Article(id=1308828684530835576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1176, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1764172800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978675252, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978675252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978675252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978675252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=716, endPage=726, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828684753133689, articleId=1308828684530835576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in the study of the role of CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming in inducing cell differentiation for atherosclerosis and its therapeutic strategy, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CD4+ T cell-mediated immune inflammatory responses play a significant role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). CD4+ T cells can differentiate into multiple subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells, and the imbalance between these subtypes determines the direction of progression of AS. Increasingly, studies have shown that metabolic reprogramming of CD4+ T cells induces their pro-inflammatory differentiation, exacerbates vascular microenvironmental inflammation and plaque instability, and thus promotes the development of AS. In this review, we shall focus on the relationship between CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming-mediated cellular differentiation, functional alterations, and the onset and progression of AS. We shall also examine therapeutic strategies targeting CD4+ T cell metabolism in AS. This will provide evidence for elucidating the mechanisms underlying vascular inflammation in AS and offer guidance for identifying novel targets and approaches for the prevention and treatment of AS in clinical practice.

, authors=Ya-ting DING1, Xiao-yan SHI1, 2, Hong-fei WU1, 2, Min DAI1, 2, Ya-rong LIU1, 2, *, authorsList=Ya-ting DING, Xiao-yan SHI, Hong-fei WU, Min DAI, Ya-rong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya-rong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828687391350917, articleId=1308828684530835576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导细胞分化促进动脉粥样硬化的作用及其治疗策略研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CD4+ T细胞介导的免疫炎症反应在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS) 发生发展中扮演着重要角色。CD4+ T细胞可分化为多种亚型, 如促炎性Th1/Th17细胞和抗炎性Th2/Treg细胞, 这些亚型之间的不平衡决定着AS的进展方向。越来越多的研究表明, CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导其促炎分化, 加重血管微环境炎症及斑块不稳定性, 从而促进AS的发生发展。本综述将重点讨论CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程介导的细胞分化、功能变化与AS发生发展的关系, 以及靶向CD4+ T细胞代谢的AS治疗策略, 从而为阐明AS血管炎症发生机制提供依据, 为临床寻找防治AS的新靶点和新方法提供参考。

, authors=丁雅婷1, 施晓艳1, 2, 吴鸿飞1, 2, 戴敏1, 2, 刘雅蓉1, 2, *, authorsList=丁雅婷, 施晓艳, 吴鸿飞, 戴敏, 刘雅蓉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘雅蓉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

丁雅婷是本文的第一作者, 负责综述的材料整理及撰写工作; 施晓艳、吴鸿飞、戴敏为综述的写作提供了支持; 刘雅蓉为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供综述的撰写思路和内容框架组织等指导工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘雅蓉, Tel: 13625517991, E-mail:
