Article(id=1308828672262505451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1273, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978672327, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978672327, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978672327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978672327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=677, endPage=693, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828675798303724, articleId=1308828672262505451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Reversal of sorafenib resistance by traditional Chinese medicine and natural products: Mechanisms of action and future perspectives, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sorafenib serves as a first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). While it improves patient prognosis by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, approximately 70% of patients experience limited efficacy within 6 months of treatment due to primary or acquired resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms include abnormal activation of core signaling pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), dysregulated ferroptosis, aberrant drug transport and metabolism, and abnormal regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on resistance mechanism subtypes, this systematic review summarizes recently reported extracts from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural product monomers that demonstrate the potential to reverse sorafenib resistance. It further provides an in-depth analysis of the current challenges in resistance research. These challenges encompass the mismatch between pharmacokinetic properties and resistance mechanism subtypes (e.g., precipitation of lipophilic components in the acidic TME, metabolic competition), the unclear core targets and cooperative interaction patterns within resistance subtypes (e.g., undefined contribution of multiple mechanisms), and the lack of standardization and continuity in clinical trials and translation (e.g., absence of subtype stratification, disconnection between quality standards and mechanisms). To address these challenges, this review proposes innovative directions, including the development of mechanism-oriented customized drug delivery systems, multi-omics-driven elucidation of core targets and construction of cooperative networks, and the establishment of clinical translation systems stratified by resistance mechanism subtypes. This review aims to provide insights for deepening fundamental research on the combination of TCM/natural products with sorafenib for treating advanced cancer and to promote its standardized clinical application, thereby fostering the development of integrated Chinese-Western medicine strategies in oncology.

, authors=Sheng-tao YE3, 4, Xin TIAN2, *, Hao ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Sheng-tao YE, Xin TIAN, Hao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin TIAN, Hao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828678998557689, articleId=1308828672262505451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药及天然产物逆转索拉非尼耐药: 作用机制与未来展望, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

索拉非尼作为晚期肝细胞癌(HCC)、晚期肾细胞癌(RCC) 及放射性碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌(DTC) 的一线治疗药物, 虽能通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与血管生成改善患者预后, 但约70%患者在治疗6个月内会因核心信号通路异常激活、上皮-间质转化(EMT)、铁死亡调控失衡、药物转运与代谢异常、肿瘤微环境(TME) 异常调控等原发性或获得性耐药机制导致疗效受限。本文基于耐药机制亚型, 系统综述了近年来报道的具有逆转索拉非尼耐药作用的中药提取物及天然产物, 并深入剖析了当前耐药研究面临的挑战, 包括药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡(如脂溶性成分在酸性TME中沉淀、代谢竞争)、耐药机制亚型核心靶点不明确及协同作用模式不清(如多重机制贡献度不明)、临床试验与转化缺乏标准化及连续性(如缺乏亚型分类、质量标准与机制脱节) 等问题。针对上述挑战, 本文提出了机制导向的定制化药物递送系统开发、多组学驱动的核心靶点解析与协同网络构建、基于耐药机制亚型的临床转化体系建设等创新方向。本综述旨在为深化中药及天然产物联合索拉非尼治疗晚期癌症的基础研究及推动其标准化临床应用提供思路, 从而促进中西医结合肿瘤治疗策略的发展。

, authors=叶圣陶3, 4, 田鑫2, *, 张浩1, *, authorsList=叶圣陶, 田鑫, 张浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田鑫, 张浩, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张浩负责确定选题、对稿件进行修改和基金获得; 田鑫负责对稿件进行修改; 叶圣陶负责拟定文章框架和文章撰写。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件。

, correspAuthorsNote=
田鑫, E-mail:
张浩, E-mail:
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中药及天然产物逆转索拉非尼耐药: 作用机制与未来展望
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叶圣陶 3, 4 , 田鑫 2, * , 张浩 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(3): 677-693
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (3) : 677 -693
中药及天然产物逆转索拉非尼耐药: 作用机制与未来展望
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叶圣陶3, 4, 田鑫2, * , 张浩1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国药科大学中药学院附属江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2南京市江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 3河南中医药大学, 河南 郑州 450046
  • 4中西医防治重大疾病河南省协同创新中心, 河南 郑州 450046
通讯作者:
田鑫, E-mail:
张浩, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张浩负责确定选题、对稿件进行修改和基金获得; 田鑫负责对稿件进行修改; 叶圣陶负责拟定文章框架和文章撰写。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件。

Reversal of sorafenib resistance by traditional Chinese medicine and natural products: Mechanisms of action and future perspectives
Sheng-tao YE3, 4, Xin TIAN2, * , Hao ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2Nanjing Jiangning Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 3Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 4Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases by Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1273
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索拉非尼作为晚期肝细胞癌(HCC)、晚期肾细胞癌(RCC) 及放射性碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌(DTC) 的一线治疗药物, 虽能通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与血管生成改善患者预后, 但约70%患者在治疗6个月内会因核心信号通路异常激活、上皮-间质转化(EMT)、铁死亡调控失衡、药物转运与代谢异常、肿瘤微环境(TME) 异常调控等原发性或获得性耐药机制导致疗效受限。本文基于耐药机制亚型, 系统综述了近年来报道的具有逆转索拉非尼耐药作用的中药提取物及天然产物, 并深入剖析了当前耐药研究面临的挑战, 包括药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡(如脂溶性成分在酸性TME中沉淀、代谢竞争)、耐药机制亚型核心靶点不明确及协同作用模式不清(如多重机制贡献度不明)、临床试验与转化缺乏标准化及连续性(如缺乏亚型分类、质量标准与机制脱节) 等问题。针对上述挑战, 本文提出了机制导向的定制化药物递送系统开发、多组学驱动的核心靶点解析与协同网络构建、基于耐药机制亚型的临床转化体系建设等创新方向。本综述旨在为深化中药及天然产物联合索拉非尼治疗晚期癌症的基础研究及推动其标准化临床应用提供思路, 从而促进中西医结合肿瘤治疗策略的发展。

索拉非尼  /  中药提取物  /  天然产物  /  耐药机制  /  肿瘤治疗

Sorafenib serves as a first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). While it improves patient prognosis by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, approximately 70% of patients experience limited efficacy within 6 months of treatment due to primary or acquired resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms include abnormal activation of core signaling pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), dysregulated ferroptosis, aberrant drug transport and metabolism, and abnormal regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on resistance mechanism subtypes, this systematic review summarizes recently reported extracts from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural product monomers that demonstrate the potential to reverse sorafenib resistance. It further provides an in-depth analysis of the current challenges in resistance research. These challenges encompass the mismatch between pharmacokinetic properties and resistance mechanism subtypes (e.g., precipitation of lipophilic components in the acidic TME, metabolic competition), the unclear core targets and cooperative interaction patterns within resistance subtypes (e.g., undefined contribution of multiple mechanisms), and the lack of standardization and continuity in clinical trials and translation (e.g., absence of subtype stratification, disconnection between quality standards and mechanisms). To address these challenges, this review proposes innovative directions, including the development of mechanism-oriented customized drug delivery systems, multi-omics-driven elucidation of core targets and construction of cooperative networks, and the establishment of clinical translation systems stratified by resistance mechanism subtypes. This review aims to provide insights for deepening fundamental research on the combination of TCM/natural products with sorafenib for treating advanced cancer and to promote its standardized clinical application, thereby fostering the development of integrated Chinese-Western medicine strategies in oncology.

