Article(id=1308828765606732511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=1751212800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978694583, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978694583, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978694583, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978694583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=919, endPage=930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828766026162912, articleId=1308828765606732511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Efficient transfection of nanoparticles delivering pSIRT3 to regulate type II alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis for enhanced pulmonary fibrosis therapy, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology with limited therapeutic options. Bioinformatics enrichment analysis indicates that oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation of alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECs II) may contribute to PF pathogenesis. With recent advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering, gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for PF. However, its clinical translation remains challenging due to biological barriers that hinders efficient delivery of therapeutic genes. To address this limitation, we explored main factors affecting transfection efficiency and screened optimal prescription to develop nanocomplexes (NPs@pSIRT3) via delivery of sirtuin 3 plasmid (pSIRT3) to treat PF. The NPs@pSIRT3 exhibited superior transfection efficiency, mediating robust SIRT3 protein expression to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Comparative analysis with excipient-deficient control groups demonstrated that the optimized nanoparticles (NPs) effectively delivered therapeutic genes to fibrotic lesions, enhancing pSIRT3 transfection. The NPs@pSIRT3 significantly attenuated PF progression by modulating oxidative stress normalization of injured AECs II, anti-inflammatory effects, and finally inhibition of pro-fibrotic responses. These findings demonstrate that the engineered NPs@pSIRT3 system represents a promising gene delivery platform for PF therapy, and providing a novel strategy for efficient transfection of gene therapy. All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinzhou Medical University (approval number: 240134-5).

, authors=Xing-rong YANG1, Ying-ying MA1, Qiu-ling LI1, Yi-na LIU1, Xin-yue ZHANG1, Xin CHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Xing-rong YANG, Ying-ying MA, Qiu-ling LI, Yi-na LIU, Xin-yue ZHANG, Xin CHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828769209639663, articleId=1308828765606732511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=高效转染纳米粒递送pSIRT3调控II型肺泡上皮细胞稳态平衡加强治疗肺纤维化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF) 是一种进行性、不可逆的间质性肺疾病, 其病因不明且治疗手段有限。生物信息学富集分析表明, II型肺泡上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial type II cells, AECs II) 的氧化应激与代谢失调可能参与PF的发病过程。随着分子生物学与基因工程技术的发展, 基因治疗已成为PF颇具前景的治疗策略, 但由于体内生物屏障阻碍治疗基因的高效递送, 其临床转化仍面临挑战。为解决这一技术瓶颈, 本研究通过系统考察影响转染效率的关键因素并筛选最优处方, 构建了可递送sirtuin 3质粒(pSIRT3) 的纳米复合物(NPs@pSIRT3) 用于PF治疗。该纳米复合物具有优异的转染效率, 可介导SIRT3蛋白的高效表达以达到治疗效果。与缺少某种辅料的对照组对比分析, 结果表明完整设计的NPs能将治疗基因高效递送至纤维化病灶, 显著提升pSIRT3的转染效率。NPs@pSIRT3通过调控损伤AECs II的氧化应激稳态、发挥抗炎作用并最终抑制促纤维化反应, 从而显著延缓PF进程。本研究证实所构建的NPs-4可作为PF治疗的理想基因递送平台, 为基因治疗的高效转染提供了新策略。本文中提及的动物实验均已获得锦州医科大学动物实验中心伦理委员会批准(批准号: 240134-5)。

, authors=杨兴蓉1, 马莹莹1, 李秋铃1, 刘艺娜1, 张新悦1, 常鑫1, 2, *, authorsList=杨兴蓉, 马莹莹, 李秋铃, 刘艺娜, 张新悦, 常鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=常鑫, authorNote=

作者贡献:

杨兴蓉负责细胞免疫荧光、动物实验等实验工作及数据分析文稿撰写; 马莹莹负责相关细胞实验及数据处理工作; 李秋铃负责生信分析工作; 刘艺娜负责粒径电位、琼脂糖凝胶电泳等实验工作; 张新悦负责细胞摄取和溶酶体逃逸等实验工作; 常鑫为文章框架的构思者及负责人。

, correspAuthorsNote=
常鑫, Tel: 15241604713, E-mail:
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Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2024, 1870: 166960., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308834455872168289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qian MJ, Hu Y, Zhu H, et al. Sirtuins in malignant progression of tumor [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2018, 53: 1259-1271., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308834455939277154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang PP, Qin D, Qin YL, et al. SIRT3/6/7: Promising therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis [J]. 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A: Construction of NPs@pSIRT3 complex; B: Mechanistic action of NPs@pSIRT3 in PF therapy. NPs: Nanoparticles; DOTAP: N-(1-(2, 3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N, N, N-trimethylammonium; pSIRT3: Sirtuin 3 plasmid; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GSH: Glutathione; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; Collagen I: Collagen type I; SPC: Surfactant protein C; α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin (created with biorender.com), figureFileSmall=Hhs9W5ooyb6NEskwhQEUGg==, figureFileBig=I2WXg+lyUzOIeRS2O0uUbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834449895285038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VgJ4ddEEkg0lXO//pAut8Q==, figureFileBig=SAcfZ4aOc98S6qJK/s9rfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834449958199599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Bioinformatics analysis reveals aberrant regulation of metabolic and aging pathways in PF. A: Volcano plot of DEGs between normal mice and PF mice; B: MF enrichment analysis of identified DEGs; C: Combined BP and CC enrichment analysis of DEGs; D: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs-associated signaling pathways. DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; MF: Molecular function; BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, figureFileSmall=VgJ4ddEEkg0lXO//pAut8Q==, figureFileBig=SAcfZ4aOc98S6qJK/s9rfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450054668592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Wd+EvLUc2kDzhiJ1afCcSA==, figureFileBig=pB5btWAibYf/VSz9haxhXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450109194545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Characterization and in vitro transfection of NPs@pSIRT3. A: SIRT3 loading efficiency in different NPs groups; B, C: Particle size maps and zeta potential maps before and after SIRT3 encapsulation; D: Full-wavelength UV-Vis absorption spectra of NPs-4@pSIRT3 and its constituent elements; E: Comparison of transfection ability among various NPs@pSIRT3 groups. Scale bar: 200 μm; F: Quantitative fluorescence analysis of SIRT3 expression post transfection with different NPs. n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ***P < 0.001. PEI: Polyethylenimine; RFU: Relative fluorescence units, figureFileSmall=Wd+EvLUc2kDzhiJ1afCcSA==, figureFileBig=pB5btWAibYf/VSz9haxhXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450188886322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wotWRJPnR8cQlR+smV1gIA==, figureFileBig=MX/9d4a0fDN15LBc0Dyonw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450293743923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cellular uptake and lysosomal escape efficiency of various NPs@pSIRT3 formulations. A: Chemical structural formulae of the different components of NPs and their percentages; B: Qualitative assessment of NPs@pSIRT3 internalization in A549 cells; C: Lysosomal escape capability evaluation of various NPs@pSIRT3 formulations. Scale bar: 20 μm. EB: Ethidium