Article(id=1308828810557092523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0755, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751385600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-02, revisedDate=1760284800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978705299, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978705299, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978705299, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978705299, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=756, endPage=766, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828810842305196, articleId=1308828810557092523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in circular dichroism spectroscopy for elucidating structure of nucleic acid drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nucleic acid therapeutics, as a transformative modality in modern biopharmaceuticals, mediate disease treatment through precise gene expression modulation. Their remarkable therapeutic potential, such as in oncology, has been demonstrated clinically. The regulatory approval of nucleic acid drugs, exemplified by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, has not only validated their clinical translation potential, but also accelerated advancements in nucleic acid drug development platforms. The functional efficacy of nucleic acid drugs is fundamentally governed by their three-dimensional structural architecture, necessitating rigorous stability assessments throughout the development pipeline. Critical considerations include maintaining native conformation during delivery, achieving target-specific release profiles, and optimizing storage formulations for long-term stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable analytical tool due to its exceptional sensitivity to chiral environments. CD enables precise detection of nucleic acid structural transitions, from base-stacking interactions to complex higher-order conformational changes, making it invaluable for structural characterization. This review summarizes recent research progress on the typical conformational characteristics of nucleic acid drugs and the factors influencing their stability. It focuses particularly on methodological advances in CD spectroscopy for structural analysis and quality control, providing critical insights to guide future research in this rapidly evolving field.

, authors=Chen ZHAO1, Bo LIU2, Li LI1, *, authorsList=Chen ZHAO, Bo LIU, Li LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828814575231027, articleId=1308828810557092523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=圆二色谱法在核酸药物结构研究的应用进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核酸药物作为现代生物医药技术的前沿方向, 通过调控基因表达实现疾病根源干预, 已在肿瘤治疗等领域展现突破性治疗潜力。以SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗为代表的核酸药物成功上市, 不仅验证了此类药物的临床转化潜力, 更推动了核酸药物研发体系的快速发展。核酸药物的功能实现严格依赖于其精密的三维结构, 这使得药物的结构稳定性研究成为研发过程中的关键环节, 包括递送过程中的构象保持、作用位点的定向释放及保存条件的优化控制等。在众多分析技术中, 圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 凭借其独特的手性识别能力, 可灵敏捕捉核酸分子从碱基堆积到高级结构转变的结构变化, 已成为表征核酸药物结构特征的重要手段。本文系统梳理了核酸药物典型构象特征及其稳定性影响因素的研究进展, 重点探讨了近年来CD技术在核酸药物结构解析和质量控制中的应用策略, 以期为该领域的深入研究提供方法学参考。

, authors=赵辰1, 刘博2, 李莉1, *, authorsList=赵辰, 刘博, 李莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

赵辰完成撰写及修改论文; 刘博对文章撰写质量进行把关和审校; 李莉对文章撰写质量进行把关、审校并定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李莉, Tel: 86-10-63165247, E-mail:
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Adapted from Ref. 7 with permission. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society, figureFileSmall=9TdzES6Vdw1C12wJZXUlJQ==, figureFileBig=89HZCdsGkE6KlOX20oxcHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834352147038985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828810557092523, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K9kBAt1cXNNVPoD3Jjr5BQ==, figureFileBig=n+rmaZamLJcOdwTpdQuN/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834352222536458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828810557092523, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The transitions of DNA is facilitated with increasing concentration of TFE. A: B-A transition; B: B-Z transition. TFE: 2, 2, 2-Trifluoroethanol. Adapted from Ref. 11 with permission. Copyright © 2009, © 2009 The Author (s), figureFileSmall=K9kBAt1cXNNVPoD3Jjr5BQ==, figureFileBig=n+rmaZamLJcOdwTpdQuN/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834352289645323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828810557092523, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeBrand nameCompanyApproval yearIndication
ASOViltepsoNippon Shinyaku2020Duchenne muscular dystrophy
QalsodyBiogen2023Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
TryngolzaIonis Pharmaceuticals2024Familial chylomicronemia syndrome
siRNALeqvioAlnylam/Novartis2020Primary hypercholesterolemia
AmvuttraAlnylam2022Transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy
RivflozaNovoNordisk/Dicerna2023Primary hyperoxaluria type 1
CRISPR-CasCasgevyVertex/CRISPR Therapeutics2023Sickle cell disease
AptamerIzervayIvericBio2023Macular degeneration
mRNAComirnatyPfizer/BioNTech2020SARS-CoV-2
mRESVIAModerna2024Respiratory syncytial virus infection
OthersRyteloGeron2024Myelodysplastic syndromes