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Int Immunopharmacol, 2023, 116: 109758., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308834355024326886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834355032715495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, companyId=1308834355024326886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834355036909800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, companyId=1308834355024326886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308834355104018665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834355116601578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, companyId=1308834355104018665, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Anhui Key Laboratory of Active Natural Products, Hefei 230012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834355124990187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, companyId=1308834355104018665, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2安徽省活性天然产物重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308834358966972692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EZq2d8QlGbbFOwdkRS38Lg==, figureFileBig=tkquh+Lc46pzwDak59YvVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834359038275861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Inflammatory response of each cell during the development of AS. AS: Atherosclerosis; IL: Interleukin; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases; NETs: Neutrophil extracellular traps; ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; Th: Helper T cell; Treg: Regulatory T cells; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α, figureFileSmall=EZq2d8QlGbbFOwdkRS38Lg==, figureFileBig=tkquh+Lc46pzwDak59YvVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834359403180311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oPNiest6GqlKGbP3KOn4RQ==, figureFileBig=F25lXYlAk6RIJCmUqrlgag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834359797444888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Differentiation of CD4+ T cells regulate AS processes. Foxp3: Forkhead box protein 3; GATA3: GATA binding protein 3; RORγt: Retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt; T-bet: T-box transcription factor, figureFileSmall=oPNiest6GqlKGbP3KOn4RQ==, figureFileBig=F25lXYlAk6RIJCmUqrlgag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834359864553753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r0t4je9FxQZ8pbTaznZp9Q==, figureFileBig=aT7+eKOlDmeQgdwF+MKcqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834360233652506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Major metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells. OXPHOS, PPP, and glycolysis belong to sugar metabolism; FAO and FAS are fatty acid metabolism; glutamine belongs to the amino acid metabolism; mevalonate pathway, isoprenylation pathway, and sterol pathway belong to cholesterol metabolism. ACAD: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ACO: Aconitase; ACSL5: Long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 5; α-KG: α-Ketoglutaric acid; α-KGDH: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; Ch25h: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase; CPT1/2: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1/2; CS: Citrate synthase; CYP51A1: Sterol 14α-demethylase; DAG: Diacylglycerol; DHCR7: 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductate; DHCR24: 24-Dehydrocholesterol reductate; ECH: Enoyl-CoA hydratase; FAO: Fatty acid oxidation; FAS: Fatty acid synthesis; FDFT1: Farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1; FH: Fumarate hydratase; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; FPPS: Farnesyl-diphosphate synthase; GDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase; GLS2: Glutaminase 