sorafenib  /  traditional Chinese medicine extract  /  natural product monomer  /  drug resistance mechanism  /  cancer therapy
叶圣陶, 田鑫, 张浩. 中药及天然产物逆转索拉非尼耐药: 作用机制与未来展望. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 677 -693 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1273
Sheng-tao YE, Xin TIAN, Hao ZHANG. Reversal of sorafenib resistance by traditional Chinese medicine and natural products: Mechanisms of action and future perspectives[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 677 -693 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1273
索拉非尼(sorafenib) 作为临床首个获批用于晚期肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)、晚期肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC) 及放射性碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌(radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma, DTC) 的多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂, 通过同步抑制肿瘤细胞增殖信号与肿瘤血管生成, 显著改善了上述晚期恶性肿瘤患者的生存预后, 成为该领域治疗的“基石药物”[1]。然而, 药物耐药的普遍发生严重制约其临床价值——临床数据显示, 约70%的HCC患者在索拉非尼治疗6个月内即出现原发性(治疗初始无效) 或获得性(治疗中逐渐失效) 耐药, 最终仅少数患者能从长期治疗中获益[2, 3]。这一现状使得“系统解析索拉非尼耐药机制、探索安全有效的耐药逆转策略”成为晚期肿瘤治疗领域亟待突破的关键科学问题。
中药作为天然产物的核心分支, 在我国肿瘤治疗领域拥有数千年的理论积淀与临床实践经验, 其“整体调节、辨证施治”的核心理念与肿瘤耐药的复杂网络调控特征高度契合。无论是多味药材配伍而成的中药方剂, 还是从单味中药中分离纯化的提取物(如多糖、萜类、黄酮类混合物) 与天然产物成分, 均展现出“多成分协同、多靶点干预”的突出优势, 可同步作用于肿瘤细胞自身调控与肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME), 且相较于传统化疗药物具有更低的毒副作用[4-9]。与此同时, 中药提取物与天然产物在肿瘤学研究中已被证实可通过干扰细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭等关键环节抑制肿瘤发展, 尤其在逆转药物耐药方面, 其多靶点作用模式能精准应对索拉非尼耐药的复杂机制, 展现出巨大的研究潜力[10-12]。
基于此, 本文以索拉非尼临床核心的五大耐药机制[核心信号通路异常激活、上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)、铁死亡调控失衡、药物转运与代谢异常、肿瘤微环境异常调控] 为框架, 系统梳理近年来具有索拉非尼增敏作用的中药提取物及天然产物, 重点阐述各类物质针对不同耐药机制的具体作用及分子靶点(图1); 同时深入剖析当前研究面临的药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡、耐药机制亚型核心靶点不明确及协同作用模式不清和临床试验与转化缺乏标准化及连续性等瓶颈问题, 并结合前沿技术提出机制导向的定制化药物递送系统开发、多组学驱动的核心靶点解析与协同网络构建、基于耐药机制亚型的临床转化体系建设等创新方向。本文旨在为中药及天然产物辅助索拉非尼治疗晚期肿瘤的基础研究深化与临床规范化应用提供系统性参考, 推动中西医结合肿瘤治疗策略的创新发展。
索拉非尼的耐药并非单一因素导致, 而是肿瘤细胞自主调控紊乱与TME异常调控相互协同的结果, 临床主要表现为原发性耐药(治疗初始即无效) 和获得性耐药(治疗6个月内逐渐失效)。结合临床耐药发生率、核心调控靶点明确性及中药增敏研究聚焦度, 核心耐药机制可整合为5类, 各类机制通过关键信号交叉联动, 共同削弱索拉非尼的抗肿瘤效应[13]。
索拉非尼原发性耐药的首要驱动因素是肿瘤细胞通过核心信号通路持续激活, 绕开药物对细胞增殖与凋亡的调控作用, 其中Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路和PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路最为关键: 前者作为调控肿瘤细胞增殖的核心级联反应, 异常激活时可在索拉非尼抑制Raf激酶后, 通过下游MEK、ERK的持续磷酸化维持肿瘤细胞旺盛增殖活性, 不受药物抑制[14, 15]; 后者主要通过增强肿瘤细胞抗凋亡能力介导耐药, PI3K激活后催化生成的磷脂酰肌醇-3, 4, 5-三磷酸(phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, PIP3) 可招募并激活AKT, 进而通过磷酸化调控下游靶点, 抑制促凋亡蛋白(如Bad) 活性、上调抗凋亡蛋白(如Bcl-2) 表达, 使肿瘤细胞逃避索拉非尼诱导的凋亡[16, 17]。此外, 自噬调控、表观遗传修饰(如miR-513a-5p、circTTC13介导的基因表达调控) 等, 均通过影响上述两条核心通路的活性参与耐药, 构成通路调控的下游协同网络[18, 19], 而该机制的核心靶点(Raf1、MEK1、AKT、mTOR) 也是中药增敏研究中最密集的作用靶点。
EMT是索拉非尼获得性耐药的核心特征, 约50%患者在治疗过程中因EMT出现耐药, 且常伴随肿瘤转移风险升高[20, 21]。其核心特征是肿瘤细胞表型重构, 具体表现为上皮表型标志物(E-cadherin) 下调, 间充质表型标志物(vimentin、N-cadherin) 上调, 同时伴随干细胞样特性(高表达Nanog、Klf4等干细胞标志物), 这种表型转化不仅能增强肿瘤细胞的迁移侵袭能力, 还会通过重构细胞内信号网络(如激活TGF-β/Smad通路) 直接降低肿瘤细胞对索拉非尼的敏感性; 需要强调的是, 肿瘤干细胞的耐药特性(如高表达ABC转运体、增强氧化应激适应) 是EMT后的伴随表型, 而非独立耐药机制[22]。该机制的核心靶点包括TGF-β、β-catenin、E-cadherin/vimentin, 中药可通过抑制EMT关键通路或下调间充质标志物, 逆转耐药表型, 如水飞蓟宾通过下调Nanog削弱干细胞特性, 蟾毒灵抑制β-catenin信号阻断EMT[23-27]。
铁死亡是索拉非尼杀伤肿瘤细胞的重要途径, 其调控失衡是近年证实的关键获得性耐药机制, 亦是中药逆转耐药的核心潜力方向[18, 28]。索拉非尼通过诱导肿瘤细胞内脂质过氧化物蓄积启动铁死亡, 而耐药细胞通过两条核心途径逃避该过程: ①上调胱氨酸/谷氨酸转运体(system Xc-) 表达, 增加胱氨酸摄取并促进谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 合成, 维持谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 活性, 将脂质过氧化物还原为无毒产物[29]; ②激活NRF2信号通路, 上调HO-1、NQO1等抗氧化基因, 增强细胞抗氧化能力, 抵抗脂质过氧化损伤[30, 31]。该机制的核心靶点包括SLC7A11 (system Xc-关键组分)、GPX4、NRF2, 中药可通过靶向这些靶点破坏耐药细胞的抗氧化平衡, 恢复其对铁死亡的敏感性(如熊果酸靶向抑制SLC7A11, 姜黄素阻断NRF2信号通路)[32, 33]。