bromide, figureFileSmall=wotWRJPnR8cQlR+smV1gIA==, figureFileBig=MX/9d4a0fDN15LBc0Dyonw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450356658484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LaEWlB5N9Dtsyv7yFaJ69g==, figureFileBig=eOM1szzZzMltoCif/jWouA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450440544565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=NPs@pSIRT3 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS content, and increased the expression levels of SIRT3 protein, Nrf2 protein, GSH, and total SOD in A549 cells. A: The biocompatibility of NPs@pSIRT3 denoted by cell viability; B: The biocompatibility of NPs denoted by cell viability; C: Inhibition of intracellular oxidative stress by NPs@pSIRT3. Scale bar: 200 μm; D: Improvement of mitochondrial membrane potential by NPs@pSIRT3. Scale bar: 200 μm; E: Immunofluorescence assay for Nrf2 proteins in A549 cells, target protein (red), nucleus (blue). Scale bar: 100 μm; F: Immunofluorescence assay for SIRT3 proteins in A549 cells, target protein (red), nucleus (blue). Scale bar: 100 μm; G, H: Biochemical detection of GSH level and SOD activity in A549 cells. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. DCFH-DA: 2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, figureFileSmall=LaEWlB5N9Dtsyv7yFaJ69g==, figureFileBig=eOM1szzZzMltoCif/jWouA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450541207862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vweuAEPPd8zjbJS6soDkjg==, figureFileBig=CVfHvs4yqNNc6XJ+mL+fIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450608316727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=NPs@pSIRT3 increases GSH and SOD in fibrotic lung tissues of mice. A: Schematic diagram of the establishment of the mouse lung fibrosis model and administration of the treatment; B: Mouse lung wet-to-dry weight ratio; C: Hemolysis assay absorbance; D: Hemolysis rate of different NPs@pSIRT3; E: Changes in body weight of mice during drug administration; F, G: Biochemical assay of GSH level and SOD activity in lung tissue of mice. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=vweuAEPPd8zjbJS6soDkjg==, figureFileBig=CVfHvs4yqNNc6XJ+mL+fIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450692202808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Nk4FcMHhiKYY+qQAIX2UKw==, figureFileBig=E2sorzPYa/bOQUaqhS1ABw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450750923065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=NPs@pSIRT3 ameliorated pathological changes in lung tissue morphology and structure and decreased the levels of lung fibrosis markers in mice with PF. A, B: H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were used to evaluate the changes in the structure and extracellular matrix (ECM) of fibrotic lung tissues in mice after administration of NPs@pSIRT3. Scale bar: 50 μm; C-E: Immunohistochemical detection of SPC, α-SMA and collagen I in fibrotic lung tissues of mice after administration of NPs@pSIRT3. Scale bar: 50 μm; F-H: Quantification of immunohistochemical results by ImageJ with positive area percentage analysis. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=Nk4FcMHhiKYY+qQAIX2UKw==, figureFileBig=E2sorzPYa/bOQUaqhS1ABw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834450813837626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupPrescription composition
NPs-1LecithinDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-2CholesterolDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-3LecithinCholesteroDOTAP
NPs-4LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-5LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG1000DOTAP
NPs-6LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG2000