), ArticleFig(id=1308834352377725708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828810557092523, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Representative nucleic acid drugs that have been approved for marketing. ASO: Antisense oligonucleotide; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; CRISPR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas: CRISPR-associated; mRESVIA: Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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TypeBrand nameCompanyApproval yearIndication
ASOViltepsoNippon Shinyaku2020Duchenne muscular dystrophy
QalsodyBiogen2023Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
TryngolzaIonis Pharmaceuticals2024Familial chylomicronemia syndrome
siRNALeqvioAlnylam/Novartis2020Primary hypercholesterolemia
AmvuttraAlnylam2022Transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy
RivflozaNovoNordisk/Dicerna2023Primary hyperoxaluria type 1
CRISPR-CasCasgevyVertex/CRISPR Therapeutics2023Sickle cell disease
AptamerIzervayIvericBio2023Macular degeneration
mRNAComirnatyPfizer/BioNTech2020SARS-CoV-2
mRESVIAModerna2024Respiratory syncytial virus infection
OthersRyteloGeron2024Myelodysplastic syndromes
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FormCD feature
A-DNA(-)-CE@210 nm, (+)-CE@270 nm, no signal detected
above 300 nm
A-RNA(-)-CE@210 nm, (+)-CE@260 nm, weak negative CE
from 290 nm to 300 nm
B-DNA(-)-CE@245 nm, (+)-CE@275 nm, their signal
intensities are comparable
Z-DNA(-)-CE@205 nm, (+)-CE@260 nm, (-)-CE@290 nm,
comparable signal intensities are observed at 260 and
290 nm
), ArticleFig(id=1308834352528720654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828810557092523, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Characteristic CD features of nucleic acid structures. CD: Circular dichroism; CE: Cotton effect

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FormCD feature
A-DNA(-)-CE@210 nm, (+)-CE@270 nm, no signal detected
above 300 nm
A-RNA(-)-CE@210 nm, (+)-CE@260 nm, weak negative CE
from 290 nm to 300 nm
B-DNA(-)-CE@245 nm, (+)-CE@275 nm, their signal
intensities are comparable
Z-DNA(-)-CE@205 nm, (+)-CE@260 nm, (-)-CE@290 nm,
comparable signal intensities are observed at 260 and
290 nm
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圆二色谱法在核酸药物结构研究的应用进展
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赵辰 1 , 刘博 2 , 李莉 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(3): 756-766
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (3) : 756 -766
圆二色谱法在核酸药物结构研究的应用进展
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赵辰1, 刘博2, 李莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 消化健康全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2中国食品药品检定研究院, 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 102629
通讯作者:
李莉, Tel: 86-10-63165247, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

赵辰完成撰写及修改论文; 刘博对文章撰写质量进行把关和审校; 李莉对文章撰写质量进行把关、审校并定稿。

Advances in circular dichroism spectroscopy for elucidating structure of nucleic acid drugs
Chen ZHAO1, Bo LIU2, Li LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0755
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核酸药物作为现代生物医药技术的前沿方向, 通过调控基因表达实现疾病根源干预, 已在肿瘤治疗等领域展现突破性治疗潜力。以SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗为代表的核酸药物成功上市, 不仅验证了此类药物的临床转化潜力, 更推动了核酸药物研发体系的快速发展。核酸药物的功能实现严格依赖于其精密的三维结构, 这使得药物的结构稳定性研究成为研发过程中的关键环节, 包括递送过程中的构象保持、作用位点的定向释放及保存条件的优化控制等。在众多分析技术中, 圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 凭借其独特的手性识别能力, 可灵敏捕捉核酸分子从碱基堆积到高级结构转变的结构变化, 已成为表征核酸药物结构特征的重要手段。本文系统梳理了核酸药物典型构象特征及其稳定性影响因素的研究进展, 重点探讨了近年来CD技术在核酸药物结构解析和质量控制中的应用策略, 以期为该领域的深入研究提供方法学参考。

核酸药物  /  圆二色谱  /  二级结构  /  RNA疫苗  /  动态监测

Nucleic acid therapeutics, as a transformative modality in modern biopharmaceuticals, mediate disease treatment through precise gene expression modulation. Their remarkable therapeutic potential, such as in oncology, has been demonstrated clinically. The regulatory approval of nucleic acid drugs, exemplified by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, has not only validated their clinical translation potential, but also accelerated advancements in nucleic acid drug development platforms. The functional efficacy of nucleic acid drugs is fundamentally governed by their three-dimensional structural architecture, necessitating rigorous stability assessments throughout the development pipeline. Critical considerations include maintaining native conformation during delivery, achieving target-specific release profiles, and optimizing storage formulations for long-term stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable analytical tool due to its exceptional sensitivity to chiral environments. CD enables precise detection of nucleic acid structural transitions, from base-stacking interactions to complex higher-order conformational changes, making it invaluable for structural characterization. This review summarizes recent research progress on the typical conformational characteristics of nucleic acid drugs and the factors influencing their stability. It focuses particularly on methodological advances in CD spectroscopy for structural analysis and quality control, providing critical insights to guide future research in this rapidly evolving field.

