Article(id=1308828739794989181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0622, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=1754064000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978688428, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978688428, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978688428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978688428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=910, endPage=918, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828741430767742, articleId=1308828739794989181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction and efficacy study of an oral micro-nano delivery system based on Clostridium butyricum spores, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder characterised by gut dysbiosis and redox imbalance. This study developed a novel oral micro-nano delivery system (CBs@BAN) based on Clostridium butyricum spores (CBs) and bilirubin-alginate nanoparticles (BAN). Amino-modified bilirubin (BR) was first covalently conjugated with sodium alginate (Alg) to prepare amphiphilic block BR-Alg, which subsequently self-assembled into BAN nanoparticles with a particle size of 163.52 ± 2.71 nm and a zeta potential of -43.2 ± 1.6 mV. These nanoparticles were efficiently loaded onto the surface of CBs via calcium ion cross-linking. In vitro experiments demonstrated that BAN exhibits potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, while CBs@BAN maintained spore germination activity. Following review and approval by the Animal Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University (approval number: yxy11sc20250099), a murine colitis model was induced using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Compared with other experimental groups, CBs@BAN demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy, including accelerated body weight recovery, reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores, ameliorated histopathological damage in colon tissue, effective clearance of colonic ROS, suppression of inflammatory cytokine expression, and improved gut microbiota imbalance. By restoring redox homeostasis and modulating gut microbiota, this delivery system provides a novel and efficient solution for IBD treatment with promising application potential.

, authors=Zi-lin MA1, 2, Luo ZHAO1, 2, Zi-qing WANG1, 2, Yan-ge DU1, 2, Feng-yun HE1, 2, Lei WANG1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Zi-lin MA, Luo ZHAO, Zi-qing WANG, Yan-ge DU, Feng-yun HE, Lei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828743217541261, articleId=1308828739794989181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于丁酸梭菌芽孢的口服微纳米递送系统的构建及疗效研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 是一种慢性复发性肠道炎症性疾病, 其发病机制与肠道菌群失调和氧化还原失衡密切相关。本研究基于丁酸梭菌芽孢(Clostridium butyricum spores, CBs) 与胆红素-海藻酸钠纳米粒(bilirubin-alginate nanoparticles, BAN) 构建了一种新型口服微纳米递送系统(CBs@BAN)。首先将氨基修饰的胆红素(bilirubin, BR) 与海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, Alg) 共价偶联制备两亲性嵌段BR-Alg, 该嵌段自组装形成粒径163.52 ± 2.71 nm、电位-43.2 ± 1.6 mV的BAN纳米粒, 随后将其通过钙离子交联负载于CBs表面。体外实验表明, BAN具有高效的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 清除能力, 且CBs@BAN保留了芽孢的萌发活性。经郑州大学动物伦理委员会审议同意并批准后(批准号: yxy11sc20250099), 用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS) 诱导小鼠结肠炎模型, 与其他实验组相比, CBs@BAN展现出较好的治疗效果, 包括促进体重恢复、降低疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) 评分、改善结肠组织病理损伤、清除结肠组织ROS、抑制炎症因子表达以及改善肠道菌群失衡。该递送系统通过恢复氧化还原平衡以及调节肠道菌群, 为IBD治疗提供了新型高效的解决方案, 具有潜在的应用价值。

, authors=马紫琳1, 2, 赵荦1, 2, 王子晴1, 2, 杜艳歌1, 2, 和丰云1, 2, 王蕾1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=马紫琳, 赵荦, 王子晴, 杜艳歌, 和丰云, 王蕾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王蕾, authorNote=

作者贡献:

马紫琳负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写; 赵荦负责结果分析; 王子晴、杜艳歌与和丰云参与材料合成与制剂制备工作; 王蕾负责实验指导和文章修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王蕾, Tel: 15136400500, E-mail:
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基于丁酸梭菌芽孢的口服微纳米递送系统的构建及疗效研究
