Article(id=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=1758902400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976072545, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976072545, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976072545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976072545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=504, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817768162615523, articleId=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The anti-biofilm activity of a novel maleimide derivative against Candida albicans, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic pathogen in clinical fungal infections, and its invasive pathogenic mechanisms and drug resistance are closely associated with biofilm formation. Therefore, research on biofilm inhibitors holds significant importance. This study found that N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide (abbreviated as IMB-D7) can inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilms and has a certain clearance effect on mature biofilms. IMB-D7 significantly reduces the adhesion capacity and hydrophobicity of C. albicans cells, inhibits the yeast-hyphae phase transition and hyphae formation, and affects the content of key components of the cell wall. IMB-D7 significantly downregulates the expression of genes associated with adhesion, hyphal formation, and cell wall component synthesis. Additionally, IMB-D7 exhibits low cytotoxicity toward human oral epithelial cells. Therefore, further research on IMB-D7 holds promise for the discovery of novel antifungal active lead compounds.

, authors=Dan-dan WANG1, Wen-jing SHI2, Juan-juan LIU1, Bing-chen LI2, Xue-ning JING1, *, Yan LI2, *, authorsList=Dan-dan WANG, Wen-jing SHI, Juan-juan LIU, Bing-chen LI, Xue-ning JING, Yan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-ning JING, Yan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817769597067506, articleId=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型马来酰亚胺衍生物对白念珠菌的抗生物被膜活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白念珠菌是临床真菌感染中最常见的条件致病真菌, 其侵袭性致病机制和耐药性与生物被膜的形成密切相关, 因此生物被膜抑制剂的研究具有重要的意义。本研究发现N-(2,4-二甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(简称IMB-D7) 能够抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成, 并对成熟的生物被膜具有一定的清除作用。机制研究发现, IMB-D7显著降低白念珠菌细胞的黏附能力和疏水性、抑制酵母-菌丝相的转换和菌丝的形成, 影响细胞壁成分的含量; IMB-D7能够显著下调与黏附、菌丝形成和细胞壁成分合成相关基因的表达。此外, IMB-D7对人口腔上皮细胞表现出低细胞毒性。因此, 对IMB-D7的深入研究, 有望发现新型抗真菌活性先导分子。

, authors=王丹丹1, 时文静2, 刘娟娟1, 李冰晨2, 荆雪宁1, *, 李妍2, *, authorsList=王丹丹, 时文静, 刘娟娟, 李冰晨, 荆雪宁, 李妍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=荆雪宁, 李妍, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王丹丹进行了实验研究及数据收集; 时文静和李冰晨参与筛选IMB-D7并培养了HOEC; 刘娟娟参与数据分析; 李妍和荆雪宁进行技术指导并修改论文, 所有作者都阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
荆雪宁, Tel: 13589792967, E-mail:
李妍, Tel: 13391513480, E-mail:
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Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2012, 10: 85-93., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308817769819365619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817769827754228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, companyId=1308817769819365619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264199, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817769836142837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, companyId=1308817769819365619, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东中医药高等专科学校医学系, 山东 烟台 264199)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308817769899057398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817769911640311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, companyId=1308817769899057398, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Beijing Key Laboratory of Technology and Application for Anti-Infective New Drugs Research and Development, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817769920028920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, companyId=1308817769899057398, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308817774433100065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4xOVnC4heSTcI/d0URyY6A==, figureFileBig=2AxxQc/fBf+6RcDnhmyGBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817774500208930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure of N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide (IMB-D7), figureFileSmall=4xOVnC4heSTcI/d0URyY6A==, figureFileBig=2AxxQc/fBf+6RcDnhmyGBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776236650787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dtNpwzfG1vt+KE4lryjHWA==, figureFileBig=6rIjVFc9FPgNR0fKFEXs/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776303759652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Detection of the cytotoxicity of IMB-D7 on human oral epithelial cells (HOEC). n = 3, x ± s, figureFileSmall=dtNpwzfG1vt+KE4lryjHWA==, figureFileBig=6rIjVFc9FPgNR0fKFEXs/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776391840037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qjTnRXt+L/4hU4hk5uSuTg==, figureFileBig=0bXT5kmoK6oDXpvIlbJdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776479920422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of IMB-D7 on C. albicans biofilm. C. albicans biofilms were treated with IMB-D7 or 0.1% DMSO for 12, 24, and 48 h. Biofilms cultured 24 h were treated with IMB-D7 for an additional 24 h, and the formation of C. albicans biofilms was quantitatively evaluated and visualizaed using crystalline violet staining or XTT reduction method. A: Inhition of IMB-D7 on biofilm formation; B: Inhition of IMB-D7 on biofilm formation with crystalline violet staining. Scale bar was 50 µm; C: IMB-D7 disrupted the mature biofilm; D: Disruption of mature biofilm by IMB-D7 using crystalline violet staining. Scale bar was 50 µm. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs control. XTT: 2, 3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide, figureFileSmall=qjTnRXt+L/4hU4hk5uSuTg==, figureFileBig=0bXT5kmoK6oDXpvIlbJdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776547029287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EIhkUzSL+K6C79MT6I5SXQ==, figureFileBig=R4uaQWY4XltgSLO+unukKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776626721064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=IMB-D7 decreased the adhesion and hydrophobicity of C. albicans. A: IMB-D7 inhibited the adhesion of C. albicans cells on 96-well cell culture plate. IMB-D7 and C.albicans were simultaneously added to a 96-well cell culture plate and incubated together for 2 h. The biomass adhered to the wells was detected by crystal violet staining; B: IMB-D7 inhibited the adhesion of C. albicans cells on HOEC. IMB-D7 treated C.albicans for 12 h was co-incubated with HOEC for 1 h, and then the number of cells adhered was counted and the relative adhesion rate was calculated; C: IMB-D7 reduced the hydrophobicity of C. albicans biofilms. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was assessed using the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method. n = 3, x ± s. ***P < 0.001 vs control, figureFileSmall=EIhkUzSL+K6C79MT6I5SXQ==, figureFileBig=R4uaQWY4XltgSLO+unukKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776702218537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0W0+LQTWecC1GvbXmcKRtA==, figureFileBig=BLOysWD1TV0DvNlvcrqjDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776777716010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=IMB-D7 inhibited the formation of hyphae in biofilm of C. albicans. A: IMB-D7 inhibited the transition of yeast to hyphal phase. C. albicans biofilms treated with various concentrations of IMB-D7 or control (0.1% DMSO) were observed at 3, 6, and 9 h using a light microscope. Magnification 40×, scale bar was 5 µm; B: IMB-D7 inhibited hyphal formation in C. albicans colonies. C. albicans was cultured on YEPD solid medium containing IMB-D7 (2-8 μg·mL-1) or control (0.1% DMSO) for 7 days at 35 ℃, and the morphology of hyphal of the colonies were observed using a light microscope with magnification 10×, scale bar was 30 µm; C: SEM images of C. albicans biofilms treated with IMB-D7. The biofilms were treated with IMB-D7 (1-4 μg·mL-1) or DMSO (0.1%) for 24 h, and then examined using