Article(id=1308817752312349616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0760, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=1760112000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976068808, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976068808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976068808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976068808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=494, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817753939739570, articleId=1308817752312349616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=In vitro selection of modified ribozymes with metal-independent RNA-cleaving activity, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ribozymes and DNAzymes are limited in their applications as nucleic acid therapeutics due to their strong dependence on metal ions. Therefore, the development of novel metal-independent ribozymes has become a key research focus. This study evaluated the fidelity of wild-type Tgo DNA polymerase in simultaneously incorporating sugar backbone-modified 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleic acid (FANA) along with base-modified DNA, constructed a modified nucleotide library containing four modified nucleotides, and employed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology to select ribozymes with RNA cleavage activity. Unlike conventional methods for selecting modified functional nucleic acids, the modified library here was directly used as templates for PCR amplification, eliminating the reverse transcription step which copies the modified phenotypic functional sequence into unmodified cDNA, and dramatically simplified the screening process. This study employed an RNA substrate region composed of 15 consecutive ribonucleosides for selection. Through sequence homology analysis and secondary structure prediction, we verified the cleavage activity of the top twenty abundant sequences obtained from sequencing the most active round 4 library. A sequence denoted R4-11 with considerably high RNA cleavage activity was successfully identified, and it preferentially cleaves the phosphodiester linkage between the rC-rA dinucleotide. This study provides a method for selecting ribozymes composed of diverse modified nucleotides and offers novel tools for disease-targeted therapy through mRNA silencing.

, authors=Xin LIU1, 2, Ruo-yi XU1, 2, You-min YING1, *, Ya-jun WANG2, *, authorsList=Xin LIU, Ruo-yi XU, You-min YING, Ya-jun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=You-min YING, Ya-jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817755726513089, articleId=1308817752312349616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=具有RNA切割活性且不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶筛选, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核酶和脱氧核酶因其催化活性高度依赖金属离子, 限制了其在核酸药物领域的应用, 因此开发不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶成为研究热点。本研究测试了野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶同时识别两种糖环修饰的2'-氟代阿拉伯糖核苷酸和两种碱基修饰的脱氧核糖核苷酸的活性和忠实性, 构建了含有这4种修饰核苷酸的修饰文库, 利用指数富集配体的系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX) 技术筛选出具有RNA切割活性的修饰核酶。与传统方法不同, 本研究以修饰文库为模板直接进行PCR扩增, 减少逆转录反应步骤, 简化了筛选流程。本研究以全RNA底物为靶标进行筛选, 通过对测序结果的同源性分析和二级结构预测, 验证了富集序列中拷贝数前20序列的切割活性。结果表明, 修饰核酶R4-11具有RNA切割活性, 并鉴定了其选择性切割位于rC-rA之间的磷酸二酯键。本研究为修饰核酶的筛选提供了模式和平台, 并为沉默疾病相关mRNA的靶向治疗提供了新型工具。

, authors=刘鑫1, 2, 徐若毅1, 2, 应优敏1, *, 王雅俊2, *, authorsList=刘鑫, 徐若毅, 应优敏, 王雅俊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=应优敏, 王雅俊, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘鑫负责完成实验、数据整理和论文撰写与修改; 徐若毅提供修饰核苷酸底物; 应优敏指导论文修改; 王雅俊指导实验设计及论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
应优敏, E-mail:
王雅俊, E-mail:
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FamilyNumberSequences (5'-3')
1R4-1GTGATGATCTAAGTCCAGAGGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-5GTGATGATCTAAGGCCAGACGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-7GTGATGATCTAAGGACAGACGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-14GTGATGATCTAAGTCCAGAGGGAGCATGGTTAGA
2R4-2GTCATAAGTCGACAGTCCAGTCGTTGGGGTGTGC
R4-13GTCATAAATCGACAGTCCAGTCGTTGGGGTGTGC
3R4-3ATCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-4TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-8GTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-9TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-10GTGATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-12CTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-15ATCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-16TTCATGAGCATACCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-19TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCATGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-20ATCACGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
4R4-6GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGACGTAGGACGGGTATA
R4-11ATCATGAAGTGGGATTGCGAGATAGGAGGTTGGA