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马紫琳 1, 2 , 赵荦 1, 2 , 王子晴 1, 2 , 杜艳歌 1, 2 , 和丰云 1, 2 , 王蕾 1, 2, 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 910-918
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 910 -918
基于丁酸梭菌芽孢的口服微纳米递送系统的构建及疗效研究
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2河南省靶向诊疗纳米药物重点实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
3天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
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马紫琳1, 2, 赵荦1, 2, 王子晴1, 2, 杜艳歌1, 2, 和丰云1, 2, 王蕾1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 2河南省靶向诊疗纳米药物重点实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 3天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 4平原实验室, 抗病毒性传染病创新药物全国重点实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
通讯作者:
王蕾, Tel: 15136400500, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

马紫琳负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写; 赵荦负责结果分析; 王子晴、杜艳歌与和丰云参与材料合成与制剂制备工作; 王蕾负责实验指导和文章修改。

Construction and efficacy study of an oral micro-nano delivery system based on Clostridium butyricum spores
Zi-lin MA1, 2, Luo ZHAO1, 2, Zi-qing WANG1, 2, Yan-ge DU1, 2, Feng-yun HE1, 2, Lei WANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2Henan Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Targeting Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 3Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 4Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0622
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炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 是一种慢性复发性肠道炎症性疾病, 其发病机制与肠道菌群失调和氧化还原失衡密切相关。本研究基于丁酸梭菌芽孢(Clostridium butyricum spores, CBs) 与胆红素-海藻酸钠纳米粒(bilirubin-alginate nanoparticles, BAN) 构建了一种新型口服微纳米递送系统(CBs@BAN)。首先将氨基修饰的胆红素(bilirubin, BR) 与海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, Alg) 共价偶联制备两亲性嵌段BR-Alg, 该嵌段自组装形成粒径163.52 ± 2.71 nm、电位-43.2 ± 1.6 mV的BAN纳米粒, 随后将其通过钙离子交联负载于CBs表面。体外实验表明, BAN具有高效的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 清除能力, 且CBs@BAN保留了芽孢的萌发活性。经郑州大学动物伦理委员会审议同意并批准后(批准号: yxy11sc20250099), 用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS) 诱导小鼠结肠炎模型, 与其他实验组相比, CBs@BAN展现出较好的治疗效果, 包括促进体重恢复、降低疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) 评分、改善结肠组织病理损伤、清除结肠组织ROS、抑制炎症因子表达以及改善肠道菌群失衡。该递送系统通过恢复氧化还原平衡以及调节肠道菌群, 为IBD治疗提供了新型高效的解决方案, 具有潜在的应用价值。

炎症性肠病  /  丁酸梭菌芽孢  /  胆红素  /  海藻酸钠  /  活性氧

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder characterised by gut dysbiosis and redox imbalance. This study developed a novel oral micro-nano delivery system (CBs@BAN) based on Clostridium butyricum spores (CBs) and bilirubin-alginate nanoparticles (BAN). Amino-modified bilirubin (BR) was first covalently conjugated with sodium alginate (Alg) to prepare amphiphilic block BR-Alg, which subsequently self-assembled into BAN nanoparticles with a particle size of 163.52 ± 2.71 nm and a zeta potential of -43.2 ± 1.6 mV. These nanoparticles were efficiently loaded onto the surface of CBs via calcium ion cross-linking. In vitro experiments demonstrated that BAN exhibits potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, while CBs@BAN maintained spore germination activity. Following review and approval by the Animal Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University (approval number: yxy11sc20250099), a murine colitis model was induced using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Compared with other experimental groups, CBs@BAN demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy, including accelerated body weight recovery, reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores, ameliorated histopathological damage in colon tissue, effective clearance of colonic ROS, suppression of inflammatory cytokine expression, and improved gut microbiota imbalance. By restoring redox homeostasis and modulating gut microbiota, this delivery system provides a novel and efficient solution for IBD treatment with promising application potential.

