Article(id=1308828751820055151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0660, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=1758643200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978691295, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978691295, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978691295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978691295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=887, endPage=895, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828752063324784, articleId=1308828751820055151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=A drug delivery system of fusion protein co-hitchhiking interleukin-15 and photothermal agent and preliminary evaluation of its tumor therapeutic effect, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes, memory CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells, demonstrating broad application prospects in cancer immunotherapy. The activation of effector cells by IL-15 relies on a unique trans-presentation signaling mechanism. This process involves the initial binding of IL-15 to IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) to form the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, followed by binding of this complex to the IL-15 receptor beta/gamma (IL-15Rβ/γ) on target cells, thus exerting its pharmacological effects. The clinical application of recombinant interleukin-15 (rIL-15) faces challenges including its short half-life time and limited availability of endogenous IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα). Additionally, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment impairs its anti-tumor efficacy. In this study, a recombinant IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA fusion protein (rILR-HSA) is designed and expressed, which comprises the IL-15Rα sushi domain fused to human serum albumin (HSA). The co-hitchhiking drug delivery system, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles, prepared by the hydrophobic binding between the HSA component and the photothermal agent molecule BPBBT, followed by the high-affinity binding between IL-15Rα-sushi and rIL-15. Compared with free rIL-15, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles extend the serum half-life time of rIL-15 by 2.6-fold. Simultaneously, the tumor accumulation of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles in the orthotopic CT26-Luc colon cancer-bearing mice facilitates intraoperative near-infrared window-Ⅱ fluorescence image-guided photothermal immunotherapy. The co-hitchhiking drug delivery strategy employs a fusion protein carrier to co-deliver rIL-15 and photothermal agent, providing an approach for safe and effective IL-15-based photothermal immunotherapy of tumor. Animal experiments were conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University (ethics number: 2018-09-YJ-LW-01).

, authors=Zhe LI1, 2, Sheng YU1, 2, Hong-zheng LIN1, 2, Yun-hui LIAO1, 2, Tie-ying WANG1, 2, Teng HUANG1, 2, Wei LU1, 2, *, authorsList=Zhe LI, Sheng YU, Hong-zheng LIN, Yun-hui LIAO, Tie-ying WANG, Teng HUANG, Wei LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828754978366077, articleId=1308828751820055151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=融合蛋白双搭载白介素-15和光热剂递送系统及其肿瘤治疗效果的初步评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白介素-15 (interleukin-15, IL-15) 刺激CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖, 激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、记忆表型CD8+ T细胞、自然杀伤细胞等, 在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。IL-15激活效应细胞依赖于独特的反式呈递信号传导机制, 需要先与IL-15 α受体(IL-15 receptor alpha, IL-15Rα) 结合形成复合体IL-15/IL-15Rα后, 再与靶细胞的IL-15 β/γ受体(IL-15 receptor beta/gamma, IL-15Rβ/γ) 结合发挥药理作用。重组IL-15 (rIL-15) 的临床应用面临半衰期短、机体自身IL-15Rα利用率不足的挑战。此外, 肿瘤免疫抑制性微环境也会削弱rIL-15的抗肿瘤疗效。本研究设计并表达人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 与IL-15Rα的sushi结构域(IL-15Rα-sushi) 连接的IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA融合蛋白(rILR-HSA)。利用该融合蛋白中HSA与光热剂分子BPBBT疏水结合, 再通过IL-15Rα-sushi与rIL-15的高亲和力结合, 制备得到了一种双搭载药物递送系统rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15纳米粒。与游离rIL-15相比, 该递送系统延长rIL-15血清半衰期至2.6倍。同时, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15纳米粒在小鼠荷CT26-Luc原位结肠癌中的富集, 实现术中近红外二区荧光影像指导的肿瘤光热免疫治疗。本研究采用融合蛋白载体共递送rIL-15和光热剂的递药策略, 为实现基于IL-15的安全有效的肿瘤光热免疫治疗提供了新策略。动物实验获得复旦大学药学院实验动物伦理委员会的批准(伦理编号: 2018-09-YJ-LW-01)。