), ArticleFig(id=1308834450885140795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828765606732511, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Formulation compositions of different NPs carriers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupPrescription composition
NPs-1LecithinDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-2CholesterolDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-3LecithinCholesteroDOTAP
NPs-4LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG2000DOTAP
NPs-5LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG1000DOTAP
NPs-6LecithinCholesteroDSPE-TK-PEG2000
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高效转染纳米粒递送pSIRT3调控II型肺泡上皮细胞稳态平衡加强治疗肺纤维化
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杨兴蓉 1 , 马莹莹 1 , 李秋铃 1 , 刘艺娜 1 , 张新悦 1 , 常鑫 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 919-930
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 919 -930
高效转染纳米粒递送pSIRT3调控II型肺泡上皮细胞稳态平衡加强治疗肺纤维化
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杨兴蓉1, 马莹莹1, 李秋铃1, 刘艺娜1, 张新悦1, 常鑫1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1锦州医科大学药学院, 辽宁 锦州 121001
  • 2锦州医科大学, 海洋生物活性物质辽宁省重点实验室, 辽宁 锦州 121001
通讯作者:
常鑫, Tel: 15241604713, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

杨兴蓉负责细胞免疫荧光、动物实验等实验工作及数据分析文稿撰写; 马莹莹负责相关细胞实验及数据处理工作; 李秋铃负责生信分析工作; 刘艺娜负责粒径电位、琼脂糖凝胶电泳等实验工作; 张新悦负责细胞摄取和溶酶体逃逸等实验工作; 常鑫为文章框架的构思者及负责人。

Efficient transfection of nanoparticles delivering pSIRT3 to regulate type II alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis for enhanced pulmonary fibrosis therapy
Xing-rong YANG1, Ying-ying MA1, Qiu-ling LI1, Yi-na LIU1, Xin-yue ZHANG1, Xin CHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
  • 2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0564
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肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF) 是一种进行性、不可逆的间质性肺疾病, 其病因不明且治疗手段有限。生物信息学富集分析表明, II型肺泡上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial type II cells, AECs II) 的氧化应激与代谢失调可能参与PF的发病过程。随着分子生物学与基因工程技术的发展, 基因治疗已成为PF颇具前景的治疗策略, 但由于体内生物屏障阻碍治疗基因的高效递送, 其临床转化仍面临挑战。为解决这一技术瓶颈, 本研究通过系统考察影响转染效率的关键因素并筛选最优处方, 构建了可递送sirtuin 3质粒(pSIRT3) 的纳米复合物(NPs@pSIRT3) 用于PF治疗。该纳米复合物具有优异的转染效率, 可介导SIRT3蛋白的高效表达以达到治疗效果。与缺少某种辅料的对照组对比分析, 结果表明完整设计的NPs能将治疗基因高效递送至纤维化病灶, 显著提升pSIRT3的转染效率。NPs@pSIRT3通过调控损伤AECs II的氧化应激稳态、发挥抗炎作用并最终抑制促纤维化反应, 从而显著延缓PF进程。本研究证实所构建的NPs-4可作为PF治疗的理想基因递送平台, 为基因治疗的高效转染提供了新策略。本文中提及的动物实验均已获得锦州医科大学动物实验中心伦理委员会批准(批准号: 240134-5)。

肺纤维化  /  氧化应激  /  基因递送  /  纳米粒  /  生信分析

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology with limited therapeutic options. Bioinformatics enrichment analysis indicates that oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation of alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECs II) may contribute to PF pathogenesis. With recent advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering, gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for PF. However, its clinical translation remains challenging due to biological barriers that hinders efficient delivery of therapeutic genes. To address this limitation, we explored main factors affecting transfection efficiency and screened optimal prescription to develop nanocomplexes (NPs@pSIRT3) via delivery of sirtuin 3 plasmid (pSIRT3) to treat PF. The NPs@pSIRT3 exhibited superior transfection efficiency, mediating robust SIRT3 protein expression to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Comparative analysis with excipient-deficient control groups demonstrated that the optimized nanoparticles (NPs) effectively delivered therapeutic genes to fibrotic lesions, enhancing pSIRT3 transfection. The NPs@pSIRT3 significantly attenuated PF progression by modulating oxidative stress normalization of injured AECs II, anti-inflammatory effects, and finally inhibition of pro-fibrotic responses. These findings demonstrate that the engineered NPs@pSIRT3 system represents a promising gene delivery platform for PF therapy, and providing a novel strategy for efficient transfection of gene therapy. All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinzhou Medical University (approval number: 240134-5).