inflammatory bowel disease  /  Clostridium butyricum spores  /  bilirubin  /  sodium alginate  /  reactive oxygen specie
马紫琳, 赵荦, 王子晴, 杜艳歌, 和丰云, 王蕾. 基于丁酸梭菌芽孢的口服微纳米递送系统的构建及疗效研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 910 -918 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0622
Zi-lin MA, Luo ZHAO, Zi-qing WANG, Yan-ge DU, Feng-yun HE, Lei WANG. Construction and efficacy study of an oral micro-nano delivery system based on Clostridium butyricum spores[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 910 -918 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0622
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 是一种慢性复发性肠道炎症性疾病, 根据病理特征主要分为溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD) 两大亚型[1]。该疾病不仅表现出腹痛、腹泻、便血等消化道症状, 还常伴有关节病变、皮肤损害等肠外表现, 严重影响患者的生活质量[2]。目前, 临床治疗主要依赖氨基水杨酸类、糖皮质激素类、免疫调节剂类、生物抑制剂类及抗生素类等药物。然而这些药物存在明显的不良反应和临床疗效局限性。如长期使用抗炎药物可能引发感染、代谢异常等风险[3]; 生物制剂和小分子药物则存在免疫抑制相关不良反应[4]。超过50%的患者难以实现黏膜愈合, 进而影响长期预后[5]。因此开发更为高效且安全的新型治疗策略对于改善IBD患者长期预后至关重要。
大量临床研究证实, 肠道菌群失调在IBD发生发展中发挥关键病理作用, 其可通过破坏肠黏膜屏障完整性及激活异常免疫反应等途径加剧肠道炎症进程[6, 7]。在现有干预策略中, 口服益生菌疗法因能直接调节菌群平衡而备受关注[8]。丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum, CB) 作为肠道核心共生菌, 不仅可通过竞争性抑制病原菌定植调节菌群组成, 还能代谢产生丁酸等短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs), 通过上调紧密连接蛋白表达来增强肠黏膜屏障功能[9, 10]。然而, 口服递送过程中, 胃肠道环境显著影响益生菌的稳定性、定植能力及治疗效果[11]。丁酸梭菌芽孢(Clostridium butyricum spores, CBs) 作为CB的休眠体, 其多层芽孢结构可有效抵御胃酸、消化酶及胆盐的侵蚀, 并能在肠道通过芽孢壳脱落、核心吸水膨胀等过程, 恢复为具有代谢活性的营养细胞CB, 进而发挥菌群调节作用[12]。但IBD病灶区的高活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 微环境会影响CBs萌发效率和代谢活性, 限制其治疗效果。
肠道中ROS的过度累积不仅抑制CBs活性, 还可诱发氧化应激, 加剧炎症损伤, 导致肠黏膜层损伤和病原体入侵, 最终促进IBD的发展[13, 14]。胆红素(bilirubin, BR) 作为内源性抗氧化剂, 一方面其分子结构可直接清除ROS, 减轻氧化损伤; 另一方面可以激活Nrf2信号通路, 上调多种抗氧化酶及相关物质表达, 增强机体内源性抗氧化能力[15]。然而, 由于BR具有高度疏水性, 其在体内的直接应用受到限制。因此, 亟需开发能同步调节肠道菌群平衡和氧化还原稳态的新型BR递送系统。
基于上述研究背景, 本研究构建了新型递送系统CBs@BAN。首先, 为改善BR的疏水性, 将其共价接枝到亲水性天然多糖海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, Alg) 分子链上, 构建两亲性嵌段共聚物BR-Alg, 该嵌段可自组装形成胆红素-海藻酸钠纳米粒(bilirubin-alginate nanoparticles, BAN)。BAN的纳米结构可延长体内循环时间, 并通过其空间屏障效应保护BR, 避免其在抵达作用部位前发生降解或氧化, 从而提高BR的生物利用度[16]。随后, 利用Alg与钙离子的交联作用, 将BAN负载于钙离子包覆的CBs表面, 构建CBs@BAN口服微纳米递送系统。口服后, CBs凭借其固有的结肠靶向特性[12, 17], 可有效递送至病灶部位, 在肠道微环境中, 随着CBs萌发为CB, BAN脱落释放, 通过清除炎症部位过量ROS改善局部氧化应激状态, 并为CB的增殖创造有利条件。同时, 萌发形成的CB通过调节肠道菌群组成和增强肠屏障功能, 促进肠道稳态恢复。本研究将益生菌疗法与纳米递送技术相结合, 为IBD治疗提供了一种具有潜力的新策略。