nucleic acid drug  /  circular dichroism  /  secondary structure  /  RNA vaccine  /  dynamic monitoring
赵辰, 刘博, 李莉. 圆二色谱法在核酸药物结构研究的应用进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 756 -766 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0755
Chen ZHAO, Bo LIU, Li LI. Advances in circular dichroism spectroscopy for elucidating structure of nucleic acid drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 756 -766 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0755
天然核酸作为生命信息载体, 包括核糖核酸(RNA) 和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA), 是由其基本单元核苷酸通过磷酸二酯键连接形成的线性聚合物。近年来通过化学修饰核苷酸和递送剂型技术的快速发展, 核酸药物已在抗病毒、抗感染和中枢神经系统疾病治疗等领域显示出应用潜力[1, 2]。目前, 已有多款核酸药物被批准上市, 主要类型为反义寡核苷酸药物(antisense oligonucleotide, ASO)、小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)、核酸适配体(aptamer) 等(表1)[3-5]。
相较于传统小分子药物, 核酸药物具有明显优势: ①可靶向传统“不可成药”靶点, 极大扩展了疾病治疗领域; ②通过基因调控机制产生长效治疗效果; ③模块化合成特性显著提升药物研发效率。核酸药物将突破现有药物研发范式, 成为继小分子化药和抗体药物后的第三大治疗体系[6]。
核酸药物的三维结构(如: 碱基堆积模式、螺旋周期性特征等) 决定其理化性质、靶标亲和力及生物分布特性。核酸药物面临的结构稳定性挑战主要体现在易降解性和构象不稳定性。其磷酸二酯键在生理条件下易受核酸酶水解作用, 导致核酸分子快速降解; 分子链的动态构象变化可能诱发脱靶效应及免疫原性风险, 影响靶向性和安全性[7]。
核酸高级结构研究涵盖从双螺旋、发夹等二级结构到动态组装形成超分子复合体。当前主要分析技术呈现互补特性, 单晶X射线衍射虽能提供Å级原子分辨率, 却受限于样品结晶需求与动态构象解析瓶颈; 核磁共振技术通过化学位移解析溶液状态的核酸结构, 分辨率高, 但图谱信号重叠严重, 难以用于较大体系; 圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 技术凭借识别构象变化的高灵敏度, 可实时监测螺旋扭转、碱基堆积等动态转变, 评估结构稳定性。
CD方法作为非破坏性分析技术, 对核酸、蛋白质等生物大分子的构象变化非常灵敏。当平面偏振光穿过手性介质时, 由于手性物质对组成平面偏振光的左旋与右旋圆偏振光吸收存在差异, 导致出射光呈现椭圆偏振特性, 这种特征性光信号经光电转换系统可转化为具有明显Cotton效应(Cotton effect, CE) 的CD图谱[8]。
核酸的基本结构单元核苷酸中, 非手性的碱基受到手性核糖或脱氧核糖提供的手性环境影响, 在碱基的紫外吸收处产生CD信号。对于多聚核苷酸, 由于碱基间的疏水相互作用、堆叠作用及静电相互作用, 核苷酸之间以螺旋状态稳定存在。这种堆叠状态导致碱基之间的简并或近简并的激子相互作用[9], 产生激子偶合的CD光谱(exciton-coupled circular dichroism, ECCD)。
核酸结构的多样性和多变性导致其生物活性上的差异。由于组成核酸的碱基及碱基互补配对的方式不同, 经典的核酸二级结构主要是A、B和Z型(图1)。此外, 核酸还能形成复杂的非经典结构, 如: G-四链体(G-quadruplex) 和iMotif (intercalated motif, iM) 结构。CD对于核酸药物结构具有高度鉴别能力, 尽管核酸序列千差万别, 但相同结构类型的核酸通常表现出特征一致的CD图谱[10]。CD光谱可作为判断核酸药物结构是否发生变化的依据, 作为此类药物的质控标准或杂质鉴别方法之一[11, 12]。
A型核酸主要存在于RNA和DNA-RNA杂交双链中, 其碱基对呈现明显倾斜(约20°), 螺距较短(约26 Å), 具有较深的大沟和宽浅的小沟。自然界生物体的RNA (如: 人体内的mRNA、tRNA)、RNA药物和疫苗等大多为A型结构。A型核酸的CD图谱呈S型, 由260 nm处的(+)-CE和210 nm处的(-)-CE组成(表2)。其中, 260~280 nm区域的正带表明形成了右手螺旋, 210 nm处的尖锐负带为碱基堆叠作用所致, 295 nm处的弱带是简并激子相互作用的结果[9]。