该机制直接影响肿瘤细胞内药物有效浓度, 成为约30%患者原发性耐药的主要原因, 核心在于药物外排增强与代谢加速的双重作用: 药物转运异常方面, 耐药细胞高表达ATP结合盒(ATP binding cassette, ABC) 转运体家族成员, 其中P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp/ABCB1) 可通过ATP水解供能, 将胞内索拉非尼主动泵出胞外, 显著降低细胞内药物蓄积, 乳腺癌耐药蛋白(BCRP/ABCG2) 则特异性识别并外排索拉非尼代谢产物, 削弱药物持续作用效果[34]; 药物代谢异常方面, 耐药细胞内细胞色素P450酶系(如CYP3A4、CYP2C9) 表达上调, 可加速索拉非尼的氧化降解与羟基化修饰, 使其转化为无活性代谢产物, 降低药物作用效率[35]。该机制的核心靶点为P-gp、BCRP、CYP3A4, 中药可通过抑制转运体活性或下调代谢酶表达, 提升胞内药物有效浓度(如染料木黄酮直接抑制P-gp功能, 5, 7-二甲氧基黄酮通过抑制BCRP改善药物蓄积)[35-37]。
这是“非细胞自主耐药”的核心机制, 索拉非尼的抗血管生成作用会进一步加剧肿瘤局部缺氧, 激活TME中免疫细胞、结构成分与缺氧信号的协同耐药网络: 免疫抑制微环境方面, 肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage, TAMs) 分泌IL-6、TNF-α, 癌相关成纤维细胞(cancer associated fibroblasts, CAFs) 释放肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor, HGF), 这些细胞因子与肿瘤细胞表面受体结合后, 可激活JAK-STAT、PI3K/AKT等通路, 促进肿瘤细胞增殖并增强抗凋亡能力[38, 39], 而髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) 则通过抑制CD8+ T细胞杀伤活性, 削弱机体抗肿瘤免疫, 间接降低索拉非尼疗效[40]; 细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 与缺氧协同调控方面, ECM中胶原纤维过度沉积, 既形成物理屏障阻碍索拉非尼渗透, 又通过αvβ3整合素激活FAK-Src通路, 增强肿瘤细胞抗凋亡能力[41, 42], 且缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 在缺氧环境中稳定性增强, 通过上调葡萄糖转运蛋白1 (glucose transporter, GLUT1)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), 重构肿瘤能量代谢模式并促进血管生成, 绕开索拉非尼的抗血管生成与增殖抑制作用[43]。该机制的核心靶点包括IL-6、HGF、αvβ3、HIF-1α, 中药可通过调节免疫细胞功能、抑制缺氧信号或破坏ECM重构, 改善TME耐药微环境(如复方苦参注射液通过TNFR1信号抑制TAMs活性, 银杏叶提取物下调HIF-1α改善缺氧适应)[6, 44]。
索拉非尼的临床疗效受限于复杂的耐药机制网络, 而中药提取物(富含多糖、萜类、黄酮类等活性成分的混合物) 与天然产物(结构明确的天然活性化合物) 凭借多靶点、低毒性的独特优势, 在逆转索拉非尼耐药方面展现出显著潜力。本节基于前文整合的5类核心耐药机制亚型, 系统综述近年来中药提取物及单体的增敏作用及分子机制, 聚焦靶点明确、证据链完整(体外-体内-临床) 的研究成果, 为基础研究与临床转化提供参考。
核心信号通路(Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK、PI3K/AKT/mTOR) 的异常激活是索拉非尼原发性耐药的首要驱动因素, 这一异常激活状态通过维持肿瘤细胞增殖活性、增强抗凋亡能力绕开药物抑制效应。中药提取物及单体主要通过抑制通路关键蛋白磷酸化、下调抗凋亡蛋白表达、激活负向调控因子等方式, 阻断通路异常传导, 恢复肿瘤细胞对索拉非尼的敏感性(图2、附表1[45-59])。
中药提取物中, 韩国红参提取物(Korean red ginseng extract) 的增敏作用已得到明确验证, 其通过抑制CREB、c-Jun蛋白磷酸化并诱导p53磷酸化, 双重阻断Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路, 协同索拉非尼显著提升肾癌细胞(Caki-1、786-O) 的增殖抑制率, 体外实验中较单独用药组提升28%[45], 其活性成分人参皂苷进一步通过抑制PI3K/AKT通路激活, 降低耐药细胞的抗凋亡能力[48]。2025年最新研究发现, 从赤芝子实体中分离纯化的灵芝多糖提取物(Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide), 通过下调AKT、mTOR磷酸化水平靶向抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路, 在H22荷瘤小鼠模型中与索拉非尼联用后, 肿瘤体积缩小52%, 且未增加肝脏毒性, 同时可抑制Beclin-1/LC3介导的自噬通路, 避免自噬补偿性耐药[46]。香叶树根部提取物(Beilschmiedia tsangii root extract) 则作为双选择性NRF2调节剂, 通过降低肝癌细胞(Huh7) 内NRF2蛋白水平间接抑制PI3K/AKT通路下游靶基因表达, 在维持索拉非尼抑瘤活性的同时保护正常肝细胞, 实现“增敏+减毒”的双重效应[47]。
天然产物在该机制中的作用更具靶向性。20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3 [20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3] 通过激活PTEN磷酸酶活性直接抑制AKT通路磷酸化, 协同索拉非尼诱导HepG2、Huh7肝癌细胞凋亡, 体外凋亡率较单独用药提升30%[48]; 2024年纳米制剂研究显示, 叶酸修饰的Rg3脂质体可实现肝癌组织靶向富集, AKT抑制率进一步提升45%, 体内肿瘤抑制率达68%[60]。黄酮类单体槲皮素(quercetin) 通过精准抑制EGFR/AKT通路激活, 下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达, 使Huh7耐药细胞的索拉非尼IC50值降低40%, 同时可拓展至甲状腺癌细胞(K1、BCPAP) 的增敏[49-51]。2024年报道的芹菜素(apigenin) 同样表现出强效增敏活性, 其通过直接结合STAT3蛋白的DNA结合域抑制核转录活性, 阻断JAK-STAT通路介导的耐药, 在SMMC7721耐药细胞中耐药逆转率达55%, 效果较槲皮素提升15%[52]。酚类单体白藜芦醇(resveratrol) 则通过诱导PTPε、SHP-2酪氨酸磷酸酶表达, 以“去磷酸化”方式减弱STAT3、STAT5的组成型激活, 协同索拉非尼诱导Caki-1、786-O肾癌细胞凋亡, 体内裸鼠移植瘤重量较单独用药组减少42%[53, 54]。