Article(id=1308828779850589014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1295, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762185600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-04, revisedDate=1765728000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978697978, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978697978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978697978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978697978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=950, endPage=960, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828781717054295, articleId=1308828779850589014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Blood-brain barrier permeable nanoemulsion induce local immune responses for glioma therapy, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The treatment of gliomas faces significant challenges due to limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This study developed a perillyl alcohol-based nanoemulsion (POH-NE), which utilizes the reversible BBB-opening property of POH to efficiently deliver the STING agonist MSA-2 into the brain, aiming to achieve synergistic immunomodulation and antitumor therapy. MSA-2POH-NE exhibits uniform particle size (87.6 ± 2.3 nm) and neutral surface charge (-0.17 ± 0.1 mV), demonstrating system stability. In vivo distribution experiments demonstrated that POH-NE increased drug accumulation in the brain to 4.6 times that of conventional nanoemulsions. Mechanistic studies revealed that POH-NE reversibly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance and downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and ZO-1, while exerting no significant effect on the non-tight junction protein CD31. This suggests that POH may facilitate controllable BBB opening through coordinated paracellular and transcellular pathways. In an orthotopic glioma model, MSA-2POH-NE significantly activated the STING signaling pathway, promoted type I interferon production, enhanced the infiltration and activation of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes within tumors, and cooperatively reversed the immunosuppressive microenvironment. All animal experiments had been approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No: SXD23001). In conclusion, this study proposed a novel combinatorial strategy for glioma immunotherapy based on reversible BBB opening and STING pathway activation, providing an experimental foundation for subsequent translational research.

, authors=Yu-hua MA1, Jin-feng ZHANG1, 2, Yi-ao WANG2, Yi-si TANG3, Wu-fa FAN2, *, Xu-dong SHI3, *, authorsList=Yu-hua MA, Jin-feng ZHANG, Yi-ao WANG, Yi-si TANG, Wu-fa FAN, Xu-dong SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wu-fa FAN, Xu-dong SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828783302501218, articleId=1308828779850589014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=用于脑胶质瘤治疗的可打开血脑屏障纳米乳剂及免疫激活效应, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脑胶质瘤的治疗受血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 和免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 的双重限制。本研究构建了一种基于紫苏醇的纳米乳剂(perillyl alcohol-based nanoemulsion, POH-NE), 该系统利用POH可逆开放BBB的特性, 高效递送STING激动剂MSA-2至脑内, 以实现免疫微环境调控与抗肿瘤的协同作用。制剂表征显示, 负载MSA-2的POH-NE (MSA-2POH-NE) 粒径均一(87.6 ± 2.3 nm), 表面电荷接近中性(-0.17 ± 0.1 mV), 稳定性良好。体内分布实验表明, POH-NE使脑内药物蓄积量提升至常规纳米乳剂的4.6倍。机制研究发现, POH可逆降低跨内皮电阻, 下调紧密连接(tight junctions, TJ) 蛋白Claudin-5与ZO-1表达, 而对非紧密连接蛋白CD31无明显影响, 提示其可能通过旁细胞途径和跨细胞途径协同实现BBB的可控开放。在原位脑胶质瘤模型中, MSA-2POH-NE显著激活STING信号通路, 促进I型干扰素产生, 增强肿瘤内树突状细胞与细胞毒性T细胞的浸润与活化, 协同逆转免疫抑制微环境。本研究所有动物实验均获得中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: SXD23001)。本研究提出了一种基于BBB可逆开放与STING通路激活协同的脑胶质瘤免疫治疗新策略, 为后续转化研究提供了实验依据。