实验动物  本实验选用6~8周龄健康雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 由斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司提供, 许可证号为SCXK (京) 2024-0001。实验所用小鼠均饲养于SPF级屏障环境系统。实验全程保证小鼠自由获取灭菌饲料和无菌饮用水, 每日更换新鲜垫料。动物实验方案经郑州大学动物伦理委员会审批通过(批准号: yxy11sc20250099), 所有实验操作均严格遵循动物伦理相关规定。
药品与试剂  胆红素(B802201)、海藻酸钠(S875037)、无水氯化钙(C805228)、葡聚糖硫酸钠(D806297) (上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 过氧化氢(C0404510123, 南京化学试剂股份有限公司); 丁酸梭菌芽孢冻干粉(JBH BD1, 金百合生物科技有限公司); 小鼠白细胞介素-6检测试剂盒、小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α检测试剂盒、小鼠白细胞介素-1β检测试剂盒、小鼠白细胞介素-10检测试剂盒(mL098430、mL002095、mL098416、mL037873, 上海酶联生物科技有限公司)。
仪器  R1001-VN旋转蒸发仪(长城科工贸公司); 激光粒度分析仪(Nano-ZS90, 英国马尔文公司); 紫外分光光度计(UV-2600, 日本岛津公司); 核磁共振波谱仪(AVANCE III HD 400M, 德国布鲁克公司); 透射电子显微镜(美国FEI公司); 共聚焦荧光显微镜(德国徕卡公司)。
微生物培养  CBs以1%接种量加入脑心浸出液肉汤(brain heart infusion broth, BHI) 液体培养基中, 放置在37 ℃培养箱中, 静置厌氧培养24 h。
BR-Alg的合成及表征
胆红素的氨基修饰  参照文献[18]方法进行修饰。称取750 μmol BR和520 μmol N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS), 溶于7.5 mL含0.2 μL三甲胺的二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 溶液中。加入337.5 μmol 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, EDC), 室温反应10 min后, 加入562.5 μmol乙二胺, 在氮气保护下搅拌反应4 h。反应完成后, 加入50 mL氯仿, 依次用50 mL 0.1 mol·L-1 HCl、0.1 mol·L-1 NaHCO3和超纯水各洗涤两次。旋转蒸发去除氯仿后, 加入45 mL甲醇, 3 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集上清液, 经减压旋转蒸发获得BR-NH2。
海藻酸钠接枝胆红素  将Alg用0.01 mol·L-1盐酸透析12 h后, 冷冻干燥得到酸化海藻酸钠。准确称取80 μmol酸化海藻酸钠和40 μmol NHS, 溶于4.8 mL DMSO中, 加入140 μmol EDC, 室温磁力搅拌10 min。随后加入20 μmol BR-NH2, 在氮气保护下室温搅拌反应12 h。反应完成后, 将混合液缓慢倒入30 mL 0.01 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液中, 在0.01 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液中透析5 h, 随后以水-乙腈(1∶1, v/v) 混合液透析3次(每次24 h), 最后再用超纯水透析3次(每次48 h)。透析结束后, 将所得溶液冷冻干燥, 即得到BR-Alg。BR-Alg共聚物的合成机制如路线1所示。
BR-Alg的核磁表征  精确称取适量的原料、BR-Alg, 利用核磁共振波谱仪扫描获取1H NMR图谱, 通过分析氢原子化学位移特征, 对BR、Alg及其共聚物BR-Alg的化学结构信息进行确证。
BR-Alg水溶性考察  将1 mg BR或等摩尔量的BR-Alg分散于1 mL超纯水中, 在37 ℃下持续搅拌12 h, 对离心处理后的试管拍照记录考察水溶性。通过测定455 nm波长处的吸光度值, 并根据BR的标准吸收曲线计算出上清液中的浓度用于进一步计算BR和BR-Alg在水溶液中的相对溶解度。
BAN的制备及表征
BAN的制备  配制质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的BR-Alg水溶液, 在冰水浴环境下, 使用探头式超声破碎仪(功率140 W, 工作2 s, 间歇3 s) 持续超声处理10 min。超声处理结束后, 将溶液经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 随后冻干, 最终制备得到BAN纳米粒。