2; G6PDH: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HAD: 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; HK: Hexokinase; HMG-CoA: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HMGCS: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase; HMGCR: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; IDH: Isocitrate dehydrogenase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LSS: Lanosterol synthase; MDH: Malate dehydrogenase; MVK: Mevalonate kinase; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation; PDH: Pyruvate dehydrogenase; PKM2: Pyruvate kinase M2; PL: Phospholipid; PPP: Pentose phosphate pathway; SCS: Succinyl-CoA synthetase; SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase; SQLE: Squalene epoxidase; TAG: Triacylglycerol; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle, figureFileSmall=r0t4je9FxQZ8pbTaznZp9Q==, figureFileBig=aT7+eKOlDmeQgdwF+MKcqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834360309149979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=18WTGicVrZ9bxPtAQrtrRQ==, figureFileBig=7mLQnTSrYA50dJH4jIlopA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834360388841756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828684530835576, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=CD4+ T cells metabolic reprogramming regulates the process of AS. 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CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导细胞分化促进动脉粥样硬化的作用及其治疗策略研究进展
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丁雅婷 1 , 施晓艳 1, 2 , 吴鸿飞 1, 2 , 戴敏 1, 2 , 刘雅蓉 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(3): 716-726
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (3) : 716 -726
CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导细胞分化促进动脉粥样硬化的作用及其治疗策略研究进展
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丁雅婷1, 施晓艳1, 2, 吴鸿飞1, 2, 戴敏1, 2, 刘雅蓉1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2安徽省活性天然产物重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
通讯作者:
刘雅蓉, Tel: 13625517991, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

丁雅婷是本文的第一作者, 负责综述的材料整理及撰写工作; 施晓艳、吴鸿飞、戴敏为综述的写作提供了支持; 刘雅蓉为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供综述的撰写思路和内容框架组织等指导工作。

Advances in the study of the role of CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming in inducing cell differentiation for atherosclerosis and its therapeutic strategy
Ya-ting DING1, Xiao-yan SHI1, 2, Hong-fei WU1, 2, Min DAI1, 2, Ya-rong LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2Anhui Key Laboratory of Active Natural Products, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1176
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CD4+ T细胞介导的免疫炎症反应在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS) 发生发展中扮演着重要角色。CD4+ T细胞可分化为多种亚型, 如促炎性Th1/Th17细胞和抗炎性Th2/Treg细胞, 这些亚型之间的不平衡决定着AS的进展方向。越来越多的研究表明, CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导其促炎分化, 加重血管微环境炎症及斑块不稳定性, 从而促进AS的发生发展。本综述将重点讨论CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程介导的细胞分化、功能变化与AS发生发展的关系, 以及靶向CD4+ T细胞代谢的AS治疗策略, 从而为阐明AS血管炎症发生机制提供依据, 为临床寻找防治AS的新靶点和新方法提供参考。

CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程  /  细胞分化  /  Th17  /  Treg  /  动脉粥样硬化

