680.8751.-0.5730.889-0.458
24 h retention rate of benzylacetone-0.0830.8020.8800.999**0.607-0.0291.000**-0.105-0.5731.-0.1530.078
Optimum adsorption rate-0.317-0.5480.331-0.1100.6870.985*-0.1460.992**0.889-0.1531.-0.628
24 h retention rate of dehydrocostus lactone-0.5290.009-0.1850.050-0.372-0.5300.072-0.533-0.4580.078-0.6281.
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多孔载体固化沉木挥发油的制备及其缓释性能评价
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李慧婷 1 , 黄小英 1, 2 , 陈义 1 , 龚梦雅 1 , 王佳惠 1 , 何华 1 , 陈纲楠 1 , 杨明 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 896-909
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 896 -909
多孔载体固化沉木挥发油的制备及其缓释性能评价
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李慧婷1, 黄小英1, 2, 陈义1, 龚梦雅1, 王佳惠1, 何华1, 陈纲楠1, 杨明1, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2江西古香今韵大健康产业有限公司, 中药精油关键技术及中医香疗产品开发新区级重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330029
通讯作者:
杨明, Tel: 86-791-87119032, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李慧婷负责实验操作和论文整体框架设计、撰写与修改; 黄小英参与研究方案的设计; 陈义负责理化表征的数据处理和图片制作; 龚梦雅、王佳惠参与部分实验; 何华、陈纲楠参与文献资料的调研; 杨明负责总体思路的提出和设计, 对论文进行指导与修改。

Study on the preparation of volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang solidification using porous carriers and evaluation of its sustained-release performance
Hui-ting LI1, Xiao-ying HUANG1, 2, Yi CHEN1, Meng-ya GONG1, Jia-hui WANG1, Hua HE1, Gang-nan CHEN1, Ming YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for TCM Essential Oils and Development of TCM Aromatherapy Products at the New District, Jiangxi Guxiangjinyun Great Health Industry Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330029, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0247
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中药挥发油是中药制剂的重要中间体, 但挥发性强、稳定性差, 不利于含挥发油固体制剂的稳定应用, 亟需开发新型稳定化、控释技术。本研究采用二氧化硅、Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅、多孔淀粉4种多孔材料制备沉木挥发油固化粉末, 采用扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热法、同步热分析、电子鼻等方法对固化粉末进行全面表征; 对材料孔径、孔隙特征及其固化挥发油前后的成分释放行为进行分析, 评价其缓释性能; 最后, 通过多元统计分析方法评价载体关键理化参数与精油吸附率、成分缓控释性能的相关性。结果表明, 4种载体中, Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅对精油吸附力最强, 精油∶载体吸附比例高达2.5 mL·g-1; 在缓释性能方面, Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅对沉木挥发油中强挥发性成分苄基丙酮起到了缓释作用; 相关性分析表明, 材料吸附率主要与BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积呈正相关性; 苄基丙酮24 h保留率主要与材料t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积呈较高正相关性; 沉木挥发油中弱挥发性成分去氢木香内酯的释放过程受载体影响较小。研究表明, 具有不同理化特性及孔隙特征的多孔材料可有效调控中药精油不同挥发性成分的缓释性能, 该研究可为中药精油固化、稳定化提供理论依据和应用参考。

沉香-木香精油  /  二氧化硅  /  Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅  /  Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅  /  多孔淀粉  /  缓释性能  /  精油稳定化技术

Volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important intermediate in TCM preparations. However, its strong volatility and poor stability hinder the stable application of solid preparations containing volatile oil. There is an urgent need to develop novel stabilization and sustained/controlled-release technologies. In this study, four porous materials, namely SiO2, Sylysia 350FCP silica (350FCP-SiO2), Sylysia 770FCP silica (770FCP-SiO2), and porous starch, were used to prepare solidified powder of the volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang (CMVO). Comprehensive characterization of the solidified powder was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), simultaneous thermal analysis, and electronic nose methods. The pore size, pore characteristics of the materials, and the release behavior of the components before and after solidification of the volatile oil were analyzed to evaluate its sustained-release performance. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to evaluate the correlation between the key physicochemical parameters of the carrier materials and the adsorption rate of the essential oil, as well as the sustained/controlled-release performance of the components. The results showed that among the four carriers, 350FCP-SiO2 exhibited the strongest adsorption capacity for the essential oil, with an adsorption ratio of essential oil to carrier as high as 2.5 mL·g-1. In terms of sustained-release performance, 350FCP-SiO2 and 770FCP-SiO2 exhibited a sustained-release effect on benzylacetone, a strongly volatile component in CMVO. Correlation analysis indicated that the adsorption rate of the material was positively correlated with the BJH cumulative adsorption volume and the total single-point adsorption pore volume. The 24-hour retention rate of benzylacetone was mainly positively correlated with the t-plot micropore volume and t-plot micropore area of the material, while dehydrocostus lactone, a weakly volatile component, was less affected by the carrier material during its release process. This study demonstrates that porous materials with different physicochemical properties and pore characteristics can effectively regulate the sustained-release performance of different volatile components in TCM essential oils. The findings provide theoretical basis and application reference for the solidification and stabilization of TCM essential oils.

volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang  /  SiO2  /  350FCP-SiO2  /  770FCP-SiO2  /  porous starch  /  controlled release performance  /  oil stabilization technology
李慧婷, 黄小英, 陈义, 龚梦雅, 王佳惠, 何华, 陈纲楠, 杨明. 多孔载体固化沉木挥发油的制备及其缓释性能评价. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 896 -909 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0247
Hui-ting LI, Xiao-ying HUANG, Yi CHEN, Meng-ya GONG, Jia-hui WANG, Hua HE, Gang-nan CHEN, Ming YANG. Study on the preparation of volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang solidification using porous carriers and evaluation of its sustained-release performance[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 896 -909 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0247
中药挥发油又称精油, 是一类具有挥发性的油状液体, 主要含萜类、酮类、酯类等化学成分, 是芳香中药的关键有效组分, 具有抗菌、抗炎、抗抑郁等显著、丰富的药理活性[1-4]。含挥发油中药材在中药固体制剂中广泛应用, 2020版《中华人民共和国药典》“成方制剂和单味制剂”中需单提挥发油并进行稳定化处理的固体制剂达170种[5]。但精油挥发性强、稳定性差, 极易受到温度等环境因素的影响, 导致其在固体制剂中难以稳定保存, 精油成分的固化、稳定化技术对于高质量中药制剂研发具有重要意义。目前, 大部分固体制剂中常用喷洒混合、直接混匀、环糊精包合3种固化方法处理挥发油, 但直接喷洒/混合极易导致挥发性成分的散失, 且不易混匀、载油量低、易渗油, 难以有效控制其含量均一性及质量稳定性, 也不利于后续制粒、压片等工艺的进行, 难以制备出稳定且易于成型的高质量固体制剂。目前普遍使用的环糊精包合技术, 也存在精油包封率低、载药量小、辅料用量大、易泄露、稳定性差等问题。
近年来, 以载体吸附对精油进行稳定化处理的方式逐渐受到关注, 即将精油吸附于载体材料中, 通过搅拌、研磨等简单工艺制成固化粉末, 以改善精油稳定性, 或便于以固体形式作为中间体混入颗粒、片剂等制剂中[6]。其中, 多孔载体因其较高的比表面积和孔隙率、良好的分散性和吸附选择性, 以及优异的生物相容性和低细胞毒性[7, 8], 作为吸附材料被广泛应用于药品、精油、香精香料等领域[9, 10], 是极具潜力的精油缓控释载体, 其缓控释机制主要是通过独特的孔隙结构和表面性质实现对挥发性成分在载体中释放速率的调控。目前, 固化精油的常用载体主要有多孔淀粉和多孔二氧化硅(silica, SiO2) 两类, 其吸附精油后能显著提高稳定性、改善物料制剂性能[11]、实现精油成分的缓/控释、工艺简单、成本低、吸附率高。此外, 多孔SiO2等材料具有生物惰性, 可以分解成相对无害的硅酸副产物[12, 13], 安全性较好。研究采用350FCP介孔SiO2固化陈皮、青皮挥发油, 发现其载油量高, 且固化后成分释放延缓[14]。多孔淀粉研磨吸附可固化杜香精油, 使其粉末化, 最大吸油量可达1.42 g·g-1, 固化粉末精油保留率为原精油的3.57倍, 且具备良好的热学稳定性[15]。Tian等[16]使用介孔二氧化硅Sylysia 350FCP固化柴翘挥发油, 发现固化粉末具有载药量大、热稳定性好、机械稳定性高等优点, 且能保持作为固体润滑剂、助流剂的优良特性, 不影响物料压缩过程及成型性, 具有良好的产业化前景。
沉木挥发油指沉香-木香挥发油(volatile oil of Chenxiang and Muxiang, CMVO), 在传统中医典籍中, 该中药药对常用于治疗气郁证, 如《济阳纲目》所载二香散; 现代用于疏肝解郁的沉香舒郁片、沉香化气片等多个中成药都含有该药对。挥发油是沉香、木香的主要有效部位, 沉香精油主要含苄基丙酮、沉香螺旋醇等特征成分, 木香精油主要成分为去氢木香内酯等[17-19]。课题组前期对该药对挥发油进行研究, 验证其具有良好的抗抑郁作用[2], 有良好的临床价值和市场应用前景。因此, 本研究以CMVO为研究对象, 采用SiO2、Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅(Sylysia 350FCP silica, 350FCP-SiO2)、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅(Sylysia 770FCP silica, 770FCP-SiO2)、多孔淀粉(porous starch, PS) 4种载体材料对其进行固化, 并优化吸附工艺、考察吸附性能。采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)、电子鼻、X-射线衍射(X-RD)、热重分析(thermal gravity, TG) 等方法对固化挥发油前后的载体材料进行表征, 探讨其吸附机制, 对固化粉末的热稳定性等关键属性进行评价。此外, 对多孔载体吸附精油后挥发性成分的释放规律进行考察, 评价材料的缓控释效果。最后, 对多孔材料的粒径、孔径、孔隙率、比表面积等粉体学特性进行测定, 将其与缓控释规律进行关联分析, 探究多孔材料影响挥发性成分释放的关键物理性质, 为探索可行的挥发性成分稳定化调控策略提供参考。