针对SARS-CoV-2病毒研制的自扩增RNA (self-amplifying RNA, saRNA) 疫苗IMP-1, CD信号为267 nm处的(+)-CE和209 nm处的(-)-CE, 与A型RNA结构的特征一致, 表明IMP-1形成了A型单链RNA螺旋结构[13]。Sato等[14]利用CD光谱评估了含有(S)-5′-C-氨丙基-2′-氟尿苷或(S)-5′-C-氨丙基-2′-O-甲基尿苷修饰的RNA双链体(double-stranded RNA, dsRNA) 的结构稳定性, 并与未修饰的天然RNA双链体进行对比。结果显示, 所有经过修饰及未修饰的dsRNA在CD光谱中均呈现典型的A型双链体构象特征, 表明这些化学修饰并未改变基本的螺旋结构。
生理条件下DNA的最常见构象为B型结构, 其中碱基对近乎垂直于螺旋轴, 螺距约34 Å, 形成均匀的大沟和小沟。对于天然的右旋DNA (如: 黄斑肌细胞DNA、小牛胸腺细胞DNA和蜡样芽胞杆菌DNA等)[11], 由于碱基堆叠产生的激子偶合作用, CD图谱均呈标准的S型曲线, 260~280 nm处显示(+)-CE, 而245 nm处显示(-)-CE。由于B型DNA碱基对垂直于螺旋轴, ECCD中的峰强度较小。随着(A+T) 碱基对的含量增加, 245 nm处的负带强度明显增加。
Z型结构最初由Pohl等[15]在高盐浓度下采集多聚核苷酸序列(GCGCGC)n的CD图谱时首次发现。Z-DNA呈现左手螺旋, 以锯齿形骨架为标志, 无典型大沟, 小沟深而窄, 螺距延长至45 Å。天然的左旋核酸并不常见, Z型结构常见于富含CG的核酸序列或高盐、脱水条件下的核酸。其CD图谱中存在3个CE, 即290 nm处的(-)-CE, 260 nm处的(+)-CE和205 nm处的(-)-CE[9]。
G-四链体作为非典型的核酸二级结构, 由富含鸟嘌呤的DNA或RNA序列通过Hoogsteen氢键结合形成。其核心结构单元由4个鸟嘌呤通过Hoogsteen氢键连接形成环状平面结构, 这些平面结构在K+、Na+等阳离子作用下发生纵向π-π堆叠组装成高度有序的立体拓扑结构。G-四链体广泛分布于基因组功能区域, 包括端粒重复序列、原癌基因启动子区及RNA调控元件等, 通过调控染色体稳定性、DNA复制保真度、转录翻译效率等生物学过程参与疾病发生发展进程[16-18]。
G-四链体可为平行或反平行结构, 由单链、双链或四链组成。其中, 平行结构的G-四链体在265 nm和210 nm处有(+)-CE, 在240 nm处存在明显的(-)-CE; 反平行的G-四链体在240 nm处存在(+)-CE, 在260 nm处存在(-)-CE。此外, 单链和双链G-四链体在290 nm处还有一个弱的(+)-CE, 是单链、双链与四链G-四链体区别的典型CD光谱特征[19]。
HIV适配体d(GGGT)4能够特异性抑制HIV-1整合酶活性, 具有潜在的抗病毒治疗作用。其CD信号分别为265 nm的(+)-CE、240 nm的(-)-CE、205 nm的弱(+)-CE, 与平行结构四链体的CD信号特征高度匹配。具有反平行四链体的凝血酶结合适配体(thrombin binding aptamer, TBA) 则在245和295 nm显示(+)-CE, 在265 nm显示(-)-CE。适配体L15.20.1可与HIV-1衣壳蛋白选择性结合, 在高K+条件下的CD图谱表现为265 nm的(+)-CE和240 nm处的(-)-CE, 说明RNA也可形成稳定的G-四链体结构[20]。
转录因子E3 (transcription factor E3, TFE3) 基因内含子2中的G-四链体经CD确认为平行结构, 其稳定构象阻碍DNA复制和转录, 导致Xp11.2易位, 促进癌症发生[21]。CD研究显示, CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, CpG ODNs) 中存在反平行的G-四链体结构, 抗核酸酶降解能力优于线性DNA[22]。HBV核心前启动子的保守G-四链体经CD确定为平行结构, 靶向该结构的药物RG7834可抑制HBV病毒复制[23]。
长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA) RP11-350G8.5在多发性骨髓瘤中具有致癌效应。Grillone等[24]通过研究RP11-350G8.5中G-富集序列的CD光谱发现, 两个序列在265 nm、210 nm处显示正CE、240 nm处显示负CE, 是典型的平行G四链体信号; 3个序列的CD光谱表明其A型双链特征, 与RNAfold预测的发夹结构一致。这一研究确证了RP11-350G8.5中G-四链体和发夹结构的存在, 为设计靶向ASO提供了关键结构信息。