pulmonary fibrosis  /  oxidative stress  /  gene delivery  /  nanoparticle  /  bioinformatics analysis
杨兴蓉, 马莹莹, 李秋铃, 刘艺娜, 张新悦, 常鑫. 高效转染纳米粒递送pSIRT3调控II型肺泡上皮细胞稳态平衡加强治疗肺纤维化. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 919 -930 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0564
Xing-rong YANG, Ying-ying MA, Qiu-ling LI, Yi-na LIU, Xin-yue ZHANG, Xin CHANG. Efficient transfection of nanoparticles delivering pSIRT3 to regulate type II alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis for enhanced pulmonary fibrosis therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 919 -930 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0564
肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF) 是一种快速进展且致死率极高的间质性肺疾病, 其特征包括炎性因子异常积聚及病理性细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 重塑[1-3]。典型病理特征为肺泡及间质内ECM过度沉积, 导致肺泡周围瘢痕形成, 造成不可逆肺功能损伤, 最终进展为呼吸衰竭[4, 5], 患者确诊后中位生存期仅为3~5年[6]。吡非尼酮和尼达尼布是目前仅有的两种FDA批准用于治疗PF的药物, 然而其疗效仅限于延缓疾病进展, 无法逆转纤维化[7], 并且不良事件发生率较高[8, 9], 因此PF治疗亟需开发新一代治疗策略。
PF的发病机制复杂[10], 现有研究表明, 氧化应激诱导的II型肺泡上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial type II cells, AECs II) 损伤在疾病进展中起关键作用[11-14]。AECs II的线粒体功能障碍可破坏能量代谢和脂质代谢等关键生理过程, 而线粒体代谢紊乱已被证实与PF发生发展密切相关[15]。Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) 是一种NAD⁺依赖性去乙酰化酶, 主要定位于线粒体, 可调控细胞代谢、抗氧化防御及线粒体稳态[16-18]。研究显示, PF的氧化应激微环境会下调SIRT3表达并抑制其酶活性, PF患者肺组织中SIRT3功能显著降低[19, 20]。因此, 通过上调SIRT3表达以增强其抗氧化、线粒体保护及抗炎作用, 可能为PF治疗提供新思路。
基因治疗通过递送外源治疗基因至靶细胞, 经转录翻译调控基因表达以实现疾病干预[21, 22], 具有作用持久、毒性低、临床潜力大等优势。近年来, 基因治疗在PF领域取得显著进展[23-25], 但传统递送方法(如使用物理技术和化学载体) 常面临技术复杂、转染效率低及细胞毒性等问题[26]。核酸药物在体内易降解、稳定性差、半衰期短, 且游离给药可能引发系统性风险[27]。为解决这些问题, 研究者致力于开发高效基因递送载体, 其中纳米粒(nanoparticles, NPs) 因其自身优势而备受关注[28-32]。纳米载体具备高度可定制的功能结构, 兼顾高效包封与稳定递送, 其增强渗透性和滞留效应还可以促进药物在纤维化病灶中富集, 目前已成为药物递送领域的关键技术平台[33]。但是通过合理设计NPs的处方以提高转染效率仍是实现靶向基因递送和优化治疗效果的关键。
本研究通过生物信息学分析发现, 正常小鼠与PF小鼠的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs) 富集于AECs II代谢-氧化应激通路, 提示其可作为潜在治疗靶点。基于此提出假设: 利用NPs靶向递送pSIRT3可调控AECs II代谢并缓解PF相关的氧化应激。本研究构建了能够递送pSIRT3的NPs (图1A)。该载体由N-(1-(2, 3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N, N, N-三甲基铵甲基硫酸盐(DOTAP)、卵磷脂、胆固醇及1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-thioketal-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-TK-PEG2000) 组成。随后pSIRT3以1∶20 (w/w) 比例与NPs结合形成NPs@pSIRT3纳米复合物。在PF模型小鼠中, 气管给药后NPs@pSIRT3可靶向蓄积于PF病灶部位(图1B)。NPs的各功能组分协同作用, 确保pSIRT3高效转染, 阳离子脂质DOTAP通过静电作用吸附pSIRT3, 并在NPs@pSIRT3内吞后促进内体逃逸; 卵磷脂作为结构骨架维持NPs完整性, 防止颗粒聚集并增强膜融合以促进细胞摄取; 胆固醇提高循环稳定性, 并与DOTAP协同促进内体逃逸; DSPE-TK-PEG2000通过减少被巨噬细胞摄取而延长循环时间, 其硫缩酮(thioketal, TK) 键在高活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 环境下解离PEG链, 暴露阳离子电荷以增强细胞摄取并实现靶向释放。经实验证实, NPs中4种组分的协同效应是NPs@pSIRT3高转染效率及抗纤维化疗效的关键。4种组分完整组NPs-4可高效递送pSIRT3, 实现增强SIRT3蛋白表达以恢复AECs II线粒体功能、缓解氧化应激, 最终为PF治疗提供新策略。
仪器  超声波细胞破碎仪(YJ92-II, 宁波新芝生物科技公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(DMi8 automated)、激光共聚焦显微镜(TCS SP5 II) 购自德国Leica公司; Zetasizer Nano ZSE纳米粒度电位仪(Zetasizer Nano ZSE, 英国Malvern Panalytical公司); 离心机(H175QR, 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发公司); 紫外-可见分光光度计(Genesys 150 Spectrophotometer)、二氧化碳细胞培养箱(HERACell240i) 购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司; 酶标仪(CMAX plus, 美国Molecular公司); 研磨仪(SV48R, 天津鼎昊源生物科技公司); 切片扫描仪(Pannoramic 250 FLASH, 匈牙利3DHISTECH公司); 电泳仪(HE-120, 上海天能生命科学公司); 凝胶成像仪(2500R, 上海天能科技公司)。