萜类单体中, 葫芦素E (cucurbitacin E) 可同时下调JAK2/STAT3、PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路及Bcl-xL表达, 增强索拉非尼对HepG2细胞的抑瘤效果, 体外增殖抑制率达72%[55]; 防风草内酯(ovatodiolide) 和安曲霉素(antrocin) 通过阻碍ERK1/2、AKT/mTOR和β-catenin信号转导, 抑制癌细胞干细胞特性并逆转耐药, 对Hep3B耐药细胞的索拉非尼敏感性提升40%[56]; 冬青素A (ilexgenin A) 可同时抑制STAT3和PI3K通路, 在H22荷瘤小鼠中与索拉非尼联用后, 肿瘤组织中p-STAT3、p-AKT表达均下调50%以上[57]; 土荆酸B (pseudolaric acid B) 通过激活AMPK/JNK/DRP1/线粒体分裂通路, 促进Hepa1-6细胞凋亡, 同时抑制PI3K/AKT通路激活, 协同索拉非尼的增殖抑制率提升35%[58]; 扁蒴藤素(hemistepsin A) 通过下调STAT3表达促进ROS积累, 不仅增强索拉非尼对HepG2、Huh7细胞的凋亡诱导作用, 还可抑制通路下游抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-xL表达, 进一步强化增敏效应[59]。
EMT介导的肿瘤细胞表型重塑是索拉非尼获得性耐药的核心特征, 伴随上皮标志物(E-cadherin) 下调、间充质标志物(vimentin、N-cadherin) 上调及干细胞样特性增强, 通过重构细胞内信号网络降低药物敏感性。中药提取物及单体主要通过抑制EMT关键通路、调节表型标志物表达、削弱肿瘤干细胞特性发挥增敏作用(图3、附表2[23-27, 44, 61-66])。
中药提取物方面, 银杏叶提取物通过抑制TGF-β/Smad通路激活, 下调vimentin、N-cadherin表达并上调E-cadherin水平, 在MHCC97L肝癌细胞中实现EMT表型逆转, 细胞迁移率下降38%; 2024年临床研究显示, 晚期HCC患者联用后肿瘤转移风险降低25%, 且未增加3级以上不良反应, 体现出良好的临床耐受性[44]。黄芪多糖则通过抑制β-catenin核转运, 下调Nanog、Klf4等干细胞标志物表达, 削弱EMT伴随的干细胞样特性, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠中, 与索拉非尼联用后肿瘤干细胞比例从28%降至12%, 显著降低获得性耐药发生率[61]。
天然产物的作用机制更趋精准。水飞蓟宾(silibinin) 通过同时抑制STAT3、ERK、AKT磷酸化, 多通路协同下调Nanog、Klf4等干细胞标志物, 靶向肝癌细胞及癌症干细胞双群体, 使Bel-7402耐药细胞的索拉非尼IC50值降低52%, 同时抑制EMT介导的细胞迁移[23]。甾体类单体蟾毒灵(bufalin) 通过下调ERK蛋白表达阻断TGF-β/Smad通路下游信号传导, 抑制E-cadherin降解, 在PLC/PRF/5肝癌细胞中EMT逆转率达50%, 协同索拉非尼的抗增殖作用提升45%, 且可通过抑制PI3K/AKT通路阻碍VEGF分泌, 兼顾抗血管生成与EMT逆转双重效应[24-27]。2025年最新研究发现, 黄酮类单体银椴甙(tiliroside) 通过与TBK1酶活性中心结合抑制其活性, 阻断TBK1介导的β-catenin激活, 在HepG2耐药细胞中vimentin表达下调40%、E-cadherin表达上调60%, 体内实验中肿瘤转移灶数量减少58%[62]。萜类单体β-紫罗兰酮(β-ionone) 则通过抑制MMP-2、MMP-9活性, 降低p-FAK和Rac1蛋白水平, 在SK-Hep-1肝癌细胞中阻断EMT介导的迁移能力, 与索拉非尼联用后细胞侵袭率较单独用药组下降45%[63]。蛇床子素(osthole) 通过下调SREBP-2c、HMGCR等胆固醇代谢相关蛋白表达, 破坏MHCC97L细胞脂质稳态, 间接抑制EMT过程, 使N-cadherin表达下调38%[64]; 橙皮素(naringenin) 除调控铁死亡外, 还可通过抑制TGF-β/Smad通路激活, 在HepG2细胞中下调间充质标志物vimentin和N-cadherin表达, 逆转EMT介导的耐药, 协同索拉非尼的迁移抑制率提升42%[65]。穗花杉双黄酮(amentoflavone) 通过抑制抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2活性, 同时下调EMT关键转录因子Snail表达, 在SK-Hep1细胞中使E-cadherin表达上调55%, 显著增强索拉非尼的增敏效果[66]。
铁死亡是索拉非尼杀伤肿瘤细胞的重要途径, 而耐药细胞通过上调system Xc-/GPX4轴增强GSH合成、激活NRF2抗氧化通路抵抗脂质过氧化, 构成铁死亡调控失衡介导的获得性耐药。中药提取物及单体通过靶向上述核心靶点, 破坏耐药细胞的抗氧化平衡, 恢复其对铁死亡的敏感性, 增强索拉非尼的杀伤效应(图4、附表3[32, 33, 67-74])。
中药提取物中, 黄芪-莪术药对(Astragali radix-Curcumae rhizoma herb pair, ACHP) 提取物的增敏作用具有代表性, 其通过下调HepG2、MHCC97-H肝癌细胞中SLC7A11、GPX4表达, 减少GSH合成并促进脂质过氧化物蓄积, 体外铁死亡发生率较单独索拉非尼组提升60%, 同时可激活Th1型抗肿瘤免疫, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠中协同索拉非尼的抑瘤率达72%[67]。2024年制剂优化研究显示, 经PEG化修饰的姜黄素提取物(PEG-modified curcumin extract) 水溶性提升10倍, 口服生物利用度从 < 1%提升至12%, 通过抑制NRF2核转位下调HO-1、NQO1抗氧化基因表达, 在Huh7耐药细胞中GPX4活性下降40%, 铁死亡介导的细胞凋亡率提升55%[68]。
天然产物在该机制中展现出明确的靶向优势。萜类单体熊果酸(ursolic acid) 通过靶向ING5蛋白抑制ING5-ACC1/ACLY-脂滴轴, 同时诱导SLC7A11依赖的铁死亡, 在Hep3B、MHCC97-H肝癌细胞中与索拉非尼联用后, 脂质过氧化物水平升高3倍, 细胞增殖抑制率达78%[32, 33]; 2025年体内研究显示, 其纳米胶束制剂可实现肿瘤组织靶向富集, 使荷瘤小鼠生存期延长42%[75]。2025年最新报道的甘草次酸(glycyrrhizic acid) 通过靶向mTOR信号通路抑制GPX4转录激活, 在HepG2耐药细胞中GPX4蛋白表达下调58%, 铁死亡率提升55%, 协同索拉非尼的抑瘤效果较单独用药提升35%, 同时可抑制CYP3A4酶活性, 从而减少索拉非尼代谢失活[69]。黄酮类单体橙皮素(naringenin) 通过激活AMPK-PGC1α信号轴减弱有氧糖酵解对铁死亡的“保护作用”, 在HepG2、Hep3B肝癌细胞中与索拉非尼联用后, 细胞内ATP水平下降45%, 脂质过氧化物蓄积增加2.8倍[65]。萘醌类单体紫草素(shikonin) 则通过抑制糖酵解关键酶PKM2减少GSH合成原料供应, 间接抑制GPX4活性, 在HCCLM3、SMMC-7721耐药细胞中铁死亡发生率较单独索拉非尼组提升50%, 肿瘤增殖抑制率达65%[70]。此外, 黄酮醇苷类化合物金丝桃苷(hyperoside) 可通过直接靶向去泛素化酶USP18, 抑制铁死亡关键蛋白NCOA4的去ISG化修饰及后续泛素化降解, 显著提升耐药细胞内NCOA4蛋白稳定性与表达水平; 其与索拉非尼联用后, 可促进铁蛋白自噬介导的铁离子释放, 放大脂质过氧化反应, 提升索拉非尼诱导肝癌耐药细胞的铁死亡率, 有效逆转索拉非尼耐药[71]。柠檬苦素类化合物TS3及rubescin E可通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 同时下调GPX4表达, 增强索拉非尼诱导的铁死亡[72]; 漆黄素(fisetin) 作为黄酮类单体, 不仅能通过激活DR5介导凋亡, 还可抑制system Xc-活性, 减少胱氨酸摄取, 在BRAF突变黑色素瘤细胞中与索拉非尼联用后, 脂质过氧化物水平提升3.2倍, 铁死亡率显著升高[73]; 没食子酸儿茶素[(-)-epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG] 通过靶向降解NDUFS1蛋白, 促进线粒体ROS积累, 同时阻滞细胞毒性自噬, 间接增强索拉非尼诱导的铁死亡, 在HepG2细胞中增敏效果较单独用药提升40%[74]。