仪器   气相色谱-质谱联用仪(7890A/5975C型, 美国安捷伦科技有限公司); 扫描电子显微镜(Quant 250, 美国FEI公司); X射线衍射仪(Bruker D8, 德国布鲁克公司); 热重差热综合热分析仪(TG/DTA6300, 日本精工株式会社); 激光粒度测定仪(Mastersize 2000型, 英国马尔文仪器有限公司); BET物理吸附仪(TriStar Ⅱ Plus 2.02, 美国麦克公司); 差示扫描热分析仪(DSC250, 美国TA公司); FT-IR傅里叶红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS50, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 置顶电动搅拌器(RW50, 上海沪析实业有限公司); 电子鼻(SuperNose, 美国ISENSO公司); 可调式电热套(MH-5000型, 北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司); 超声波清洗机(DTC-15F型, 鼎泰生化科技设备制造有限公司); 电热鼓风干燥箱(GZX-9070MBE, 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂); 电子天平(BSA224S-CW, 赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司)。
试剂与材料    沉香挥发油(YHY-SC20204010, 广州香帮主沉香科技有限公司); 木香药材(20200927, 绵阳市长生园药材开发有限公司); 苄基丙酮标准品(批号: AF20101905)、去氢木香内酯标准品(AF20081756, 98%) 购自成都埃法生物科技有限公司; 二氧化硅(H1824116, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); Sylysia 350FCP二氧化硅、Sylysia 770FCP二氧化硅(TE-1361、SE-1180, 日本富士硅化学株式会社); 多孔淀粉(20190325, 辽宁立达生物科技有限公司); 无水硫酸钠(批号: 2009032TE-1361)、无水乙醇(2010239, AR级) 购自西陇科学股份有限公司。
CMVO及4种多孔材料固化精油粉末的制备    使用水蒸气蒸馏法提取木香精油, 将干燥的药材放入蒸馏水(1∶10, w/v) 中, 加热提取至挥发油收集器中精油不再增加为止, 从油水分离器中取挥发油, 加无水硫酸钠除水, 在棕色瓶中于阴凉处保存; 将提取所得木香精油按1∶1的比例与沉香精油混匀。
以4种多孔材料为载体, 分别制备固化CMVO的粉末。具体方法为: 称取适量的多孔材料粉末于烧杯中, 并按照挥发油(volatile oil, VO)∶多孔材料(carrier, CA) = 0.1∶1、0.2∶1 (v/w, mL/g) 等一系列比例(根据材料特性及吸附性能适当调整), 缓慢均匀加入CMVO, 采用置顶电动搅拌器将挥发油与多孔材料混匀, 搅拌速度为200 r·min-1, 时间6 min, 使CMVO被多孔材料均匀吸收, 制得固化粉末, 密封保存于铝箔袋中, 避光于阴凉处保存, 备用。
CMVO及多孔材料固化粉末的释放特性评价
样品制备  取CMVO及不同多孔材料固化精油粉末适量, 置于平底敞口玻璃皿中, 放置于25 ℃下, 分别于0、2、4、8、12、24 h取样, 用无水乙醇溶解定容, 称重, 超声处理15 min后, 冷却至室温再补足失重, 摇匀后过滤, 取续滤液, 进行GC-MS分析。
GC-MS分析  采用GC-MS对CMVO的成分及含量进行测定。气相色谱条件: 采用Agilent HP-5MS (30 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm) 毛细管柱, 载气为高纯度He (99.999%), 样品体积为1 µL, 分流比为10∶1, 流速为1 mL·min-1, 升温程序如下: 初始温度为70 ℃, 以15 ℃·min-1升至110 ℃, 再以7 ℃·min-1升至154 ℃ (保持5 min), 以1 ℃·min-1升至155 ℃ (保持5 min), 以1 ℃·min-1的速率升至157 ℃ (保持5 min), 以2 ℃·min-1升至165 ℃, 最后以10 ℃·min-1升至300 ℃ (保持5 min)。质谱条件: EI离子源, 电子能量70 eV, 离子源温度230 ℃, 质谱四极杆温度150 ℃, 界面温度250 ℃, 溶剂延迟3 min, 质量扫描模式为全扫描, 扫描范围30~650 amu。化学成分采用NIST 17.0质谱数据库进行鉴定。对该分析方法的专属性、线性范围、精密度、重复性及稳定性进行方法学考察。
释放曲线及释放特性评价  以苄基丙酮、去氢木香内酯为指标成分, 以0 h下挥发油中成分初始含量为参考, 按以下公式计算不同时间点下指标成分保留率: 指标成分保留率=最终含量(或峰面积) ÷初始含量(或峰面积) × 100%。
样品理化特性表征
扫描电镜  采用扫描电子显微镜观察4种多孔材料及其精油固化粉末的表面形态。将样品粉末均匀贴在导电胶上, 分散固定于电镜载物台上, 真空喷金处理, 观察样品的表观形貌。