药物与试剂  DOTAP (CK1173, 上海艾伟拓医药科技有限公司); 卵磷脂、胆固醇(L105732、E2013042, 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司); DSPE-TK-PEG2000 (RA0210902, 西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司); 溴化乙锭(ethidium bromide, EB, 批号: NA0091, 北京天根生化科技有限公司); SIRT3 plasmid (pSIRT3, 货号: PPL02422-2b)、pSIRT3-EGFP (货号: PPL02422-2d)、nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 plasmid (pNrf2, 货号: PPL00580) 购自Public protein/plasmid library (公共蛋白/质粒库); Lipofectamine 3000转染试剂(L3000001, 赛默飞世尔科技公司); BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、Hoechst染色剂、线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(P0010、C1017、C2003S-1, 上海碧云天生物技术公司); 琼脂糖(1110GR100, 德国Biofroxx公司); 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 检测试剂盒、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH) 检测试剂盒(A001-3-1、A006-2-1, 南京建成生物工程研究所); DCFH-DA活性氧探针(35845, 美国Sigma Aldrich公司); LysoTracker Green DND-26溶酶体探针(C1048, 翌圣生物科技有限公司); Anti-Nrf2 Rabbit pAb、Anti-SIRT3 pAb、Cy3标记的山羊抗兔IgG (AC220121058、AC240109053、AC230219002, 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。
生物信息学分析  从基因组序列存档数据库(登录号: CRA024424) 获取PF小鼠模型的RNA测序数据。对健康小鼠和PF小鼠的数据集进行差异分析, 获得DEGs。用Cluster Profiler对获得的DEGs进行gene ontology (GO) 和kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) 途径富集分析以筛选PF干预的潜在治疗靶点。GO分析包括细胞组成(cellular component, CC)、生物学过程(biological process, BP) 和分子功能(molecular function, MF)。
本研究所用原始测序数据来源于中国科学院北京基因组研究所国家基因组科学数据中心(Genome sequence archive), 公开获取网址为https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa。
NPs及NPs@pSIRT3的制备  采用乙醇注入法制备NPs: 精密称取处方量DOTAP、卵磷脂、胆固醇和DSPE-TK-PEG2000溶于无水乙醇, 混匀后注入PBS缓冲液, 敞口过夜使乙醇挥发, 隔日于超声破碎仪中超声破碎(功率30%, 超声3 s, 停5 s, 共5 min) 获得均质NPs。DOTAP∶卵磷脂∶胆固醇∶DSPE-TK-PEG2000质量比为14∶4∶2∶1, 当DOTAP为3.5 mg时, 水相PBS缓冲液为500 mL。NPs再与pSIRT3按20∶1 (w/w) 比例混合均匀, 在室温下孵育1~2 h形成NPs@pSIRT3复合物。
NPs@pSIRT3的表征
琼脂糖凝胶电泳   取NPs@pSIRT3与5×DNA上样缓冲液(含溴酚蓝) 按4∶1比例混合, 涡旋混匀使终体积为20 μL。以1×TAE为电泳缓冲液, 使用预先制备的1%琼脂糖凝胶(含0.5 μg·mL-1 EB), 将样品加入上样孔中, 设定80 V恒定电压, 电泳45 min。电泳结束后采用Tanon 1600凝胶成像系统观察pSIRT3与不同NPs的装载情况。
粒径与zeta电位的测定   将新鲜制备的NPs及NPs@pSIRT3分别用PBS和超纯水稀释(50 μL样品+ 1 mL PBS或超纯水), 采用Zetasizer Nano ZSE系统分别测定平均粒径和zeta电位。
紫外全波长扫描   称取NPs的单个组分(DOTAP、卵磷脂、胆固醇和DSPE-TK-PEG2000) 各1 mg, 用无水乙醇配制成1 mg·mL-1储备液。取100 μL NPs@pSIRT3用900 μL无水乙醇乳化, 随后在200~800 nm波长内测定NPs@pSIRT3及其各组分的紫外-可见吸收光谱。
生物安全性评价
评价不同NPs及NPs@pSIRT3对细胞活性的影响   首先, 将A549细胞以每孔1×104个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中, 在5% CO2、37 ℃条件下培养过夜, 将不同NPs和NPs@SIRT3加入板中, 与A549细胞孵育48 h; 然后, 加入20 μL的MTT, 孵育4 h, 倒掉培养基后每孔加入200 μL DMSO溶液; 最后, 使用酶标仪测定490 nm处的吸光度值, 并根据公式(1) 计算细胞活力:
$\text { 细胞活力 }(\%)=\left(A_{\mathrm{t}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) /\left(A_{\mathrm{pc}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) \times 100 \%$
其中, At、Anc、Apc分别为实验组(test group)、阴性对照组(negative control group)、阳性对照组(positive control group) 的吸光度值, 其中阴性对照组未铺板细胞给药, 阳性对照组铺板细胞但未给药。
评价不同NPs@pSIRT3的溶血效应  取小鼠静脉血, 用生理盐水配置2%红细胞悬液。实验组加入500 μL红细胞悬液、40 μL NPs@pSIRT3 (1 μg·μL-1) 及460 μL生理盐水; 阳性对照组为500 μL红细胞悬液+ 500 μL纯化水; 阴性对照为500 μL红细胞悬液+ 500 μL生理盐水。37 ℃孵育1 h后, 3 000 r·min-1离心15 min观察溶血结果。继续孵育3 h后同条件离心5 min, 于酶标仪545 nm处测定上清液吸光度值。根据公式(2) 计算溶血率:
$\text { 溶血率 }(\%)=\left(A_{\mathrm{t}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) /\left(A_{\mathrm{pc}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) \times 100 \%$
其中, At、Anc、Apc分别为实验组、阴性对照组、阳性对照组的吸光度值, 其中阴性对照组加入生理盐水, 阳性对照组加入去离子水。
体外研究
细胞培养   A549细胞采用含10%胎牛血清(FBS, v/v) 的RPMI 1640培养基于37 ℃、5% CO₂条件下培养。
体外转染实验  将A549细胞以每孔2×105个细胞接种于6孔板, 培养24 h后分别将Lipofectamine 3000和不同NPs与pSIRT3混匀并静置反应1~2 h。加入无血清培养基中与细胞共孵育4 h, 然后更换含10% FBS的完全培养基继续培养24 h, 最后通过荧光显微镜定性评估转染效率。将A549细胞以每孔1×104个细胞接种于另一个96孔板中, 对照组选择聚乙烯亚胺(polyethylenimine, PEI), 转染质粒选择pSIRT3-GFP, 转染步骤如上, 最后在酶标仪下测定不同组别荧光强度。
细胞摄取  A549细胞接种于6孔板(每孔2×105个细胞) 培养24 h后, 与EB预染30 min的NPs@pSIRT3在无血清培养基中分别孵育1、4 h。Hoechst染核后, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察不同NPs@pSIRT3内化效率。
溶酶体逃逸  A549细胞接种于共聚焦培养皿(每孔2×105个细胞) 培养24 h后, 与EB预染30 min的NPs@pSIRT3分别孵育1、6 h, 用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞, EB染核并采用LysoTracker Green DND-26 (37 ℃孵育30 min) 标记溶酶体, 共聚焦显微镜下观察NPs@pSIRT3溶酶体逃逸情况。