R4-17GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGATGTAGGACGGGTAGA
R4-18GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGATGTAGGACGGGTATA
), ArticleFig(id=1308817961289351610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817752312349616, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Next-generation sequencing of four ribozyme families. Note: The underlined sequences are RNA binding arm sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FamilyNumberSequences (5'-3')
1R4-1GTGATGATCTAAGTCCAGAGGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-5GTGATGATCTAAGGCCAGACGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-7GTGATGATCTAAGGACAGACGGAGCATGGTTAGA
R4-14GTGATGATCTAAGTCCAGAGGGAGCATGGTTAGA
2R4-2GTCATAAGTCGACAGTCCAGTCGTTGGGGTGTGC
R4-13GTCATAAATCGACAGTCCAGTCGTTGGGGTGTGC
3R4-3ATCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-4TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-8GTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-9TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-10GTGATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-12CTCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
R4-15ATCATGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-16TTCATGAGCATACCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-19TTCATGAGCATATCGTCCATGGATCTTGGTTAAC
R4-20ATCACGAGCATATCGTCCGTGGATCTTGGTTAAG
4R4-6GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGACGTAGGACGGGTATA
R4-11ATCATGAAGTGGGATTGCGAGATAGGAGGTTGGA
R4-17GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGATGTAGGACGGGTAGA
R4-18GTGATGAAAGGCGTTAAGATGTAGGACGGGTATA
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具有RNA切割活性且不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶筛选
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刘鑫 1, 2 , 徐若毅 1, 2 , 应优敏 1, * , 王雅俊 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 494-503
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 494 -503
具有RNA切割活性且不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶筛选
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刘鑫1, 2, 徐若毅1, 2, 应优敏1, * , 王雅俊2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
  • 2中国科学院杭州医学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310000
通讯作者:
应优敏, E-mail:
王雅俊, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘鑫负责完成实验、数据整理和论文撰写与修改; 徐若毅提供修饰核苷酸底物; 应优敏指导论文修改; 王雅俊指导实验设计及论文修改。

In vitro selection of modified ribozymes with metal-independent RNA-cleaving activity
Xin LIU1, 2, Ruo-yi XU1, 2, You-min YING1, * , Ya-jun WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 2Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0760
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核酶和脱氧核酶因其催化活性高度依赖金属离子, 限制了其在核酸药物领域的应用, 因此开发不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶成为研究热点。本研究测试了野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶同时识别两种糖环修饰的2'-氟代阿拉伯糖核苷酸和两种碱基修饰的脱氧核糖核苷酸的活性和忠实性, 构建了含有这4种修饰核苷酸的修饰文库, 利用指数富集配体的系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX) 技术筛选出具有RNA切割活性的修饰核酶。与传统方法不同, 本研究以修饰文库为模板直接进行PCR扩增, 减少逆转录反应步骤, 简化了筛选流程。本研究以全RNA底物为靶标进行筛选, 通过对测序结果的同源性分析和二级结构预测, 验证了富集序列中拷贝数前20序列的切割活性。结果表明, 修饰核酶R4-11具有RNA切割活性, 并鉴定了其选择性切割位于rC-rA之间的磷酸二酯键。本研究为修饰核酶的筛选提供了模式和平台, 并为沉默疾病相关mRNA的靶向治疗提供了新型工具。

核酸药物  /  体外筛选  /  修饰核苷酸  /  修饰核酶  /  RNA切割

Ribozymes and DNAzymes are limited in their applications as nucleic acid therapeutics due to their strong dependence on metal ions. Therefore, the development of novel metal-independent ribozymes has become a key research focus. This study evaluated the fidelity of wild-type Tgo DNA polymerase in simultaneously incorporating sugar backbone-modified 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleic acid (FANA) along with base-modified DNA, constructed a modified nucleotide library containing four modified nucleotides, and employed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology to select ribozymes with RNA cleavage activity. Unlike conventional methods for selecting modified functional nucleic acids, the modified library here was directly used as templates for PCR amplification, eliminating the reverse transcription step which copies the modified phenotypic functional sequence into unmodified cDNA, and dramatically simplified the screening process. This study employed an RNA substrate region composed of 15 consecutive ribonucleosides for selection. Through sequence homology analysis and secondary structure prediction, we verified the cleavage activity of the top twenty abundant sequences obtained from sequencing the most active round 4 library. A sequence denoted R4-11 with considerably high RNA cleavage activity was successfully identified, and it preferentially cleaves the phosphodiester linkage between the rC-rA dinucleotide. This study provides a method for selecting ribozymes composed of diverse modified nucleotides and offers novel tools for disease-targeted therapy through mRNA silencing.