粒径、电位表征  将纳米粒稀释至合适倍数, 采用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS) 粒度仪测定纳米粒的粒径和电位。
形态考察  将纳米粒稀释至适宜浓度后, 取10 μL溶液滴加在覆有超薄碳膜的200目铜网上, 确保溶液均匀覆盖网格, 静置10 min后, 吸去残余液体。将铜网在室温下放置, 待其完全干燥后, 利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 对BAN的形貌进行表征。
UV-vis光谱表征  运用紫外-可见分光光度计, 在300~600 nm波长范围内对样品进行扫描, 获取UV-vis图谱, 以此进一步验证BAN的形成, 并根据BR标准曲线, 计算BR含量。
活性氧清除能力考察  分别配制一定浓度的BR、BR-Alg和BAN溶液, 加入适量H2O2, 使溶液中H2O2终浓度为1 mmol·L-1, 并以PBS溶液作为空白对照。随后, 在各组溶液中加入50 μmol·L-1的活性氧探针2′, 7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, DCFH-DA), 在37 ℃下孵育1 h。用酶标仪监测各组氧化生成2′, 7′-二氯荧光素(2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein, DCF) 的荧光信号(激发波长490 nm, 发射波长520 nm)。
CBs@BAN的制备及表征
CBs@BAN的制备  取1×109 CFU CBs重悬于900 μL含13.9 mmol·L-1氯化钙的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS) 中, 涡旋振荡5 min。随后加入100 μL质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1的BAN溶液, 继续振荡5 min。最后用pH = 3的PBS缓冲液洗涤3次, 即得CBs@BAN。
CBs@BAN的粒径和形态考察  通过DLS测量CBs和CBs@BAN的粒径; 使用TEM对CBs和CBs@BAN的形态进行观察。
芽孢活性检测  取等量CBs和CBs@BAN悬液, 采用酶标仪测定600 nm波长处的光密度(OD600) 值, 并通过稀释法将各样品起始OD值调至一致。随后将芽孢悬液接种于等体积新鲜培养基中, 置于37 ℃厌氧培养箱中培养36 h。培养期间每隔2 h取样测定OD600值, 最终以培养时间为横坐标、OD600值为纵坐标绘制芽孢萌发曲线, 分析两组样品的生长差异。
CBs@BAN体外耐受性检测  为了研究模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF) 和胆盐对CBs@BAN生长的影响, 取等量CBs和CBs@BAN悬液, 分别在SGF (pH 1.2, 每100 mL去离子水含32 mg胃蛋白酶) 和0.4%胆盐溶液中孵育2 h。用PBS洗涤后, 将其接种至新鲜培养基中, 置于37 ℃厌氧培养箱中培养36 h。检测不同时间点的OD600值, 绘制芽孢萌发曲线。
动物实验分组及治疗方案  经1周适应性饲养后, 将C57BL/6J雄性小鼠按体重随机分为5组(n = 6): 正常对照组(normal)、模型组(DSS)、纳米粒组(BAN, 40 mg·kg-1)、丁酸梭菌芽孢组(CBs, 每只1×109 CFU)、制剂组(CBs@BAN, 每只1×109 CFU)。除normal组外, 其余各组均给予3% DSS连续诱导7天建立结肠炎模型。随后, 给药组以灌胃的方式连续给药7天, DSS组连续灌胃等体积生理盐水7天, normal组不作任何处理。
药效学评价  从小鼠造模前一天开始, 每日监测并记录小鼠体重变化、粪便性状及便血情况。随后, 基于体重变化百分比、粪便硬度和便血程度3个指标计算疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI), 并绘制DAI评分曲线。
组织病理学分析  给药结束后, 颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠, 解剖取结肠组织, 测量回盲肠连接处与直肠近端之间的长度, 并置于4%多聚甲醛固定液中固定24 h。将固定好的组织梯度乙醇脱水、石蜡包埋, 用病理切片机切片。切片经脱蜡、水化后, 用苏木精和伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色, 中性树胶封片。染色完成后使用数字病理扫描系统采集图像, 观察组织病理学变化。