同步热分析  使用热重差热综合热分析仪对4种多孔材料及其负载精油粉末进行热分析。取样品于Al2O3坩埚内, N2为载气, 升温速率10 ℃·min-1, 由室温升至400 ℃, 记录质量变化曲线。
差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)  用差示扫描量热仪表征4种多孔材料及其固化粉末的DSC曲线, 测试气氛为氮气, 温度: -20~200 ℃, 升温速率: 10 ℃·min-1。
X-射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction, XRD)  使用X-射线衍射仪对4种多孔材料及负载精油粉末进行XRD分析。样品粉末于石英槽中, 在衍射角度(2θ) 范围为5~90°内以10°·min-1的速率进行扫描, Cu靶, 压片测试电压40 kV, 电流40 mA, 步距0.02。
电子鼻分析  采用电子鼻对CMVO及其多孔载体固化粉末的香气特征进行分析。取适量挥发油或固化粉末于进样瓶中, 进气流速为0.6 L·min-1, 每个样品采样时间为120 s, 传感器自清洗时间为180 s, 通过仪器的14个传感器记录香气响应值, 每个样品平行测定3份。
傅里叶红外光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)  使用FT-IR对4种多孔载体及其固化CMVO粉末进行红外光谱分析, 获得其化学性质信息。样品与溴化钾研磨, 施加压力制成透明薄圆片。4 000~400 cm-1内获得样品的FT-IR光谱。
粉体学性质表征
粒径和粒径分布测定  采用马尔文激光粒度仪测试4种多孔载体及其负载精油粉末的d10粒径、d50粒径、d90粒径、体积平均径D(4, 3)、平面平均径D(3, 2)。在室温(25 ℃) 下进行测定, 每个样品平行测定3次, 取平均值。用span表征其分布均匀性, 计算公式为span = (d90 - d10) / d50。
孔径、比表面积和孔隙率测定  采用BET物理吸附仪测试4种多孔材料及其固化粉末的氮吸附-解吸等温线, 在80 ℃下进行6 h脱气, 测定样品的孔径、比表面积和孔隙率。
多元统计分析多孔材料物理性质与缓释性能相关性   将材料物理性质及指标成分24 h保留率、精油吸附率数据导入SPSS 21.0软件, 进行双变量相关性分析, 选择双侧检验, P < 0.05表明变量显著相关; 运用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression, PLS) 分析, 分别以多孔材料对CMVO的最佳吸附量、苄基丙酮保留率、去氢木香内酯保留率为因变量, 多孔材料物性参数为自变量构建PLS回归方程, 并结合变量重要性投影值(variable influence on projection, VIP) 评价各自变量对因变量的贡献率大小, VIP > 1说明贡献较大, 探讨多孔材料物性参数与CMVO吸附率、挥发性的关联性。
根据不同材料特性及吸附性能, 结合预实验结果, 设置适宜的固化比例, 分别制备4种材料吸附固化CMVO的粉末(CMVO-SiO2-SP、CMVO-350FCP-SP、CMVO-770FCP-SP、CMVO-PS-SP), 外观如图1所示。SiO2比表面积小, 质地紧密, 当精油∶载体= 0.2∶1时, 固化粉末表面就出现轻微结块现象, 不宜再筛选更高的比例, 因此仅设置CMVO∶SiO2为0.1∶1、0.2∶1两个比例依次考察, 由图可知, SiO2吸附精油能力较弱, CMVO-SiO2-SP表面易黏结成块状, 粉体分散不均匀, 存在粘连现象, 吸附适宜比例为CMVO∶SiO2 = 0.2∶1。350FCP-SiO2粉体质地较为松散, 展现了很强的吸附能力, 因此本组比例设置范围较广, CMVO∶350FCP-SiO2分别为0.5∶1、1∶1、1.5∶1、2∶1、2.5∶1、3∶1, 由外观可知, CMVO与350FCP-SiO2比例在0.5∶1~2.5∶1之间时, CMVO均能被很好地吸附, 制得的粉体表面流动性佳, 不易黏连或结块, 分散均匀, 比例为3∶1时, 出现严重结块现象, CMVO添加量超出材料吸附能力, 适合吸附比例为2.5∶1。770FCP-SiO2质地较为紧密, 吸附率不高, 精油: 载体比例达到0.5∶1时, 结块现象明显, 表明CMVO添加量过高, 因此设置CMVO∶770FCP-SiO2为0.1∶1、0.3∶1和0.5∶1三个比例, 发现精油∶载体为0.1∶1和0.3∶1时, 吸附效果较好, 粉体表面性状佳, 分散均匀, 不易黏连, 流动性较好, 适合的吸附比例为0.3∶1。多孔淀粉质地紧密, 吸附率不高, 因此设置CMVO∶多孔淀粉(PS) 为0.1∶1、0.3∶1和0.5∶1三个比例依次考察, CMVO∶PS = 0.5∶1时, 粉体表面仍然保持干爽, 粉体色泽随CMVO加入量增大逐渐变深, 但粉体分散不十分均匀, 且开始出现轻微粘连现象, 因此未继续筛选更高的精油加入比例, 最终确定适宜吸附比例为0.5∶1。