iMotif是一种非经典的核酸高级结构, 由富含胞嘧啶的单链核酸在特定条件下形成。胞嘧啶可在酸性条件下通过半质子化配对(C-C+) 形成稳定的iM结构, 分子拥挤环境所致细胞内局部高浓度也是iM形成的诱因之一。iM结构干扰DNA复制和修复, 导致基因组不稳定, 是潜在的抗癌药物靶标[25]。
iM结构的CD图谱特点是285 nm处的(+)-CE和264 nm处的(-)-CE。人类端粒的富C序列(C-rich human telomeric sequenceh, hTeloC) d(CCCTAA)n在近生理条件可形成iM结构, 是潜在的抗肿瘤作用靶标[26]。在酸性条件(pH 5.5~6.0) 下, hTeloC-24mer[d(CCCTAA)4] 和hTeloC-48mer[d(CCCTAA)8] 均在288 nm处显示(+)-CE[27, 28]。
治疗性磷酸二酰胺吗啉代寡核苷酸(phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers, PMOs) 是一种电中性、代谢稳定的反义寡核苷酸, 已被FDA批准用于治疗杜氏肌营养不良症[29]。CD研究揭示了3种不同长度(22-mer、25-mer、30-mer) 的PMOs在溶液中的构象。三者CD图谱中均存在270 nm处的(+)-CE、240 nm处的(-)-CE和210 nm处的(+)-CE。通过对3种PMOs进行分子动力学模拟得到理论CD图谱, 结果与实验图谱一致, 证实了3种寡核苷酸链的结构。值得注意的是, 这3种PMOs均不属于A型、B型或Z型构象, 它们通过独特的非经典折叠形成稳定的局部结构[30, 31]。
CD技术是研究核酸构象的重要工具, 但在解析特定核苷酸位点的局部构象变化时存在信号分辨率不足的局限, 为此, 研究者开发了特异性核酸探针以实现局部构象的精准解析。
2-氨基嘌呤(2-aminopurine, 2-AP, 图2) 与吡咯胞嘧啶(pyrrolo-cytosine, PyrC, 图2) 是揭示核酸动态构象与分子识别机制的多功能探针[32-34]。2-AP的紫外吸收红移到305 nm, 掺入2-AP的单链DNA显示310 nm处的(-)-CE, 而双链DNA中由于相邻2-AP发生激子偶合, CD图谱中出现326 nm的(+)-CE和305 nm的(-)-CE。CD图谱中310或320 nm处的CE变化, 可显示DNA双链熔解、B-A转换及蛋白质结合诱导的构象变化。在富含GC的核酸中, 以胞嘧啶类似物PyrC替代胞嘧啶时, 单链CD图谱表现为350~360 nm单峰, 而双链由于PyrC之间的激子偶合产生335 nm处的(+)-CE和380 nm处的(-)-CE。
(iCy3) 2是氰化物染料iCy3 (图2) 的二聚体, 通过磷酸酰胺键嵌入DNA磷酸骨架中, 可用于研究DNA骨架在单链-双链连接处的局部构象动态变化。当两个(iCy3)2通过DNA骨架近距离排列时, 产生ECCD信号, 反映局部DNA骨架的扭转方向。对于噬菌体T4复制体, (iCy3)2标记未解链区的双链体显示正手征性的ECCD信号, 560 nm附近为(+)-CE, 510 nm附近为(-)-CE, 表明其为右旋B型构象。然而, (iCy3)2标记解链-未解链交接区的分叉结构时, CD图谱则呈现负的手征性, 提示该区域组装为左旋构象[35]。
Alexandre等[36]采用分子信标技术靶向miR-155-3p设计合成了反义寡核苷酸序列, 用于监测人肺腺癌细胞系中miR-155-3p的表达。该寡核苷酸的CD图谱显示271和246 nm的(+)-CE和(-)-CE, 验证了茎环结构的形成。它与miR-155-3p的目标序列结合后, 茎环结构展开, 释放荧光信号, 荧光强度显示癌细胞中miR-155-3p的表达量。
在核酸药物的研发与生产过程中, 体外转录温度、缓冲体系组成、纯化条件等工艺参数对核酸分子的二级结构具有显著影响。在储存过程中, 核酸药物受温度、光照、冻融循环等条件影响易发生水解、氧化或聚集现象, 影响其稳定性。这些潜在问题凸显了稳定性监测对于核酸药物的重要性。CD光谱不仅能鉴别核酸构象, 还可通过变温实验或环境条件调节, 动态监测B-Z转换或G-四链体折叠/解折叠等结构转变过程[37]。
核酸药物的热稳定性决定了其高级结构完整性、生物活性保留率及长期储存可行性, 是质控体系中的关键评价指标。CD光谱测定的核酸熔解温度(Tm, 又称为变性温度) 作为评估其热力学稳定性的重要参数, 在药物开发中具有多重指导作用[22]。基于Tm值与折叠自由能的关联, 可以确定规模化生产中退火工艺的临界温度阈值。CD技术的实时动态监测功能有助于实现核酸药物在研发、生产及质控全流程中的构象稳定性评估。Kloczewiak等[7]考察了mRNA结构对温度的敏感性, 结果显示CD信号随温度升高而强度逐渐减弱, 而且mRNA在不同波段的CD信号对温度的敏感程度存在差异(图3)。