结肠组织中ROS水平评估  取小鼠结肠组织制备冰冻切片, 滴加自发荧光淬灭剂处理5 min, 流水冲洗10 min后, 加入5 μmol二氢乙啶染色液, 37 ℃避光孵育30 min。孵育结束后, 用PBS洗涤, 加入1 μg·mL-1 4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 染核10 min, 再次冲洗后, 加入抗荧光淬灭剂并封片, 使用荧光显微镜观察并采集图像。
细胞因子含量测定  小鼠眼眶采血, 血液置于4 ℃静置2 h, 3 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集血清。用试剂盒测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、小鼠白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、小鼠白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6) 和小鼠白细胞介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)。
肠道菌群检测  在治疗结束后, 用灭菌的1.5 mL离心管收集小鼠新鲜粪便, 收集后立即液氮冷冻, 并贮存于-80 ℃备用。委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司对所有小鼠粪便样本开展16S rDNA高通量测序。
数据分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8.3软件通过One-Way ANOVA进行统计学分析。实验数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义, ns表示无统计学意义。
通过1H NMR对BR-Alg进行化学结构表征(图1A), 与Alg相比, BR-Alg的谱图在2.5~3.5和0.5~1.5之间出现新的峰, 该峰是BR的特征峰, 由此说明BR成功接枝到Alg分子链上。
BR在水中溶解性较差, 离心后大量沉积于管底; 而BR-Alg在水溶液中无明显沉淀形成(图1B), 证实BR的化学修饰提高了其亲水性。上清液中检测到的BR浓度证实BR-Alg在水溶液中的相对溶解度比BR高20倍左右(图1C)。
DLS结果显示, BAN的粒径为163.52 ± 2.71 nm (图2A), zeta电位为-43.2 ± 1.6 mV (图2B)。多分散指数(polymer dispersity index, PDI) 为0.139 ± 0.006。TEM图像(图2C) 显示BAN呈规则球形, 表面光滑, 分布均匀, 其粒径与DLS测定结果相近, 表明所制备的BAN粒径均一。如图2D所示, BR与BAN均在455 nm处有最大吸收峰, 证实BAN中BR的存在。将所测得BAN溶液的吸光度值结合BR的标准曲线(图2E), 计算得出1 mg BAN中载有27.91 μg BR。进一步评估BAN体外ROS清除能力。基于DCFH-DA的荧光测定结果显示(图2F), BR-Alg和BAN均表现出显著的ROS清除活性。
分别对CBs和CBs@BAN进行TEM形貌表征(图3A), CBs@BAN保留了芽孢的形貌特征, 中间轻微膨胀, 两端呈钝圆形, 且外面包载一层球形纳米粒, 证实BAN成功负载在芽孢表面。DLS结果显示, CBs的粒径为1 909.34 ± 104.85 nm, PDI为0.163 ± 0.009。负载BAN后, CBs@BAN的粒径明显增加, 为2 545.67 ± 122.14 nm, PDI为0.177 ± 0.005 (图3B)。生长曲线表明, BAN修饰处理对CBs的萌发能力及后续生长活性均无显著影响, CBs@BAN仍能保持正常萌发活性(图3C)。进一步将CBs@BAN分别在SGF (图3D) 和胆盐溶液(图3E) 中孵育2 h后, 结果显示, 实验组与对照组的萌发曲线无统计学差异, 说明表面BAN修饰不会损害CBs抵御胃酸、消化酶及胆盐侵蚀的能力。
DSS诱导4天后, 除normal组外, 其余各组小鼠均出现典型结肠炎症状, 表现为精神萎靡、活动减少、稀便及便血, 并伴有持续体重下降(图4A)。经BAN、CBs和CBs@BAN治疗后, 各给药组小鼠体重下降情况均得到明显改善。与normal组相比, DSS组DAI评分显著升高(P < 0.01), 而经BAN、CBs和CBs@BAN治疗后, 各给药组DAI评分均显著降低(P < 0.01)。结肠形态学分析显示, DSS组小鼠结肠长度较正常对照组显著缩短(P < 0.001), 并伴有结肠组织肿胀及损伤(图4C、D)。药物治疗后, 各给药组结肠长度均有不同程度恢复; 其中, CBs@BAN组结肠长度恢复最为显著, 与BAN组和CBs组比较差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01), 且接近正常对照组水平。
肠道结构的完整性是其维持正常生理功能的重要保障[19]。如图4E所示, 相较normal组, DSS模型组小鼠结肠组织呈现典型的炎症性病理改变: 黏膜层可见大量炎性细胞浸润, 隐窝结构严重破坏且排列紊乱, 杯状细胞数量显著减少。给药治疗后, 各组小鼠结肠损伤程度较DSS组均有明显缓解, 受损范围缩小。CBs@BAN组与其他给药组相比病理损伤程度显著减轻, 表明CBs@BAN组在维持结肠组织形态完整性和促进肠道修复方面表现出更优的效果。