SEM. Scale bars were 4 µm (2 000×) or 2 µm (5 000×), figureFileSmall=0W0+LQTWecC1GvbXmcKRtA==, figureFileBig=BLOysWD1TV0DvNlvcrqjDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776840630571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ykEnJ24jA+bAe20MvmI45A==, figureFileBig=pg5ttPn/3ZoU/JPorG9a5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776937099564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=IMB-D7 influenced the components of cell wall. The biofilm exposed to various concentrations of IMB-D7 or DMSO (0.1%) for 24 h and stained with aniline, calcofluor white (CFW) or ConA-Alexa 594. A: Biofilms stained with aniline blue solution; B: Biofilms stained with CFW. Yellow arrows highlight the cell wall surroundings, while white arrows indicate the septa; C: Biofilms stained with ConA-Alexa 594. Magnification 100×, scale bar is 10 µm, figureFileSmall=ykEnJ24jA+bAe20MvmI45A==, figureFileBig=pg5ttPn/3ZoU/JPorG9a5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777016791341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O5TKqe+cTUqR/vVV6l5Wrw==, figureFileBig=6i/adEG0H5SPHO0nOqdt8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777104871726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of gene expression in biofilm cells treated with IMB-D7. C. albicans was treated with IMB-D7 (4 μg·mL-1) or 0.1% DMSO for 12 h and the expression of target genes was detected with qRT-PCR. n = 3, x ± s, figureFileSmall=O5TKqe+cTUqR/vVV6l5Wrw==, figureFileBig=6i/adEG0H5SPHO0nOqdt8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777159397679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primerReverse primer
18S rRNACGATGGAAGTTTGAGGCAATACTCTCGGCCAAGGCTTATACT
bcr1CTTCAGCAGCTTCATTAACACCTATCTTGGATCAGGTGTACTTTTCAA
ndt80CTGGCGAACTGAGAGTTCCAAGGTAGATTGGTGGTGGGA
tec1TGAGCAACAACAACAACAACCACCTGGGTTGTTGTCATAGTGGCC
brg1ACGATCAACCATTAGTGGAGGGAAGAAGTAGGTGTAGATGATCCAC
rob1CTGGATTCATCTCTTGGTTCACCTGTTGTTGGTTAAGGTGGACGTG
efg1TATGCCCCAGCAAACAACTGTTGTTGTCCTGCTGTCTGTC
als1TGTTACTGGTGGAGCTGTTGTGTGTTGGTTGAAGGTGAGG
als3TAATGCTGCTACGTATAATTCCTGAAATTGACATGTAGCA
ras1CCCAACTATTGAGGATTCTTATCGTAAATCTCATGGCCAGATATTCTTCTTG
hwp1TGGTGCTATTACTATTCCGGCAATAATAGCAGCACCGAAG
ece1CCAGAAATTGTTGCTCGTGTTGCCATCCAGGACGCCATCAAAAACGTTAG
cyr1GTTTCCCCCACCACTCATTGCGGTAATGACACAACAG
wsc1TGGTGGTGACTCCAAAGGTGAGCTTGATGAAGCACTCCCC
wsc2ACCACTCAACCTCGAACCACAATGCTGTTCCTGCCACTGA
fks1CAGCTTGGTCTGCTGATCCTCCTGAGCTGGTGACATACGG
big1TTATTCGTCCTACTAGCATCATATTTGTCACCGAAGTAA
cht2GCACCAAATACGTCACCATTGGAAGGCAAAGGCAGCCAATAA
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777234895152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primers used for real-time PCR; 18S rRNA: 18S ribosomal-RNA; bcr1: Biofilm and cell wall regulator; ndt80: Meiosis-specific transcription factor; tec1: TEA/ATTS transcription factor; brg1: Biofilm regulator; rob1: Regulator of biofilm; efg1: Enhanced filamentous growth 1; als1: Agglutinin-like sequence 1; als3: Agglutinin-like sequence 3; ras1: Ras family GTPase 1; hwp1: Hyphal wall protein 1; ece1: Extent of cell elongation 1; cyr1: Adenylate cyclase 1; wsc1: Putative cell wall integrity and stress response component 1; wsc2: Putative cell wall integrity and stress response component 2; fks1: 1, 3-Beta-D-glucan synthase 1; big1: N-Glycosylated integral membrane protein 1; cht2: Chitinase 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primerReverse primer
18S rRNACGATGGAAGTTTGAGGCAATACTCTCGGCCAAGGCTTATACT
bcr1CTTCAGCAGCTTCATTAACACCTATCTTGGATCAGGTGTACTTTTCAA
ndt80CTGGCGAACTGAGAGTTCCAAGGTAGATTGGTGGTGGGA
tec1TGAGCAACAACAACAACAACCACCTGGGTTGTTGTCATAGTGGCC
brg1ACGATCAACCATTAGTGGAGGGAAGAAGTAGGTGTAGATGATCCAC
rob1CTGGATTCATCTCTTGGTTCACCTGTTGTTGGTTAAGGTGGACGTG
efg1TATGCCCCAGCAAACAACTGTTGTTGTCCTGCTGTCTGTC
als1TGTTACTGGTGGAGCTGTTGTGTGTTGGTTGAAGGTGAGG
als3TAATGCTGCTACGTATAATTCCTGAAATTGACATGTAGCA
ras1CCCAACTATTGAGGATTCTTATCGTAAATCTCATGGCCAGATATTCTTCTTG
hwp1TGGTGCTATTACTATTCCGGCAATAATAGCAGCACCGAAG
ece1CCAGAAATTGTTGCTCGTGTTGCCATCCAGGACGCCATCAAAAACGTTAG
cyr1GTTTCCCCCACCACTCATTGCGGTAATGACACAACAG
wsc1TGGTGGTGACTCCAAAGGTGAGCTTGATGAAGCACTCCCC
wsc2ACCACTCAACCTCGAACCACAATGCTGTTCCTGCCACTGA
fks1CAGCTTGGTCTGCTGATCCTCCTGAGCTGGTGACATACGG