nucleic acid drug  /  in vitro selection  /  modified nucleotide  /  modified ribozyme  /  RNA cleavage
刘鑫, 徐若毅, 应优敏, 王雅俊. 具有RNA切割活性且不依赖金属离子的修饰核酶筛选. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0760
Xin LIU, Ruo-yi XU, You-min YING, Ya-jun WANG. In vitro selection of modified ribozymes with metal-independent RNA-cleaving activity[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0760
具有RNA催化切割活性的核酸分子, 主要包括RNA组成的核酶和DNA组成的脱氧核酶, 因其能够特异性切割疾病相关基因的mRNA而备受关注, 有望成为与反义寡核苷酸和小干扰RNA相似的基因沉默药物[1-8]。具有RNA切割活性的核酸分子可以利用指数富集配体的系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX) 技术筛选得到[9-11], 其切割RNA机制通常为RNA分子中2'-羟基亲核进攻相邻的磷酸二酯键, 最终形成2', 3'-环磷酸和5'-羟基末端产物[12]。脱氧核酶8-17和10-23的应用最为广泛, 其结构包括通过沃森-克里克配对方式识别RNA底物的底物结合臂和发挥切割功能的催化核心区域[13, 14]。通过设计底物结合臂序列, 可以使此类分子, 尤其是脱氧核酶10-23高度亲和地靶向几乎任何RNA底物, 实现疾病相关基因mRNA降解, 用于疾病治疗[15-18]。
但天然核酶和脱氧核酶在生物治疗领域的应用面临挑战: 首先, 核酸分子在体内稳定性不足, 易被核酸酶降解; 其次, 核酸分子催化速率较慢, 最佳催化速率常数kcat值为1~10 min-1, 远低于蛋白酶的10~1 000 s-1[19]。为突破这些限制, 研究者开发了多种包括糖环修饰、碱基修饰以及骨架修饰的DNA和RNA的类似物, 统称为修饰核酸[20]。修饰核酸显著扩展了核酸的化学多样性, 并且表现出更高的化学和生物稳定性, 能够有效抵抗核酸酶的降解, 并在体内外展现出更优异的功能特性[21, 22]。在众多修饰核酸分子中, 一类人工合成糖环的、骨架不同于RNA的核糖或DNA的脱氧核糖的核酸分子被定义为异源核酸(xeno nucleic acids, XNA)[23, 24], 其中糖环结构为2'-氟代阿拉伯糖的XNA被称为2'-脱氧-2'-氟代阿拉伯糖核酸(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleic acid, FANA)。FANA结构中的氟代修饰可增强核酸的抗核酸酶降解能力, 显著延长其体内半衰期[25], 并提高其与RNA形成双链结构的热稳定性[26]。碱基的化学修饰一般在嘧啶的C5位置和嘌呤的C8位置进行, 这些位置的化学修饰从大沟中突出, 不影响修饰核酸的碱基互补配对能力, 同时降低化学基团空间位阻对核酸结构的影响[27]。Santoro等[28]将咪唑基团修饰在胞嘧啶的C5位, 引入SELEX筛选后得到对Zn2+强结合能力的脱氧核酶, 几乎可以切割任何含有AUG序列的RNA。Perrin课题组[29-31]将咪唑修饰的腺嘌呤、丙烯基氨基修饰的尿嘧啶或胞嘧啶及胍基修饰的尿嘧啶引入筛选, 得到多个不依赖二价金属离子的修饰脱氧核酶。本研究目的在于同时利用糖环和碱基修饰的优势, 开发不依赖二价金属离子的修饰核酶。
酶促合成修饰核酸的关键在于DNA聚合酶的底物兼容性和忠实性, 即DNA聚合酶识别并聚合正确修饰核苷酸的能力。修饰核苷酸的修饰基团可能带来空间位阻、静电排斥或氢键干扰等问题, 从而降低天然DNA聚合酶在延伸过程中的聚合效率和忠实性。因此, 系统评估DNA聚合酶对修饰核苷酸的聚合效率和忠实性尤其重要。