, authors=李哲1, 2, 余胜1, 2, 林洪铮1, 2, 廖云辉1, 2, 王铁颖1, 2, 黄腾1, 2, 陆伟1, 2, *, authorsList=李哲, 余胜, 林洪铮, 廖云辉, 王铁颖, 黄腾, 陆伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陆伟, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李哲负责实验操作、归纳整理数据和撰写论文初稿; 余胜、林洪铮参与了动物实验操作; 廖云辉合成了光热剂分子; 王铁颖参与了动物实验操作; 黄腾参与了递送系统的表征; 陆伟负责研究设计、基金获取、监督及稿件修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陆伟, Tel: 86-21-51980185, E-mail:
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Nat Cancer, 2025, 6: 1384-1399., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308834432606363790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834432614752399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, companyId=1308834432606363790, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Quzhou Fudan Institute, Quzhou 324002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834432618946704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, companyId=1308834432606363790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1衢州市复大生物医药创新研究院, 浙江 衢州 324002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308834432681861265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834432690249874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, companyId=1308834432681861265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834432702832787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, companyId=1308834432681861265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2复旦大学药学院, 智能化递药教育部重点实验室, 聚合物分子工程全国重点实验室, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308834436943274184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=exMNnIP5RphwULLmnr4Sxw==, figureFileBig=IyaT9JzYG+cj2EQxILUzwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437027160265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Characterization of the recombinant fusion protein. A: Scheme of the secretive expression vector (HSA: Human serum albumin; IL-15Rα-sushi: Interleukin-15 receptor alpha-sushi; ILR-HSA: IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA); B, C: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (B) and Western blot (C) analysis of recombinant IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA fusion protein (rILR-HSA) purified from the Pichia pastoris GS115 strains, respectively; D: Schematic illustration of the binding affinity analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); E: The binding of recombinant interleukin-15 (rIL-15) to rILR-HSA was determined by ELISA; F: The bioactivity of rILR-HSA detected by cell proliferation assay. A450: Absorbance reading at 450 nm; rIL-15-wt: The recombinant wild type interleukin-15. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=exMNnIP5RphwULLmnr4Sxw==, figureFileBig=IyaT9JzYG+cj2EQxILUzwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437119434954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rhK8kVAEnNjiAXbhnsPrGw==, figureFileBig=GTid5zUl4/WjIivF4z1P/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437186543819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Preparation and characterization of the co-hitchhiking drug delivery system. A: The schematic of the preparation of the co-hitchhiking drug delivery system. rILR-HSA by fusing the IL-15Rα-sushi domain with HSA, assembles with the hydrophobic near-infrared-Ⅱ (NIR-Ⅱ) photothermal molecules (BPBBT) to form rILR-HSA/BPBBT nanoparticles (NPs), followed by loading rIL-15 onto these NPs to formulate rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs; B: Size distribution and transmission electron micrograph of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs; C: The bioactivity of rILR-HSA/rIL-15 and rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs detected by cell proliferation assays, respectively (n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s); D, E: Cell viability of CT26-Luc cells incubated with either rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs (D) or rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (E) for 2 h, followed by fresh medium replacement and incubation for another 24 h for 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=rhK8kVAEnNjiAXbhnsPrGw==, figureFileBig=GTid5zUl4/WjIivF4z1P/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437274624204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mWnluABAbvQB9f7mVlPW5g==, figureFileBig=FAnuKDzo21CDhCyxQmKExg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437341733069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Serum levels of rIL-15 were assessed by ELISA following i.v. administration of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (0.3 mg‧kg-1 of rIL-15) into mice. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=mWnluABAbvQB9f7mVlPW5g==, figureFileBig=FAnuKDzo21CDhCyxQmKExg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437429813454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xHmYuWr7Xh85wsThxpLMEg==, figureFileBig=8OH3aHXvEX09KSgBEIPIKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437522088143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Intraoperative NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging of colorectal cancer. A, B: In vivo NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging (A) and quantitative fluorescence analysis (B) of tumor regions in mice bearing s.c. CT26-Luc tumor at various time points post i.v. administration of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 of BPBBT and 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15) (Red circle, the NIR-Ⅱ imaging area, n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s); C: Intraoperative NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging of tumor sites was performed in orthotopic colon carcinoma-bearing mice at 24 hours post i.v. administration of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 of BPBBT and 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15). DiD-CT26-Luc: CT26-Luc tumor cells were labeled with 1, 1′-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3′, 3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt; Green arrow: The tumor region, figureFileSmall=xHmYuWr7Xh85wsThxpLMEg==, figureFileBig=8OH3aHXvEX09KSgBEIPIKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437580808400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=06mNa/Qmq8DrVz4FfuvAUA==, figureFileBig=6nlDVR1+x9WqTmWOK/gjtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437660500177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=In vivo photothermal effect. A: Infrared thermal images of the orthotopic colon carcinoma-bearing mice after intraoperative NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging guided tumor localization and photothermal therapy (PTT) at 24 h post i.v. administration of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT, 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), with tumor site irradiation using an 808 nm laser (3.7 W‧cm-2) (White arrows: The tumor region); B: The plots of temperature over time at the irradiated tumor site, figureFileSmall=06mNa/Qmq8DrVz4FfuvAUA==, figureFileBig=6nlDVR1+x9WqTmWOK/gjtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437723414738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sS+CDx6L5UNLRjODmO/Z1g==, figureFileBig=Oj+TfIX2Leu4qf5HGJXvsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437790523603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=The therapeutic effect of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs on mice bearing orthotopic CT26-Luc tumor. A: The therapeutic regimen included the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group, the rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs group (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT, 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), the rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs + PTT group (8 mg‧kg-1 of BPBBT), and the rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs + PTT group (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT, 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15); B, C: Bioluminescence images (B) and Kaplan-Meier survival plots (C) of the CT26-Luc-bearing mice after different treatment. Significance was determined by log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the PBS group; ##P < 0.01 vs the rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs group; & & P < 0.01 vs the rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs + PTT group; D: Body weight changes of the CT26-Luc-bearing mice after different treatment. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=sS+CDx6L5UNLRjODmO/Z1g==, figureFileBig=Oj+TfIX2Leu4qf5HGJXvsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834437857632468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′-3′)