对照品和供试品GC-MS色谱图如图2Aa~c所示, 苄基丙酮及去氢木香内酯2个指标成分可以达到基线分离, 该方法专属性良好。2个指标成分的标准曲线及线性考察结果如图2Ad、e所示, 苄基丙酮回归方程Y = 608 105X - 689 026 (R2 = 0.999 4), 在1.5~48 nL·mL-1质量浓度范围内线性关系良好; 去氢木香内酯回归方程Y = 769 642 554X - 8 161 830 (R2 = 0.999 6), 在0.025~0.8 mg·mL-1质量浓度范围内线性关系良好, 满足定量分析要求。取标准品溶液重复进样6次, 苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯峰面积的RSD值分别为3.10%、2.37%, 表明仪器精密度符合要求。制备供试样品溶液6份, 苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯峰面积的RSD值分别为1.41%、2.06%, 表明样品制备方法混合均匀, 重复性良好。取同一份供试样品溶液, 室温下避光放置0、2、4、8、12、24 h, 定点取样检测, 苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯峰面积RSD值分别为1.70%、2.31%, 表明样品在24 h内稳定。结果表明, 该GC-MS检测方法专属性、线性关系、精密度、重复性符合要求, 样品溶液在24 h内稳定, 可用于苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯的含量测定。
首先, 对CMVO在25 ℃下24 h内2个指标成分苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯的释放规律进行了考察, 其含量变化及成分保留率如图2Ba、b所示。在25 ℃下, 苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯的释放规律有较大区别, 苄基丙酮作为小分子挥发性成分, 释放较快, 在12 h时保留率已低于50%, 到24 h时保留率为0。而去氢木香内酯在24 h内的含量变化并不明显, 24 h时最终保留率在90%以上, 且整体含量和保留率整体呈现上下浮动的趋势, 释放曲线整体平稳, 含量没有显著降低, 表明其作为挥发油中分子质量较大的成分, 稳定性较好。
随后, 对CMVO中其他化学成分的释放规律进行分析, 根据各个成分的峰面积, 计算25 ℃下不同时间点测定CMVO中化学成分保留率进行整理, 得到主要成分25个, 按出峰时间排序如下: β-蒎烯、邻伞花烃、γ-萜品烯、芳樟醇、4-萜烯醇、苄基丙酮、癸酸、二氢-α-紫罗兰酮、α-紫罗兰酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮、(+)-β-芹子烯、α-榄香醇、氧化石竹烯、(+)-γ-桉叶醇、沉香螺旋醇、紫杉烯、(-)-α-香柑油烯、木香醇、(-)-α-云木香醛、去氢呋喃酮、二氢去氢木香内酯、棕榈酸、去氢木香内酯、油酸。绘制出25个化学成分峰面积在24 h内的变化曲线(图2C), 各个成分峰面积随时间变化的曲线呈现一定的规律。25 ℃下芳樟醇、β-蒎烯、苄基丙酮等小分子化学成分释放速率较快, 24 h后保留率为0, 而油酸、棕榈酸等成分释放速率较为平缓, 24 h后保留率约80%。根据这些化学成分峰面积, 计算其在24 h内的成分保留率, 将处理后的值进行聚类分析(图2D), 化学成分按释放规律基本可分为两大类。第一类主要为释放速率较快的烯类、醇类成分; 第二类成分主要为释放速率平缓, 24 h后最终保留率较高的酯类、油脂类成分。在25 ℃时, 第一类成分只有γ-萜品烯、芳樟醇、β-蒎烯、邻伞花烃4个, 说明这4个成分在室温下稳定性较差, 而去氢木香内酯、油酸、棕榈酸等酯类、油脂类、脂肪酸类成分24 h保留率高, 相对来说在室温下较为稳定, 不易散失, 保持较为平缓的释放速率。
对制备的不同吸附比例下4种多孔材料固化CMVO粉末中2个指标性成分的含量变化及释放规律进行分析(图3A、B), 不同吸附比例的CMVO-SiO2-SP、CMVO-350FCP-SP和CMVO-PS-SP中2个指标成分24 h保留率呈现相似规律, 25 ℃下苄基丙酮的24 h保留率为0, 去氢木香内酯保留率则与0 h含量相差不大, 出现轻微上下浮动, 与未固化前CMVO的保留率较为接近, 说明SiO2、350FCP-SiO2、PS 3种材料吸附对去氢木香内酯的24 h保留率未起到明显的影响, 但苄基丙酮含量在24 h内的详细变化规律需要进一步考察。但是, 不同比例770FCP-SiO2吸附CMVO后, 对苄基丙酮在24 h保留率的影响与其他3种材料有差异, 25 ℃下放置24 h后, CMVO-770FCP-SP中苄基丙酮含量保留率均提高至60%以上; 但去氢木香内酯含量则与0 h含量相差不大, 出现轻微的上下浮动, 与原CMVO挥发趋势较为接近。
根据工艺筛选结果, 以CMVO∶SiO2 = 0.2∶1、CMVO∶350FCP-SiO2 = 2.5∶1、CMVO∶770FCP-SiO2 = 0.3∶1、CMVO∶PS = 0.5∶1的最优吸附比例, 分别制备4种材料吸附CMVO粉末, 并对固化样品中2个指标成分苄基丙酮和去氢木香内酯在24 h内各个时间点的释放曲线进行考察, 含量变化情况如图3C所示。
对于易挥发性成分苄基丙酮, CMVO-SiO2-SP在25 ℃下仅放置4 h时, 苄基丙酮保留率为0, 说明SiO2吸附后, 无法对苄基丙酮起到缓释作用; CMVO-350FCP-SP在25 ℃下苄基丙酮24 h保留率为7.87%, 对苄基丙酮的释放过程起到了一定的缓释作用; CMVO-PS-SP在25 ℃下放置8 h时, 苄基丙酮保留率降为0, 说明PS对苄基丙酮没有缓释作用; CMVO-770FCP-SP在25 ℃下, 从0 h开始, 苄基丙酮整体释放速率与CMVO相比就明显减缓, 一直保持较为平稳的缓释曲线, 最终保留率为65.01%, 说明770FCP-SiO2吸附后, 在24 h内对苄基丙酮展现了良好的缓释性能, 减缓了其释放速率, 提高了成分的最终保留率。
对于弱挥发性成分去氢木香内酯, 4种材料吸附后并未对其释放速率产生显著的缓释性能, 因其本身稳定性较好, 在CMVO中24 h保留率也在90%以上, 4种材料吸附后, 在24 h内去氢木香内酯的含量和保留率整体呈现上下浮动的趋势, 与原CMVO中去氢木香内酯的释放曲线相似, 24 h保留率也与CMVO相近, 表明4种材料吸附对去氢木香内酯的释放特性无显著影响。