药物转运体(ABC转运体家族) 过表达与代谢酶(CYP450酶系) 活性增强导致胞内索拉非尼有效浓度不足, 是30%患者原发性耐药的主要原因。中药提取物及单体通过抑制转运体泵出功能、下调代谢酶表达, 提升药物生物利用度与胞内蓄积量, 增强索拉非尼的持续作用效果(图5、附表4[35-37, 74, 76-81])。
中药提取物方面, 菊苣提取物与大豆苷元组合(Chicory extract/daidzein combination) 通过下调HIF-1α/Cav-1表达间接抑制BCRP转运体活性, 在MHCC97L、PLC/PRF/5肝癌细胞中索拉非尼胞内蓄积量提升2.3倍, 药物代谢清除率下降38%, 同时改善肿瘤缺氧微环境, 减少转运体表达的上游调控信号[76]。滨海刺芹乙酸乙酯提取物(ethyl acetate extract of Crithmum maritimum) 在维持索拉非尼对Huh7、HepG2细胞抑瘤活性的同时, 直接抑制P-gp转运体的ATP酶活性, 减少药物外排, 使索拉非尼用药剂量降低50%, 且肝细胞损伤等药物毒性显著减轻[77]。
天然产物的作用具有高度特异性。黄酮类单体染料木黄酮(genistein) 通过直接结合P-gp转运体的药物结合位点抑制其泵出功能, 在HepG2耐药细胞中索拉非尼胞内浓度提升2.5倍, IC50值降低42%, 同时下调多药耐药基因(MDR1) 转录, 减少长期用药后P-gp再表达介导的获得性耐药[36, 37]。5, 7-二甲氧基黄酮(5, 7-dimethoxyflavone) 特异性抑制BCRP转运体活性, 阻断其对索拉非尼代谢产物的外排, 在MDCK-Ⅱ/BCRP1细胞模型中代谢产物蓄积量提升3倍, 药物持续作用时间延长至24 h[35]; 体内研究显示, 该单体可改变索拉非尼在小鼠肝脏与肿瘤组织的分布比例, 使肿瘤组织药物浓度提升45%[35]。酚类单体6-姜烯酚(6-shogaol) 通过下调CYP3A4、CYP2C9酶表达抑制索拉非尼的氧化降解, 在HT-29、HCT-116结肠癌细胞中无活性代谢产物生成量减少38%, 胞内有效药物浓度提升2.1倍, 协同增敏效果显著[78]。α-山竹黄酮(α-mangostin) 通过抑制MAPK/AKT信号转导, 间接下调P-gp表达, 在SK-MEL-2黑色素瘤细胞中索拉非尼胞内蓄积量提升2.2倍[79]。生物碱类单体胡椒碱(piperlongumine) 通过介导ROS-AMPK激活, 同时抑制P-gp转运体功能, 在HCCLM3细胞中索拉非尼胞内浓度提升1.9倍, 协同增殖抑制率达68%[80]; 香豆素类、呋喃香豆素类化合物可抑制BCRP、P-gp双重转运体活性, 在T98G、U251胶质瘤细胞中与索拉非尼联用后, 药物外排率降低40%[80]; 仙鹤草酚B (agrimol B) 通过驱动自噬起始并阻断自噬体-溶酶体融合, 增强索拉非尼对Huh7、HepG2细胞的毒性, 同时可抑制CYP3A4酶活性, 减少索拉非尼代谢失活, 胞内药物浓度提升1.7倍[74]; 柔红霉素(daunorubicin) 与索拉非尼联用对K562白血病细胞展现出协同毒性, 其机制与抑制P-gp介导的药物外排相关, 使索拉非尼胞内蓄积量提升2.4倍[81]。
TME的免疫抑制、ECM重构与缺氧协同构成非细胞自主耐药网络, 索拉非尼的抗血管生成作用进一步加剧肿瘤缺氧, 激活TAMs、CAFs等细胞与肿瘤细胞的信号交联。中药提取物及单体通过调节免疫细胞功能、抑制缺氧信号、破坏ECM重构, 改善耐药微环境, 增强索拉非尼的抗肿瘤效应(图6、附表5[6, 80, 82-90])。
中药提取物中, 复方苦参注射液(Compound Kushen Injection) 通过TNFR1信号通路抑制TAMs向M2型极化, 减少IL-6、TNF-α分泌, 解除免疫抑制, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠中CD8+ T细胞增殖率提升35%、杀伤活性增强40%, 协同索拉非尼的抑瘤率达68%, 同时阻断TAMs对PI3K/AKT通路的激活, 切断“TME-肿瘤细胞”的耐药信号传递[6]。银杏叶提取物下调HIF-1α表达, 抑制其下游GLUT1、VEGF靶基因转录, 改善肿瘤缺氧微环境与能量代谢重构, 在PLC/PRF/5肝癌细胞中缺氧条件下的耐药率从62%降至35%[44]; 2024年临床研究显示, 晚期HCC患者联用后血清VEGF水平下降42%, 肿瘤血管密度减少38%[44]。黄芪多糖通过抑制TAMs分泌IL-10、TGF-β等免疫抑制因子, 增强CD8+ T细胞浸润与杀伤活性, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠中肿瘤组织CD8+ T细胞比例从12%提升至28%, 同时抑制ECM中胶原纤维沉积, 减少物理屏障对索拉非尼的阻碍[91]。
天然产物在调控TME方面展现出多维度优势。萜类单体虾青素(astaxanthin) 通过激活CXCL9/CXCR3轴增强CD8+ T细胞向肿瘤组织浸润, 同时抑制JAK2/STAT3通路减少TAMs分泌IL-6, 在H22荷瘤小鼠中与索拉非尼联用后抑瘤率达75%[82, 83]; 2025年预临床研究显示, 其与PD-1抑制剂、索拉非尼的三联方案抑瘤率进一步提升至85%[92]。生物碱类单体益母草碱(leonurine) 通过上调SHP-1磷酸酶表达抑制STAT3通路持续激活, 减少TAMs与肿瘤细胞的信号交联, 在HepG2、Hep3B耐药细胞中IL-6介导的耐药率从58%降至32%, 协同索拉非尼的凋亡诱导率提升45%[84]。维生素K1 (vitamin K1) 通过阻断Raf/MEK/ERK通路抑制CAFs分泌HGF, 在BT325、U251胶质瘤细胞中CAFs介导的耐药逆转率达50%, 与IGF1-R拮抗剂联用后对肝癌细胞迁移的抑制率提升至68%[85, 86]。半边莲碱(sempervirine) 则通过调节Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制ECM中αvβ3整合素表达, 减少FAK-Src通路激活, 在HepG2、Huh7细胞中ECM介导的抗凋亡能力下降40%, 协同索拉非尼的增殖抑制率提升38%[87]。醉茄内酯A (withaferin A) 通过抑制TrxR1活性促进ROS积累, 介导内质网应激及DNA损伤, 同时可抑制TAMs向M2型极化, 在HepG2荷瘤小鼠中肿瘤组织IL-10水平下降45%[88]; 2-甲氧基雌二醇(2-methoxyestradiol) 通过下调HIF-1α、HIF-2α及其下游VEGF、LDHA表达, 改善肿瘤缺氧微环境, 在Huh7细胞中与索拉非尼联用后, 缺氧诱导的耐药率从65%降至30%[93]; 胡椒碱(piperlongumine) 通过介导ROS-AMPK激活并靶向CPSF7, 不仅抑制HCCLM3、SMMC7721细胞增殖, 还可减少TAMs分泌IL-6, 改善免疫抑制微环境, 协同索拉非尼的抑瘤率提升40%[80]; 苦杏仁苷(amygdalin) 通过调控AMPK/mTOR及BCL-2通路, 增强索拉非尼对HepG2细胞的凋亡诱导作用, 同时可抑制CAFs释放HGF, 阻断PI3K/AKT通路激活, 在荷瘤小鼠中肿瘤组织微血管密度减少35%[89]; 脱氢齿叶草碱(dehydrocrenatidine) 通过破坏线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ功能, 抑制HepG2、Hep3B细胞能量代谢, 同时可抑制TAMs向M2型极化, 间接增强索拉非尼的抗肿瘤效应[90]。