big1TTATTCGTCCTACTAGCATCATATTTGTCACCGAAGTAA
cht2GCACCAAATACGTCACCATTGGAAGGCAAAGGCAGCCAATAA
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777297809713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneMeanSEMGene-encoded product and function
bcr10.490.14Bcr1; transcription factor; regulates a/alpha biofilm formation; confers adherence
ndt800.330.03Ndt80; meiosis-specific transcription factor; required for wild-type drug resistance and for spider biofilm formation
tec10.190.03Tec1; TEA/ATTS transcription factor; hyphal gene regulation; regulates BCR1
brg10.020.01Brg1; transcription factor; recruits Hda1 to hypha-specific promoters; Tn mutation affects filamentation
rob10.450.06Rob1; Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6 transcription factor; impacts filamentation, biofilms, and commensalism
efg10.060.02Efg1; BHLH transcription factor; hyphal growth, cell-wall gene regulation; roles in adhesion, virulence
als10.270.08Als1; cell-surface adhesin
als30.600.17Als3; cell wall adhesin; epithelial adhesion
ras10.480.07Ras1; RAS signal transduction GTPase; regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; role in hyphal induction, virulence, apoptosis
hwp10.430.04Hwp1; hyphal cell wall protein; hypha-specific
ece10.200.03Ece1; candidalysin, cytolytic peptide toxin essential for mucosal infection; hypha-specific
cyr10.540.17Cyr1; class Ⅲ adenylyl cyclase; involved in regulation of filamentation, phenotypic switching and mating
wsc10.030.01Wsc1; putative cell wall component; transcript upregulated in cyr1 mutant (yeast or hyphae)
wsc20.270.05Wsc2; putative cell wall integrity and stress response protein; mRNA binds She3
fks10.520.12Fks1; essential beta-1, 3-glucan synthase subunit; mRNA abundance declines after yeast-to-hypha transition; spider biofilm induced
big10.850.20Big1; endoplasmic reticulum protein; required for beta-1, 6-glucan synthesis, filamentation, adhesion, and virulence
cht20.510.15Cht2; GPI-linked chitinase; required for normal filamentous growth
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777373307186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Relative change of target gene in IMB-D7-treated C. albicans biofilm compared to the control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneMeanSEMGene-encoded product and function
bcr10.490.14Bcr1; transcription factor; regulates a/alpha biofilm formation; confers adherence
ndt800.330.03Ndt80; meiosis-specific transcription factor; required for wild-type drug resistance and for spider biofilm formation
tec10.190.03Tec1; TEA/ATTS transcription factor; hyphal gene regulation; regulates BCR1
brg10.020.01Brg1; transcription factor; recruits Hda1 to hypha-specific promoters; Tn mutation affects filamentation
rob10.450.06Rob1; Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6 transcription factor; impacts filamentation, biofilms, and commensalism
efg10.060.02Efg1; BHLH transcription factor; hyphal growth, cell-wall gene regulation; roles in adhesion, virulence
als10.270.08Als1; cell-surface adhesin
als30.600.17Als3; cell wall adhesin; epithelial adhesion
ras10.480.07Ras1; RAS signal transduction GTPase; regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; role in hyphal induction, virulence, apoptosis
hwp10.430.04Hwp1; hyphal cell wall protein; hypha-specific
ece10.200.03Ece1; candidalysin, cytolytic peptide toxin essential for mucosal infection; hypha-specific
cyr10.540.17Cyr1; class Ⅲ adenylyl cyclase; involved in regulation of filamentation, phenotypic switching and mating
wsc10.030.01Wsc1; putative cell wall component; transcript upregulated in cyr1 mutant (yeast or hyphae)
wsc20.270.05Wsc2; putative cell wall integrity and stress response protein; mRNA binds She3
fks10.520.12Fks1; essential beta-1, 3-glucan synthase subunit; mRNA abundance declines after yeast-to-hypha transition; spider biofilm induced
big10.850.20Big1; endoplasmic reticulum protein; required for beta-1, 6-glucan synthesis, filamentation, adhesion, and virulence
cht20.510.15Cht2; GPI-linked chitinase; required for normal filamentous growth
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新型马来酰亚胺衍生物对白念珠菌的抗生物被膜活性研究