CD4+ T cell-mediated immune inflammatory responses play a significant role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). CD4+ T cells can differentiate into multiple subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells, and the imbalance between these subtypes determines the direction of progression of AS. Increasingly, studies have shown that metabolic reprogramming of CD4+ T cells induces their pro-inflammatory differentiation, exacerbates vascular microenvironmental inflammation and plaque instability, and thus promotes the development of AS. In this review, we shall focus on the relationship between CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming-mediated cellular differentiation, functional alterations, and the onset and progression of AS. We shall also examine therapeutic strategies targeting CD4+ T cell metabolism in AS. This will provide evidence for elucidating the mechanisms underlying vascular inflammation in AS and offer guidance for identifying novel targets and approaches for the prevention and treatment of AS in clinical practice.

CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming  /  cell differentiation  /  Th17  /  Treg  /  atherosclerosis
丁雅婷, 施晓艳, 吴鸿飞, 戴敏, 刘雅蓉. CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程诱导细胞分化促进动脉粥样硬化的作用及其治疗策略研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 716 -726 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1176
Ya-ting DING, Xiao-yan SHI, Hong-fei WU, Min DAI, Ya-rong LIU. Advances in the study of the role of CD4+ T cell metabolic reprogramming in inducing cell differentiation for atherosclerosis and its therapeutic strategy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 716 -726 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1176
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS) 被认为是一种由免疫反应介导的慢性炎症性疾病, 异常的免疫炎症反应在AS进程中发挥关键作用[1], 但其触发机制迄今仍未完全阐明。以往关于AS血管炎症机制的研究多集中在血管内皮细胞或巨噬细胞, 然而越来越多的证据表明CD4+ T细胞作为获得性免疫和炎症反应的关键调控者, 推动了AS发生和发展[2]。CD4+ T细胞能够分化成不同的T辅助亚型, 辅助性T细胞1 (helper T cell 1, Th1) 和辅助性T细胞17 (helper T cell 17, Th17) 表现出促炎效应, 而辅助性T细胞2 (helper T cell 2, Th2) 和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg) 则表现出抗炎效应[3]。研究表明, 促炎和抗炎反应之间的平衡, 特别是Th17/Treg之间的平衡, 决定了AS的发展方向[4]。
CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程是指CD4+ T细胞在免疫反应过程中, 通过改变其代谢途径来适应环境需求, 支持其增殖、分化和功能发挥。通常, CD4+ T细胞在静息状态下依赖氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation, OXPHOS) 提供能量, 但当它们被激活时, 代谢途径会迅速改变, 转向糖酵解和脂肪酸合成(fatty acid synthesis, FAS) 等。这种代谢重编程是免疫细胞适应环境变化、执行有效免疫反应的关键过程。然而, 研究显示CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程发生后, 细胞更多地向促炎表型转化, 打破斑块局部促炎和抗炎反应之间的平衡, 加速AS发生发展[4]。
本文将聚焦CD4+ T细胞分化与AS发生发展的关系, 探讨CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程参与AS的机制, 并对相关潜在的治疗靶点和干预策略进行综述; 为研究CD4+ T细胞在AS中的作用及机制提供文献依据, 以期为AS提供新的治疗靶点。
1999年, Ross博士首次提出AS发生发展的炎症学说, 且后续临床研究验证通过抑制炎症因子白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β能显著减少心血管事件, 确证炎症在AS中的致病核心角色[5]。AS是一种慢性炎症性疾病, 先天性免疫系统的长期激活在AS病变过程中发挥核心作用[6]。当低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL) 在血管内皮下沉积并氧化成氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein, ox‑LDL) 时, 会激活内皮细胞表达血管细胞黏附分子-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1)、细胞间黏附分子-1 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1) 等黏附分子, 同时释放肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、IL-1β、单核细胞趋化因子-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) 等促炎因子, 通过核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF‑κB) 通路放大炎症反应, 吸引中性粒细胞、单核细胞与CD4+ T细胞进入血管壁。单核细胞进入血管壁后可分化为促炎性M1型巨噬细胞和抑炎性M2型巨噬细胞, 抑炎性M2型巨噬细胞可通过分泌抑炎因子IL-4减轻炎症反应, 而促炎性M1型巨噬细胞则通过吞噬ox‑LDL形成泡沫细胞, 同时释放更多促炎因子并激活NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-containing protein 3, NLRP3) 炎性小体, 中性粒细胞则通过中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs) 和酶促机制加剧局部损伤[7] (图1)。