, authors=马玉花1, 张金凤1, 2, 王义奥2, 汤懿斯3, 范武发2, *, 史旭东3, *, authorsList=马玉花, 张金凤, 王义奥, 汤懿斯, 范武发, 史旭东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范武发, 史旭东, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

马玉花、张金凤负责实验工作及文章初稿撰写; 王义奥完成体外表征工作; 汤懿斯负责体内体外实验部分; 史旭东负责实验指导工作; 范武发、史旭东完成实验设计及文章初稿修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
范武发,Tel: 13693524103, E-mail:
史旭东,Tel: 13811648136, E-mail:
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A: DLS and particle size of MSA-2NE, POH-NE and MSA-2POH-NE; B: Polymer dispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of nanoemulsions; C: The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the MSA-2NE and MSA-2POH-NE; D: The loading content (LC) of the MSA-2NE and MSA-2POH-NE; E: Long-term stability of MSA-2POH-NE; F: Stability of nanoemulsions in water, PBS, and 10% FBS after 48 h; G: In vitro release curve of MSA-2. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=lcfiBtVEne2cpV9uslbrEw==, figureFileBig=vl4BoGQwPcejdTenCR7sVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482652803203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=efvg3FYTlduNERMGt+FFHw==, figureFileBig=dWrpcgu4iayz6WpILur72A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482703134852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=In vivo distribution and organ accumulation study. A: In vivo distribution profiles of different nanoemulsions from 0 to 4 h after intravenous injection; B: Quantitative analysis of average radiance in brain; C: Accumulation of nanoemulsions in brain tissue and major organs following necropsy of mice at 0.5 h after dosing; D: Quantitative analysis of total radiance in brain tissue and major organs. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ns: No significant difference, figureFileSmall=efvg3FYTlduNERMGt+FFHw==, figureFileBig=dWrpcgu4iayz6WpILur72A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482778632325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aroplsMwQkSqE/ErHkivrg==, figureFileBig=ABrhTJ+VyG5ZjVvzrjDAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482828963974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Research on the mechanism of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. A: Cell viability of bEnd.3; B: Schematic diagram of an in vitro BBB model; C: Changes in TEER values before and after intervention with different nanoemulsion formulations; D: Study of transendothelial transport and transport rates of Cy5-labeled nanoemulsion in a monolayer of bEnd.3 cells on a transwell membrane; E: After a 24 h treatment with POH-NE, POH-NE was removed and the recovery of the membranes was determined with a TEER ohmmeter; F: Western blot analysis of tight junction (TJ) component protein expression for tight junction protein-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, with ImageJ quantitative analysis; G: Schematic diagram of a simulated BBB model in a co-culture system (glioblastoma and cerebral vascular endothelial cells); H: Flow cytometry analysis of nanoemulsion uptake efficiency in GL261 cells; I: Confocal microscopy imaging analysis of nanoemulsion uptake process in GL261 cells. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=aroplsMwQkSqE/ErHkivrg==, figureFileBig=ABrhTJ+VyG5ZjVvzrjDAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482896072839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ETkV83qZAKRGMF05CZ1EoQ==, figureFileBig=9jL7Y3006YMrZdmSrL6qUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834482958987400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Immune activation by MSA-2POH-NE in orthotopic gliomas. A: t-SNE visualization analysis of infiltrating immune cell subsets in glioma, including CD45+ cells, T cells (CD3+CD8+), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3+NK1.1+), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-NK1.1+), CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells, CD8+Ki-67+ T cells, NK1.1+IFN-γ+ NKT, NK1.1+Ki-67+ NKT, NK1.1+IFN-γ+ NK, NK1.1+Ki-67+ NK cell subsets; B, C: Quantitative analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (based on live CD45+CD3+ T cell population), IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells, Ki-67+CD8+ T cells; D, E: IFN-γ+ NK1.1+ NKT cells, Ki-67+NK1.1+ NKT cells based on live CD45+CD3+ cell populations; F, G: IFN-γ+NK1.1+ NK cells, Ki-67+NK1.1+ NK cells based on live CD45+CD3- cell populations. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=ETkV83qZAKRGMF05CZ1EoQ==, figureFileBig=9jL7Y3006YMrZdmSrL6qUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834483026096265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mzdNDG0+PsrKSvgYYevrag==, figureFileBig=WxIj/9Zp7hfewPov2TYoiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834483093205130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828779850589014, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Immunoregulatory role of MSA-2POH-NE in situ gliomas. A: t-SNE visualization of infiltrating immune cell subsets in glioma, showing distribution of intratumoral immune subpopulations including CD45+ cells, CD3+ cells, and CD4+ and Foxp3+ T lymphocytes; B: Quantitative analysis of Foxp3+ cells based on CD45+CD3+CD4+ live T cells; C: t-SNE analysis of myeloid/tumor cell populations: t-SNE visualization encompassing CD45+ cells, macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+), M1-type (CD86+CD206-), M2-type (CD206+CD86-), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, Gr-1+); D: Intratumoral M1 macrophages (circular gate logic: CD45+F4/80+CD11b+ detecting CD86+CD206-), M2 macrophages (CD45+F4/80+CD11b+ detecting CD206+CD86-), along with quantitative results and M1/M2 ratios; E: Quantitative analysis of intratumoral MDSCs (CD45+F4/80-CD11b+ detecting Gr-1+). n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=mzdNDG0+PsrKSvgYYevrag==, figureFileBig=WxIj/9Zp7hfewPov2TYoiw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, 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用于脑胶质瘤治疗的可打开血脑屏障纳米乳剂及免疫激活效应
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马玉花 1 , 张金凤 1, 2 , 王义奥 2 , 汤懿斯 3 , 范武发 2, * , 史旭东 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 950-960
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 950 -960
用于脑胶质瘤治疗的可打开血脑屏障纳米乳剂及免疫激活效应
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马玉花1, 张金凤1, 2, 王义奥2, 汤懿斯3, 范武发2, * , 史旭东3, *
作者信息
  • 1青海民族大学药学院, 青海省青藏高原植物化学重点实验室, 青海省现代藏药创制工程技术研究中心, 青海 西宁 810007