本研究首先评估了野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶同时对2'-氟代阿拉伯糖腺嘌呤三磷酸(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinoadenosine 5'-triphosphate, fATP) 和2'-氟代阿拉伯糖鸟嘌呤三磷酸(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinoguanosine 5'-triphosphate, fGTP), 以及5-(3-氨基烯丙基)-脱氧胞嘧啶三磷酸[5-(3-aminoallyl)-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, dCaaTP] 和5-咪唑脱氧尿嘧啶三磷酸([2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethyl]amide-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate, dUimTP) (图1A) 的延伸效率。以已知序列的DNA单链为模板, 通过引物延伸反应获得修饰双链, 利用尿素变性的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(urea-PAGE) 分离并回收修饰链。以修饰链为模板直接通过聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 对其进行扩增, 并对扩增产物通过高通量测序(next-generation sequencing, NGS) 进行序列分析(图1B)。
在建立了修饰文库合成及PCR扩增条件的基础上, 本研究对含有4种修饰核苷酸的修饰文库进行了序列特异性RNA切割活性筛选。首先, 本研究设计了如图2A所示的5'生物素修饰, 且含有RNA底物区、修饰文库区及扩增引物区的嵌合型序列, 并通过分子内序列间的相互作用将RNA底物置于修饰文库区的空间对位。在筛选过程中, 将附着于链霉亲和素(streptavidin, SA) 磁珠表面的文库分子在模拟生理条件的低金属离子中性筛选缓冲液(pH 7.5, 0.5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl) 中进行孵育, 活性序列通过分子内催化切割反应而从磁珠表面脱落进入缓冲液相。通过磁化筛选反应体系分离回收筛选缓冲液中的活性序列, 并对其直接进行PCR扩增, 实现活性序列富集(图2B)。双链扩增产物中的模板链经urea-PAGE分离纯化后, 用于指导新一轮修饰文库的合成。通过对富集的活性文库进行高通量测序, 并对拷贝数前20序列进行RNA切割的活性鉴定, 最终发现第4轮筛选文库中丰度第11位的序列(命名为R4-11) 具有位点特异性的切割全RNA底物的活性, 其选择性切割位点为位于rC-rA之间的磷酸二酯键。同时, 本研究测试了R4-11的二价金属离子依赖性和pH依赖性, 为其催化机制解析及后续在生理环境中的应用提供了重要依据。总之, 本研究为修饰核苷酸在RNA切割活性核酶的筛选中提供了新方法, 并为疾病相关mRNA的靶向沉默提供了新型工具。
仪器  凝胶成像分析系统(Tanon 5200 Multi, 中国上海天能公司); 激光扫描成像仪(Amersham TyphoonTM, 日本Cytivia公司); PCR仪(T100TM)、DNA电泳仪(Mini-Sub cell GT) (美国Bio-Rad公司); 磁力架(DynaMagTM-PCR, 美国Thermo Fisher公司)。
试剂  SA磁珠(SM017010, 常州天地人和生物科技有限公司); Thermopol缓冲液[B9004S, 纽英伦生物技术(北京) 有限公司]; fATP (105-01)、fGTP (105-03) (Metkinen Chemistry公司); dCaaTP (N-2048, 美国TriLink公司); (CH3)2AsO2Na、MgCl2、NaCl、EDTA (生工生物工程有限公司); dUimTP为本实验室制备; 野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶为本实验室按照已报道方法表达纯化[32]。
野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶忠实性测试  将300 pmol DNA模板, 200 pmol延伸引物和Thermopol缓冲液混匀后95 ℃变性8 min, 缓慢降至室温。随后加入10 nmol (终浓度0.1 mmol·L-1) 修饰核苷酸混合溶液及320 pmol (终浓度3.2 μmol·L-1) 野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶, 加入DEPC处理水补至100 μL, 70 ℃反应3 h。反应液经酚氯仿抽提和乙醇沉淀后, 12% urea-PAGE纯化。