HSA-FTCTGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTCCGAGG
HSA-RAGGGTAAAAAACTTGTTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGCTTACATCACCATCACCACCATTGTTAAGGCCGCGAATTAATTCGCCTTA
ILR-FAAAAGAGAGGCTGAAGCTTACGTAGATCACGTGCCCTCCCCCCATGTC
ILR-RAAAAGAGAGGCTGAAGCTTACGTAGATCACGTGCCCTCCCCCCATGTC
), ArticleFig(id=1308834437924741333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The sequence of primer. HSA-F: Human serum albumin-forward; HSA-R: Human serum albumin-reverse; ILR-F: Interleukin-15 receptor alpha-sushi-forward; ILR-R: Interleukin-15 receptor alpha-sushi-reverse

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′-3′)
HSA-FTCTGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTCCGAGG
HSA-RAGGGTAAAAAACTTGTTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGCTTACATCACCATCACCACCATTGTTAAGGCCGCGAATTAATTCGCCTTA
ILR-FAAAAGAGAGGCTGAAGCTTACGTAGATCACGTGCCCTCCCCCCATGTC
ILR-RAAAAGAGAGGCTGAAGCTTACGTAGATCACGTGCCCTCCCCCCATGTC
), ArticleFig(id=1308834437987655894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterrILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs
t1/2 / min52.62 ± 5.732
AUC0→n / ng‧mL-1‧min89.60×103 ± 19.69×103
AUMC / ng‧mL-1·min220.24×105 ± 3.220×105
MRT / min23.21 ± 1.701
CL / mL‧min-162.07×10-3 ± 11.84×10-3
Vss / mL14.78×10-1 ± 3.744×10-1
), ArticleFig(id=1308834438067347671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828751820055151, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of rIL-15 after i.v. administration of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (0.3 mg‧kg-1 of rIL-15) into mice. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. t1/2: Elimination half-life time; AUC0→n: Area under the concentration-time curve; AUMC: Area under the moment curve; MRT: Mean residence time; CL: Clearance; Vss: Steady state volume of distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterrILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs
t1/2 / min52.62 ± 5.732
AUC0→n / ng‧mL-1‧min89.60×103 ± 19.69×103
AUMC / ng‧mL-1·min220.24×105 ± 3.220×105
MRT / min23.21 ± 1.701
CL / mL‧min-162.07×10-3 ± 11.84×10-3
Vss / mL14.78×10-1 ± 3.744×10-1
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融合蛋白双搭载白介素-15和光热剂递送系统及其肿瘤治疗效果的初步评价
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李哲 1, 2 , 余胜 1, 2 , 林洪铮 1, 2 , 廖云辉 1, 2 , 王铁颖 1, 2 , 黄腾 1, 2 , 陆伟 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 887-895
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 887 -895
融合蛋白双搭载白介素-15和光热剂递送系统及其肿瘤治疗效果的初步评价
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李哲1, 2, 余胜1, 2, 林洪铮1, 2, 廖云辉1, 2, 王铁颖1, 2, 黄腾1, 2, 陆伟1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1衢州市复大生物医药创新研究院, 浙江 衢州 324002
  • 2复旦大学药学院, 智能化递药教育部重点实验室, 聚合物分子工程全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
陆伟, Tel: 86-21-51980185, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李哲负责实验操作、归纳整理数据和撰写论文初稿; 余胜、林洪铮参与了动物实验操作; 廖云辉合成了光热剂分子; 王铁颖参与了动物实验操作; 黄腾参与了递送系统的表征; 陆伟负责研究设计、基金获取、监督及稿件修改。

A drug delivery system of fusion protein co-hitchhiking interleukin-15 and photothermal agent and preliminary evaluation of its tumor therapeutic effect
Zhe LI1, 2, Sheng YU1, 2, Hong-zheng LIN1, 2, Yun-hui LIAO1, 2, Tie-ying WANG1, 2, Teng HUANG1, 2, Wei LU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Quzhou Fudan Institute, Quzhou 324002, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0660