  • 2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 药物传输技术及新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 3中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医学实验动物研究所, 国家卫生健康委比较医学重点实验室, 国家动物模型技术创新中心, 国家人类疾病动物模型资源库, 北京 100021
通讯作者:
范武发,Tel: 13693524103, E-mail:
史旭东,Tel: 13811648136, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

马玉花、张金凤负责实验工作及文章初稿撰写; 王义奥完成体外表征工作; 汤懿斯负责体内体外实验部分; 史旭东负责实验指导工作; 范武发、史旭东完成实验设计及文章初稿修改。

Blood-brain barrier permeable nanoemulsion induce local immune responses for glioma therapy
Yu-hua MA1, Jin-feng ZHANG1, 2, Yi-ao WANG2, Yi-si TANG3, Wu-fa FAN2, * , Xu-dong SHI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Engineering Research Center of Modern Tibetan Medicine Development, School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining 810007, China
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1295
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脑胶质瘤的治疗受血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 和免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 的双重限制。本研究构建了一种基于紫苏醇的纳米乳剂(perillyl alcohol-based nanoemulsion, POH-NE), 该系统利用POH可逆开放BBB的特性, 高效递送STING激动剂MSA-2至脑内, 以实现免疫微环境调控与抗肿瘤的协同作用。制剂表征显示, 负载MSA-2的POH-NE (MSA-2POH-NE) 粒径均一(87.6 ± 2.3 nm), 表面电荷接近中性(-0.17 ± 0.1 mV), 稳定性良好。体内分布实验表明, POH-NE使脑内药物蓄积量提升至常规纳米乳剂的4.6倍。机制研究发现, POH可逆降低跨内皮电阻, 下调紧密连接(tight junctions, TJ) 蛋白Claudin-5与ZO-1表达, 而对非紧密连接蛋白CD31无明显影响, 提示其可能通过旁细胞途径和跨细胞途径协同实现BBB的可控开放。在原位脑胶质瘤模型中, MSA-2POH-NE显著激活STING信号通路, 促进I型干扰素产生, 增强肿瘤内树突状细胞与细胞毒性T细胞的浸润与活化, 协同逆转免疫抑制微环境。本研究所有动物实验均获得中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: SXD23001)。本研究提出了一种基于BBB可逆开放与STING通路激活协同的脑胶质瘤免疫治疗新策略, 为后续转化研究提供了实验依据。

脑胶质瘤  /  血脑屏障  /  紫苏醇  /  纳米乳剂  /  MSA-2  /  免疫治疗

The treatment of gliomas faces significant challenges due to limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This study developed a perillyl alcohol-based nanoemulsion (POH-NE), which utilizes the reversible BBB-opening property of POH to efficiently deliver the STING agonist MSA-2 into the brain, aiming to achieve synergistic immunomodulation and antitumor therapy. MSA-2POH-NE exhibits uniform particle size (87.6 ± 2.3 nm) and neutral surface charge (-0.17 ± 0.1 mV), demonstrating system stability. In vivo distribution experiments demonstrated that POH-NE increased drug accumulation in the brain to 4.6 times that of conventional nanoemulsions. Mechanistic studies revealed that POH-NE reversibly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance and downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and ZO-1, while exerting no significant effect on the non-tight junction protein CD31. This suggests that POH may facilitate controllable BBB opening through coordinated paracellular and transcellular pathways. In an orthotopic glioma model, MSA-2POH-NE significantly activated the STING signaling pathway, promoted type I interferon production, enhanced the infiltration and activation of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes within tumors, and cooperatively reversed the immunosuppressive microenvironment. All animal experiments had been approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No: SXD23001). In conclusion, this study proposed a novel combinatorial strategy for glioma immunotherapy based on reversible BBB opening and STING pathway activation, providing an experimental foundation for subsequent translational research.

glioma  /  blood-brain barrier  /  perillyl alcohol  /  nanoemulsion  /  MSA-2  /  immunotherapy