4种多孔材料及其固化精油粉末的SEM图像如图4A所示, SiO2为规则圆整球形, 表面十分光滑, 载药后, 依然保持球形的结构, 粒子大小及形状均无明显改变; 350FCP-SiO2为不规则片状结构, 表面粗糙有褶皱, 载药后依然保持原有形状, 且粒子大小无显著变化; 770FCP-SiO2外观结构较为锋利, 棱角突出, 似碎冰块状, 载药后, 依然保持原始形状; PS为类球形结构, 表面较为光滑, 但具有大量孔洞结构, 载药后, 依然保持类球形的结构。粒子大小及形状均无明显改变, 表面未形成明显的油膜, 说明挥发油可能分散吸附于多孔淀粉的内部空腔之中。
采用同步热分析评价多孔材料固化对于精油热稳定性的影响。CMVO及4种多孔材料负载精油粉末样品的TG和微商热重分析(derivative thermogravimetry, DTG) 图谱如图4B、C所示。TG结果显示, 纯精油的质量损失十分迅速, 累计损失率接近100% (图4B), 说明纯精油热不稳定性非常明显, 其中的挥发性成分极易随温度升高而散失。但4种材料负载精油后, 质量累计损失率都显著下降, 失重率分别约CMVO-SiO2-SP (5%) < CMVO-770FCP-SP (15%) < CMVO-350FCP-SP (65%) < CMVO-PS-SP (90%), 由此可知, 多孔载体可以通过固化技术不同程度地改善CMVO的热稳定性。
DTG曲线(图4C) 可以反映精油在多孔材料内的装载形式及缓释特性。SiO2、350FCP-SiO2两种材料自身没有显著的吸热峰, 770FCP-SiO2和PS在50~70 ℃内有一个吸热峰, 推测主要来自材料中的自由结合水等物质。CMVO-SiO2-SP、CMVO-770FCP-SP、CMVO-350FCP-SP的DTG结果均显示为1次显著失重, 约在100~200 ℃范围之内(图4C), 推测主要是由于固化粉末表面吸附的精油成分释放所致。CMVO-PS-SP为2次显著失重, DTG曲线分别在150~200 ℃和300~350 ℃内出现了2个特征峰, 并于175和310 ℃时达到峰值, 第1次显著失重与其他3种材料峰形类似, 为吸附的精油成分释放, 第2次显著失重温度较高, 推测可能是由于精油吸附于多孔淀粉孔道结构内, 表面与精油化学成分之间形成氢键和化学键, 增强了连接的相互作用, 表明多孔淀粉可提高精油热稳定性[20]。
总体来看, 4种材料的失重率及失重曲线有明显差异。一方面, 失重率可以反映多孔载体负载精油后的热稳定性, Tian等[16]以介孔二氧化Sylysia 350FCP为载体固化柴翘挥发油, 发现未固化挥发油热不稳定性明显, 但装载于载体后在30~115 ℃内失重率减少了43%, 表明热稳定性显著提高; 另一方面, 热重分析法也是测定挥发性成分在多孔载体内包封率的一种简便有效的方法[20-22], Cui等[20]采用介孔纳米二氧化硅包封百里香酚, 在200~300 ℃时观察到接近50%的失重率, 由此分析百里香酚包封率接近50%。
DSC可用于反映挥发油与多孔材料的结合方式, 将4种多孔材料与其精油固化粉末进行比较, 结果如图4D所示, SiO2、350FCP-SiO2、PS吸附挥发油后, 其峰形与未吸附前没有明显差异, 说明这几种材料固化挥发油前后未发生本质上的改变, 属于物理吸附。770FCP-SiO2材料本身的DSC曲线图出现了一个较大的向下延伸的吸热峰, 但吸附后DSC未出现相应的特征峰, 说明挥发油吸附作用机制可能是装载于多孔材料孔道内, 而非游离于材料表面, 并且材料本身孔道的结构限制了挥发油的气化损失[16, 23], 所以吸附DSC未出现明显的吸热峰, 表明770FCP-SiO2固化后挥发油热稳定性显著提高, 在前期释放规律研究中, 也发现770FCP-SiO2能明显减缓苄基丙酮的释放速率, 展现出较好的缓释效果。
文献[16]研究表明, 药物吸附在多孔载体上通常处于非晶态, 对4种多孔载体载药前后的XRD图峰形进行分析(图4E), 4种材料都为非晶态, 吸附挥发油后, 其XRD图谱与原材料基本一致, 表明CMVO应该是以无定型形态吸附或分散于多孔材料孔道内, 吸附过程不影响载体本身的结构特性[24]。载药后的粉末图谱与载药前没有增加新的特征峰, 表明添加的CMVO比例未超出多孔材料的吸附能力, 加入的CMVO吸附于材料的孔道结构之中, 而非附着于材料表面。
4种多孔材料及其负载CMVO的红外光谱如图4F所示, SiO2和PS吸附挥发油后, 其FT-IR光谱图所显示的特征官能团形与未吸附前没有明显差异。但770FCP-SiO2吸附挥发油后, 在2 937 cm-1处出现了一个明显的特征峰, 推测可能是由于材料与精油发生反应或化学成分附着于表面所导致的。350FCP-SiO2吸附挥发油后, 在2 927、2 861、1 766、1 656、1 512、1 463、1 383 cm-1等多处出现了明显的强吸收峰。综合文献分析可知, 2 927、2 861 cm-1可能主要来源于CH2和CH3的不对称和对称拉伸振动[25, 26], 1 766 cm-1可能源于脂肪酸类成分的链状羧酸酯C=O的伸缩振动[25], 1 656 cm-1推测来源于芳香C=C双键的分子伸展振动[26], 1 512 cm-1可能为苯环特征吸收峰, 可归属于芳香烃类物质[27, 28], 1 463 cm-1可能来源于苯环C=C的骨架振动[28]。350FCP-SiO2负载了自身质量2.5倍的CMVO, 含油量较高, 因此推测这些特征峰主要来源于负载的精油中化学成分的特征基团。