ROS检测(DCFH-DA法)  A549细胞(每孔2×105个细胞) 接种于6孔板培养24 h, 用500 μmol·L-1 H2O2预处理建立氧化应激模型, 给予NPs@pSIRT3 (每孔10 μg pSIRT3)。4 h后更换含10% FBS的完全培养基继续培养48 h, 再使用5 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA孵育30 min, 倒置荧光显微镜下观察不同NPs@pSIRT3对氧化应激的抑制作用。
线粒体膜电位检测  将A549细胞(每孔2×105个细胞) 接种于6孔板培养24 h, 用500 μmol·L-1 H2O2预处理建立氧化应激模型, 给予NPs@pSIRT3 (每孔10 μg pSIRT3)。4 h后更换含10% FBS的完全培养基继续培养48 h, 再使用JC-1染料孵育1 h。最后用PBS清洗掉多余染料后, 于倒置荧光显微镜下观察并评估给药后线粒体膜电位改善情况。
SIRT3与Nrf2免疫荧光染色  A549细胞(每孔2×105个细胞) 接种于24孔板, 使用500 μmol·L-1 H2O2建立氧化应激模型, 给予NPs@pSIRT3 (每孔2 μg pSIRT3)。24 h后固定细胞, 分别加入SIRT3抗体(稀释比为1∶150) 和Nrf2抗体(稀释比为1∶1 000) 于4 ℃摇床孵育过夜, 次日用Cy3标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(稀释比为1∶300) 孵育4 h, Hoechst染核后用倒置荧光显微镜观察两种蛋白表达情况。
GSH含量与SOD活性测定  A549细胞经500 μmol·L-1 H2O2建立氧化损伤模型后, 给予NPs@pSIRT3。收集细胞裂解液后按试剂盒说明书测定GSH含量和SOD活性, 采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度进行标准化。
体内研究
实验动物  SPF级昆明系雄性小鼠(6~8周龄) 购自锦州医科大学实验动物中心, 饲养于温度23 ± 2 ℃、湿度50%~65%、12 h光暗循环环境, 自由饮食饮水。适应性饲养3天后开始实验。动物实验已获得锦州医科大学动物实验中心伦理委员会批准(批准号: 240134-5)。
小鼠PF模型的构建及药物干预  适应性饲养3天后将小鼠随机分为7组: 正常组、博来霉素模型组及5个不同NPs@SIRT3治疗组。小鼠造模日定为给药前7天, 第一次给药定为第0天。除正常组外, 所有小鼠均需构建PF模型。小鼠经三溴乙醇(20 g·L-1) 腹腔注射麻醉后, 将小鼠固定于60°倾斜平台, 用镊子轻拉舌体充分暴露声门, 持气管插管快速对准声门插入气管, 退出针芯, 注入博来霉素溶液(30 μL, 5 mg·kg-1) 或生理盐水(30 μL)。小鼠保持直立体位1 min以确保药物顺利进入肺部。造模7天后开始气管给药治疗, 共给药4次。记录小鼠体重、行为学变化及死亡率。造模28天后解剖小鼠。
肺组织湿干重比测定  取小鼠肺组织称湿重后, 60 ℃烘箱脱水至恒重, 测定干重后, 根据公式(3) 计算小鼠肺组织湿干重比:
$\text { 小鼠肺湿干重比 }=\text { (湿重 }- \text { 干重) } / \text { 干重 }$
H&E与Masson染色  肺组织经4%多聚甲醛固定后, 包埋在石蜡中并进行切片(厚度5 μm)。对切片进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H&E) 和Masson染色以评估肺组织病理变化。
免疫组化及其定量分析  采用免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry, IHC) 方法检测肺组织中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、I型胶原(collagen type I, collagen I) 及表面活性剂蛋白C (surfactant protein C, SPC) 的表达。将肺组织固定在4%多聚甲醛中, 随后经过封闭、一抗孵育、二抗孵育、显色和苏木精核复染处理。脱水和清除后, 将切片封片并在显微镜下观察。最后用ImageJ软件定量α-SMA、collagen I和SPC的阳性表达, 结果用阳性面积占比表示。
肺组织GSH含量与SOD活力测定  小鼠肺组织制备成匀浆后离心取上清液, 采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度, 其他操作按照试剂盒说明书进行。
统计学分析  所有实验至少重复3次, 转染荧光定量实验样本量n = 5, 其余实验样本量均为n = 3。实验结果以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行统计和作图。P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。
为明确PF小鼠肺与正常小鼠肺的差异, 本研究通过分析GSA数据库中PF小鼠的RNA测序数据, 发现了相较于正常对照组的多个DEGs (图2A)。GO富集分析显示, 这些DEGs在MF类别中显著富集于代谢与能量生成相关功能(图2B)。结合BP和CC的整合分析, 进一步揭示了PF进程中与AECs II损伤相关的通路, 特别是涉及细胞黏附异常的生物学过程(图2C)。后续KEGG通路分析表明, DEGs显著富集于细胞衰老及代谢调控等关键通路(图2D)。GO与KEGG分析结果共同提示代谢应激与细胞衰老可能是纤维化形成的共同致病机制。最新研究表明, SIRT3通过调控细胞代谢可减轻氧化应激、复制性衰老及应激诱导的早衰, 这为衰老及代谢性疾病治疗提供了新思路。基于pSIRT3递送策略, 或可通过靶向氧化应激与凋亡通路成为对抗PF的有效手段。
采用乙醇注入法制备了不同辅料组成的NPs, 并负载pSIRT3成功构建了NPs@pSIRT3复合物, 具体的处方组成见表1。采用凝胶电泳法评估pSIRT3的载药效率, 并以裸pDNA (无载体) 作为对照。结果显示, 游离DNA呈现清晰明亮的条带, 而1~5组条带完全消失, 表明pSIRT3成功包载(图3A); 相反, 第6组条带仍存在, 表明装载失败。已有研究[25]证实DSPE-TK-PEG1000的辅料功能, 因此在凝胶电泳实验中, NPs-5为NPs-4的对照, 在后续实验中舍弃原来的NPs-5, NPs-6代替并改名为NPs-5。
粒径是影响NPs细胞摄取的关键因素, 较小的纳米粒通常具有更窄的粒径分布及更优的理化性质; 而zeta电位是评估NPs稳定性的重要参数, 其绝对值越高, 表面电荷密度越大, 静电排斥作用越强, 体系稳定性越好。一般而言, 尺寸较小且带正电的纳米粒更易穿透细胞膜并实现高效内化。空白NPs和NPs@pSIRT3的平均粒径及zeta电位结果显示, pSIRT3的包载使纳米粒直径增大(图3B), 表面电荷降低(图3C)。NPs@pSIRT3及其各组分的紫外吸收光谱如图3D所示, 结果显示NPs@pSIRT3的特征峰出现在285 nm附近, 与SIRT3质粒特征峰位置相同, 说明SIRT3质粒被成功装载。
为评估NPs@pSIRT3转染效率, 采用倒置荧光显微镜对A549细胞中NPs介导的SIRT3递送进行定性分析(图3E)。结果表明, NPs-4@SIRT3的转染效率最佳, 其次为NPs-2@SIRT3, 而NPs-5@SIRT3的转染效果几乎没有, 说明NPs处方的组成差异显著影响质粒递送效果。再通过定量检测不同NPs@pSIRT3转染后质粒表达的荧光强度来探究不同NPs的转染效率(图3F)。实验结果和图3E一致, 表明NPs-4@SIRT3的转染效率最为优异。
为阐明不同NPs@SIRT3转染效率差异的作用机制, 考察了各实验组的细胞摄取及溶酶体逃逸能力。NPs由DOTAP、卵磷脂、胆固醇和DSPE-TK-PEG2000按14∶4∶2∶1的质量比组成(图4A)。通过倒置荧光显微镜观察A549细胞对各组NPs@pSIRT3制剂的摄取情况, 结果显示5种制剂均能被有效内化(图4B), 其中含完整载体材料的NPs-4@SIRT3表现出最优的细胞摄取效率。进一步采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜追踪NPs@pSIRT3 (红色荧光) 与溶酶体(绿色荧光) 的共定位情况, 以此阐明其胞内转运过程。共聚焦分析表明, EB标记的NPs@pSIRT3在给药1 h内即可完成细胞摄取并与溶酶体共定位; 6 h后红色荧光与绿色溶酶体发生分离, 证实NPs@pSIRT3成功实现溶酶体逃逸(图4C)。值得注意的是, NPs-4@pSIRT3较其他组别展现出更强的溶酶体逃逸能力。体外实验显示, 各NPs@pSIRT3制剂的细胞摄取及溶酶体逃逸效率与其体外转染性能呈相同变化趋势, 这为NPs-4@pSIRT3具有最佳转染效果的现象作出了解释。