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白介素-15 (interleukin-15, IL-15) 刺激CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖, 激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、记忆表型CD8+ T细胞、自然杀伤细胞等, 在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。IL-15激活效应细胞依赖于独特的反式呈递信号传导机制, 需要先与IL-15 α受体(IL-15 receptor alpha, IL-15Rα) 结合形成复合体IL-15/IL-15Rα后, 再与靶细胞的IL-15 β/γ受体(IL-15 receptor beta/gamma, IL-15Rβ/γ) 结合发挥药理作用。重组IL-15 (rIL-15) 的临床应用面临半衰期短、机体自身IL-15Rα利用率不足的挑战。此外, 肿瘤免疫抑制性微环境也会削弱rIL-15的抗肿瘤疗效。本研究设计并表达人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 与IL-15Rα的sushi结构域(IL-15Rα-sushi) 连接的IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA融合蛋白(rILR-HSA)。利用该融合蛋白中HSA与光热剂分子BPBBT疏水结合, 再通过IL-15Rα-sushi与rIL-15的高亲和力结合, 制备得到了一种双搭载药物递送系统rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15纳米粒。与游离rIL-15相比, 该递送系统延长rIL-15血清半衰期至2.6倍。同时, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15纳米粒在小鼠荷CT26-Luc原位结肠癌中的富集, 实现术中近红外二区荧光影像指导的肿瘤光热免疫治疗。本研究采用融合蛋白载体共递送rIL-15和光热剂的递药策略, 为实现基于IL-15的安全有效的肿瘤光热免疫治疗提供了新策略。动物实验获得复旦大学药学院实验动物伦理委员会的批准(伦理编号: 2018-09-YJ-LW-01)。

药物递送系统  /  双搭载  /  白介素-15  /  融合蛋白  /  光热免疫治疗

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes, memory CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells, demonstrating broad application prospects in cancer immunotherapy. The activation of effector cells by IL-15 relies on a unique trans-presentation signaling mechanism. This process involves the initial binding of IL-15 to IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) to form the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, followed by binding of this complex to the IL-15 receptor beta/gamma (IL-15Rβ/γ) on target cells, thus exerting its pharmacological effects. The clinical application of recombinant interleukin-15 (rIL-15) faces challenges including its short half-life time and limited availability of endogenous IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα). Additionally, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment impairs its anti-tumor efficacy. In this study, a recombinant IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA fusion protein (rILR-HSA) is designed and expressed, which comprises the IL-15Rα sushi domain fused to human serum albumin (HSA). The co-hitchhiking drug delivery system, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles, prepared by the hydrophobic binding between the HSA component and the photothermal agent molecule BPBBT, followed by the high-affinity binding between IL-15Rα-sushi and rIL-15. Compared with free rIL-15, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles extend the serum half-life time of rIL-15 by 2.6-fold. Simultaneously, the tumor accumulation of rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 nanoparticles in the orthotopic CT26-Luc colon cancer-bearing mice facilitates intraoperative near-infrared window-Ⅱ fluorescence image-guided photothermal immunotherapy. The co-hitchhiking drug delivery strategy employs a fusion protein carrier to co-deliver rIL-15 and photothermal agent, providing an approach for safe and effective IL-15-based photothermal immunotherapy of tumor. Animal experiments were conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University (ethics number: 2018-09-YJ-LW-01).

drug delivery system  /  co-hitchhiking  /  interleukin-15  /  fusion protein  /  photothermal immunotherapy
李哲, 余胜, 林洪铮, 廖云辉, 王铁颖, 黄腾, 陆伟. 融合蛋白双搭载白介素-15和光热剂递送系统及其肿瘤治疗效果的初步评价. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 887 -895 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0660
Zhe LI, Sheng YU, Hong-zheng LIN, Yun-hui LIAO, Tie-ying WANG, Teng HUANG, Wei LU. A drug delivery system of fusion protein co-hitchhiking interleukin-15 and photothermal agent and preliminary evaluation of its tumor therapeutic effect[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 887 -895 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0660
白介素-15 (interleukin-15, IL-15) 是一种分子质量为14~15 kDa的细胞因子, 属于白介素-2 (interleukin-2, IL-2) 家族。IL-15与IL-2功能相似, 可刺激CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖, 诱导激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞并维持记忆性CD8+ T细胞表型, 同时促进自然杀伤细胞增殖与存活等[1, 2]。但与IL-2不同, IL-15既不会通过死亡受体途径介导T细胞活化诱导的细胞死亡, 也不会作用于具有免疫抑制功能的调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs)[3]。这种独特的免疫调节特性使IL-15在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有良好的应用前景[2, 4]。
IL-15受体由3个亚基组成, 包括IL-15 α受体(IL-15 receptor alpha, IL-15Rα)、IL-15 β受体(IL-15 receptor beta, IL-15Rβ) 和IL-15 γ受体(IL-15 receptor gamma, IL-15Rγ)。IL-15的药理学作用主要通过反式呈递机制实现, 即IL-15与树突状细胞、单核细胞等细胞表面的高亲和力IL-15Rα结合后形成复合体(IL-15/IL-15Rα), 再与邻近靶细胞表达的IL-15Rβ/γ复合体结合, 触发下游信号传导并产生生物学效应[5, 6]。因此, 重组IL-15 (recombinant IL-15, rIL-15) 的临床应用面临血清半衰期短和机体自身IL-15Rα利用率不足的挑战[5, 7]。