以往关于AS血管炎症机制的研究多集中在血管平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞或巨噬细胞, 然而越来越多的证据表明CD4+ T细胞作为获得性免疫和炎症反应的关键调控者, 推动AS发生发展[4]。AS斑块处的CD4+ T细胞分化为Th1和Th17细胞, 同时分泌干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ)、IL-17等细胞因子。Th1通过分泌IFN‑γ和TNF‑α, 激活内皮细胞、增加黏附分子VCAM‑1/ICAM‑1表达, 促进单核细胞/巨噬细胞募集及其促炎因子释放, 可在动脉内膜激活巨噬细胞, 并促进巨噬细胞极化为M1表型, 加剧炎症反应与斑块不稳定性, 加重AS的发展[4, 8, 9]。Th17分泌的IL-17可诱导内皮细胞和血管平滑肌细胞产生IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子, 血管平滑肌细胞在炎症细胞因子刺激下加速增殖, 并向内膜迁移、产生胶原, 同时被基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) 分解, 削弱纤维帽结构, 导致斑块不稳定甚至破裂, 诱发血栓事件[10] (图1)。
根据细胞表面分化抗原不同, T细胞可分为CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞。CD4+ T细胞可分为几个亚群, 包括滤泡辅助T细胞(follicular helper T cell, Tfh)、辅助性T细胞如Th1、Th2、Th9、Th17、Th22等以及Tregs; CD8+ T细胞包括细胞毒性T细胞和记忆性T细胞。
CD8+ T细胞可直接“捕杀”被病毒感染的细胞、肿瘤细胞或病变细胞, 通过释放穿孔素和颗粒酶诱导细胞凋亡, 而CD4+ T细胞则是“指挥作战”, 协调免疫系统的整体作战策略, 通过调节其他免疫细胞(包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、B细胞和CD8+ T细胞) 的活性, 间接参与清除感染。CD4+ T细胞不同的亚群具有不同的细胞功能: ① Tfh细胞主要参与促进生殖中心B细胞的存活、增殖和类别转换, 并支持生殖中心的发育; ② Th1细胞可分泌的IFN-γ和IL-2, 激活巨噬细胞和CD8+ T细胞, 加强对细胞内病原或受损组织的清除, 促进慢性炎症疾病如类风湿性关节炎和慢性病毒感染的发生发展; ③ IL-5是Th2细胞特有的细胞因子, 通过促进嗜酸性细胞的活化、增殖及生存清除寄生虫, 此外, Th2细胞分泌的IL-4可抑制Th1细胞的发展, 从而维持Th1/Th2平衡; ④以分泌IL-9为特征的Th9细胞参与细胞外寄生虫免疫反应、过敏性炎症、促进移植器官耐受和抗肿瘤免疫反应; ⑤ Th17细胞可分泌IL-17和IL-22, 释放促炎细胞因子如IL-8, 吸引中性粒细胞并增强黏膜屏障, 促进肠道、皮肤等黏膜部位炎症如溃疡性结肠炎和银屑病的发生发展; ⑥ Th22细胞也分泌IL-22, 但与Th17细胞不同的是, 它不分泌IL-17, 其可通过作用于上皮细胞(如皮肤、肠道等) 和非免疫细胞(如平滑肌细胞) 调节细胞的增殖、炎症与修复; ⑦ Treg细胞通过分泌抑炎细胞因子如IL-10和转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β), 限制免疫反应持续时间与强度, 维持组织稳态[11]。
CD4+ T细胞在AS中的功能是多方面的, 取决于特定的转录程序和细胞因子分泌模式, 既可促进也可减轻AS的发生发展[12]。AS斑块中CD4+ T细胞含量丰富, 具有分化成Th和Treg表型的能力, 参与AS疾病多个环节[13]。
CD4+ T细胞向促炎性细胞分化促进AS发生发展。Th17细胞的特征是表达转录因子维甲酸相关孤儿核受体γt (retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt, RORγt), 通过分泌IL-17A、IL-6和IL-23等炎症因子促进炎症反应, 加速AS的进程。其中IL-17A可促进趋化因子的表达, 并将中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞募集到炎症组织部位加重炎症反应[14]。Th1细胞在AS斑块中很常见, 与Th17细胞类似, Th1细胞也会促进炎症的发展。Th1细胞的特点是表达T-box家族转录因子(T-box transcription factor, T-bet), 通过分泌促炎细胞因子包括IFN-γ和IL-2, 发挥辅助细胞免疫功能, 加速AS进展(图2)。此外, IL-2可以促进CD4+ T细胞增殖, 激活自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell, NKs), 并增加它们的毒性, 表现出强烈的促炎特性[15]。
CD4+ T细胞向抑炎性细胞分化改善AS发生发展。Treg细胞是调节CD4+ T细胞介导的免疫反应的关键, 其细胞特点是表达转录因子叉头框蛋白P3 (forkhead box protein 3, Foxp3), 通过分泌细胞因子IL-10和TGF-β来抑制炎症反应并调节免疫平衡。大量研究表明, Treg细胞功能障碍或数量减少与AS有关[12]。Treg细胞分泌的IL-10和TGF-β等抑炎因子可下调内皮细胞上的黏附分子ICAM-1/VCAM-1的表达, 缓解内皮功能障碍, 改善局部血流与剪切应力状态, 同时降低单核/巨噬细胞的募集, 从而减缓早期AS炎症反应[16]。另外, Treg细胞分泌的TGF-β支持血管平滑肌细胞分泌胶原, 以形成厚实的纤维帽结构, 同时抑制MMPs的合成防止胶原降解, 增强AS斑块的稳定性[9]。Treg细胞可增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力, 通过清除凋亡细胞, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体和泡沫细胞形成, 减轻炎症反应改善AS[5]。Th2细胞表达转录因子GATA结合蛋白3 (GATA binding protein 3, GATA3), 具有抗炎特性, 可以通过分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13等细胞因子促进B细胞的增殖和分化, 协助体液免疫, 延缓AS的发展[13]。此外, Th2通过分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13, 可抑制Th1/Th17细胞的促炎作用, 促进M2型巨噬细胞极化, 抑制炎症反应, 从而减轻AS病变[9] (图2)。
葡萄糖是大多数哺乳动物细胞的主要能量底物。葡萄糖通过葡萄糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT) 穿过质膜进入细胞后, 会被己糖激酶(hexokinase, HK) 磷酸化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸(glucose-6-phosphate, G6P)。G6P可在葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH) 的催化作用下进入磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP), 生成戊糖磷酸盐和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)[17]。除了进入PPP合成核苷酸或转化为糖原外, G6P进一步在M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2) 的作用下分解转化为丙酮酸, 然后通过三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA) 和OXPHOS完全氧化分解, 产生能量、水和二氧化碳。当葡萄糖在有氧条件下主要转化为乳酸时, 这一过程通常被称为有氧糖酵解, 或Warburg效应, 即丙酮酸通过线粒体丙酮酸载体进入线粒体, 在丙酮酸脱氢酶(pyruvate dehydrogenase, PDH) 作用下转化为乙酰辅酶A (acetyl coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA), 并进一步通过乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 转化为乳酸的过程[18] (图3)。