马玉花, 张金凤, 王义奥, 汤懿斯, 范武发, 史旭东. 用于脑胶质瘤治疗的可打开血脑屏障纳米乳剂及免疫激活效应. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 950 -960 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1295
Yu-hua MA, Jin-feng ZHANG, Yi-ao WANG, Yi-si TANG, Wu-fa FAN, Xu-dong SHI. Blood-brain barrier permeable nanoemulsion induce local immune responses for glioma therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 950 -960 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1295
根据世界卫生组织统计, 脑肿瘤在中国的发病率和死亡率均位居全球首位, 已成为我国极难攻克的恶性肿瘤之一[1]。其中, 脑胶质瘤作为最常见的恶性脑肿瘤, 约占所有脑肿瘤的40%~50%。该肿瘤呈浸润性生长, 位于中枢神经系统关键区域, 常引起继发性神经损伤, 导致预后不良、死亡率高[2]。尽管近年来涌现出多种新型治疗药物, 但脑胶质瘤患者的五年生存率在过去十年中未见显著改善[3]。
血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 是维持中枢神经系统稳态的重要结构, 由脑毛细血管内皮细胞及其间的紧密连接、基底膜、星形胶质细胞和周细胞等共同构成[4-6]。该屏障结构依赖于Claudin-5等跨膜蛋白与ZO-1等胞质附着蛋白形成的蛋白复合体, 可阻挡近100%的大分子药物(如蛋白、抗体) 及超过98%的小分子药物入脑[7, 8]。为提升药物脑内递送效率, 研究人员已提出多种跨血脑屏障递送策略[9-11]。其中, 针对脑内皮细胞受体的配体修饰虽可借助受体介导的转胞吞作用促进纳米粒穿透[12], 但由于纳米尺寸限制, 其递送效率仍不理想[13]。例如, 转铁蛋白修饰的纳米载体实际入脑药量仍低于1%, 难以满足治疗需求[14]。因此, 基于配体修饰实现抗体、纳米制剂等大尺寸药物的高效脑靶向递送仍是当前重大挑战。相较之下, 通过物理(如超声、渗透压冲击、电磁辐射) 或化学方式短暂开放紧密连接, 是一种极具前景的提高血脑屏障通透性的治疗策略[15, 16]。但采用物理手段诱导的血脑屏障开放可能导致血液中有害物质入脑, 引发严重炎症反应及其他神经毒性等缺陷。基于此, 本研究设想开发一种有效、无创且安全的血脑屏障开放策略, 既能提升药物在脑肿瘤区域的富集, 又可实现胶质瘤局部药物的可控释放, 为中枢神经系统疾病的精准高效治疗提供新思路与新方法。
紫苏醇(perillyl alcohol, POH) 是一种天然单萜类活性物质, 化学名为(4-异丙烯基-1-环己烯) 甲醇, 来源于唇形科植物紫苏叶、茎和花穗的精油中, 其分子结构兼具疏水与亲水区域, 具有良好的膜渗透性与生物相容性[17, 18]。研究表明, POH能够可逆、无毒性方式开放血脑屏障, 初步研究其机制可能与调控紧密连接蛋白(如Claudin-5、ZO-1) 的分布与功能有关[19, 20]。临床级制剂NEO100 (高纯度POH) 经动脉注射或鼻腔给药已在临床前模型中显示出增强脑部药物递送与抗胶质瘤活性的潜力[21-23], 为基于POH的脑靶向递送系统开发奠定了基础。
肿瘤微环境中干扰素基因刺激因子(interferon gene stimulating factor, STING) 的激活可引发强效的全身性肿瘤消退及免疫应答[24]。MSA-2作为一种口服非核苷酸类STING激动剂, 可通过诱导STING蛋白二聚化及构象变化, 激活I型干扰素应答, 进而激发适应性抗肿瘤免疫应答能力[25, 26]。然而, MSA-2存在胞质递送效率低、代谢稳定性差等问题, 限制了其临床应用[27, 28]。纳米递送系统为提高其靶向性、控制释放及改善药代动力学提供了可行策略[29-31]。
基于此, 本研究设计了一种负载MSA-2的紫苏醇纳米乳剂(perillyl alcohol-based nanoemulsion, MSA-2POH-NE), 旨在协同利用POH的血脑屏障开放能力与MSA-2的免疫激活功能, 提升脑胶质瘤的免疫治疗效果。该制剂粒径均一(87.6 ± 2.3 nm), 表面呈中性电荷(-0.17 ± 0.1 mV), 包封率高, 稳定性良好。体内实验表明, MSA-2POH-NE能快速靶向脑组织, 其脑内蓄积量为常规纳米乳剂的4.6倍。在体外血脑屏障模型中, POH可降低跨内皮电阻, 下调Claudin-5与ZO-1蛋白表达, 且在移除POH后, 跨内皮电阻得以恢复, 证实其通过调节紧密连接开放血脑屏障, 且此过程是可逆、短暂的。进一步研究发现, 负载MSA-2的MSA-2POH-NE可协同激活先天性与适应性免疫应答, 逆转免疫抑制微环境。该研究将POH纳米乳剂与STING激动剂相结合, 为脑胶质瘤的免疫治疗提供了新思路, 展现出POH-NE在脑部疾病治疗领域的应用潜力。
药物与试剂  紫苏醇[536-59-4, 萨恩化学技术(上海) 有限公司]; DiR (22070-200)、Cy5 (1053-200)、MSA-2 (129425-81-6) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; DMEM-高糖培养基(DM150210)、RPMI 1640培养基(DM150110)、胰酶细胞消化液(PB180226)、青霉素-链霉素(PB180120) 购自普诺赛生命科技有限公司; 胎牛血清(A5669701)、胶原酶IV (17104019)、Hoechst (R37605) 购自赛默飞世尔科技有限公司; 荧光素钾盐(114144-35-9, 上海毕得医药科技有限公司); Transwell®小室(3422, 美国康宁公司); DNA酶I [A510099-0001, 生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]; 透明质酸酶(H3506, 德国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 流式抗体(美国BioLegend公司); 紧密连接蛋白-1 (ZO-1) 抗体(8193T)、闭合蛋白-5 (Claudin-5) 抗体(49564S)、CD31抗体(77699S) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司)。
仪器  超声波细胞粉碎仪(SCIENTZ-IID, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 旋转蒸发仪(Rotavapor RE-2000A, 上海亚荣生物科技有限公司); 动态光散射粒度仪(Nanolink SZ901, 珠海真理光学仪器有限公司); 多功能酶标仪(Varioskan lux, 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); 小动物活体成像仪(IVIS LuminaIII, 美国Perkin Elmer公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(FL 98W, 宁波永信光学有限公司); 流式细胞仪(LongCyteTM, 北京层浪生物科技有限公司); 跨膜电阻细胞仪(Millicell® ERS3.0, 德国Merck Millipore公司); 凝胶成像系统(GenoSens2100, 上海勤翔科学仪器有限公司); 标准型脑立体定位仪(68001, 瑞沃德生命科技有限公司)