基因工程技术被用于克服rIL-15的临床应用瓶颈, 包括对rIL-15进行定点突变或化学修饰以延长半衰期[8], 基于反式呈递机制构建rIL-15/IL-15Rα或rIL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi复合物以增强稳定性与药理活性[1, 9], 以及开发肿瘤微环境响应型前药以提升靶向性[10]。此外, 虽然rIL-15单一疗法可以抑制肿瘤, 但肿瘤免疫逃逸的发生使其难以实现完全缓解或长效免疫应答[2, 6]。研究报道, 将rIL-15与光热治疗(photothermal therapy, PTT) 结合形成的光热免疫疗法有望提升肿瘤治疗效果[11, 12]。
纳米递送系统(如脂质体、胶束等) 能够有效改善小分子光热剂的溶解性和生物分布特性, 促进其在病灶部位的高效富集[13, 14]。经功能化修饰的纳米递送系统可实现多药共载, 为光热免疫治疗提供多功能协同治疗平台[15]。有研究报道了一种可以靶向肿瘤血管的温敏脂质体, 其表面共价偶联rIL-15并负载光热剂(IR-780) 及吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶抑制剂, 可以将rIL-15和IR-780递送至肿瘤部位, 发挥协同抗肿瘤效应[11]。然而, 该制剂制备工艺复杂, 且共价偶联负载rIL-15降低了蛋白药物的稳定性和生物活性。
本研究构建了一种双搭载rIL-15和疏水性近红外二区(near-infrared window-Ⅱ, NIR-Ⅱ) 光热剂4, 8-双(4-(N, N-双(4-辛氧基氧基苯基)氨基)苯基)苯并(1, 2-c: 4, 5-c′)bis([1, 2, 5]噻二唑) (BPBBT) 的药物递送系统用于肿瘤光热免疫治疗。其中, BPBBT兼具荧光成像和光热转化性能, 采用人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 与之结合后, 可实现术中特异性识别微小肿瘤病灶并指导肿瘤光热治疗[16]。本研究以基因工程技术设计并表达HSA与IL-15Rα-sushi连接的IL-15Rα-sushi-HSA融合蛋白(rILR-HSA) 作为载体。该融合蛋白中HSA能与BPBBT疏水结合自组装形成纳米粒(NPs), 即rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs, 进一步利用IL-15Rα-sushi与IL-15高亲和力搭载rIL-15, 制备双搭载药物递送系统, 即rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs。该递药系统一方面延长了rIL-15血清半衰期, 另一方面改善BPBBT溶解性, 增加肿瘤中的富集, 实现术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像指导的肿瘤光热免疫治疗。本研究设计的药物递送系统采用融合蛋白载体共递送rIL-15和光热剂, 满足两种药物不同的体内递送需求, 为实现安全有效的肿瘤光热免疫治疗提供了新策略。
药品与试剂  BPBBT[16]、荧光素钾盐和人源rIL-15[17](72位氨基酸天冬酰胺突变为天冬氨酸) 由实验室制备; 毕赤酵母菌株GS115、质粒pPIC9K-AH和pPIC9K-rILR-Fc由实验室保存; 人源rIL-15-wt、Anti-IL-15-Pab (10360-H07E、10360-T16, 北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司); 限制性内切酶Sac I-HF (R3156V, 美国New England Biolabs公司); 高保真聚合酶链式反应(PCR) 酶(KOD-401, 上海东洋纺生物科技有限公司); 无缝克隆试剂盒(C5891, 北京中美泰和生物技术有限公司); Diamond MMC层析柱[EI315351, 博格隆(上海) 生物技术有限公司]; Anti-HSA、Anti-his tag (16475-1-AP、66005-1-Ig, 美国Proteintech公司); 1, 1′-双十八烷基-3, 3, 3′, 3′-四甲基吲哚二碳菁高氯酸盐(DiD)、化学发光显色试剂(MB6190-1、MA0186-T, 大连美仑生物技术有限公司); Anti-mouse IgG-辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)、Anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (33201ES60、34850ES60, 翌圣生物科技上海有限公司); Anti-IL-15-mab、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF) (MA5-23729、300-03, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 水溶性四唑盐-1 (water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1, WST-1)、四甲基联苯胺(3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine, TMB) 显色液(C0035、P0209, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)。
细胞和动物  结直肠癌细胞株(CT26-Luc) 购于Imanis Life Sciences公司; 小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞株(NIH-3T3) 购于美国模式培养物集存库; 人巨细胞白血病细胞株(M-07e) 购于武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。健康BALB/c小鼠和C57BL/6小鼠购于上海灵畅生物科技有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (沪) 2018-0003, 饲养于复旦大学药学院动物实验中心无特定病原体级实验动物房。动物实验经复旦大学药学院实验动物伦理委员会批准(伦理编号: 2018-09-YJ-LW-01)。
仪器  凝胶成像系统、PCR仪、垂直电泳仪(Bio-Rad Chem Doc MP、Bio-Rad C1000 Touch、Mini-PROTEAN, 美国Bio-Rad公司); 多功能酶标仪(Synergy 2, 美国BioTek公司); 激光粒度仪(Zetasizer Nano ZS90, 英国Malvern公司); 透射电子显微镜(HT7800, 日本日立公司); 激光器、激光功率计(808 nm、TS35+LP100, 长春新产业光电技术有限公司); 长通滤光片(1 000 nm, 美国Thorlabs公司); 相机(InGaAs, 西安天盈光电科技有限公司); 紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计(Lambda 365, 美国PerkinElmer公司)。
质粒pPIC9K-rILR-HSA的构建  以质粒pPIC9K-AH为模板, 采用引物HSA-F和HSA-R, 通过PCR扩增基因片段HSA (NM_000 477.7)。以实验室保存的质粒pPIC9K-rILR-Fc为模板[17], 采用PCR技术扩增基因片段IL-15R-sushi (引物: ILR-F和ILR-R)。引物序列见表1, 由上海生工合成。采用重叠延伸PCR将上述基因片段拼接为HSA-IL-15R-sushi后, 利用同源重组试剂盒HSA-IL-15R-sushi片段和载体拼接, 随后导入DH5α感受态细胞, 进行筛选鉴定, 获得序列正确的质粒pPIC9K-rILR-HSA。
rILR-HSA的表达及纯化  利用限制性内切酶Sac I-HF对质粒pPIC9K-rILR-HSA进行酶切线性化处理, 随后导入毕赤酵母菌株GS115中进行高拷贝子的筛选和重组蛋白诱导表达。收集酵母表达上清液, 通过Diamond MMC层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化, 收集含有目的蛋白的洗脱液。洗脱液经100 kDa超滤管浓缩, 磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(PBS) 洗涤置换后保存。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 和蛋白质印迹(Western blot) 对纯化后的蛋白鉴定。
rILR-HSA与rIL-15的解离常数分析  将Anti-IL-15-Mab (0.5 μg‧mL-1, 每孔100 μL) 加入酶标板, 4 ℃包被过夜。洗涤后, 加入1%酪蛋白封闭液于37 ℃封闭2 h。洗涤后加入不同浓度的rIL-15 (0.5 μg‧mL-1, 100 μL) 孵育2 h。洗涤后加入融合蛋白(0.5 μg‧mL-1, 100 μL) 孵育2 h。洗涤后加入检测抗体(Anti-HSA-Pab, 1∶7 000) 孵育2 h。洗涤后加入酶标抗体(Anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, 1∶8 000)。洗涤后加入100 μL TMB显色底物, 37 ℃孵育显色, 加入2 mol‧L-1硫酸溶液终止(50 μL), 测定450 nm处的吸收度(A450) 值。
rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs和rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs的制备   将BPBBT (0.14 μmol) 溶于100 μL二氯甲烷, 并将摩尔比为1∶16 (HSA∶rILR-HSA) 的白蛋白溶液(0.046 7 μmol) 稀释至900 μL。将两相混合, 超声破碎仪超声后室温搅拌挥发有机溶剂, 洗涤3次(100 kDa超滤管) 得到rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs。之后加入rIL-15溶液(0.000 33 μmol) 在37 ℃孵育30 min, 洗涤后得到rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs。采用激光粒度仪测量纳米粒粒径, 并用透射电子显微镜对rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs进行形态表征。
rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs的包封率测试  将未洗涤的rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs置于100 kDa超滤管中离心, 收集滤液。游离BPBBT的含量通过多功能酶标仪测定滤液在780 nm处的吸光度值确定。酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 检测滤液中游离的rIL-15浓度, Anti-IL-15-Mab (0.5 μg‧mL-1) 包被酶标板后, 加入待测样本, 洗涤后依次加入检测抗体(Anti-IL-15-Pab, 1∶7 000) 和酶标抗体(Anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, 1∶8 000)。加入100 μL TMB显色底物, 37 ℃孵育显色, 加入2 mol‧L-1硫酸溶液终止(50 μL), 测定A450值。
细胞增殖实验  收集M-07e细胞, 使用不含GM-CSF的RPMI-1640培养基重悬洗涤两次, 接种至96孔板(每孔1×104个)。将摩尔比为1∶1的rIL-15或rIL-15-wt与rILR-HSA轻轻混合, 置于37 ℃培养箱孵育30 min。加入含不同浓度的rIL-15的rILR-HSA/rIL-15-wt、rILR-HSA/rIL-15或rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs, 培养72 h后, 加入WST-1溶液(每孔10 μL), 继续培养4 h, 使用多功能酶标仪测定A450值。
药物动力学分析  尾静脉注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (rIL-15剂量为0.3 mg‧kg-1) 至C57BL/6小鼠。采血时间点为5、10、20、30、60、90、120、180、240、300和360 min。将全血置于4 ℃过夜, 3 000 r·min-1离心10 min分离血清。按照制剂包封率测试中所述ELISA法, 检测血清中rIL-15的浓度。使用PKSolver软件分析非房室模型的药代动力学参数, 包括半衰期(elimination half-life time, t1/2)、一阶矩药时曲线下面积(area under the moment curve, AUMC)、药时曲线下面积(area under the concentration-time curve, AUC0→n)、表观分布容积(steady state volume of distribution, Vss)、平均滞留时间(mean residence time, MRT) 和清除率(clearance, CL)。
NIR-Ⅱ荧光活体成像动态监测BPBBT在肿瘤组织的分布  参照文献[16]建立CT26-Luc皮下肿瘤模型, 尾静脉注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (注射剂量: 8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT + 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), 于不同时间点, 小鼠经异氟烷麻醉后, 监测肿瘤部位BPBBT的荧光信号。影像采集使用由InGaAs相机组成的NIR-Ⅱ荧光成像平台[18]: 808 nm激光(100 mW‧cm-2) 激发, 肿瘤部位发射光经放大透镜组和1 000 nm长通滤光片聚焦后, 由相机收集。图像经Image J软件处理, 计算平均荧光强度。
术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光成像  参照文献[16]建立CT26-Luc原位瘤模型, 在接种后第3天, 尾静脉注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (注射剂量: 8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT + 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), 24 h后, 将处于麻醉状态的小鼠的盲肠组织暴露, 采集NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像。
肿瘤光热免疫治疗  建立CT26-Luc原位瘤模型的第3天, 将小鼠随机分为4组进行药物干预治疗。PBS组于第3、6、9、12天注射PBS; rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs组于第3天注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT + 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), 第6、9、12天注射rILR-HSA/rIL-15 (0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15); rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs + PTT组于第3天注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT), 24 h后进行PTT处理; rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs + PTT组于第3天注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg‧kg-1 BPBBT + 0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15), 24 h后进行PTT处理, 并于第6、9、12天注射rILR-HSA/rIL-15 (0.3 mg‧kg-1 rIL-15)。PTT处理时, 麻醉小鼠暴露盲肠, 通过术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像定位瘤体并调整光斑覆盖肿瘤, 激光(3.7 W‧cm-2) 照射维持肿瘤部位51 ℃持续100 s, 以确保肿瘤组织接受足够的热量产生坏死[19, 20]。
统计学方法  使用GraphPad Prism 8软件统计, 数据以平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 的方式表示。统计学差异使用双尾t检验; 生存期曲线的统计学差异使用对数秩检测。当P < 0.05时, 认为所比较的组间的数据具有显著性差异。
将质粒pPIC9K-rILR-HSA (图1A) 线性化后, 导入毕赤酵母基因组, 筛选得到高效表达rILR-HSA的菌株。MMC多模式层析柱对发酵培养上清液纯化后获得融合蛋白rILR-HSA。SDS-PAGE (图1B) 和Western blot (图1C) 分析结果证实目的蛋白分子质量与理论分子质量(77 kDa) 接近。
融合蛋白rILR-HSA与rIL-15解离常数(dissociation constant, KD) 为0.333 nmol‧L-1 (95% CI: 0.196~0.564 nmol‧L-1) (图1D、E)。这一结果与作者前期报道的融合人免疫球蛋白Fc结构域的IL-15Rα蛋白(rIL-15Rα-Fc) 对rIL-15的亲和力相似(0.115 nmol·L-1)[17], 表明rILR-HSA与rIL-15高亲和力结合。
在M-07e人巨细胞白血病细胞中, 检测了rILR-HSA与商业化野生型IL-15 (rIL-15-wt) 等摩尔预孵育组装的复合物rILR-HSA/rIL-15-wt诱导细胞增殖的效应, 其半数有效浓度(median effective concentration, EC50) 为1.56 nmol‧L-1 (95% CI: 1.04~2.34 nmol‧L-1), 是课题组前期报道的rIL-15-wt (EC50 = 3.26 nmol‧L-1)[17]的0.5倍, 说明rILR-HSA/rIL-15-wt可以通过反式呈递的方式刺激M-07e细胞增殖(图1F)。