中药及天然产物在索拉非尼增敏领域的基础研究已积累丰富成果, 但其从实验室发现向临床有效应用的转化进程仍受制于多重跨维度挑战。这些挑战并非孤立存在的技术难题, 而是深度绑定前文所述的耐药机制亚型特征、中药自身生物学特性及临床治疗需求, 形成“机制阐释-技术优化-临床转化”的连锁性障碍, 需从特异性与创新性视角进行系统性剖析。
天然产物的药代动力学特征与索拉非尼耐药逆转的治疗需求存在显著不匹配, 且该不匹配随耐药机制亚型的差异呈现特异性, 远超传统认知中“水溶性差”的单一局限。针对铁死亡调控失衡亚型的增敏物质(如熊果酸、姜黄素), 其脂溶性本质(溶解度均小于10 μg·mL-1) 导致胃肠道吸收效率不足1%, 而TME的酸性条件(pH 6.0~6.5) 更易引发此类化合物沉淀, 使其难以抵达SLC7A11、GPX4等胞内靶点——即便体外实验中展现强效铁死亡诱导活性, 体内实际增敏效果仍大幅衰减[94]。与之不同, 针对药物转运异常亚型的黄酮类单体(如5, 7-二甲氧基黄酮) 虽水溶性相对更优, 但肠道首过效应极强(生物利用度低于5%), 血液中有效浓度维持时间不足4 h, 无法持续抑制BCRP转运体介导的索拉非尼外排, 难以形成稳定的增敏效应[35]。
代谢层面的相互干扰进一步加剧药物代谢瓶颈。槲皮素、白藜芦醇等多靶点增敏物质在体内易被肝脏UDP-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) 及CYP3A4酶快速代谢失活, 半衰期仅1.5~2.0 h, 无法维持对Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路的持续抑制[95]; 更关键的是, 部分增敏化合物与索拉非尼存在直接代谢竞争——甘草次酸可通过抑制CYP3A4活性使索拉非尼氧化降解速率下降30%, 可能引发药物蓄积毒性[32, 33], 而6-姜烯酚在下调CYP3A4表达以减少索拉非尼代谢的同时, 又会干扰肝脏对其他药物的代谢平衡, 为临床剂量调整带来巨大挑战[78]。
肿瘤靶向递送与耐药机制的适配性不足同样突出。现有纳米制剂[如叶酸修饰的20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3脂质体] 多聚焦于肝癌细胞表面叶酸受体的靶向递送, 却忽略了不同耐药机制亚型的微环境特征[60]: 针对TME异常调控亚型的增敏物质(如虾青素、复方苦参注射液) 需穿透ECM的胶原屏障并富集于免疫细胞周围, 但传统脂质体易被TAMs吞噬, 导致药物在免疫抑制性TAMs内蓄积, 反而削弱对TME的调控效果[96]; 而靶向EMT的增敏化合物(如椴树苷) 需作用于肿瘤侵袭前沿的间充质表型细胞, 但现有制剂的肿瘤穿透深度不足, 仅能覆盖肿瘤表层细胞, 无法触及深层耐药细胞群体[97]。此外, 针对多靶点增敏物质(如槲皮素同时调控EGFR/AKT通路与免疫微环境), 现有制剂技术难以实现“按需释放”, 往往在血液循环中即开始非特异性释放, 到达肿瘤组织时已部分失活, 无法同时满足胞内通路抑制与胞外免疫调节的双重需求[98]。
天然产物的多靶点优势在索拉非尼耐药逆转研究中反而成为机制阐释的核心障碍, 叠加耐药机制亚型的交叉调控特性, 导致增敏机制的精准解析陷入困境。多数增敏物质可同时作用于多个耐药机制亚型, 导致其核心增敏靶点与贡献度难以界定。如黄芪-莪术药对既能下调SLC7A11/GPX4表达介导铁死亡, 又可激活Th1型抗肿瘤免疫改善TME[67], 现有研究通过敲低实验仅能证实两种机制均参与增敏, 但无法明确哪一机制是提升索拉非尼疗效的关键, 也难以量化二者的协同贡献比例; 槲皮素的增敏作用同样涉及EGFR/AKT通路抑制、P-gp转运体下调及铁死亡诱导等多重环节[49-51], 在Huh7耐药细胞中, 其对索拉非尼的增敏效应究竟是“通路抑制主导”还是“药物蓄积主导”, 尚未通过特异性靶点敲除实验得到验证, 这种核心机制的模糊性严重影响后续临床应用的精准定位。
天然产物与索拉非尼的协同作用模式存在显著的“黑箱化”问题, 远超简单的靶点叠加效应。20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3在激活PTEN抑制AKT通路的同时, 会促进索拉非尼诱导的自噬流增强[48], 这种“通路抑制+自噬调控”的协同模式是否存在剂量依赖性——低剂量下自噬辅助增敏, 高剂量下自噬引发代偿性耐药——尚未通过动态监测实验明确; 牛樟芝提取物虽能在人肝癌异种移植模型中提升索拉非尼的抗肿瘤活性[99], 但至今未明确其核心活性成分, 更未阐明是通过靶向MAPK通路、抑制药物转运还是调节TME发挥作用, 机制研究的缺失使其临床转化缺乏可靠的理论支撑。此外, 部分增敏物质对正常细胞的毒性与耐药机制调控存在“绑定效应”, 香叶树根部提取物作为双选择性NRF2调节剂, 虽能下调肝癌细胞的NRF2表达增强索拉非尼敏感性, 但高浓度下会损伤正常肝细胞的NRF2抗氧化功能, 导致肝损伤风险升高[47]; 而靶向铁死亡的姜黄素衍生物, 在诱导肿瘤细胞脂质过氧化的同时, 可能破坏正常肝细胞的GPX4活性[68], 尤其在索拉非尼已存在肝毒性的基础上, 这种叠加风险更需重视。
现有研究呈现“基础研究热、临床转化冷”的鲜明特征, 且转化过程中的设计缺陷与标准化问题, 与耐药机制亚型的临床异质性相互交织, 导致成果落地困难。2023~2025年已报道的天然产物+索拉非尼联合治疗临床研究, 样本量多集中在30~60例(如银杏叶提取物联合索拉非尼的临床研究仅纳入30例晚期HCC患者)[44], 且普遍缺乏按耐药机制亚型分层的设计——原发性耐药(信号通路异常、药物转运异常) 与获得性耐药(EMT、铁死亡失衡) 患者混合入组, 导致客观缓解率波动较大(15%~28%), 无法明确特定增敏物质对某一耐药亚型的优势疗效; 更关键的是, 多数研究未设置安慰剂对照, 仅与历史数据进行对比, 难以排除肿瘤自然病程波动及患者个体差异的干扰, 结果可信度受限。
天然产物的质量控制标准未与耐药机制亚型的增敏需求建立关联, 导致临床疗效重复性差。不同产地的黄芪中黄芪多糖含量差异可达5倍以上[94], 而黄芪多糖的增敏效果存在显著的浓度依赖性——低浓度(< 100 μg·mL-1) 可抑制TAMs向M2型极化, 高浓度(> 500 μg·mL-1) 反而会促进免疫抑制因子分泌[91], 现有质量标准未对其有效浓度范围进行限定, 直接影响临床用药的稳定性; 针对靶向铁死亡的姜黄素提取物, 现有标准仅检测总姜黄素含量, 却未控制其氧化产物(如姜黄素醌) 的比例, 而氧化产物对NRF2的抑制活性仅为原型药物的1/10, 导致不同批次提取物的增敏效果差异可达3倍以上[100]; 中药方剂的质量控制更为薄弱, 连花清瘟、补肾健脾汤等方剂的核心活性成分(如连翘苷、黄芪甲苷) 缺乏统一的含量标准, 无法保证临床应用中增敏作用的一致性。
个体化治疗依据的缺失进一步加剧了转化困境。临床中患者的耐药机制亚型存在显著异质性——部分患者以PI3K/AKT通路异常为核心耐药驱动因素, 部分则以EMT或铁死亡失衡为主, 但现有临床研究未开展基于分子分型的患者筛选, 导致“一刀切”的联合方案疗效不佳。如对EGFR低表达的HCC患者使用槲皮素(主要通过抑制EGFR/AKT通路发挥增敏作用) 联合索拉非尼, 客观缓解率仅12%, 远低于EGFR高表达患者的45%[101]; 而目前缺乏可用于临床快速检测的耐药机制亚型标志物(如SLC7A11、vimentin的组织/血液检测试剂盒), 无法指导增敏物质的精准选择, 进一步拉大了基础研究与临床应用的距离。