细胞  小鼠胶质瘤细胞(mouse glioma cells, GL261)、稳定表达荧光素酶的GL261细胞株(GL261-Luc)、小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞(mouse brain endothelial cells, bEnd.3) 由中国科学院上海药物研究所黄永焯课题组赠送。
实验动物  Balb/c nu-nu、C57BL/6购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 动物合格证分别为110324241103818832、110324251104220962。小鼠饲养于SPF级动物房, 室温恒定, 24 h自由饮水进食, 12 h明暗循环照明, 所有动物护理及实验方案均经中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: SXD23001)。
纳米乳的制备  采用溶剂扩散/蒸发法制备纳米乳剂。将疏水性活性成分与油相共同溶解在水不混溶有机溶剂中, 在持续搅拌条件下将有机相注入含表面活性剂的水相形成初乳, 具体流程如下: 首先, 将2 g乳化剂聚乙二醇15-羟基硬脂酸酯(Kolliphor® HS 15) 溶于100 mL超纯水, 配制成2% (w/v) HS15水溶液, 即水相。随后, 称取20 mg POH作为油相主体。若制备荧光标记或载药纳米乳, 则同步加入0.4 mg亲脂性荧光染料(Cy5或DiR) 或5.5 mg MSA-2, 各组分预先以微量四氢呋喃溶解并混匀。在磁力搅拌条件下, 将油相缓慢滴加至10 mL水相中, 持续搅拌10 min, 获得初乳。随后, 将初乳置于冰浴中, 探头超声(200 W、10 min), 利用“空化效应”破碎液滴。随后经旋转蒸发去除有机溶剂, 获得最终纳米乳制剂, 分别记为POH-NE、DiRPOH-NE、Cy5POH-NE和MSA-2POH-NE。同理, 以等质量中链甘油三酯替代POH, 按上述相同工艺制备普通纳米乳, 命名为NE、DiRNE、Cy5NE和MSA-2NE。
纳米乳的表征  采用动态光散射法测定MSA-2NE、POH-NE及MSA-2POH-NE的粒径、zeta电位和多分散系数(polymer dispersity index, PDI)。通过建立MSA-2标准曲线定量分析包封率与载药量: 精确称取MSA-2标准品配制1 mg·mL-1 DMSO母液, 梯度稀释为200、100、50、25、12.5 μg·mL-1标准溶液, 于365 nm波长测定吸光度并建立标准曲线。
取2 mL MSA-2NE与MSA-2POH-NE, 经超滤离心(10 kDa、10 000 ×g、10 min) 分离游离药物, 取100 μL滤液测定游离MSA-2吸光度。根据公式(1) 和(2) 分别计算包封率(encapsulation efficiency, EE) 与载药量(loading content, LC):
$ \begin{aligned} \operatorname{EE}(\%)=\left(W_{\text {total }}-W_{\text {free }}\right) / W_{\text {total }} \times 100 \% \end{aligned} $
$ \operatorname{LC}(\%)=\left(W_{\text {total }}-W_{\text {free }}\right) / \text { 载体总质量 } \times 100 \% $
其中, Wtotal为MSA-2投药总量, Wfree为游离MSA-2。
稳定性评价  将MSA-2NE与MSA-2POH-NE于4 ℃贮存30天, 每5天观察外观并检测粒径与PDI。另取2 mL纳米乳分别与超纯水、PBS (pH 7.4) 及含10% FBS的PBS按1∶1混合, 于37 ℃摇床中孵育, 于0、3、6、12、24、48 h取样测定粒径与PDI, 评估介质稳定性。
体外释放研究  取4 mL MSA-2NE与MSA-2POH-NE (含MSA-2 5 mg) 置于7 000 Da透析袋中, 于20 mL含0.1% SDS的PBS (pH 7.4) 中, 在37 ℃、100 ×g条件下释放。于0、3、6、12、24、48、72、96 h取样500 μL并补充等量释放介质, 测定365 nm吸光度, 计算累计释放率。
体内分布与器官蓄积研究  选取体重20 ± 2 g的Balb/c nu-nu小鼠6只, 随机分为2组(n = 3)。实验前禁食12 h, 自由饮水。设置DiRNE与DiRPOH-NE两组制剂, 每只小鼠尾静脉注射0.2 mL (DiR剂量为100 μg·kg-1)。于预定时间点, 将小鼠置于小动物活体成像系统(in vivo imaging system, IVIS) 中进行全身荧光扫描, 观察上述制剂在小鼠体内的分布行为。为评估器官分布, 在给药后0.5 h处死小鼠, 通过活体成像仪观察DiRNE与DiRPOH-NE在小鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾和脑组织中的分布情况。
细胞毒性研究  将对数生长期的bEnd.3细胞以每孔5.0×103个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中, 在37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h。吸弃原培养基, 加入含梯度浓度(MSA-2质量浓度依次为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 μg·mL-1) 的 MSA-2NE或MSA-2POH-NE培养基, 继续培养48 h, 每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液, 37 ℃避光孵育3 h, 酶标仪450 nm测定吸光度(A) 值, 根据公式(3) 计算细胞存活率:
$ \text { 细胞存活率 }(\%)=\left(A_{450 \text { 实验孔 }}-A_{620 \text { 实验孔 }}\right) /\left(A_{450 \text { 对照孔 }}-\right.\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \left.A_{620 \text { 对照孔 }}\right) \times 100 \% $
血脑屏障开放机制研究  体外血脑屏障模型构建: 将对数生长期的bEnd.3细胞以每孔5.0×105个细胞的密度接种于Transwell®小室, 在37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h。小室顶侧与基底侧分别加入0.2与0.6 mL新鲜培养基, 隔天更换。每日通过显微镜观察单层细胞形态, 并采用上皮电阻仪监测跨膜电阻(transepithelial electrical resistance, TEER), 待TEER值稳定达到平台最大值后, 用于后续实验。
待细胞融合成单层后, 移除顶侧培养基, 分别加入0.2 mL含Cy5NE或Cy5POH-NE (Cy5质量浓度为0.5 μg·mL-1) 的培养基。在1、3、6、12及24 h测定TEER值, 以评估POH打开血脑屏障的功能。并于各时间点从基底侧吸取0.2 mL样品(同时补充等量新鲜培养基), 使用多功能酶标仪检测基底侧培养基中Cy5荧光强度, 计算药物累计转运量及表观渗透系数。同时, 在Cy5POH-NE孵育24 h后移除药物, 加入新鲜培养基继续培养, 并在移除3、6、12及24 h后测定细胞TEER值, 以评估移除药物后血脑屏障功能的恢复。