采用电子鼻对CMVO及4种多孔材料固化CMVO后的粉末进行气味评价, 对收集的气味数据进行分析, 采用仪器自带的分析系统, 将14个传感器采集的气味信息的主要特征提取出来, 建立气味信息雷达图(图4G)。CMVO与CMVO-SiO2-SP、CMVO-350FCP-SP、CMVO-770FCP-SP、CMVO-PS-SP的相似度很高, 在S2、S4、S5传感器上都有较高响应值, 除了CMVO-350FCP-SP、CMVO-770FCP-SP在S4传感器的响应值比S5略高, 其他响应特征大体无明显差异, 说明载体固化不影响精油本身的香气特征。
对4种多孔材料的粒径进行测定, 各个材料粒径差异较大, SiO2、350FCP-SiO2、770FCP-SiO2的d90相对较小, 分别为3.34 ± 0.04、5.43 ± 0.03、13.79 ± 0.21, PS的d90高达35.26 ± 1.11; SiO2、350FCP-SiO2、770FCP-SiO2、PS的span分别为1.41 ± 0.01、1.30 ± 0.01、2.03 ± 0.06、1.71 ± 0.03 (图5A)。
对4种多孔材料的孔径、比表面积、孔隙率等参数进行测定, 其孔形态参数及N2吸附/解吸等温线分别如表1、图5B所示。各个材料的比表面积和孔径特征参数差异较大(表1), 从比表面积来看, 350FCP-SiO2和770FCP-SiO2的BET比表面积较高, 其次是SiO2和多孔淀粉; 从孔体积来看, 350FCP-SiO2具有较高的孔隙体积, 其次为770FCP-SiO2; 从孔径来看, 350FCP-SiO2具有较高的BJH解吸平均孔径。对4种多孔材料的吸附等温线进行分析(图5B), 将其与IUPAC常见的6种吸附等温线进行对比, 发现4种材料的吸附/脱附过程符合多孔材料常见的Ⅳ型等温线[29]。
采用SPSS软件对多孔材料的重要物理性质(d90、span、BET表面积、t-plot微孔面积、BJH吸附孔累积表面积、单点吸附孔隙总体积、t-plot微孔体积、BJH吸附累积体积、BJH吸附平均孔径), 及2个指标成分24 h保留率、吸附率进行双变量相关性分析, 选择双侧检验, 分析多孔材料物理特性与精油吸附率、挥发性成分释放规律之间的关联(表2)。
对载体材料物性参数和最佳吸附率相关性数据进行分析, 最佳吸附率与BJH吸附累积体积呈极显著正相关、与单点吸附孔隙总体积显著正相关, 即这2个参数较高时, 对CMVO的吸附量普遍更高, 吸附效果更佳; 对物性参数和苄基丙酮24 h保留率进行相关性分析, 发现t-plot微孔面积和t-plot微孔体积与苄基丙酮24 h保留率呈极显著正相关, 说明多孔材料若具有更高的微孔面积、微孔体积, 可能会更利于储存苄基丙酮这类小分子芳香物质, 改善储香效果; 对材料物性参数和去氢木香内酯24 h保留率进行相关性分析, 发现两者无显著的相关性, 此结果与吸附规律考察结果一致, 即去氢木香内酯作为分子质量较大的弱挥发性成分, 其保留率受多孔材料物性参数影响较小, 说明多孔材料对于这类弱挥发性成分的挥发过程没有显著影响。
PLS是常用的多元数据分析方法, 尤其适用于多因变量对多自变量的回归建模[23, 30]。本研究采用PLS对多孔材料物理属性与指标成分保留率、CMVO最佳吸附率进行相关性分析, 为多孔材料固化精油稳定化技术的研究提供理论依据。运用SIMCA-P软件, 分析影响多孔材料稳香效果的关键物性参数, 建立数学模型, 以此指导多孔材料改善精油稳定性的参数优化与控制。
以多孔材料对CMVO的最佳吸附量为因变量, 多孔载体材料物性参数为自变量, 采用SIMCA-P14.1软件进行偏最小二乘回归分析(图6A), 得回归方程为: 最佳吸附量= 0.164 7×d90 - 0.069 0×span + 0.093 1×BET表面积- 0.041 4×t-plot微孔面积+ 0.202 2×BJH吸附孔累积表面积+ 0.299 0×单点吸附孔隙总体积- 0.053 0×t-plot微孔体积+ 0.301 7×BJH吸附累积体积+ 0.268 3×BJH吸附平均孔径。在回归方程中, 系数越大说明该自变量对因变量影响越大, 系数为正值说明呈正相关, 负值说明呈负相关。从回归系数来看, span、t-plot微孔面积、t-plot微孔体积与最佳吸附量成负相关, 说明粒径分布和多孔材料的微孔结构与挥发油的吸附量有负相关作用, 适当降低粒径分布和微孔结构, 可能有利于得到更高的吸附率。其他几个关键物性参数与最佳吸附量呈正相关, 其中尤以BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积的回归系数最大, 说明这2个参数较高时, 多孔材料吸附性能更佳, 是提高多孔载体吸附率的关键参数, 此推断也与5.1项中双变量相关性分析结果高度一致。
以苄基丙酮保留率为因变量, 多孔载体材料物性参数为自变量, 进行PLS回归分析(图6B), 得回归方程为苄基丙酮保留率= - 0.078 4×d90 + 0.177 0×span + 0.211 4×BET表面积+ 0.245 0×t-plot微孔面积+ 0.141 2×BJH吸附孔累积表面积- 0.017 5×单点吸附孔隙总体积+ 0.245 8×t-plot微孔体积- 0.036 2×BJH吸附累积体积- 0.148 0×BJH吸附平均孔径。从回归系数来看, d90、BJH吸附平均孔径、BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积4个参数与苄基丙酮保留率呈负相关, 尤以前2个指标的负相关性更大, 说明粒径和吸附平均孔径过大, 会降低苄基丙酮的保留率, 适当降低这些指标可能利于提高苄基丙酮的保留率。其他5个物性参数都与苄基丙酮保留率呈正相关, 尤以t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积的相关系数最高, 说明多孔材料中的微孔结构是提高小分子化合物苄基丙酮保留率的关键因素。结合2.3及2.4项下对多孔材料固化粉末中苄基丙酮的缓释性能研究结果, 发现4种材料中770FCP-SiO2对苄基丙酮的24 h保留率最高, 且固化后苄基丙酮的24 h释放曲线一直处于稳定缓释状态, 与CMVO释放速率相比明显下降, 分析其粉体学特性, 发现在4种多孔材料中, 770FCP-SiO2具有最高的t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积, 最低的BJH吸附平均孔径, 此试验结果与PLS回归分析的结果刚好吻合, 进一步验证了这些因素可能是多孔材料调控小分子化合物释放性能的关键参数。