CD4⁺ T细胞的葡萄糖代谢在其激活、增殖以及分化为不同亚型(如Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg) 中发挥着关键的调控作用。糖代谢不仅提供能量, 更通过调控代谢产物和信号通路, 调控CD4⁺ T细胞的分化。
脂肪酸是重要的代谢中间产物, 因为它们既可用于脂质合成和蛋白质修饰, 也可通过线粒体β-氧化作用降解以产生能量。最近越来越多的研究表明, FAS和脂肪酸氧化(fatty acid oxidation, FAO) 可为细胞新陈代谢提供能量, 在淋巴细胞的代谢适应过程中扮演着重要角色。FAS发生在细胞质中, acetyl-CoA被认为是FAS的直接前体。acetyl-CoA在acetyl-CoA羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) 的作用下转化为丙二酰-CoA, 脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase, FASN) 在NADPH的作用下, 进一步将acetyl-CoA和丙二酰-CoA缩合成棕榈酸或十八烷酸并进一步合成更复杂的脂类, 如各种磷脂(phospholipid, PL)、二酰甘油酯(diacylglycerol, DAG) 和三酰甘油酯(triacylglycerol, TAG)[19]。FAO是通过将长链脂肪在线粒体中分解, 其中肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1A (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, CPT1A) 是关键限速酶, FAO通过生成大量ATP和NADPH维持慢速且持久的免疫功能[20] (图3)。
脂肪酸代谢在CD4⁺ T细胞的分化过程中起着“调控指挥”的作用。不同的脂肪酸代谢路径会显著影响CD4⁺ T细胞是否趋向促炎性Th1/Th17细胞或免疫抑制性Treg细胞分化。
氨基酸由氨基(-NH2)、羧基(-COOH)、一个α-碳中心及侧链(R基) 组成, 是构成蛋白质的基本成分, 此外氨基酸还通过参与其他细胞过程决定细胞的功能。非必需氨基酸则通过中枢代谢物进一步生成, 如α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutaric acid, α-KG) 生成谷氨酸、草酰乙酸生成天冬氨酸、丙酮酸生成丙氨酸等, 多数过程通过转氨作用实现。转氨作用是指在转氨酶的作用下, 将氨基从氨基酸转移至α-酮酸, 生成新的氨基与谷氨酸的过程[21]。氨基酸分解是通过转氨脱氨释放NH4+ (通过尿素循环排出) 并生成碳骨架的过程。最终碳骨架进入TCA、糖异生或酮体生成途径, 获取能量和构建中间体。如谷氨酸可在谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) 的作用下生成谷氨酰胺, 谷氨酰胺酶2 (glutaminase 2, GLS2) 再进一步将谷氨酰胺代谢为α-KG并释放NH4+, α-KG进入TCA为细胞提供能量[22] (图3)。
氨基酸代谢在CD4⁺ T细胞分化过程中扮演着调控代谢信号枢纽的角色, 不仅提供合成蛋白质的原料, 还通过调节信号通路、表观遗传状态、氧化还原稳态等机制影响CD4⁺ T细胞的分化。研究发现, 溶质载体家族蛋白38成员1 (solute carrier family 38, member 1, SLC38A1) 作为谷氨酰胺转运体, 其过表达可明显增强暴露于卵巢癌患者腹水的人类CD4+ T细胞的线粒体功能[22]。此外, GLS2缺乏会抑制谷氨酰胺向谷氨酸的转化, 从而影响CD4+ T细胞的活化和增殖[23]。
胆固醇是一种疏水性固醇分子, 有助于控制膜的流动性, 实现细胞与病原体之间的相互作用、信号转导和膜转运等基本功能[24]。细胞中的大部分胆固醇来源于循环中的LDL颗粒, 这些颗粒由低密度脂蛋白受体(low-density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR) 识别, 此外, 胆固醇本身也可由细胞通过胆固醇生物合成途径(cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, CBP) 合成。CBP可分为多个子途径, 包括甲羟戊酸途径、异戊烯化途径和甾醇途径。甲羟戊酸途径以acetyl-CoA为起点, 在羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A合成酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, HMGCS) 的催化下形成羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, HMG-CoA), 随后在HMG-CoA还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMGCR) 的作用下合成甲羟戊酸。下游焦磷酸法尼醇酯(farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPP) 是一种位于异戊烯化途径和甾醇途径交界处的代谢物, 既可法尼酯化和香叶酯化, 也可用于合成角鲨烯。胆固醇本身是合成类固醇激素或胆汁酸等重要下游代谢物的底物, 但与免疫细胞更相关的是羟基甾醇的生物合成, 包括25-羟基胆固醇(25-hydroxycholesterol, 25-HC), 由胆固醇25-羟化酶(cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, Ch25h) 合成[25] (图3)。
在CD4+ T细胞中, 胆固醇的摄取和CBP都是细胞周期进展所必需的。胆固醇代谢也与CD4+ T细胞的分化命运有关, 适度增加胆固醇可增强CD4+ T细胞的增殖, 但胆固醇过度积累会诱导内质网应激、细胞功能衰竭或凋亡。
CD4+ T细胞在免疫应答过程中会经历从静息状态到活化、增殖和分化的转变, 这些转变过程很大程度上受到代谢重编程的影响。代谢重编程是细胞在不同微环境或刺激下, 通过改变其代谢途径来适应功能需求的过程, 不仅仅是满足能量和生物合成的需求, 更重要的是其直接参与并调控了CD4+ T细胞向不同功能亚群(如Th1、Th2、Th17和Tregs等) 分化的命运[26]。
CD4+ T细胞糖代谢异常促进其向促炎细胞表型转化。初始状态的CD4+ T细胞主要依赖线粒体OXPHOS维持静息状态, 当CD4+ T细胞被激活后会迅速通过GLUT1/GLUT3提高葡萄糖的吸收, 并激活HK、PKM2、LDH等关键酶, 促进细胞代谢从OXPHOS途径转变为糖酵解途径, 加快糖酵解产能, 生成ATP和生物合成前体, 支持Th1和Th17等效应细胞的快速增殖与细胞因子的分泌, 加重免疫炎症反应[27]。此外, CD4+ T细胞活化后, PPP途径的通量也会增加, 这对增殖过程中的细胞膜合成具有重要意义。在炎症趋缓、免疫调节阶段, CD4+ T细胞偏向以OXPHOS为主要供能途径, 维持Treg细胞的免疫抑制作用, 支持炎症终止和组织修复[28]。
在AS斑块微环境(如高葡萄糖或高氧化应激) 条件下, CD4⁺ T细胞通过增强糖酵解供能, 偏向促炎性Th1/Th17分化, 从而加剧AS炎症进展、斑块的形成和斑块的不稳定破裂。高葡萄糖和高氧化应激会上调GLUT1及糖酵解关键酶如乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 和PKM2, 启动“Warburg效应”型的糖酵解, 增强乳酸生成, 使得CD4⁺ T细胞优先分化为促炎性Th1/Th17细胞, 并大量分泌IFN‑γ、IL‑17A、IL‑6等炎症细胞因子, 促进AS发生发展[4]。有研究证明, CD4⁺ T细胞的PKM2介导的糖代谢重编程是促进AS斑块进展的关键, 靶向PKM2可减轻病程[29] (图4)。