核酸分子的构象稳定性受溶剂化效应的显著影响, 在核酸药物制剂开发中需予以重点考察。研究表明, 在某些诱导剂存在时, 核酸分子可能发生显著的构象转变。甲醇、乙醇和三氟乙醇(2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol, TFE) 等有机溶剂通过降低溶液介电常数和脱水效应, 诱导B型DNA发生二级结构重排。例如, 富含GC的B型DNA片段在甲醇中可呈现类A型构象特征; 在TFE或高浓度乙醇(> 80%) 中, B型DNA可发生高度协同的双态转变, 形成A型结构。Z型构象的形成也受溶剂系统调控, 以TFE滴定实验为例, 当TFE浓度达67%时, B型DNA完全转化为经典Z型, CD光谱显示290 nm负CE和205 nm深负CE; 继续增加TFE浓度则触发Z型到Z′亚型的转变, 表现为CD光谱中290 nm处负CE的红移(图4)[11]。
离子环境通过调控适配体的构象熵变和静电屏蔽效应, 影响空间结构折叠路径、热力学稳定性及与配体分子的特异性结合能力。通过检测适配体在不同离子条件下随温度的动态变化, 可以评估离子对适配体的稳定能力。
某些mRNA在不同溶剂环境中呈现显著的结构差异。在纯水体系中, 该核酸呈现典型的未折叠状态特征, 在250~270 nm具有较高的紫外吸收值, 在260~280 nm区域呈现较低的CD信号强度。然而, 在含Ca2+的磷酸缓冲液中, CD信号显著增强, 表明mRNA形成了更稳定的折叠构象[38]。
在秀丽隐杆线虫mRNA的3′末端添加poly(UG) 重复序列, 与适配体靶向结合, 驱动基因沉默和跨代表观遗传[39]。这种poly(UG) 重复序列以非经典RNA G-四链体结构存在, 在K+条件下的CD图谱中, 245和304 nm为(-)-CE, 265和285 nm为(+)-CE。然而, 在Li+条件下CD谱图改变, 所有特征峰消失, 显示K+对稳定G-四链体结构的必要性[40, 41]。
AT11是一种靶向核仁素(nucleolin, NCL) 的核酸药物, NCL的表达与癌症侵袭性增加相关。Moreira等[42]将胸腺嘧啶添加到AT11的接头中得到衍生物AT11-L2。在无KCl的缓冲液中, AT11-L2的构象无明显G-四链体特征, 255和285 nm处均为(+)-CE。随着KCl的浓度增高, CD图谱中255 nm处的(+)-CE逐渐红移至260 nm且强度提高, 285 nm处的(+)-CE则逐渐红移至290 nm形成肩峰, 而240 nm处的(-)-CE逐渐显现。CD图谱符合典型的平行G-四链体特征, 表明AL11-L2在该条件下形成了平行G-四链体结构。
镉(Cd) 作为一种有毒的重金属, 诱导产生活性氧攻击和破坏细胞中蛋白质、DNA和脂质的正常结构。一些DNA序列具有高Cd2+结合亲和力和特异性, 是Cd2+特异性适配体。Cd2+通过配位特定核酸序列中的G9、C12和G16可以稳定其局部构象, CD图谱发生相应变化, 240 nm处负峰强度下降, 而275 nm处正峰强度明显增加[43]。
变温CD实验可以实时监测核酸在不同离子条件下的折叠/解折叠过程。例如, 核酸药物BC007在不同溶液中热稳定性完全不同。在KCl溶液中, BC007能保持良好的热稳定性, 60 ℃时依然可以进行可逆解折叠; 而在纯水和NaCl溶液中, BC007在40 ℃时结构就已被破坏[44]。
柔红霉素适配体DRN-10在265 nm的(+)-CE和在295 nm的肩峰, 符合平行G-四链体的特征, 210 nm的(+)-CE和240 nm的(-)-CE进一步确认其平行构象。当移除缓冲液中的K+或Na+时, CD光谱中295 nm处的肩峰强度显著降低, 表明这两种离子对维持G-四链体结构至关重要。移除二价离子Mg2+和Ca2+对G-四链体结构的影响相对较小, 使用胆碱氯化物补偿离子强度损失时, 光谱特征未得到明显改善, 表明特定离子的存在是维持G-四链体结构的主要因素[19]。
环境pH值是影响核酸高级结构形成与稳定性的因素之一。iM结构直接影响癌基因BCL2、KRAS的转录调控, 针对此类结构的小分子可能通过稳定或破坏特定构象实现基因表达调控。
以KRAS启动子区富含胞嘧啶的寡核苷酸序列为例, 其iM结构在弱酸性条件(pH 5.2) 下占主导地位, CD呈现iM特征峰型, 即288 nm处强的(+)-CE与264 nm处的(-)-CE。当pH值升高至6.6时, 正CE蓝移至285 nm, 表明构象开始向发夹结构转变。在pH为7.8时, 正CE强度显著降低且进一步位移至280 nm, 提示iM构象完全解离为发夹或单链结构。
这个iM结构的熔解曲线显示, 其热稳定性与pH值密切相关。pH为5.2时, Tm为66.5 ℃, 而pH为6.6时Tm降低至43.8 ℃, 表明弱酸性条件有助于形成并维持iM结构。进一步的CD光谱分析显示, 在pH 5.2条件下, 温度低于50 ℃时iM、发夹及杂合构象共存, 温度升至50 ℃以上则单链DNA成为主要构象; 当温度达到90 ℃时, DNA完全解链为单链形式[45]。