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王丹丹 1 , 时文静 2 , 刘娟娟 1 , 李冰晨 2 , 荆雪宁 1, * , 李妍 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 504-514
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 504 -514
新型马来酰亚胺衍生物对白念珠菌的抗生物被膜活性研究
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王丹丹1, 时文静2, 刘娟娟1, 李冰晨2, 荆雪宁1, * , 李妍2, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药高等专科学校医学系, 山东 烟台 264199
  • 2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
荆雪宁, Tel: 13589792967, E-mail:
李妍, Tel: 13391513480, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王丹丹进行了实验研究及数据收集; 时文静和李冰晨参与筛选IMB-D7并培养了HOEC; 刘娟娟参与数据分析; 李妍和荆雪宁进行技术指导并修改论文, 所有作者都阅读并认可终稿。

The anti-biofilm activity of a novel maleimide derivative against Candida albicans
Dan-dan WANG1, Wen-jing SHI2, Juan-juan LIU1, Bing-chen LI2, Xue-ning JING1, * , Yan LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264199, China
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Technology and Application for Anti-Infective New Drugs Research and Development, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012
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白念珠菌是临床真菌感染中最常见的条件致病真菌, 其侵袭性致病机制和耐药性与生物被膜的形成密切相关, 因此生物被膜抑制剂的研究具有重要的意义。本研究发现N-(2,4-二甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(简称IMB-D7) 能够抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成, 并对成熟的生物被膜具有一定的清除作用。机制研究发现, IMB-D7显著降低白念珠菌细胞的黏附能力和疏水性、抑制酵母-菌丝相的转换和菌丝的形成, 影响细胞壁成分的含量; IMB-D7能够显著下调与黏附、菌丝形成和细胞壁成分合成相关基因的表达。此外, IMB-D7对人口腔上皮细胞表现出低细胞毒性。因此, 对IMB-D7的深入研究, 有望发现新型抗真菌活性先导分子。

白念珠菌  /  N-(2,4-二甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺  /  生物被膜  /  黏附  /  菌丝

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic pathogen in clinical fungal infections, and its invasive pathogenic mechanisms and drug resistance are closely associated with biofilm formation. Therefore, research on biofilm inhibitors holds significant importance. This study found that N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide (abbreviated as IMB-D7) can inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilms and has a certain clearance effect on mature biofilms. IMB-D7 significantly reduces the adhesion capacity and hydrophobicity of C. albicans cells, inhibits the yeast-hyphae phase transition and hyphae formation, and affects the content of key components of the cell wall. IMB-D7 significantly downregulates the expression of genes associated with adhesion, hyphal formation, and cell wall component synthesis. Additionally, IMB-D7 exhibits low cytotoxicity toward human oral epithelial cells. Therefore, further research on IMB-D7 holds promise for the discovery of novel antifungal active lead compounds.

C. albicans  /  N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide  /  biofilm  /  adhesion  /  hyphae
王丹丹, 时文静, 刘娟娟, 李冰晨, 荆雪宁, 李妍. 新型马来酰亚胺衍生物对白念珠菌的抗生物被膜活性研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 504 -514 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012
Dan-dan WANG, Wen-jing SHI, Juan-juan LIU, Bing-chen LI, Xue-ning JING, Yan LI. The anti-biofilm activity of a novel maleimide derivative against Candida albicans[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 504 -514 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012
真菌病原体可引起危及生命的侵袭性疾病, 如真菌血症、脑膜炎、肺炎等。近30年来, 随着癌症化疗、器官移植、艾滋病患者的增加和免疫抑制剂的长期广泛使用, 侵袭性真菌感染的发生率急剧升高, 成为免疫低下患者的主要死亡原因之一[1]。但是目前临床所用抗真菌抗生素种类少, 毒副作用较大, 真菌耐药性问题也日益突出, 因此新型抗真菌药物的研发具有重要的意义。2022年, 世界卫生组织(WHO) 首次提出真菌“优先病原体”名单, 作为真菌感染性疾病中的主要病原菌, 白念珠菌被列在严重级别组[2]。
白念珠菌是真菌感染中常见的条件致病真菌, 主要定植于绝大多数健康个体的皮肤、阴道、胃肠道及口腔黏膜中, 通常是无害的[3]。然而在免疫功能低下患者或者宿主免疫力受损时, 白念珠菌可引发轻度黏膜感染甚至产生深部侵袭性感染, 生物被膜的形成是白念珠菌侵袭性感染的重要毒力特征[4, 5]。生物被膜的形成是一个复杂的过程, 酵母相细胞首先黏附于宿主组织表面, 形成微菌落, 以助于组织渗透和宿主免疫的逃避。然后形成菌丝体, 细胞能够分泌多种毒力因子, 进一步造成宿主组织损伤, 进而导致侵袭性感染的发生, 酵母-菌丝相的转换被认为是白念珠菌关键毒力因素。随后, 酵母、假菌丝和菌丝等不同形态的细胞被细胞外基质(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) 包裹而成致密结构, 形成抵御外部威胁的保护屏障, 导致对抗真菌药物敏感性降低[6, 7]。细胞外基质会在生物被膜的细胞层中不断堆积, 部分或完整的生物被膜会从结构中脱离, 从而形成新的感染病灶, 成为真菌感染治疗疗程长和难以治愈的重要因素[8-10]。因此, 生物被膜的形成给真菌感染的治疗带来了极大的困扰, 具有生物被膜抑制活性的抗真菌药物的发现也受到越来越多的关注。
结晶紫染色法和四唑盐测定法是抗真菌化合物生物被膜抑制活性测定的主要方法[11]。结晶紫对于生物被膜胞外基质多糖有很好的亲和力, 且可以与细胞核中的核酸结合形成紫色结晶体, 通过测定595 nm下的吸光度(A595) 值, 可以定量表示生物被膜生物量的变化。四唑盐即2, 3-双(2-甲氧基-4-硝基-5-磺基苯基)-5-[(苯基氨基)羰基]-2H-四唑氢氧化铵(XTT), 是线粒体脱氢酶的底物, 可以被活细胞中的呼吸链细胞质中的酶还原成水溶性甲臜, 通过测定490 nm下的吸光度(A490) 值, 可以定量表示生物被膜的细胞活力的变化。