以去氢木香内酯保留率为因变量, 多孔载体材料物性参数为自变量, 进行偏最小二乘回归分析(图6C), 得回归方程为去氢木香内酯保留率= - 0.875 9×d90 - 0.193 8×span - 0.072 7×BET表面积+ 0.064 7×t-plot微孔面积- 0.186 9×BJH吸附孔累积表面积- 0.302 5×单点吸附孔隙总体积+ 0.078 6×t-plot微孔体积- 0.307 0×BJH吸附累积体积- 0.268 4×BJH吸附平均孔径。从回归系数来看, t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积与去氢木香内酯保留率呈正相关, 其他参数呈负相关。
VIP在PLS中常用于反映自变量对因变量的解释能力, VIP值越大说明对因变量的解释能力越强, 一般认为VIP大于1时, 该自变量的影响具有显著性意义[31, 32]。各物性参数对最佳吸附量的VIP值如图6D所示, BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积、BJH吸附平均孔径的VIP值大于1, 说明这3个参数是影响多孔材料对精油吸附能力的重要因素。各物性参数对苄基丙酮保留率的VIP分析结果如图6E所示, t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积、BET表面积、span的VIP值均大于1, 且与苄基丙酮保留率呈正相关, 说明这4个参数是影响苄基丙酮保留率的最重要因素。在2.4项下对固化精油样品的成分释放曲线进行详细考察时, 发现苄基丙酮在CMVO-SiO2-SP及CMVO-PS-SP中分别放置4、8 h后即完全挥发, 而CMVO纯精油在12 h才挥发一半左右, 这一现象与期望得到的缓释效果相反。结合VIP分析、粉体学测试结果, 发现在4种多孔材料中, SiO2和多孔淀粉的t-plot微孔体积、t-plot微孔面积、BET表面积3个参数均远低于缓释效果最好的770FCP-SiO2, 因此推测这可能是导致SiO2和多孔淀粉在8 h以前对苄基丙酮未起到缓释作用, 甚至加快了其释放速率的关键原因, 也进一步提示了多孔材料微孔结构、比表面积的设计和调控对于小分子挥发性成分缓控释性能具有重要意义。各物性参数对去氢木香内酯保留率的VIP值如图6F所示, 结果表明t-plot微孔体积、span、t-plot微孔面积、d90的VIP值均大于1, 说明这4个参数是影响去氢木香内酯保留率的最重要因素。
以4种多孔材料为载体制备CMVO固化粉末, 对其缓释性能进行考察, 发现多孔材料物性参数的差异对其吸附精油的效果、缓释性能有着重要影响。从吸附率来看, 770FCP-SiO2、SiO2、多孔淀粉吸附能力相对较弱, 精油与材料吸附比例约在0.5∶1以内, 而350FCP-SiO2吸附率可高达精油∶材料= 2.5∶1 (v/w, mL/g)。通过表征分析和相关性研究, 发现吸附率主要与BJH吸附累积体积、单点吸附孔隙总体积呈正相关, 推测多孔载体孔体积较高时, 更有利于挥发油的吸附。
对多孔载体固化挥发油后的缓释性能进行评价, 根据CMVO自身成分释放规律分析结果, 选择苄基丙酮、去氢木香内酯2个具有代表性的成分做进一步深入研究。结果表明, 多孔材料对于去氢木香内酯这类稳定性较好的挥发性成分释放过程影响不大, 固化前后成分释放速率、最终保留率无显著变化。多孔材料对小分子挥发性成分苄基丙酮释放规律的影响有显著意义, 多孔淀粉、SiO2体现了一定的速释效果; 而770FCP-SiO2、350FCP-SiO2则体现了一定的缓释效果, 固化挥发油后770FCP-SiO2显著减缓了苄基丙酮释放速率。相关性分析表明, 多孔材料具有更高t-plot微孔面积、t-plot微孔体积时, 苄基丙酮24 h保留率明显提高, 缓释效果较好。研究结果可指导多孔材料对中药挥发油成分缓控释过程的调控。
最后, 对多孔材料固化挥发油粉末进行了全面表征。电子鼻分析表明固化粉末未对CMVO香气特征产生明显影响, 可以保证挥发油原有挥发性成分的呈现。SEM、X-RD、DSC、TG等表征结果显示固化粉末中CMVO与多孔材料的吸附作用机制以物理吸附为主; 另一方面, 热稳定性分析、DSC分析结果与成分释放曲线的研究结论得到了互相验证, 该研究为进一步阐释多孔材料吸附中药精油的机制提供了有效参考, 为形成具有理论依据的多孔材料缓控释技术奠定了基础。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0247
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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    1江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
    2江西古香今韵大健康产业有限公司, 中药精油关键技术及中医香疗产品开发新区级重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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