核酸特定的二级结构(如: 发夹结构) 可能显著增强核酸药物的细胞毒性。研究显示, 在对单链寡核苷酸(single-stranded oligonucleotides, SSOs) 进行化学修饰时, 能够形成稳定发夹结构的SSOs表现出更强的细胞毒性[46]。因此, 在SSOs类核酸药物研发过程中, 不仅需要考虑化学修饰导致的稳定性提升, 还需要特别关注二级结构变化可能造成的毒性风险。CD分析可以快速鉴别发夹结构的形成, 有助于在药物设计阶段避免潜在毒性结构的产生, 为此类核酸药物的结构优化提供了重要参考。
小分子与核酸药物相互作用可诱导核酸构象变化, 维持生物活性所需的二级结构, 提升稳定性。例如, TBA经T7位点化学修饰得到的衍生物, 可以保持其原有反平行构象[47, 48]; 除草剂结合单链DNA适配体后诱导其形成和维持B型结构[49]; DNA荧光染色剂4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚特异性结合DNA富含AT的小沟, 在365 nm处产生CD信号[50]。
CD光谱在金属药物-DNA相互作用研究中可灵敏地检测构象变化并区分结合模式。d(GCGGGTACGGGC)2与Cu2+和辛二酸酯配合物Cu-Oda结合后, 280 nm处的(+)-CE增强, 表明Cu络合物以插入方式结合在DNA螺旋结构的大沟区; 而d(GCGGGATCCGGC)2与Cu络合物结合后, 在288 nm处出现(-)-CE, 提示局部形成类似Z-DNA的构象[51]。
研究表明, 氯藻-十二硼酸盐与寡核苷酸的双末端偶联物D-B-bis可诱导B型双链DNA向A型构象转变。在倾向于形成A型构象的DNA-RNA杂交异源双链中, D-B-bis修饰进一步增强了A型构象的稳定性, 修饰后的异源双链图谱特征与典型A型核酸高度吻合, 表现为265 nm处(+)-CE增强及245 nm处(-)-CE减弱[52]。
研究核酸药物与靶标核酸之间的相互作用, 是阐明其结合机制的关键。ASO药物SPC5001的临床开发因急性肾损伤而终止, 经结构修饰得到LNA-、MOE-和2′OMe-衍生物。当这3种衍生物与互补靶RNA结合时, LNA-和MOE-修饰的ASO在220和280 nm处有特征峰, 而2′OMe-修饰的ASO的280 nm峰偏移至270 nm, 表明化学修饰显著影响ASO的二级结构[53]。
核酸相互作用在调控基因表达方面至关重要。例如, BCL2L1基因的选择性剪接产生抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-XL和促凋亡蛋白Bcl-XS, Bcl-XL的过表达促进肿瘤细胞存活, 而Bcl-XS具有治疗潜力。Bcl-x前体mRNA上Bcl-XS 5′剪接位点(5′ splice sites, 5′ss) 下游形成G-四链体结构, 并被特异性配体GQC-05稳定, 促进Bcl-XS剪接。其机制在于, 该区域通常被局部茎环结构遮蔽, 而G-四链体的形成可竞争性破坏茎环结构, 暴露被遮蔽的5′ss[54]。265 nm处(+)-CE和240 nm处(-)-CE的产生提示稳定G-四链体结构的形成, 茎环结构被破坏。
在肿瘤靶向治疗领域, 核酸-蛋白质分子识别机制具有关键调控功能。典型实例包括经CD确证为B型构象的TB-5等非G-四链体DNA适配体, 通过形成高亲和力复合物特异性识别NCL蛋白, 为NCL过表达型恶性肿瘤提供了精确的靶向干预策略[55-57]。
DNA适配体A40和C42可与溶菌酶特异性结合, 但CD图谱中未表现出明显变化, 表明二者与溶菌酶的相互作用均未引起自身二级结构的明显改变, 提示其结合可能主要是依靠静电作用、疏水作用等非特异性作用力。然而, RNA适配体C80R与溶菌酶结合时显示出特征性的CD图谱变化, 证实其序列特异性的结合能力, 揭示构象重排在分子识别中的关键作用。同时, 这种特异性结合依赖于特定的离子环境, 当缓冲条件改变时, 溶菌酶与适配体C80R结合的图谱特征完全消失[58]。
RNA疫苗的成功研发标志着生物制药的新纪元, 但其实际应用仍受限于载药效率偏低和热稳定性不足等技术瓶颈。通过构建核酸-递送系统制剂可以维持核酸分子空间构象的完整性, 提升其环境耐受性[59]。例如, 将核酸药物与多糖链结合保持其原有构象[60]; 与纳米材料结合可在增加载药量的同时维持结构稳定[61]; 改良传统的细胞穿透肽则能实现核酸药物的高效递送[62]。
CD技术凭借其对核酸空间结构的高灵敏度检测能力, 成为研究核酸递送系统及其分子机制的重要分析工具。CD能够实时监测复合体系中核酸构象的动态变化, 并定量解析载体材料与核酸分子间的相互作用模式。这为核酸递送系统的处方筛选、工艺优化及质量控制提供了分子层面的关键决策依据。