马来酰亚胺衍生物具有多种生物活性, 包括抗菌和抗肿瘤作用, 某些衍生物与抗菌药物联合使用也表现出协同作用[12, 13]。在前期工作中, 本课题组通过结晶紫染色法筛选到具有生物被膜抑制活性的马来酰亚胺衍生物N-(2,4-二甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺[N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide, IMB-D7], 其结构如图1所示。本研究深入探讨了IMB-D7对白念珠菌生物被膜形成的抑制活性及对成熟生物被膜的破坏活性, 进而在黏附抑制、菌丝形成抑制、疏水性变化及细胞壁成分的变化等方面探讨了其潜在的作用机制。
实验菌株  白念珠菌ATCC 10231来自中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所国家新药(微生物) 筛选室。
实验试剂和培养基  二甲基亚砜(DMSO) (D8371)、蛋白胨(P8450)、结晶紫染料(G1063)、NaHCO3 (S5240)、胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化液(20210910)、Gluta固定液(电镜专用, 2.5%, P1126) (中国Solarbio公司); RPMI1640 (31800105)、DMEM培养基(8121446)、胎牛血清(2304529)、酵母提取物(LP0021)、葡萄糖(G8150)、ConA-Alexa 594 (C11253)、RevertAid第一链cDNA合成试剂盒(K1622) (美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 荧光增白剂28 (calcofluor white, CFW, 910090)、甲苯(179418) (美国Sigma公司); 甲醇(67-56-1)、三氯甲烷(67-66-3) (北京市通广精细化工公司); 苯胺蓝(A787491, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 真菌RNA快速提取试剂盒(RE781-50T, 北京Coolaber公司); PerfectStart® Green qPCR SuperMix (+Universal Passive Reference Dye) 染料法荧光定量PCR预混液(通用型Dye, AQ602-02, 中国全式金生物技术股份有限公司); Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, 103873, 美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司)。
化合物IMB-D7以10 mg·mL-1溶于DMSO, -20 ℃储存; 两性霉素B (T1067, 上海陶术生物科技有限公司) 以10 mg·mL-1溶于DMSO, -20 ℃储存; YPD液体培养基(1%酵母提取物、2%胰蛋白胨、2%葡萄糖, 115 ℃高压灭菌20 min, 4 ℃保存); XTT工作液(0.5 mg·mL-1 XTT、1 μmol·L-1甲萘醌, -80 ℃储存); RPMI1640培养基(1% RPMI1640、0.2% NaHCO3、0.165 mol·L-1 MOPS、2%葡萄糖, pH 7.0, 0.22 μm过滤器过滤除菌, 4 ℃保存)。
实验仪器  多功能微孔板检测仪(EnVision2104-0010, 美国PerkinElmer公司); 倒置显微镜(DM2500倒置)、荧光显微镜(DM6B) (德国徕卡公司); 扫描电镜(Crossbeam340, 德国ZEISS公司); 实时定量热循环仪(FTC-3000, 加拿大Funglyn Biotech Inc公司); NanoDrop分光光度计(F-3100, 杭州遂真生物技术有限公司)。
菌悬液的配制  白念珠菌ATCC 10231在35 ℃条件下于YPD固体培养板上培养24 h, 随后挑取单菌落至YPD液体培养基中, 于35 ℃培养至对数生长期。离心收集细胞后, 用PBS洗涤3次后, 用RPMI1640培养基稀释至2×106 CFU·mL-1。
白念珠菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC) 和最小杀菌浓度(MFC) 测定  根据CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) 所描述的方法检测IMB-D7对游离白念珠菌的抗真菌活性, 具体方法有所改变[14]。将上述菌悬液每孔100 µL转移至96孔细菌培养板中, 随后每孔加入100 µL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7或两性霉素B, 使其终浓度为0.25~128 μg·mL-1, 0.1% DMSO处理组作为阴性对照, 每个浓度设置3个复孔, 实验重复3次, 96孔细菌培养板于35 ℃静置孵育24 h, 无肉眼可见细菌生长的最低浓度定义为MIC值。对于MFC的测定, 取100 µL IMB-D7或两性霉素B浓度高于MIC的孔中培养物涂于YPD固体培养板, 35 ℃静置孵育24 h, 菌落数少于3个的最低浓度为MFC。实验重复3次。
细胞毒性评价  冻存的人口腔上皮细胞(human oral epithelial cells, HOEC) 自液氮中取出, 离心收集细胞后重悬于含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基, 接种于细胞培养皿, 37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养, 传代1次。传代后细胞使用胰酶消化, 离心收集细胞后重悬于10%胎牛血清DMEM培养基, 使其每毫升细胞数为5×105个。将细胞悬液每孔100 µL接种于96孔细胞培养板, 细胞培养箱中培养12 h后, 小心吸取培养基, 然后加入DMEM培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7 (1.562 5~50 μg·mL-1), 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照, 细胞培养箱培养48 h后, 去除培养基, 每孔加入100 µL DMEM培养基稀释(1∶10) 的CCK-8试剂, 不含CCK-8的培养基作为空白对照, 将96孔细胞培养板置入细胞培养箱孵育3 h。酶标仪检测A450值, 每个浓度设置3个复孔, 实验重复3次。生长抑制率(%) = [1-(A450IMB-D7-A450空白) / (A450DMSO-A450空白)] × 100%。
结晶紫染色法  生物被膜生物量采用结晶紫染色法进行分析[15]。为检测IMB-D7对生物被膜形成的抑制作用, 菌悬液按照每孔100 µL加入到96孔细胞培养板中, 随后每孔加入100 µL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为0.5~8 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。RPMI1640培养基作为空白对照, 每个浓度设置3个复孔。培养板在35 ℃分别静置培养12、24和48 h, 然后使用PBS轻洗3次以去除悬浮细胞。每孔加入100 µL甲醇固定15 min后于室温下干燥, 再加入100 µL 0.1%结晶紫溶液室温下染色30 min。用PBS轻洗3次以去除多余的染色液, 每孔加入100 µL 100%乙醇, 室温下孵育1 h, 酶标仪检测A595值。以无药对照组生物被膜生物量为100%, IMB-D7处理组生物被膜生物量(%) =(A595IMB-D7 - A595空白) / (A595 DMSO - A595空白) × 100%。实验重复3次。
为了检测IMB-D7对成熟生物被膜的影响, 100 μL菌悬液加入到96孔板中, 37 ℃静置培养24 h形成成熟的生物被膜, 吸走培养基并用PBS轻洗3次后, 加入RPMI1640稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为2~32 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。培养板在35 ℃静置培养24 h后, 按照上述方法进行结晶紫染色和数据处理。实验重复3次。
IMB-D7处理生物被膜使用上述方法进行结晶紫染色, 用PBS轻洗3次去除多余的染色液后, 倒置显微镜10倍观察。
XTT测定法  XTT测定法用于评估IMB-D7对生物被膜细胞活力的抑制作用[16], 测定其对生物被膜的形成和成熟的生物被膜的影响。IMB-D7处理生物被膜的方法同结晶紫染色法, 培养后吸走培养基并用PBS轻洗3次, 每孔加入100 µL XTT工作液, 37 ℃条件下避光孵育2 h, 酶标仪检测A490值, 每个浓度设置3个复孔, 实验重复3次, 以无药对照组生物被膜细胞活力为100%, IMB-D7处理组生物被膜细胞活力(%) = (A490IMB-D7 – A490空白) / (A490 DMSO – A490空白) × 100%。