纯化后的产物进行PCR扩增, 琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收DNA片段。取1 ng DNA片段交由杭州瑞普基因科技有限公司进行测序。DNA模板具体序列: 5'-GGATCGTCAGTGCATTGAGAATCTAACTGCTGCGCCGCCGGGAAAATACTGTACGGTTAGACTGTTGGCGTAGGCCGACGC-3', 忠实性测试的延伸引物: 5'-FAM-CTTTTAAGAACCGGACGAACGCGTCGGCCTACGCCAACAG-3', PCR上游引物P1: 5'-GGATCGTCAGTGCATTGAGA-3', 下游引物P2: 5'-CTTTTAAGAACCGGACGAAC-3', DNA模板、引物均由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成。
随机ssDNA文库构建  ssDNA文库两端分别为20个核苷酸组成的固定序列, 7个核苷酸组成的底物识别臂, 中间为20个核苷酸组成的随机序列, 具体序列: 5'-GGATCGTCAGTGCATTGAGACCTAACC-N20-TCATGACCTGTTGGCGTAGGCCGACGC-3', 修饰文库的延伸引物: 5'-biotin-AACAACAACAACAACAA-CrCrCrUrArArCrCrGrUrCrArUrGrArC-Spacer 9-FAM dT-GCGTCGGCCTACGCCAACAG-3', RNA封阻序列: 5'-GTCATGACGGTTAGG-3', 第一次PCR上游引物P3: 5'-GGATCGTCAGTGCATTGAGA-3', 下游引物P4: 5'-GCGTCGGCCTACGCCAACAG-3', 第二次PCR中含聚乙二醇的下游引物P5: 5'-PEG-AACAACAACAACAAC-spacer 9-GCGTCGGCCTACGCCAACAG-3', DNA模板、引物均由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成。
修饰文库制备的条件优化  测试不同修饰核苷酸的混合溶液分别为dNTPs、fAdGdCdT、dAfGdCdT、dAdGdCaadT、dAdGdCdUim和fAfGdCaadUim。取10 pmol DNA文库, 15 pmol延伸引物, 20 pmol RNA封阻和Thermopol缓冲液混合均匀后95 ℃变性8 min, 室温放置20 min, 依次加入10 U (终浓度1 U·μL-1) RNase抑制剂、32 pmol (终浓度3.2 μmol·L-1) 野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶和1 nmol (终浓度0.1 mmol·L-1) 的不同修饰核苷酸混合溶液, 70 ℃反应3 h。取1 μL样品加入19 μL甲酰胺中(含25 mmol·L-1 EDTA), 95 ℃变性10 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。样品进行15% urea-PAGE, 通过成像仪检测荧光条带。
修饰文库直接PCR条件优化  取1 pmol修饰文库进行PCR扩增(98 ℃, 30 s; 不同退火温度, 30 s; 72 ℃, 45 s), 进行25轮循环。2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析, ImageJ软件分析各条带灰度值。
SELEX筛选
分离单链修饰文库  将200 μL SA磁珠用洗涤液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 1 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 洗涤3次后, 与修饰文库室温孵育20 min。使用磁力架移除上清液, 将磁珠用洗涤液洗涤3次。用碱洗液(0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH) 快速洗涤磁珠5次, 加入两倍体积的中和液(500 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 6.0, 1 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 洗涤磁珠两次, 最后用DEPC处理水洗涤磁珠两次。