BPBBT与rILR-HSA自组装形成纳米粒后, 进一步通过受体和配体的相互作用力搭载rIL-15形成rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (图2A)。rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs的粒径为108.7 ± 4.2 nm (图2B), zeta电位为-18.4 ± 1.1 mV, 其中BPBBT和rIL-15的包封率分别为(77.4% ± 3.8)%和(98.2 ± 0.2)%。
生物活性检测结果显示rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs的EC50与rILR-HSA/rIL-15的EC50接近, 分别为1.797 nmol·L-1 (95% CI: 1.604~2.014 nmol·L-1) 和0.670 nmol·L-1 (95% CI: 0.570~0.788 nmol·L-1), 说明在双搭载药物递送系统的制备过程中保留了rIL-15的生物活性(图2C)。如图2D、E所示, 将含不同浓度的BPBBT的rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs和rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs与NIH-3T3细胞孵育, 在BPBBT的浓度达100 µg‧mL-1时, 两种制剂均无明显的毒副作用, 具有良好的生物安全性。
小鼠尾静脉注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs后, 测定了不同时间点血清中的药物含量, 并采用非房室模型拟合血药浓度曲线得到药动学参数(图3、表2)。在rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs组中, rIL-15的t1/2和AUC0→n分别为52.62 min和89 600 ng‧mL-1‧min。相较于课题组前期报道的游离rIL-15的t1/2 (20.24 ± 1.170 min) 和AUC0→n (6 644 ± 1 961 ng‧mL-1‧min)[17], rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs组中rIL-15的t1/2和AUC0→n分别增加至2.6和13.5倍。
荷CT26-Luc结直肠癌皮下肿瘤小鼠尾静脉注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs后, 肿瘤组织中的NIR-Ⅱ荧光强度于注射后24 h最高(图4A、B)。因此, 选择静脉注射后24 h作为术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像的时间窗口。在DiD标记CT26-Luc细胞(DiD-CT26-Luc) 的原位结直肠癌肿瘤模型中, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs经尾静脉注射24 h后, 可对术中盲肠组织处的微小肿瘤清晰显像, 肿瘤尺寸为2.5 mm × 1.5 mm (图4C)。
研究报道光热治疗效果与组织温度和光照时间相关, 当肿瘤组织的温度达到51 ℃时, 并维持100 s, 可以使肿瘤细胞发生热消融[19]。实验结果显示, 术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像定位肿瘤并指导PTT时, 以808 nm激光(3.7 W‧cm-2) 照射肿瘤2 min即可达到51 ℃ (图5A、B), 满足光热治疗条件[20]。而相同的光照条件下, PBS对照组小鼠肿瘤部位的温度仅达到41 ℃。
在小鼠荷CT26-Luc结肠癌原位肿瘤模型中, 考察了注射rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs后24 h, 术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像介导的肿瘤光热免疫治疗的治疗效果(图6A~C)。相较于PBS对照组、rIL-15单一治疗组(rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs组) 或PTT单一治疗组(rILR-HSA/BPBBT NPs + PTT组), rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs介导的术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像引导的光热免疫治疗显著提高了抗肿瘤疗效, 组内所有小鼠在肿瘤接种后第67天存活且无生物发光信号。治疗期间, 各组小鼠体重均无明显降低, 初步证明制剂在该治疗剂量下不产生严重的毒副作用(图6D)。
本研究采用基因工程技术设计并表达了HSA与IL-15Rα-sushi连接的融合蛋白载体rILR-HSA。rILR-HSA通过HSA的疏水结构域先搭载疏水性NIR-Ⅱ荧光分子BPBBT组装形成纳米颗粒后, 再利用IL-15Rα-sushi与rIL-15的高亲和力, 通过形成rIL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi复合物搭乘rIL-15。生物活性检测结果显示, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs的EC50是rILR-HSA/rIL-15的2.68倍(图2C)。推测这一现象可能源于疏水微环境、空间位阻效应和递送系统制备工艺。首先, 文献[21]报道疏水性增强会改变蛋白药物的性质, 进而影响其生物活性。疏水性药物BPBBT的引入增强了递送系统的疏水微环境, 这可能是导致rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs生物活性降低的原因之一。其次, 尽管设计rIL-15融合蛋白可改善其体内药动学特性, 但引入外源蛋白带来的空间位阻效应可能降低其生物活性[22]。与游离药物rILR-HSA/rIL-15相比, 纳米药物形式进一步增加了空间位阻效应, 这很可能是rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs生物活性降低的另一个潜在原因。此外, 药物递送系统的制备工艺也是影响蛋白药物生物活性的关键因素[23]。载药过程本身可能造成蛋白药物生物活性的损失。虽然当前实验数据不足以阐明具体的作用机制, 但本研究基于课题组前期报道的双搭载rIL-15和光敏剂的制备工艺[17], 采用了先搭载BPBBT后搭载rIL-15的制备策略, 这一策略能最大程度地保留rIL-15的生物活性。在动物模型中, rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs改善rIL-15的药动学性质, rIL-15的血清半衰期和药时曲线下面积分别是游离rIL-15组的2.6和13.5倍。
利用兼具光热转换特性的荧光分子作为光热剂, 可通过诊疗一体化策略同步实现肿瘤精准荧光成像与光热治疗, 提高深部肿瘤治疗的精准性。NIR-Ⅱ荧光分子BPBBT脂溶性强, 水溶性差, 难以直接注射给药, 其与HSA天然疏水腔结合, 可以改善溶解性。更为重要的是, HSA与BPBBT相互作用通过调节BPBBT的分子内二面角, 增加了BPBBT的光热转化效应[16]。课题组前期研究已证实, 当BPBBT剂量为20 mg·kg-1时, 单次光热治疗未引起脏器损伤[16]。光动力治疗联合4次rIL-15 (0.3 mg·kg-1) 治疗, 脏器组织病理学检查和血清生化指标未见异常[17]。基于上述生物安全性实验结果, 本研究将BPBBT剂量降至8 mg·kg-1, 初步探索rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs (8 mg·kg-1 BPBBT + 0.3 mg·kg-1 rIL-15) 的协同抗肿瘤效应。
课题组前期研究报道了采用HSA/BPBBT纳米复合物(BPBBT剂量为20 mg·kg-1) 实施术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像引导的原位结肠癌光热治疗, 未产生肿瘤复发[16]。相比较地, 本研究构建的rILR-HSA/BPBBT/rIL-15 NPs, 在将BPBBT给药剂量降至8 mg·kg-1条件下, 通过术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像指导的光热联合IL-15免疫治疗, 同样未产生肿瘤复发。这一结果说明, 术中NIR-Ⅱ荧光影像引导的肿瘤光热疗法, 同时递送IL-15发挥光热免疫联合治疗作用, 可在提高治疗效果的同时降低光热剂的剂量。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0660
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-09-24
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    1衢州市复大生物医药创新研究院, 浙江 衢州 324002
    2复旦大学药学院, 智能化递药教育部重点实验室, 聚合物分子工程全国重点实验室, 上海 201203

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