IMB-D7对白念珠菌酵母-菌丝相转换的影响  菌悬液按照每孔100 µL加入96孔细胞培养板中, 随后每孔加入100 µL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为1~8 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照, 培养板在35 ℃下静置培养3、6和9 h, 使用PBS轻洗3次以去除悬浮细胞, 倒置显微镜40倍观察。
菌落形态  将0.5 µL菌悬液滴加至含有2~8 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7的YPD固体培养板上, 0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照, 35 ℃静置培养7天, 倒置显微镜10倍观察菌落形态。
扫描电镜  菌悬液按照每孔2 mL加入到35 mm细胞培养皿中, 随后每孔加入2 mL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为1~4 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。培养板在35 ℃下静置培养24 h。吸出培养基后, 使用PBS轻洗生物被膜3次, 加入电镜固定液固定于4 ℃过夜, 再用PBS轻洗3次, 生物被膜细胞在不同浓度乙醇(30%、50%、70%、80%、85%、90%和95%) 中脱水后, 浸入100%乙醇中10 min。经空气干燥和喷金处理后, 使用扫描电镜2 000和5 000倍下观察细胞形态。
白念珠菌黏附检测  为了检测IMB-D7是否影响白念珠菌对非生物表面的黏附力, 菌悬液按照每孔100 µL加入到96孔细胞培养板中, 随后每孔加入100 µL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为0.25~8 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。培养板在35 ℃下静置培养2 h后去掉培养基, 通过结晶紫染色检测生物被膜的生物量。每个浓度设置3个复孔, 实验重复3次。
白念珠菌对HOEC的黏附  从4 ℃保存的YPD固体培养板上挑取单菌落接种到YPD液体培养基中, 35 ℃震荡培养至对数生长期, 用YPD培养基稀释至1×105 CFU·mL-1, 加入IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为0.25~4 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照, 35 ℃下静置培养12 h。离心去掉上清, 使用RPMI1640培养基重悬白念珠菌, 调整菌浓度为1×107 CFU·mL-1, HOEC使用RPMI1640培养基调整浓度至每毫升1×105个。随后, 将0.1 mL菌悬液与0.1 mL HOEC混匀, 37 ℃共培养1 h, 150 r·min-1离心处理后, 去掉上清, PBS重悬沉淀后取样, 使用光学显微镜40倍下随机镜检100个HOEC上附着的菌的数量, 实验重复3次。相对黏附率% = (菌数IMB-D7 / 菌数DMSO) × 100%。
疏水性(cell surface hydrophobicity, CSH) 检测  采用水-烃两相法测定样本的CSH。菌悬液按照每孔2 mL加入到6孔细胞培养板中, 随后每孔加入2 mL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为1~8 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。35 ℃静置培养24 h, 使用PBS轻洗3次以去除悬浮细胞, 将生物被膜细胞用0.8 mL PBS缓冲液重悬后, 检测该悬浮液的A600值为A0。取800 µL悬浮液与200 µL甲苯混合, 涡旋振荡3 min, 然后静置10 min, 取下层水相检测A600值为A1。每个浓度设置3个复孔, 实验重复3次。疏水性公式如下: (1 - A1/A0) × 100%。
细胞壁染色  菌悬液按照每孔2 mL加入6孔细胞培养板中, 随后每孔加入2 mL RPMI1640培养基倍比稀释的IMB-D7, 使其终浓度为1~4 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。培养板在35 ℃下静置培养24 h, 使用PBS轻洗3次以去除悬浮细胞, 加入4%多聚甲醛组织固定液处理30 min后, 再用PBS洗涤3次。收集细胞后分别进行染色后涂片, 在荧光显微镜下使用100×油镜观察并拍照。500 μg·mL-1苯胺蓝室温避光染色15 min后, 使用紫外荧光观察; 100 μg·mL-1 CFW室温下避光染色3 min后, 使用紫外荧光观察; ConA-Alexa 594于37 ℃避光染色15 min后, 使用红色荧光观察。
实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)  IMB-D7加入含有4 mL菌悬液的6孔细胞培养板中, 最终浓度为4 μg·mL-1, 同时0.1% DMSO作为阴性对照。培养板在35 ℃下静置培养12 h, 使用PBS轻洗3次以去除悬浮细胞, 收集细胞后使用真菌RNA快速提取试剂盒提取白念珠菌的RNA。使用NanoDrop分光光度计测定RNA浓度。纯化的RNA随后使用RevertAid第一链cDNA合成试剂盒逆转录为cDNA, 再在实时定量热循环仪进行qRT-PCR。qRT-PCR反应体系如下: 模板2 µL, 上下游引物各0.4 µL, 2×PerfectStart® Green qPCR SuperMix 10 µL, 无酶水7.2 µL, 反应条件如下: 94 ℃预变性30 s, 94 ℃变性5 s, 50~60 ℃退火15 s, 40~45个循环, 72 ℃延伸10 s; 最后65~95 ℃熔解曲线分析判断产物的特异性。内参基因为18S rRNA, 目的基因和各基因的引物序列见表1, 采用2–∆∆Ct表示基因表达的相对变化[17, 18], 2-ΔΔCt即为待测基因在IMB-D7加药处理组菌株的表达量相较于无药对照组菌株的比值。
统计学分析  统计分析使用GraphPad Prism软件版本10.0, 数据表示为x ± s, 不同处理组间的比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
为了确定IMB-D7的抗生物被膜作用是否与其对游离细胞的抑制活性相关, 本研究检测了生物被膜生长条件下, IMB-D7对游离白念珠菌的生长抑制活性, 结果发现, 在此条件下, IMB-D7的MIC和MFC分别为4和8 μg·mL-1, 两性霉素B的MIC和MFC分别为0.5和4 μg·mL-1。此外, IMB-D7对HOEC具有较低的细胞毒性(图2), 其IC50为23.75 μg·mL-1。
IMB-D7与白念珠菌同时加入96孔板中, 分别在12、24和48 h检测生物被膜的形成, 通过结晶紫染色法和XTT测定法评价IMB-D7对不同生物被膜形成阶段的抑制活性。结果如图3A所示, 与无药对照组相比, 各个检测时间IMB-D7处理组的生物被膜形成率均呈现明显剂量依赖性的下降, 在12、24和48 h时, 8 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组的生物被膜生物量形成率分别为4.95% ± 0.31%、25.01% ± 0.76%和17.14% ± 1.27% (图3A), 而细胞活力仅为3.14% ± 1.04%、1.04% ± 0.22%和0.86% ± 0.55% (图3A)。结晶紫染色(图3B) 显示, 无药对照组呈现深蓝色, 且生物被膜密度高, 由菌丝连接形成密集的网络结构, 而经IMB-D7处理的样品在染色和网络密度均呈现显著的剂量依赖性的下降, 在8 μg·mL-1时, 仅见稀疏点状结构。综上所述, IMB-D7能够有效地抑制生物被膜的形成。
成熟的白念珠菌生物被膜对抗真菌药物表现出显著的拮抗作用, 为了进一步评价IMB-D7的生物被膜抑制活性, 将白念珠菌接种到96孔板24 h形成成熟的生物被膜, 然后加入IMB-D7处理24 h后进行生物量和细胞活力的检测。结果如图3C所示, 与无药对照组相比, IMB-D7处理组的生物被膜生物量和细胞活力呈剂量依赖性的下降。4 μg·mL-1浓度时, 生物被膜生物量形成率降至71.48% ± 6.23%, 细胞活力为62.29% ± 5.65%, 而16和32 μg·mL-1浓度时, 形成率分别为57.55% ± 3.39%和56.65% ± 5.70% (图3C), 细胞活力为54.41% ±1.69%和47.50% ± 4.11%。通过结晶紫染色在显微镜下进一步观察了IMB-D7对成熟生物被膜的影响, 如图3D所示, DMSO处理组呈现出致密高染色状态, 32 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理过的成熟的生物被膜细胞交联明显稀疏, 染色下降。
细胞黏附是生物被膜形成的第一阶段, 本研究进一步研究了IMB-D7对白念珠菌黏附能力的影响。采用96孔细胞培养板评价了IMB-D7是否影响白念珠菌对非生物表面的黏附能力。如图4A所示, 与DMSO处理的对照组相比, IMB-D7处理组附着于96孔板的生物量呈现剂量依赖性的下降。0.5 μg·mL-1浓度时, 相对黏附率为57.72% ± 2.97%, 而8 μg·mL-1浓度时相对黏附率仅为24.47% ± 3.24%。