CD4+ T细胞脂肪酸代谢异常同样促进细胞向Th1/Th17表型转化。激活后的CD4+ T细胞可上调FAS过程中的关键酶如ACC1和FASN的表达, 将acetyl-CoA合成为长链脂肪酸以支持Th1/Th17细胞的快速增殖, 加重炎症反应[30]。长链脂肪酸经CPT1转运进入线粒体, 进行β-氧化, 产生ATP和NADPH, 支持Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能稳定[30]。通过ACC特异性抑制剂阻断ACC1可抑制Th17细胞的分化, 减轻Th17细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病, 且会促进Treg细胞的分化[30]。此外, 上调FAO关键酶CPT1活性可增强线粒体代谢, 支持Th2/Treg细胞分化和功能稳定。高FAO环境下, CD4+ T细胞更易转向抑炎表型。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator, PPAR-γ) 是Th2/Treg分化的核心调控因子, 可促进脂肪酸代谢重编程, 有助于抑炎分化[4]。
在高脂肪酸条件下, 斑块中CD4⁺ T细胞会通过增强FAS供能这种高代谢压力环境选择性倾向促炎表型, 同时损伤内皮细胞, 促进AS的发生。如在长链脂肪酸环境中, CD4⁺ T细胞上调关键酶ACC1增强FAS, 促使CD4⁺ T细胞向促炎性Th1/Th17细胞分化增多, 抑炎性Treg细胞分化减少, 而促炎型CD4⁺ T细胞会在AS斑块中聚集, 加重炎症反应[4] (图4)。
CD4+ T细胞内氨基酸代谢或含量变化促进细胞表型转化。研究发现, 在正常组织微环境中, 高剂量亮氨酸可促进CD4+ T细胞分化为Treg细胞, 通过分泌IL-10以抑制免疫反应[31]; 犬尿氨酸可通过激活CD4+ T细胞使其分化为Treg细胞从而增加TGF-β的分泌, 以及调控Th2细胞的活性和免疫调节功能[32]; 激活后的CD4+ T细胞可促进谷氨酰胺的代谢, 通过增加α-KG支持Th1/Th17细胞的分化, 抑制Treg细胞的分化[33]。另外, 胱氨酸参与谷胱甘肽的合成维持抗氧化环境, 抑制谷胱甘肽的合成会导致Treg细胞不稳定, 促进其向Th17细胞转化[34]。特定氨基酸(如精氨酸和色氨酸) 代谢则有助于OXPHOS和FAO过程, 促进Th2/Treg细胞的分化[4]。
研究发现, 在氨基酸富余时, 斑块中CD4⁺ T细胞会依赖谷氨酸供能, 谷氨酰胺代谢的增强也会促进CD4⁺ T细胞向促炎性Th1/Th17的分化并分泌INF-γ、IL-17等促炎因子, 加重AS[4]。而当斑块中CD4⁺ T细胞摄入过多亮氨酸时, 会促进CD4⁺ T细胞向促炎性Th17的分化, 从而加剧炎症反应, 推动斑块的发展[4] (图4)。
CD4+ T细胞内胆固醇代谢异常会诱导其向促炎表型转化。在体外激活初始CD4+ T细胞时, 胆固醇摄取和CBP均会上调, 同时抑制胆固醇外流, 而质膜中胆固醇含量的增加与促炎表型有关。研究发现, CBP上调介导25-HC的增多, 促进CD4+ T细胞向促炎Th1/Th17细胞表型分化[25]。在高胆固醇血症小鼠模型中, CD4+ T细胞介导的炎症反应增加, 表现为Th细胞数量增加, Treg细胞减少。此外, 胆固醇途径产生的代谢物如25-羟基胆固醇, 是RORγt的天然配体, 能够促进Th17在体外和体内的分化[25]。
在高胆固醇环境中, CD4⁺ T细胞内胆固醇积累导致其代谢异常, 胆固醇外流受阻, 促使CD4⁺ T细胞向促炎性Th1/Th17细胞分化增多, 并伴随着抑炎性Treg细胞功能受损, 从而加重AS炎症反应[4, 35] (图4)。
细胞的代谢过程涉及多种信号通路, 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 和腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 是CD4+ T细胞代谢重编程调控AS发生发展的关键分子, 具有重要作用。
mTOR是一种蛋白激酶, 通过整合多种外部信号(如抗原刺激、共刺激信号、细胞因子和营养状态) 来决定CD4+ T细胞的代谢, 从而影响其分化方向(图5)。mTOR主要通过mTORC1和mTORC2两个功能复合体发挥作用[36]。
在CD4+ T细胞分化和成熟过程中, mTORC1的激活可促进糖酵解过程, 支持其增殖和功能。mTORC1在Th1和Th17细胞的分化中起到关键作用, 缺乏mTORC1激活因子Ras蛋白脑组织同源类似物(Ras homolog enriched in brain, Rheb) 蛋白的CD4+ T细胞在IL-12或IL-6等极化条件下, 其信号转导及转录激活因子4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, STAT4) 和信号转导及转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 磷酸化水平下降, 从而抑制其分化为Th1或Th17细胞[37]。T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR) 刺激后, 有氧糖酵解过程直接受mTORC1信号调控, mTORC1与转录因子髓细胞增生原癌基因(cellular Myc, c-Myc) 或缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α, HIF-1α) 结合, 促进GLUT的表达, 从而促进葡萄糖和氨基酸的吸收利用[16]。PKM2是糖酵解代谢中的最终限速酶, 其构象状态影响功能的表达, 四聚体形式具有高酶活性, 促进糖酵解, 而二聚体形式则易于转位至细胞核, 以OXPHOS为主, 参与转录调控。PKM2的表达受mTORC1-HIF-1α信号通路的调控。mTORC1激活后, 促进HIF-1α的表达, 后者进一步上调PKM2四聚体的表达, 形成正反馈机制, 增强糖酵解, 支持Th17细胞的分化[38]。
mTORC2通过其关键组分Rictor调控Th2细胞的分化, 缺乏Rictor的CD4+ T细胞在IL-4极化条件下GATA3表达下降, Th2分化受损, 另外, 缺乏Rictor也会通过降低丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶 B1 (liver kinase B1, LKB1) 活性影响T-bet表达, 抑制Th1分化[37]。此外, mTOR信号通路整体上抑制Treg细胞的分化, 在抑制mTOR信号传导的情况下, CD4+ T会通过抑制HIF-1α的表达而倾向于分化为Foxp3+ Treg细胞[39] (图5)。
AMPK作为细胞能量状态的关键感应器, 在调控CD4+ T细胞代谢和分化中发挥着重要作用(图5)。AMPK不仅可以感知细胞内ATP/AMP比值的变化, 调节细胞的代谢通路以维持能量稳态, 还可调节mRNA翻译和谷氨酰胺依赖的线粒体代谢, 以维持细胞活力[40]。在CD4+ T细胞中, AMPK在细胞能量不足(如高AMP/ATP比值) 或钙离子升高的情况下被激活。激活途径主要通过肝X受体(liver X receptor, LXR) 或钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶激酶Ⅱ (Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase Ⅱ, CaMKK Ⅱ) 介导的磷酸化实现。