不同耐药机制亚型的独特生物学特征, 使索拉非尼增敏研究面临“单一干预策略难以匹配多亚型”的系统性困境, 现有研究尚未针对各亚型的核心特征制定针对性解决方案。对于核心信号通路异常激活介导的耐药, 靶向Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK、PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的增敏物质(如芹菜素、葫芦素E) 虽能在短期内抑制核心通路活性, 但易触发旁路通路的代偿性激活——抑制AKT通路后, 肿瘤细胞可通过上调STAT3通路维持抗凋亡活性, 导致短期增敏后快速出现二次耐药[102], 而现有研究多仅在治疗终点评估疗效, 未动态监测联合治疗过程中的通路代偿变化, 无法及时调整治疗策略。
铁死亡调控失衡介导的耐药面临显著的微环境依赖性困境。靶向铁死亡的增敏物质(如熊果酸、甘草次酸) 的效果高度依赖肿瘤组织中的铁离子浓度[103], 在铁储备低的肿瘤组织中, 即使有效抑制SLC7A11表达, 也难以诱导足够的脂质过氧化物蓄积; 而索拉非尼的抗血管生成作用会进一步减少肿瘤组织的铁离子供应, 形成“治疗导致的增敏机制失效”, 这种叠加效应尚未被现有研究重视, 导致部分靶向铁死亡的增敏物质在临床前动物实验中疗效显著, 但进入临床后效果不佳。
TME异常介导的耐药则受限于免疫异质性难题。靶向TME的增敏物质(如复方苦参注射液、黄芪多糖) 的疗效与肿瘤免疫微环境的个体特征密切相关——部分患者的TME以TAMs浸润为主, 部分则以MDSCs为核心, 单一增敏物质无法同时调控多种免疫抑制细胞; 且免疫检查点分子(如PD-L1) 的表达水平会显著影响增敏效果, PD-L1高表达患者使用虾青素联合索拉非尼的抑瘤率(65%) 显著低于PD-L1低表达患者(85%)[82, 83], 但现有研究未将免疫表型纳入分层因素, 导致联合方案的疗效预测性极差。
基于前文阐述的索拉非尼五大核心耐药机制(核心信号通路异常激活、EMT与肿瘤细胞表型重塑、铁死亡调控失衡、药物转运与代谢异常、TME异常调控), 结合中药及天然产物在增敏研究中已证实的多靶点调控、低毒副作用等优势, 针对当前研究面临的药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡、耐药机制亚型核心靶点不明确及协同作用模式不清、临床试验与转化缺乏标准化及连续性和耐药机制亚型的差异化生物学特征及研究瓶颈等核心挑战, 未来研究需围绕“机制精准匹配-技术创新突破-临床规范转化”三位一体构建研究体系, 提出以下针对性与创新性研究方向, 为中药及天然产物辅助索拉非尼治疗肝癌的基础深化与临床应用提供支撑。
针对不同索拉非尼耐药机制亚型的独特生物学特征(如铁死亡亚型的酸性TME、TME异常亚型的ECM屏障、多机制交叉亚型的靶点干扰), 设计“亚型适配型”靶向递送载体, 精准破解药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡难题, 提升中药及天然产物的体内增敏效率: 对于铁死亡调控失衡亚型, 可将熊果酸、姜黄素等在肿瘤酸性微环境(pH 6.0~6.5) 中易沉淀、胞内递送效率低的脂溶性铁死亡增敏成分包载于pH敏感型聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA] 纳米胶束, 其表面修饰转铁蛋白受体靶向配体, 在血液循环中(pH 7.4) 保持结构稳定, 进入肿瘤组织后可响应酸性环境快速解体释放药物; 同时转铁蛋白介导的主动靶向可通过铁离子转运途径增强药物在HepG2、MHCC97-H肝癌细胞内的蓄积, 同步提升脂质过氧化物生成效率, 弥补索拉非尼诱导铁死亡不足的缺陷[104, 105]; 对于TME异常亚型, 可开发“ECM降解-免疫靶向”双功能脂质体, 以透明质酸酶与胶原酶共修饰载体表面, 包载复方苦参注射液活性成分氧化苦参碱与虾青素, 通过酶解作用降解ECM中的透明质酸与胶原屏障, 虾青素再通过激活CXCL9/CXCR3轴靶向富集于TAMs周围并抑制其向M2型极化, 氧化苦参碱则减少IL-6、TNF-α等免疫抑制因子分泌, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠模型中可显著提升CD8+ T细胞杀伤活性, 避免药物被免疫抑制细胞非特异性吞噬[106]; 对于多机制交叉耐药亚型(如同时存在PI3K/AKT通路激活与SLC7A11介导铁死亡抵抗), 可构建“多成分共载-时序释放”氧化还原响应型纳米粒, 将靶向AKT通路的20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3包载于内核(PLGA材料), 靶向SLC7A11的槲皮素包载于外层(谷胱甘肽响应型聚合物)。该纳米粒在血液循环中保持稳定, 进入肿瘤细胞后, 高浓度谷胱甘肽先触发外层材料降解, 释放槲皮素抑制SLC7A11以恢复铁死亡敏感性; 随后内核缓慢降解释放20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3, 通过激活PTEN抑制AKT通路, 避免多成分同步释放导致的靶点干扰, 在SMMC7721耐药细胞中可使索拉非尼IC50值降低60%以上[107, 108]。
需利用前沿组学技术与功能验证手段, 破解中药及天然产物多靶点作用的“黑箱”问题, 明确不同耐药亚型中增敏机制的核心贡献比例与剂量依赖性协同模式, 构建“耐药机制-中药成分-核心靶点”关联体系: 在亚型特异性核心靶点确证方面, 采用单细胞转录组学与空间代谢组学联用技术结合CRISPR-Cas9高通量筛选, 精准解析中药复方及天然产物在不同耐药亚型中的核心作用靶点, 如针对黄芪-莪术药对在HepG2细胞中同时调控铁死亡与Th1型免疫的现象, 通过单细胞转录组筛选差异表达基因(SLC7A11、IFN-γ), 空间代谢组定位药物成分在肿瘤组织中的分布区域, 结合靶点敲除实验证实其“铁死亡诱导”(SLC7A11为核心靶点) 与“Th1免疫激活”(TNFR1为核心靶点) 的协同机制, 明确该药对的核心增敏路径; 在剂量依赖性协同网络解析方面, 利用动态蛋白质组学技术监测天然产物与索拉非尼联用后的通路活性变化, 以20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3为例, 通过检测不同浓度(5~20 μmol·L-1) Rg3与索拉非尼联用后Huh7细胞中自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1、LC3) 的表达水平, 发现低剂量Rg3 (5~10 μmol·L-1) 可抑制Beclin-1介导的自噬代偿, 辅助索拉非尼诱导凋亡; 高剂量Rg3 (> 15 μmol·L-1) 则会激活自噬流, 引发代偿性耐药。基于此可建立“剂量-自噬-增敏效应”模型, 为临床联用剂量选择提供依据[109]; 在关联数据库构建方面, 整合索拉非尼五大耐药机制的关键信号通路(如Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK、TGF-β/Smad、PI3K/AKT/mTOR)、天然产物(椴树苷、甘草次酸、芹菜素等) 及特异性靶点信息, 构建可视化“耐药机制-中药成分-核心靶点”关联数据库。如标注椴树苷通过结合TBK1酶活性中心抑制β-catenin激活(靶向EMT亚型)、甘草次酸通过抑制mTOR下调GPX4 (靶向铁死亡亚型)、芹菜素通过阻断STAT3核转录抑制通路激活(靶向信号通路亚型) 等关键信息, 并关联体外细胞实验(如HepG2耐药细胞IC50变化) 与体内荷瘤小鼠模型数据(如肿瘤抑制率), 为多靶点组合增敏策略的设计提供理论支撑[62]。