采用蛋白质印迹法检测紧密连接相关蛋白表达水平, 包括胞质粘连蛋白ZO-1及跨膜蛋白Claudin-5。以CD31作为非紧密连接膜蛋白参照, GAPDH作为上样内参, 分析纳米乳对血脑屏障超微结构完整性的影响。
体外血脑屏障通透性评估  将GL261细胞以每孔1.0×105个细胞的密度接种于24孔板, 培养24 h。将已建立完整单层bEnd.3细胞的Transwell®小室置于接种GL261细胞的24孔板上, 构建体外血脑屏障共培养模型。移除Transwell®小室顶侧培养基, 分别加入0.2 mL含Cy5NE或Cy5POH-NE (Cy5质量浓度0.5 μg·mL-1) 的培养基, 共孵育4 h。孵育结束后, 向基底侧培养基中加入Hoechst (2 μmol·L-1) 染色15 min。GL261细胞经预冷PBS (pH 7.4) 清洗3次后, 通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内Cy5荧光信号。平行实验中, 采用相同纳米乳处理4 h后, 收集GL261细胞, 通过流式细胞术定量分析细胞内Cy5荧光强度, 评估纳米乳的血脑屏障穿透能力及细胞摄取效率。
体内抗肿瘤机制研究  GL261原位胶质瘤模型建立: 小鼠经腹腔注射氯胺酮(150 mg·kg-1) 麻醉, 固定于脑立体定位仪。剃除头部毛发, 消毒皮肤后, 沿中线切开暴露颅骨。以前囟(bregma点) 为原点, 定位注射点(坐标: 前囟左侧1.5 mm, 腹侧3.0 mm)。颅骨钻孔后, 缓慢注入5 μL GL261-Luc细胞悬液(5×104个细胞, 注射速率50 nL·min-1), 留针5 min后缓慢退针。封孔缝合后, 连续3天皮下注射青霉素(8×104 u·d-1) 和美洛昔康(100 μL, 8%溶液) 预防感染及镇痛。术后第7天通过腹腔注射D-荧光素钾盐(15 mg·mL-1, 100 μL) 进行活体成像, 验证肿瘤成瘤情况。
将荷瘤小鼠随机分为4组(n = 3): 生理盐水、游离MSA-2、MSA-2NE、MSA-2POH-NE (POH, 20 mg·kg-1; MSA-2, 5 mg·kg-1), 隔天尾静脉注射给药, 共3次。治疗结束后, 取近肿瘤区域脑组织约100 mg, 剪碎后于37 ℃消化30 min (含胶原酶IV、透明质酸酶、DNase I的无血清培养基)。过滤后获得单细胞悬液, 分为3份进行免疫细胞分型分析。T细胞与NK细胞分析: 细胞经活死染色、Fc阻断后, 表面标记CD45、CD3、NK1.1、CD8染色, 固定破膜后胞内染色IFN-γ、Ki-67。Treg细胞分析: 表面标记CD45、CD3、CD4染色, 核内染色Foxp3。髓系细胞分析: 表面标记CD45、CD11b、F4/80、CD86、Gr-1染色, 膜内染色CD206。
所有样本采用t-SNE (t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, t-分布随机邻域嵌入) 进行高维数据可视化, 分析肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞亚群的比例变化。所有流式抗体购自美国BioLegend公司。
统计学方法  采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行统计分析并作图, 组间比较采用独立样本t检验。各组数据结果以均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。
本文采用溶剂扩散/蒸发法制备了纳米乳剂。如图1A所示, MSA-2NE、POH-NE和MSA-2POH-NE的粒径分别为87.9 ± 3.7、87.9 ± 1.7和87.6 ± 2.3 nm。三者粒径分布均匀(图1B), PDI分别为0.214 ± 0.037、0.161 ± 0.032和0.168 ± 0.018, 且均呈现近似-0.2 mV的电中性。
MSA-2在MSA-2NE和MSA-2POH-NE中的包封率分别为(91.5 ± 0.5)%和(92.3 ± 0.6)% (图1C), 对应的载药量分别为(2.95 ± 0.02)%和(2.98 ± 0.02)% (图1D)。长期稳定性研究显示, MSA-2POH-NE在30天内粒径与PDI大小基本不变, 表明MSA-2POH-NE纳米乳具有较好的稳定性(图1E)。同时, MSA-2POH-NE在纯水、PBS (pH 7.4) 和10% FBS缓冲液中粒径和PDI均无明显变化, 表明其较好的稳定性(图1F)。体外释放研究表明, 在96 h内, MSA-2NE及MSA-2POH-NE中封装的MSA-2释放量均低于30% (图1G), 表明封装的载荷具有高稳定性。综上所述, 这些结果表明MSA-2POH-NE纳米乳具有优异的稳定性, 这是实现有效体内递送的关键先决条件。
通过对Balb/c nu-nu小鼠尾静脉注射DiRNE与 DiRPOH-NE, 并利用小动物活体成像系统观察其体内分布行为, 结果显示: 在给药后4 h内, DiRPOH-NE在脑部表现出更强的蓄积能力(图2A、B), 尤其在0.5 h时差异最为显著。离体组织成像进一步证实, 注射0.5 h后, DiRPOH-NE在脑组织中的荧光强度为DiRNE组的4.6倍(图2C、D)。以上结果表明, 与DiRNE组相比, DiRPOH-NE组展现了显著增强的脑部富集效果, 其机制可能与制剂中的POH成分开放血脑屏障的特性有关。因此, 本研究确定POH-NE作为后续靶向递送与治疗研究的纳米载体。
本研究首先评估了载MSA-2的紫苏醇纳米乳剂(MSA-2POH-NE) 和MSA-2的纳米乳剂(MSA-2NE) 体外细胞毒性, 结果表明, 在0~5.0 μg·mL-1 bEnd.3细胞存活率均维持在90%以上, 说明该浓度范围内药物对细胞无明显毒性, 表明以上制剂具有较好的生物安全性(图3A)。本实验后续使用的浓度均低于明显引起细胞死亡的浓度水平, 不影响细胞存活率。
通过建立bEnd.3细胞单层Transwell®模型, 评估POH-NE跨血脑屏障的能力。当细胞培养至第7天, TEER稳定在约250 Ω·cm2时, 表明模型具备功能性屏障特性, 可用于后续实验(图3B)。
在验证POH-NE对血脑屏障通透性影响时发现, 其处理使TEER值从250 Ω·cm2显著下降至100 Ω·cm2以下, 而NE组未引起明显变化, 说明POH可有效破坏紧密连接、增强屏障通透性(图3C)。进一步转运实验显示, Cy5POH-NE能够快速打开bEnd.3细胞间的紧密连接, 24 h内其基底侧Cy5累积转运量为Cy5NE组的4.0倍, 转运速率亦提高4.0倍, 表明POH-NE具有优异的血脑屏障穿透能力(图3D)。同时, 使用POH-NE处理细胞24 h后, 移除POH-NE, 并在不同时间点测定TEER值, 以评估细胞膜屏障功能的恢复情况, 结果显示, TEER值随着药物的移除逐渐上升, 且在移除药物12 h后, TEER值几乎接近250 Ω·cm2, 表明屏障功能得到恢复(图3E)。以上结果表明, POH-NE具有优异的血脑屏障穿透能力, 且该功能是快速及可逆的。
此外, 蛋白质印迹分析显示, POH-NE处理显著下调了bEnd.3细胞中紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和Claudin-5的表达, 而作为血管标志物且有助于维持屏障完整性、但并非紧密连接组分的CD31, 其表达未见明显变化。这一结果说明POH-NE可特异性调控血脑屏障通透性, 而不影响其结构的完整性(图3F)。
同时, 在构建的GL261与bEnd.3共培养的模拟血脑屏障模型中, 流式细胞术分析显示POH-NE组在GL261细胞中的摄取量达到NE组的5.0倍(图3G、H)。激光共聚焦显微镜观察进一步证实, POH-NE处理组GL261细胞呈现显著荧光信号, 而NE组几乎无荧光(图3I), 表明POH-NE在打开血脑屏障后可高效被肿瘤细胞内吞。