在IBD的病理过程中, 浸润结肠组织的免疫细胞会产生过量ROS, 从而引发细胞氧化应激水平提升, 进一步加剧炎症性组织损伤[20]。如图5A、B所示, 与normal组相比, DSS组结肠组织显示出显著增强的红色荧光, 证实了炎症状态下ROS的异常累积现象。在实施药物干预后, 所有治疗组的结肠荧光强度均较DSS组呈现出不同程度的降低趋势, CBs@BAN组红色荧光信号减弱最为显著(P < 0.001), 其荧光强度值与normal组无显著性差异, 表明该制剂能够高效清除结肠组织中的过量ROS。
炎症因子的高表达与IBD的发生发展密切相关[21]。如图5C~F所示, DSS组3种促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α) 的血清水平均显著高于normal组, 而抗炎因子IL-10的表达水平明显降低, 呈现典型的炎症反应特征。经CBs@BAN治疗后, 各组中促炎因子水平均显著下降, 同时IL-10表达显著上调。
IBD小鼠存在肠道菌群失衡, 可加剧炎症反应, 形成恶性循环[22]。Alpha多样性分析是评估微生物群落结构特征的关键指标, 可直观反映群落的丰富度与物种多样性水平。结果显示, DSS组小鼠肠道菌群的Chao指数和Shannon指数均显著下降(P < 0.001), 表明其Alpha多样性降低。经CBs@BAN干预后, 与DSS组相比Alpha多样性增加(P < 0.01), 且效果优于CBs组; BAN干预也显示出一定的改善作用(图6A、B)。这表明BAN与CBs联合干预能有效增加结肠炎小鼠肠道菌群的多样性, 修复菌群失调。
为进一步评估CBs@BAN对肠道菌群结构的影响, 分别在门和属水平进行了分析。门水平分析结果显示, 各组小鼠肠道菌群中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes) 占主导地位(图6C)。与normal组相比, DSS组厚壁菌门丰度显著下降, 拟杆菌门丰度则显著上调, 表明肠道菌群组成发生变化。经CBs@BAN治疗后, 厚壁菌门相对丰度有所增加, 拟杆菌门相对丰度下降, 表明其能有效调节结肠炎小鼠的菌群比例失衡。属水平分析发现, 与normal组相比, DSS组肠道内益生菌属如Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、Faecalibaculum和Lactobacillus的丰度均显著下降(P < 0.001), 而通过CBs和CBs@BAN治疗后可明显提高益生菌相对丰度(图6D~F)。与DSS组相比, CBs@BAN组小鼠Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1相对丰度提升至约2%, Faecalibaculum升高至约28%, Lactobacillus提升至6%左右。该结果证实, CBs@BAN能有效发挥BAN与CBs的协同作用, 调节结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群结构和生物多样性, 恢复小鼠肠道稳态。
本研究以CBs为载体, 负载具有ROS清除能力的纳米粒BAN, 构建了CBs@BAN递送系统。该系统利用Alg与钙离子交联作用, 实现BAN在CBs表面的高效负载, 并利用CBs的结肠靶向特性, 口服后精准递送至结肠部位。CBs萌发后, BAN随着芽孢壳脱落从CBs表面释放并清除病灶部位过量ROS, 改善氧化应激微环境, 为CB增殖创造适宜条件。萌发形成的CB能调节肠道菌群多样性, 促进益生菌增殖, 改善菌群失调。本研究构建的CBs@BAN递送系统通过同步调控氧化还原平衡与肠道菌群, 有望为IBD治疗和相关领域药物递送系统的开发提供新思路。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0622
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
  • 修回日期:2025-08-02
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    1郑州大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450001
    2河南省靶向诊疗纳米药物重点实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
    3天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
    4平原实验室, 抗病毒性传染病创新药物全国重点实验室, 河南 郑州 450001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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