激活的AMPK通过抑制mTORC1信号通路, 减少糖酵解和FAS等耗能过程, 同时促进FAO和线粒体OXPHOS, 以增强ATP的生成, 进而抑制CD4+ T细胞向促炎性Th1和Th17分化, 而AMPK缺失的CD4+ T细胞则表现出糖酵解能力增强并促进其向Th17细胞分化[28, 40]。另外研究发现, 抑制LKB1可增加IL-17A的表达加重免疫炎症反[41]。此外, AMPK通过上调PPAR-γ促进FAO和线粒体生物合成, 增强Treg细胞的能量供应[42]。如AMPK激活剂二甲双胍可抑制IFN-γ的产生, 通过降低Th17细胞比例, 增强Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能改善慢性炎症疾病[40]。研究发现乳酸可通过LDHA促进α-KG转化为2-羟基戊二酸(2-hydroxyglutarate, 2-HG), 导致细胞内2-HG/α-KG比值升高, 进而抑制HIF-1α的活性, 增加AMPK的磷酸化水平促进FAO, 从而稳定Foxp3蛋白, 促进Treg细胞的分化[43] (图5)。
CD4⁺ T细胞在AS发生发展中扮演关键角色, 尤其是CD4⁺ T细胞的代谢重编程诱导其促炎分化过程, 是推动血管内皮损伤、泡沫细胞形成、斑块不稳定的重要因素。因此, 靶向调控CD4+ T细胞防治AS尤为重要。
二氯乙酸(dichloroacetate, DCA) 是一种LDH抑制剂[44]。研究发现, DCA可通过抑制CD4+ T细胞糖酵解代谢过程, 减少其向Th17细胞分化, 并显著促进Treg细胞分化, 从而减少AS斑块炎症浸润, 引发免疫反应从促炎向抗炎转变, 显著改善AS的进展[45]。应用DCA靶向CD4⁺ T细胞治疗AS的策略虽具创新性, 但目前尚缺少DCA治疗AS的临床证据, DCA的安全性及长期治疗效果在心血管病人群中尚未充分评估, 仍需大量动物模型和早期临床试验确定。
6-磷酸果糖-2激酶/果糖-2, 6-二磷酸酶3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3, PFKFB3) 参与糖酵解过程[46], 临床研究发现, PFKFB3在AS不稳定斑块中显著上调。研究发现, PFKFB3的抑制剂PFK158, 可通过抑制糖酵解过程减少CD4+ T细胞向促炎表型分化, 从而减轻ApoE-/-小鼠免疫炎症反应并促进斑块稳定性, 抑制AS斑块进展[47]。由于PFKFB3长期干预可能对糖脂代谢具有潜在影响, 目前PFKFB3多用于基础研究, 其开发应用仍需开展大量实验, 以明确其最佳治疗窗口、剂量选择、安全性等。
紫草素(shikonin, SKN) 是一种天然萘醌, 是中药红景天根部提取分离的主要有效成分, 具有抗炎作用[48]。研究发现, SKN作为PKM2的强效抑制剂, 可显著抑制CD4+ T细胞糖酵解过程及脂质积累, 抑制IFN-γ的分泌及Th1/Th17细胞的促炎功能, 通过减少CD4+ T细胞向促炎表型分化, 改善ApoE-/-小鼠斑块形成及血管炎症反应[49]。虽然SKN调节CD4+ T细胞代谢以及干预AS在理论和动物模型中展示了良好前景, 但其真正转化为临床方案之前, 需要充分探究其药动学特征、剂量-效应关系、与现有治疗方案整合的可行性。
白藜芦醇是一种天然多酚, 主要存在于桑葚、葡萄、虎杖等植物中, 可预防AS疾病[50]。研究发现, 白藜芦醇通过抑制CD4+ T细胞的糖酵解过程, 减轻高脂饮食(high fat diet, HFD) 和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的ApoE-/-小鼠的免疫炎症反应, 改善AS[51]。此外, 白藜芦醇可抑制CD4+ T细胞的增殖和活化, 通过增加CD4+ T细胞中IL-2的分泌, 诱导Treg细胞分化, 调节CD4+ T细胞介导的炎症, 改善AS[51]。然而, 白藜芦醇的生物利用度普遍偏低, 肠肝代谢快, 口服后血浆浓度低且代谢迅速[50], 限制了其在心血管疾病的临床应用。
阿托伐他汀作为HMGCR抑制剂可改善胆固醇代谢, 调节血脂水平[52]。研究发现, 阿托伐他汀可减轻CD4+ T细胞的活化和增殖, 通过增加Foxp3及抗炎细胞因子IL-10与TGF-β表达, 促进CD4+ T细胞向抑炎表型Treg细胞分化, 减轻ApoE-/-小鼠血管炎症反应, 改善AS[53]。阿托伐他汀具有降脂、抗炎与抗氧化等多种作用, 目前是治疗AS的一线药物, 探究其靶向CD4+ T细胞代谢过程的作用为临床应用提供了新的机制支撑[52]。
平板霉素(platensimycin, PTM) 是一种靶向FASN的抑制剂[54], 研究发现, PTM可抑制ApoE-/-小鼠FAS过程, 减少CD4+ T细胞向促炎表型Th17细胞分化, 从而减轻炎症反应改善AS。然而, 其水溶性差、口服生物利用度低导致其尚未进入AS治疗临床试验[55], 今后需通过结构-药代动力学优化及规模化合成工艺验证以突破成药性瓶颈。
吡格列酮是噻唑烷二酮类抗糖尿病药物, 属胰岛素增敏剂。在动物体内研究发现, 吡格列酮作为PPAR-γ激动剂, 其可直接促进FAO过程, 改善线粒体功能, 通过调节血脂水平发挥抗AS作用[56]。此外, 吡格列酮可抑制CD4+ T细胞向促炎表型Th1/Th17细胞分化, 在ApoE-/-小鼠中增强Treg细胞表达, 增加胶原蛋白含量, 改善血管局部免疫稳态, 促进AS斑块的稳定性[57]。虽然吡格列酮在改善AS领域展现出治疗潜力, 但是由于其具有水钠潴留、心力衰竭及增加体重等不良反应, 必须实施严格的临床监测, 并制定个体化及精准化治疗方案。
吲哚胺2, 3-二氧化酶(indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, IDO) 是犬尿氨酸途径的限速酶[58], 研究发现, 犬尿氨酸可通过激活芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR) 增强ApoE-/-小鼠树突状细胞上IDO活性, 促进AS斑块处CD4+ T向CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg细胞分化, 改善血管内炎症微环境并减缓AS进展[59]。犬尿氨酸作为色氨酸代谢的核心活性产物, 在调控心血管疾病中展现出多靶点干预潜力, 然而其口服生物利用度低, 代谢半衰期短, 且犬尿氨酸通路具有双向免疫调控作用, 过度激活可能导致免疫抑制或感染风险上升。
近年来, 心血管疾病已成为全球老龄化社会的最大死因, 尤其是以AS为病理基础的心血管疾病, 造成了严重的社会负担。AS被认为是一种由免疫反应介导的慢性炎症性疾病, 异常的免疫炎症反应在AS进程中发挥关键作用。CD4+ T细胞作为炎症反应的关键调控者, 推动了AS发生和发展。调控CD4+ T细胞代谢途径减少其促炎分化, 对于AS炎症与免疫稳态平衡意义重大。目前已有大量研究证明, 通过重编程CD4⁺ T细胞代谢途径, 尤其从促进糖酵解转向FAO/OXPHOS, 以及协调mTOR/AMPK信号网络, 可显著增强Treg细胞的生成与功能, 有助于缓解炎症与斑块的稳定性, 从而改善AS。
因此, 针对CD4⁺ T细胞代谢途径的干预措施将有助于降低AS的风险, 并改善患者的血管炎症及斑块稳定性。AS斑块中氧化应激、高脂环境、低氧状态协同作用, 使免疫细胞代谢调控机制更为复杂, 调控CD4⁺ T细胞功能、改善免疫微环境、防治AS方面显示出独特优势。靶向CD4⁺ T细胞代谢途径有望重塑斑块微环境炎性/免疫平衡, 为AS提供新疗法。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1176
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-11-27
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    1安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2安徽省活性天然产物重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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