进一步应用HOEC检测IMB-D7是否影响白念珠菌对生物表面的黏附能力。如图4B所示, 与DMSO对照菌相比, IMB-D7处理组白念珠菌黏附于HOEC的数量呈现剂量依赖性的下降。在1 μg·mL-1时相对黏附率为67.64% ± 6.75%, 在4 μg·mL-1时降至51.10% ± 4.36%。
CSH是真菌附着于表面并形成生物被膜的关键因素, 它增强了白念珠菌的附着能力和生物被膜形成能力[19, 20]。如图4C所示, 随着化合物浓度的增加, 白念珠菌生物被膜细胞的疏水性显著下调。DMSO对照组CSH值为69.66% ± 0.34%, 4和8 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组的CSH值分别降至47.63% ± 2.26%和32.9% ± 4.72%。
除了黏附外, 从酵母到菌丝相的转换也是白念珠菌生物被膜形成的关键因素[21]。IMB-D7与白念珠菌同时加入96孔板中, 培养3、6和9 h后使用光学显微镜观察细胞形态。结果如图5A所示, DMSO对照组中, 酵母细胞在3 h时形成芽管和菌丝体, 并在9 h时进一步形成被菌丝包裹的微菌落。相比之下, 1 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组3 h时只有芽管形成, 4 μg·mL-1处理组9 h时仅观察到较短的菌丝和散在的酵母细胞。值得注意的是, 8 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组中所有细胞均被抑制在酵母相。
菌落菌丝体的形成实验也进一步证实了IMB-D7对白念珠菌菌丝形成的影响。如图5B所示, DMSO对照组的琼脂平板上, 白念珠菌的菌落边缘呈现浓密的长菌丝。而在含2或4 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7的琼脂平板上, 丝状物明显稀疏和变短, 8 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7完全抑制了菌丝的形成。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 进一步评估了IMB-D7对生物被膜形态的影响。如图5C所示, DMSO对照组中, 生物被膜显示出密集的菌丝交联, 酵母样细胞交织在一起。在2 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组中, 酵母样细胞数量显著减少, 同时菌丝变得细长且表面出现明显损伤。在4 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组中, 菌丝消失, 酵母样细胞出现明显皱缩。
细胞壁对免疫识别、宿主识别及细胞形态维持至关重要, 并与细胞黏附、菌丝发育及交联过程密切相关。为进一步探究IMB-D7诱导的细胞皱缩及菌丝发育抑制是否与细胞壁损伤相关, 本研究采用细胞壁荧光染料检测了IMB-D7对生物被膜细胞壁成分的影响。白念珠菌的细胞壁主要由葡聚糖、几丁质和甘露聚糖组成[22]。苯胺蓝可检测细胞壁中β(1, 3)-葡聚糖的变化[23]。如图6A所示, 与DMSO对照组相比, 2和4 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理的生物被膜染色强度降低, 提示葡聚糖含量的下降。CFW与几丁质结合后会发出蓝色荧光[24]。如图6B所示, 与DMSO对照组相比, IMB-D7处理的生物被膜细胞的细胞壁边缘(黄色箭头) 和横隔处(白色箭头) 的荧光强度较弱, 提示几丁质含量减少。ConA是一种与甘露聚糖残基结合的蛋白质, 用于标记甘露聚糖和相关糖蛋白[25]。如图6C所示, 与DMSO对照组相比, IMB-D7处理的生物被膜的红色荧光强度呈浓度依赖性增加, 提示甘露聚糖含量的上调。综上所述, IMB-D7能够影响白念珠菌的细胞壁成分。
为了进一步探讨IMB-D7抑制生物被膜形成的机制, 本研究通过qRT-PCR检测了与黏附、菌丝转化和细胞壁相关的基因表达。这些基因编码的蛋白质及其功能描述如表2所示, 数据来源于CGD数据库(http://www.candidagenome.org/; access on September 2025)。与DMSO对照组相比, 4 μg·mL-1 IMB-D7处理组中, 与黏附和菌丝相关的多个基因表达显著下调, 包括bcr1、ndt80、tec1、brg1、rob1、efg1、als1、als3、hwp1、ras1、ece1和cyr1 (表2和图7)。其中, brg1和efg1的表达分别下调了98%和94%。此外, 与细胞壁相关的基因表达也显著下调, 如wsc1、wsc2、fks1、big1和cht2, 其中wsc1的表达下调了97%。
生物被膜的形成是白念珠菌的重要致病毒力因子和真菌天然耐药的重要原因。因此, 生物被膜的抑制活性对抗真菌药物研究至关重要。IMB-D7是基于结晶紫染色法筛选得到的白念珠菌生物被膜抑制剂, 其结构类似物已被报道具有抗真菌活性[26]。本研究探索了其对生物被膜的抑制活性及作用机制。研究结果显示, IMB-D7对生物被膜的形成具有较强的抑制作用, 并对成熟的生物被膜具有一定的清除活性, 其作用机制与黏附抑制、酵母-菌丝相转换抑制和细胞壁损伤相关。
黏附是白念珠菌生物被膜形成的初始阶段, 对生物被膜形成至关重要。IMB-D7降低了白念珠菌对非生物介质和宿主细胞HOEC的黏附能力, 与黏附能力相关的疏水性明显降低。同时, 基因表达研究发现与黏附相关的基因, 如hwp1、als1和als3的表达下调。此外, 已有研究表明, 核心转录调节因子bcr1能够正调控hwp1、als1和als3的表达[27, 28], 因此, IMB-D7的黏附抑制活性可能与bcr1调节通路相关, 这需要进一步进行证实。
酵母细胞向菌丝细胞的转化是白念珠菌侵袭性中的另一个关键致病因子[21, 29, 30]。形态学、菌落菌丝形成和扫描电镜结果均显示IMB-D7能够抑制菌丝体的形成, 菌丝相关基因(如brg1、efg1、rob1、tec1、ece1、ras1、cyr1和ndt80) 的表达下调与表型测试结果一致。其中, brg1和efg1的表达水平分别下调了98%和94%, ece1基因表达下调了80%, 表明它们及其调控通路可能在IMB-D7作用机制中发挥更为重要的作用。
真菌的细胞壁是白念珠菌的基本结构, 同时在生物被膜形成过程中促进细胞黏附和菌丝形成。细胞壁的主要成分为几丁质、葡聚糖和甘露聚糖。在本研究中, IMB-D7处理的生物被膜细胞出现皱缩现象, 表明细胞壁可能受到损伤。进一步对细胞壁成分的研究发现, 几丁质和葡聚糖的含量显著下降, 甘露聚糖含量上升, 与几丁质(cht2) 和葡聚糖(fks1和big1) 合成相关的基因表达显著降低。此外, 与细胞壁相关的多个重要基因(如wsc1和wsc2) 的表达也显著下调, 其中wsc1基因下调了97%。这些结果表明, 细胞壁损伤在IMB-D7的生物被膜抑制活性中可能发挥了重要作用。然而, 这些发现仅限于RNA水平, 需要进一步研究以确认与该结果相关的特定蛋白质的表达水平, 并确定发挥关键作用的目标蛋白质。
为了确定IMB-D7的抗生物被膜作用是否与其对游离细胞的抑制活性相关, 本研究也考察了生物被膜生长条件下IMB-D7对浮游状态的白念珠菌的生长抑制活性, 结果发现其MIC为4 μg·mL-1。在低于该浓度时, 白念珠菌的生长与无药对照无明显差异。生物被膜研究发现, 虽然8 μg·mL-1浓度下才能完全抑制生物被膜的形成, 但在低于4 μg·mL-1浓度时, IMB-D7也能够抑制生物被膜的形成, 同时对成熟的生物被膜有一定的清除作用, 这说明IMB-D7对生物被膜的抑制活性与其抗真菌活性相关, 同时具有一定的特异性。
临床抗侵袭性真菌感染药物主要有3种结构类型, 其中唑类药物耐药性严重, 多烯类(两性霉素B) 毒性大, 棘白菌素类药物半衰期短、口服生物利用率低, 使得这些药物的临床应用受到限制。然而, 抗真菌新药研发进展缓慢, 近20年没有新结构类型抗真菌药物上市。当前, 真菌耐药现象却日益增多, 耐药程度越来越高, 耐药性成为困扰临床真菌病治疗的严重问题。因此, 新型抗真菌药物的研发尤其是能够具有生物被膜抑制活性的抗真菌药物的研发具有重要的意义。IMB-D7具有良好的抗真菌活性, 并且能够抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成, 具有一定的清除成熟生物被膜的能力, 为新型抗真菌先导物的发现提供了有益的参考。但是其活性尚需在动物体内进一步验证, 作用机制也需要进一步的阐明。

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2026年第61卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012
  • 接收时间:2025-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-09-27
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    1山东中医药高等专科学校医学系, 山东 烟台 264199
    2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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