细胞膜作为细胞内外的物理边界, 不仅调节分子的运输, 还可保护生物分子的结构稳定性[63]。经脂质纳米粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 封装的mRNA可以在限制mRNA动态构象的同时, 显著提升其热稳定性。
Kloczewiak等[7]通过CD光谱比较了mRNA疫苗与LNP封装剂型的构象差异及热稳定性。游离mRNA在25 ℃时呈现典型的A型螺旋结构。在升温过程中, 不同波长区域的展开轨迹不同, 表明游离mRNA疫苗的去折叠涉及多个构象变化步骤。其中, 295 nm区域最先响应温度变化, Tm为49.6 ℃, 显示简并激子相互作用最易受温度影响; 其次是210 nm, Tm是53.0 ℃, 显示碱基堆叠作用的减弱, 导致长序列的进一步解压缩; 最后是265 nm, Tm是58.4 ℃, 说明螺旋结构逐步解体。经LNP封装后的mRNA疫苗热稳定性提升, 265 nm处的Tm从58.4 ℃升至71 ℃。破坏LNP结构样品的CD特征与游离mRNA相似, 证明LNP的物理封装是热稳定性增强的关键, 封装迫使mRNA疫苗形成更紧密的结构, 降低展开倾向[7, 64]。
阳离子多肽鱼精蛋白包被的氧化锌(ZnO) 纳米粒可显著提升RNA药物的载药效率、热稳定性及生物活性。Delong等[65]通过CD分析揭示了ZnO纳米粒对RNA构象的稳定作用, 未包被的游离RNA在CD谱中呈现典型的A型螺旋特征, 而ZnO-鱼精蛋白-RNA复合物的CD谱显示峰强度显著增加但峰位未改变, 表明RNA的二级结构通过纳米粒结合得到增强。
基于自组装肽的纳米纤维可用于高效递送靶向表皮生长因子受体基因的siRNA至三阴性乳腺癌细胞, 实现基因沉默。纳米纤维通过静电相互作用结合siRNA, 具有高生物相容性、结构稳定性和靶向性。游离的siRNA在265 nm处有(+)-CE, 反映其A型双螺旋结构特征。与纳米纤维结合后, siRNA在265 nm处的峰强度降为原来1/3, 但峰位未偏移, 表明其二级结构未被破坏[66]。
低分子质量聚乙烯亚胺(polyethylenimine, PEI) 经酪氨酸修饰后与siRNA结合, 复合物能够保护siRNA免受核酸水解酶降解并介导靶基因敲除。CD分析可以清晰地观察到这一过程, 当siRNA与修饰后的PEIs形成复合物时, 其原有的特征性CD信号基本消失, 表明siRNA的二级结构已被聚合物有效包裹。这可以保护其免受核酸酶降解, 确保在细胞内释放后能够恢复功能构象, 从而实现递送效率与药效维持的平衡[67]。
基于DNA纳米结构的靶向药物递送系统AptG15通过将蛋白酪氨酸激酶7特异性DNA适配体与15个连续鸟嘌呤序列结合, 形成Y形结构, 经CD验证其中包含G-四链体结构, 能够高效负载光敏剂亚甲蓝等药物[68]。该方法将CD光谱的结构表征与功能验证相结合, 为开发高效低毒的非病毒基因递送系统提供了重要的理论依据。
CD方法作为核酸研究的重要工具, 通过解析核酸药物的空间构象特征、分子相互作用模式及环境稳定性变化, 为药效评价提供关键依据。该方法的快速、灵敏和溶液态无损分析特点使其适用于核酸药物的结构表征及构象稳定性和批间一致性评价。CD方法还可与多种技术联合使用。例如, 采用高效液相色谱联用系统和手性柱实现治疗性寡核苷酸对映体分离检测[69], 与气相质谱联用分析G-四链体靶向药物[70]。值得关注的是, 同步辐射-圆二色谱通过将检测波长范围拓展到真空紫外光区, 提升光谱分辨率和信息量, 在核酸拓扑解析、蛋白质动态折叠及膜蛋白水合作用研究中展现出独特优势[71-73], 为揭示核酸高级结构调控机制提供重要技术手段[74-76]。此外, CD技术与线二色技术[77]及卟啉探针[78]等联用在解析核酸药物结构和功能方面具备进一步探索价值。随着核酸药物研究的快速发展及人工智能数据解析手段的普及应用, CD方法将在核酸结构解析、功能研究及新药开发等领域发挥更加重要的作用。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0755
  • 接收时间:2025-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-02
  • 修回日期:2025-10-13
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 消化健康全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2中国食品药品检定研究院, 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 102629

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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