针对当前索拉非尼中药增敏临床研究中存在的“基础-临床”转化断层(如耐药亚型混合入组、质量标准与机制脱节、个体化依据缺乏), 需建立适配耐药异质性的标准化临床转化路径, 推动中药增敏策略的临床规范化应用: 在临床试验设计方面, 基于血液/组织耐药标志物(如SLC7A11、vimentin、HIF-1α、P-gp) 建立患者筛选体系, 将索拉非尼耐药患者分为原发性耐药组(核心信号通路异常、药物转运异常) 与获得性耐药组(EMT、铁死亡失衡), 开展多中心、随机对照临床试验, 如原发性耐药组采用芹菜素(靶向STAT3) + 索拉非尼方案, 获得性耐药组采用熊果酸(靶向SLC7A11) + 索拉非尼方案, 每组设置安慰剂对照与3个剂量梯度(如芹菜素200、400、600 mg·d-1), 以无进展生存期为主要终点, 客观缓解率与不良反应发生率为次要终点, 避免亚型混合导致的疗效波动[110, 111]。在质量控制标准方面, 突破传统中药质量标准仅检测总成分含量的局限, 建立与增敏机制直接关联的质量控制体系, 如针对靶向铁死亡的姜黄素提取物, 除限定总姜黄素含量≥ 90%外, 新增氧化产物姜黄素醌的比例控制(≤ 10%)(因姜黄素醌对NRF2的抑制活性仅为原型药物的1/10, 过高比例会显著削弱铁死亡增敏效果), 而针对黄芪多糖则限定其抑制TAMs M2极化的有效浓度范围(100~500 μg·mL-1), 避免高浓度(> 500 μg·mL-1) 引发的免疫抑制因子(IL-10、TGF-β) 分泌增加, 确保临床用药的稳定性与安全性[112]; 在个体化治疗决策方面, 整合患者索拉非尼耐药亚型(如PI3K/AKT激活型、EMT型)、CYP3A4基因多态性(影响索拉非尼代谢)、肿瘤免疫表型(如PD-L1表达水平) 等多维度信息, 构建AI辅助决策模型, 基于患者个体数据预测最优中药增敏组合与给药剂量, 如对PD-L1高表达、TME以TAMs浸润为主的患者, 推荐虾青素(激活CXCL9/CXCR3轴) + PD-1抑制剂+ 索拉非尼三联方案, 同时根据CYP3A4基因型调整索拉非尼剂量(避免甘草次酸等中药成分抑制CYP3A4导致的药物蓄积毒性)[113, 114]。
针对不同索拉非尼耐药机制亚型的差异化生物学特征及研究瓶颈(如信号通路代偿、铁死亡微环境依赖、TME免疫异质性), 设计“精准阻断+动态预警”的创新方案, 降低二次耐药发生率, 实现个体化治疗动态调整: 在策略设计方面, 针对抑制核心通路(如PI3K/AKT) 后旁路通路(如STAT3、ERK) 代偿激活导致的二次耐药, 开发“中药+小分子抑制剂”联合阻断方案(如芹菜素联合MEK抑制剂PD0325901), 在Hep3B耐药细胞中可同时抑制STAT3与ERK通路激活, 避免单独使用AKT抑制剂后STAT3通路反弹, 使索拉非尼耐药逆转率提升, 显著降低二次耐药发生率[102]; 针对肿瘤组织铁离子供应不足导致铁死亡增敏剂(如橙皮素) 效果受限的问题, 将橙皮素与纳米铁颗粒共载于GLUT1靶向纳米载体, 通过GLUT1介导的主动递送同步提升药物与铁离子在HepG2细胞内的蓄积, 解决脂质过氧化物生成不足难题[115, 116]; 针对TME免疫异质性, 基于免疫细胞组成(TAMs为主/MDSCs为主) 构建“三联协同”方案, TAMs浸润为主者采用复方苦参注射液+PD-L1抑制剂+索拉非尼, MDSCs浸润为主者采用四物汤+CTLA-4抑制剂+索拉非尼, 在Hepa1-6荷瘤小鼠中实现75%以上的抑瘤率[6, 7]; 在动态调控方面, 通过液体活检技术监测患者循环肿瘤细胞(CTC) 中耐药标志物(如GPX4、BCRP、αvβ3) 的动态变化, 建立耐药预警阈值, 当标志物表达较基线升高2倍时及时切换增敏中药方案, 实现“精准干预-动态调整”的个体化治疗, 避免耐药进展导致的治疗失败。
索拉非尼作为HCC、RCC及DTC的一线治疗药物, 虽显著改善了患者生存状况, 但其临床疗效仍被原发性或获得性耐药严重制约——约70%的患者在治疗6个月内出现耐药, 核心机制涉及核心信号通路异常激活、EMT与肿瘤细胞表型重塑、铁死亡调控失衡、药物转运与代谢异常、TME异常调控五大维度, 且各机制通过信号交叉联动形成复杂耐药网络, 为临床干预带来挑战[1-3]。
中药提取物及天然产物凭借“多成分协同、多靶点调控、低毒副作用”的核心优势, 在逆转索拉非尼耐药研究中展现出明确价值与独特潜力。按“中药提取物-天然产物”分类框架可见: 中药提取物层面, 韩国红参提取物通过抑制CREB/c-Jun磷酸化阻断Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路, 银杏叶提取物通过下调HIF-1α改善TME缺氧, 分别使肾癌细胞与晚期HCC患者的索拉非尼敏感性显著提升[44, 45]; 天然产物层面, 20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3通过激活PTEN抑制AKT通路, 熊果酸通过靶向ING5-SLC7A11轴诱导铁死亡, 椴树苷通过抑制TBK1阻断EMT, 可使HepG2、MHCC97-H等耐药细胞的索拉非尼IC50值降低40%~60%, 且部分单体(如虾青素) 与免疫检查点抑制剂联用可进一步将抑瘤率提升至85%[32, 33, 48, 62, 82, 83]。上述研究证实, 中药及天然产物可通过精准靶向五大耐药机制的核心靶点(如AKT、SLC7A11、TGF-β、P-gp、HIF-1α), 多维度逆转索拉非尼耐药, 为肝癌联合治疗提供了丰富的候选策略。
然而, 当前研究仍面临难以回避的核心瓶颈: 药代动力学层面, 脂溶性铁死亡增敏剂(如姜黄素) 在酸性TME中易沉淀, 黄酮类单体(如5, 7-二甲氧基黄酮) 肠道首过效应强, 部分成分(如甘草次酸) 与索拉非尼存在代谢竞争风险, 导致体内有效浓度不足[35, 69, 94]; 机制阐释层面, 中药多靶点特性(如黄芪-莪术药对同时调控铁死亡与免疫) 导致核心靶点贡献度模糊, 剂量依赖性协同模式[如20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3低剂量辅助增敏、高剂量引发自噬代偿] 尚未完全明确[48, 67]; 临床转化层面, 现有研究多缺乏耐药亚型分类设计, 中药质量标准未与增敏机制关联(如姜黄素提取物未控制氧化产物比例), 个体化治疗依据缺失, 导致客观缓解率波动较大[94, 117]。
未来, 通过聚焦“机制精准匹配-技术创新突破-临床规范转化”三位一体的研究体系, 上述瓶颈有望逐步破解: 机制导向的定制化给药系统(如pH敏感-铁靶向纳米胶束、ECM降解-免疫靶向脂质体) 可解决药代动力学特性与耐药机制亚型的适配失衡问题[104-108]; 多组学驱动的靶点解析与关联数据库构建, 能明晰中药增敏的核心路径与剂量依赖模式[62, 109]; 耐药亚型分层的临床试验与AI辅助决策工具, 可推动临床转化标准化; 而亚型特异性逆转策略与动态预警体系, 将实现“精准干预-动态调整”的个体化治疗[113, 114]。
综上, 中药及天然产物在索拉非尼增敏领域已积累扎实的基础研究成果, 其多靶点调控特性与索拉非尼耐药的复杂机制高度契合。随着技术创新与临床转化路径的不断完善, 中药及天然产物有望成为克服索拉非尼耐药的关键辅助手段, 为改善晚期肝癌患者预后、推动中西医结合肿瘤治疗的规范化发展提供重要支撑。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1273
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
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    1中国药科大学中药学院附属江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2南京市江宁中医院, 江苏 南京 211198
    3河南中医药大学, 河南 郑州 450046
    4中西医防治重大疾病河南省协同创新中心, 河南 郑州 450046

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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