首先, 验证了本研究设计的NPs@SIRT3和NPs在细胞层面的生物安全性(图5A、B), 细胞毒性实验结果表明NPs-4@SIRT3组和NPs-4组细胞存活率均在85%以上, NPs-5@SIRT3组和NPs-5组因为未含有DOTAP成分毒性分别低于NPs-4@SIRT3组和NPs-4组, 其余组别毒性大于NPs-4@SIRT3组或NPs-4组。这表明了NPs-4具有良好的生物安全性。
然后, 探究不同NPs@pSIRT3对氧化应激的调控作用, 本研究采用500 μmol·L-1 H2O2预处理A549细胞建立氧化应激模型。通过检测细胞内ROS水平, 发现经NPs-4@pSIRT3处理后, 细胞ROS含量最低, 表明该制剂能更有效地缓解氧化应激损伤, 较其他组别具有更显著的细胞保护作用(图5C)。通过进一步检测线粒体膜电位来评估线粒体功能, 结果显示NPs-4@pSIRT3组的线粒体膜电位恢复至接近正常组水平, 提示其对氧化应激损伤的修复效果最佳(图5D)。
Nrf2作为调控氧化应激抵抗的关键转录因子, 在PF早期发展中通过诱导抗氧化反应发挥重要作用。为验证不同制剂的转染效率及抗氧化效应, 本研究采用免疫荧光法检测Nrf2与SIRT3的表达情况。结果显示, NPs-4@pSIRT3组的Nrf2和SIRT3表达水平均显著高于其他处理组, 且与正常组相当甚至更高(图5E、F)。此外, 通过检测细胞内GSH含量和SOD活性发现, NPs@pSIRT3给药后各组均可提高胞内GSH和SOD水平(图5G、H), 其中NPs-4@pSIRT3组的提升幅度最大, 展现出最优的抗氧化酶活性恢复效果。
为进一步验证NPs@pSIRT3在体内的抗纤维化疗效, 本研究采用博来霉素诱导的PF小鼠模型评价其治疗效果。按照小鼠给药治疗示意图(图6A) 进行建模和给药治疗。实验分组包括: 正常组、博来霉素模型组及NPs@pSIRT3治疗组。
与博来霉素模型组相比, 各治疗组小鼠肺组织湿干重比均显著降低(图6B), 提示肺水肿程度改善, 其中NPs-4@pSIRT3组疗效最为显著。检测NPs@pSIRT3对小鼠外周血的溶血情况, 仅阳性对照组发生了溶血反应, 阴性对照组和各NPs@pSIRT3组均未发生溶血反应(图6C、D), 表明设计的NPs@pSIRT3生物安全性良好。体重监测数据显示给药期间各组小鼠体重无大明显变化, 说明NPs@pSIRT3对小鼠细胞、器官基本无毒性(图6E)。
鉴于氧化应激在PF早期发病中的关键作用, 本研究检测了与氧化应激相关的生化指标, 包括小鼠肺组织中GSH和SOD水平。结果显示NPs-4@pSIRT3组能显著提高肺组织中的GSH含量及SOD活性, 在改善氧化应激损伤方面优于其他制剂组(图6F、G)。
通过H&E染色观察各组肺组织病理学改变以评估了不同处理组小鼠肺组织中的炎症浸润和肺泡结构破坏情况, 结果显示NPs-4@pSIRT3治疗组治疗后的肺组织结构接近正常组, 而博来霉素模型组则呈现明显的炎性细胞浸润和组织结构破坏, 其他NPs@pSIRT3制剂组表现出不同程度的损伤改善, 结果表明NPs-4@pSIRT3具有显著的抗炎活性(图7A)。再联合Masson染色评估小鼠肺组织结构和ECM的变化(图7B), 结果显示NPs-4@pSIRT3组胶原沉积最少, 抗PF治疗效果最好, 其他处理组次之。为进一步评估NPs@pSIRT3对PF的治疗作用, 检测了肺组织中SPC、α-SMA和collagen I的表达情况(图7C~E)。采用ImageJ图像分析软件对各个指标随机选取3个视野进行阳性信号面积占比定量分析, 结果显示: 给予NPs@pSIRT3后: 各组SPC表达增加, 说明治疗可能促进了肺泡上皮修复、减少了上皮损伤, 其中NPs-4@pSIRT3组SPC表达增加最显著, 提示肺泡上皮修复功能最强(图7F); α-SMA表达明显降低(NPs-4@pSIRT3组最显著), 提示肌成纤维细胞活化和上皮-间质转化过程受到抑制(图7G); 各治疗组collagen I表达均减少, 其中NPs-4@pSIRT3组已接近正常组水平, 表明其对ECM的调控作用显著(图7H)。
氧化应激在细胞衰老及PF进展中具有重要作用[34-36]。一方面, ROS可能通过激活DNA损伤及相关应答通路来驱动细胞衰老, 而AECs II等细胞的衰老导致PF的进展; 另一方面, 衰老细胞的线粒体功能障碍会进一步加剧ROS生成, 从而促进细胞衰老和纤维化的进展。
生物信息学分析结果也再次表明了AECs II的代谢紊乱与氧化应激是PF的关键驱动因素, 提示其可作为潜在治疗靶点。尽管调控AECs II代谢与氧化应激均可缓解PF[37], 但二者间的机制关联尚未明确, 且缺乏靶向干预手段。由此, 可以提出假设: 通过调控肺泡上皮细胞代谢可能抑制氧化应激相关的纤维化衰老进程。
Sirtuins家族蛋白在正常及病理状态下均具有重要的生物学功能, 与衰老和能量代谢密切相关[38]。而在PF中, SIRT3可恢复AECs II因线粒体功能障碍导致的能量供应不足, 维持代谢稳态, 减少纤维化相关的细胞损伤[39]。过表达SIRT3可通过多重机制(包括调控线粒体代谢、增强抗氧化防御及抑制细胞衰老) 改善博来霉素诱导PF小鼠的代谢异常并抑制纤维化。鉴于SIRT3在PF中显著下调, 本研究选择通过转染pSIRT3来增加SIRT3的表达缓解PF的进展。虽然目前基因治疗已成为一种有效且普遍的PF治疗方法, 但其应用还受到细胞内递送效率的严重限制, 核酸稳定性差、半衰期短及脱靶风险限制了其临床转化。为此, 本研究设计了NPs作为递送载体, 通过对比缺乏一种辅料的对照组来评价其转染效率与PF逆转能力。
本研究发现, 当NPs处方材料为DOTAP、卵磷脂、胆固醇和DSPE-TK-PEG2000且比例为14∶4∶2∶1时, 通过乙醇注入法可制备出一种具有高效转染pDNA能力的递送载体, 4种载体材料相辅相成, 缺一不可。然后利用正负电荷之间的静电力使pSIRT3吸附到NPs周围形成稳定的NPs@pSIRT3制剂。NPs@pSIRT3能形成促进细胞摄取和提高溶酶体逃逸的水化层, 进而保证高转染效率。实验结果表明, 与缺乏某一载体材料的对照组相比, 处方完整组NPs-4转染效率最高, NPs-4@pSIRT3抗纤维化效果最好。
分别使用H2O2和博来霉素构建氧化应激诱导的A549早衰模型和小鼠PF模型。在细胞模型中, 验证了NPs@pSIRT3可被A549高效摄取, 且NPs-4@pSIRT3组的SIRT3与Nrf2蛋白表达显著上调, 有效改善线粒体功能并抑制氧化应激(通过ROS、GSH及SOD水平验证)。在动物模型中, 证明了NPs@pSIRT3治疗后能显著恢复肺组织GSH与SOD水平, 减轻氧化损伤。在PF早期阶段, AECs II损伤或表型改变会导致SPC表达下降, SPC表达水平直接反映AECs II的活性。Collagen I是纤维化组织中过度沉积的主要胶原类型, 是ECM沉积的核心标志物, 反映纤维化程度。α-SMA是成纤维细胞转化为肌成纤维细胞时的标志物, 提示肌成纤维细胞活化。因此进一步通过免疫组化检测了不同NPs@pSIRT3组治疗后小鼠肺部的SPC、collagen I及α-SMA的表达情况。结果表明, NPs@pSIRT3能保护肺泡上皮完整性、抑制肌成纤维细胞活化并减少ECM沉积, 从而发挥抗纤维化作用。
本研究设计了一种负载pSIRT3的NPs作为PF基因治疗的新型递送载体, 为临床设计高效转染载体提供了理论基础和技术支撑。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0564
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
  • 修回日期:2025-06-30
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    1锦州医科大学药学院, 辽宁 锦州 121001
    2锦州医科大学, 海洋生物活性物质辽宁省重点实验室, 辽宁 锦州 121001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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