为阐明MSA-2POH-NE在体内的免疫激活机制, 作者在GL261原位脑胶质瘤模型中评估了其诱导体内免疫应答的能力。小鼠隔天尾静脉注射3次纳米乳制剂后, 于末次给药3天后收集脑肿瘤组织, 通过流式细胞术进行免疫细胞全景分析(图4)。
通过t-SNE对肿瘤微环境内高维数据进行降维可视化分析[32, 33], 本研究鉴定了以下免疫细胞亚群: CD45+免疫细胞、CD3+CD8+ T细胞、CD3+NK1.1+ NKT细胞、CD3-NK1.1+ NK细胞、CD8+IFN-γ+活化T细胞、CD8+Ki-67+增殖T细胞、IFN-γ+ NKT细胞、Ki-67+ NKT细胞、IFN-γ+ NK细胞及Ki-67+ NK细胞(图4A)。
MSA-2POH-NE处理显著增强了CD8+ T细胞的活化与增殖, 其中CD8+IFN-γ+细胞占CD45⁺CD3⁺ T细胞的比例达21.4%, 分别为PBS、游离MSA-2和MSA-2NE组的4.1、2.6和2.6倍(图4B)。CD8+Ki-67+增殖T细胞比例提高至22.2%, 分别为对照组的3.0、2.2和2.0倍(图4C), 表明其有效促进细胞毒性T细胞扩增。同时, MSA-2POH-NE显著提升NKT细胞功能: NK1.1+IFN-γ+ NKT比例分别为各对照组的2.5、1.8和1.9倍(图4D), NK1.1+Ki-67+增殖NKT比例提高2.2、1.8和1.6倍(图4E)。此外, NK细胞也呈现类似趋势, IFN-γ+ NK细胞(图4F) 与Ki-67+ NK细胞(图4G) 比例在MSA-2POH-NE组中显著上升, 显示其有效增强NK细胞毒性及先天免疫应答。以上结果表明, MSA-2POH-NE通过协同激活适应性免疫与先天免疫通路, 诱导高效抗肿瘤免疫反应。
值得注意的是, MSA-2POH-NE治疗同时显著降低了肿瘤内免疫抑制性调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs) 的比例。通过流式细胞术分析(设门策略: 活CD45+CD3+CD4+ T细胞中的Foxp3+群体), t-SNE可视化显示治疗组Tregs比例降至11.7%, 较PBS对照组(29.4%) 显著降低(图5A、B)。除淋巴细胞外, MSA-2POH-NE对髓系免疫抑制群体表现出显著调控作用。治疗有效重编程了肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAM) 极化状态, 显著提升M1表型(CD86+CD206-), 同时降低M2表型(CD206+CD86-) 比例(图5C、D)。这一调控使M1/M2比例较PBS组、游离MSA-2组和MSA-2NE组分别提高7.3、5.3和2.4倍(图5D)。同时, 治疗组肿瘤内Gr-1+髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) 也显著减少(图5E)。这些发现表明, MSA-2POH-NE通过协同降低Tregs比例、重编程TAM极化状态及减少MDSCs浸润, 多维度重塑肿瘤免疫微环境, 有效逆转免疫抑制状态, 增强抗肿瘤免疫监视能力。
综上, MSA-2POH-NE通过协同激活适应性免疫与先天免疫、同时逆转免疫抑制微环境, 实现了对肿瘤免疫微环境的多维度重塑, 为其强效抗肿瘤效果提供了机制解释。
与传统开放血脑屏障的策略相比, 本研究构建的POH-NE在递送效率、创伤性及安全性方面均显示出显著优势。目前常用的物理开放手段如聚焦超声虽能实现BBB的可逆开放, 但存在设备依赖性强、参数调控复杂及潜在组织损伤等局限[15]; 而基于受体介导的配体修饰策略(如靶向转铁蛋白受体TfR), 则常受限于受体饱和、递送容量有限及脱靶效应等问题[14]。本研究证实, POH-NE通过可逆调控紧密连接蛋白, 能使脑内药物蓄积量提升至常规纳米乳剂的4倍以上(图2)。该体系的优势在于: ① POH作为纳米乳的内在组分, 实现了“药物递送与屏障开放”的功能一体化, 无需依赖外源设备或复杂修饰; ② POH介导的BBB开放过程具有良好时空可控性, 开放迅速且可逆, 有助于减少对正常脑组织的非特异性损伤(图3)[20]; ③ POH-NE能高效包载并递送难溶性药物, 如STING激动剂MSA-2, 在促进药物入脑的同时直接参与免疫激活, 从而实现“递送-免疫调控”双重效应(图4、5)。
为进一步探究POH开放血脑屏障的机制, 本研究结合文献报道[22]及采用体外BBB模型展开验证, 实验结果表明, POH处理可显著降低跨内皮电阻, 并下调紧密连接关键蛋白Claudin-5与ZO-1的表达; 而对主要参与屏障结构维持但非紧密连接组成的CD31无明显影响。移除POH后跨内皮电阻较快恢复, 说明POH对BBB的调控作用具有可逆性(图3)。基于此, 作者推测POH-NE可能通过双重机制协同促进BBB开放: 一方面通过被动跨细胞途径暂时增加内皮细胞膜通透性; 另一方面, 通过作用于细胞旁途径促使紧密连接蛋白发生可逆性重分布, 短暂松弛细胞间连接。这两种机制共同实现了BBB的快速、可控且可逆开放, 为药物高效入脑奠定了基础, 其具体分子通路有待后续深入研究。
在证实POH-NE可促进BBB开放并增强细胞摄取的基础上(图3), 本研究构建了负载MSA-2的紫苏醇纳米乳剂(MSA-2POH-NE) 用于脑胶质瘤免疫治疗。体内实验表明, 该制剂能显著提升肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的活化水平, 并调控肿瘤免疫微环境(图4、5)。推测其增效机制主要包括两个层面: 在递送层面, 脑肿瘤区域原有的血-肿瘤屏障破坏及增强的渗透与滞留效应, 与POH-NE对紧密连接的可逆调控相结合, 进一步提升了MSA-2在肿瘤组织的富集; 在免疫层面, MSA-2有效激活STING通路, 诱导I型干扰素产生, 促进树突状细胞成熟与抗原交叉呈递, 进而激活细胞毒性T细胞, 逆转免疫抑制微环境。POH介导的BBB开放与MSA-2触发的STING通路激活形成级联协同, 共同重塑肿瘤免疫微环境, 从而显著增强抗肿瘤疗效。
综上所述, 本研究成功构建了一种兼具BBB开放与免疫激活功能的紫苏醇纳米乳剂(MSA-2POH-NE)。该体系利用POH实现可逆、可控的BBB开放, 并借助MSA-2激活STING通路、启动系统性抗肿瘤免疫应答, 为脑胶质瘤的靶向免疫治疗提供了具有转化潜力的新策略。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1295
  • 接收时间:2025-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-04
  • 修回日期:2025-12-15
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    1青海民族大学药学院, 青海省青藏高原植物化学重点实验室, 青海省现代藏药创制工程技术研究中心, 青海 西宁 810007
    2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 药物传输技术及新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
    3中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医学实验动物研究所, 国家卫生健康委比较医学重点实验室, 国家动物模型技术创新中心, 国家人类疾病动物模型资源库, 北京 100021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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