非天然核酶的筛选  将含有修饰文库的磁珠重悬于30 μL的筛选溶液0.5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 50 mmol·L-1 (CH3)2AsO2Na中, 室温进行自切割反应。在不同的时间点, 使用磁力架磁化筛选反应, 收集含有切割活性序列的上清液。
以修饰文库为模板直接进行PCR扩增取含有活性序列的上清液和上下游引物P3、P4, 按上述优化的直接PCR反应条件进行第一次PCR扩增和胶回收。回收产物和上下游引物P3、P5进行第二次PCR扩增(95 ℃, 30 s; 55 ℃, 15 s; 72 ℃, 15 s), 产物经酚氯仿抽提和乙醇沉淀后进行15% urea-PAGE分离, 通过紫外阴影切割短链条带, 随后进行胶回收。回收的单链DNA定量后作为模板, 用于指导修饰文库的合成, 并重复上述筛选步骤。随着筛选的进行逐渐减少孵育时间以富集具有快速切割活性的序列。荧光成像检测RNA切割活性, 当荧光信号不再上升时, 停止筛选。
测序与二级结构分析  将第4轮、第8轮和第12轮筛选文库进行高通量测序, 建库的上下游引物分别为P3和P4, PCR扩增后胶回收, 取1 ng DNA片段交由杭州瑞普基因科技有限公司进行下一代测序。使用SnapGene软件和The UNAFold Web Server对拷贝数前20序列进行同源性分析和二级结构预测。
RNA切割活性验证  取30 pmol生物素标记且含有活性序列的互补DNA模板链, 加入30 pmol引物P4进行延伸。反应结束后与SA磁珠孵育20 min, 加入碱洗液孵育3 min, 使用磁力架回收上清液, 重复两次。加入1 mol·L-1浓盐酸调节pH至中性, 使用超滤管脱盐得到活性序列。取20 pmol活性序列和4 pmol RNA底物, 加入到50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) 中, 充分混合。混合物95 ℃变性5 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。加入150 mmol·L-1 NaCl和0.5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 涡旋混匀并短暂离心。24 ℃进行切割反应, 在每个切割时间点, 取1 μL样品加入19 μL甲酰胺(含25 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 中, 95 ℃变性10 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。将RNA底物用碱水解处理作为对照。样品进行20% urea-PAGE, 通过成像仪检测荧光条带。RNA底物序列为: 5'-FAM-CCUAACCGUCAUGAC-3'。
二价金属离子依赖性分析  所测试不同二价金属离子溶液包括: Mg2+、Mn2+、Zn2+、Ca2+和Ba2+。取20 pmol R4-11和4 pmol RNA底物, 加入50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) 中, 充分混合。混合物95 ℃变性5 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。加入150 mmol·L-1 NaCl和0.5 mmol·L-1不同二价金属离子溶液, 涡旋混匀并短暂离心。37 ℃反应48 h后, 取1 μL样品加入19 μL甲酰胺(含25 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 中, 95 ℃变性10 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。样品进行20% urea-PAGE, 通过成像仪检测荧光条带。
pH依赖性分析  所测试pH分别为6、6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5、9、9.5和10。不同pH区间配制反应缓冲液时, 所用缓冲体系不同: pH = 6~7时为50 mmol·L-1 (CH3)2AsO2Na, pH = 7.5~8.5时为50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH = 9~10时为50 mmol·L-1 Ches。取20 pmol R4-11和4 pmol RNA底物, 分别加入50 mmol·L-1不同pH的缓冲溶液中, 充分混合。混合物95 ℃变性5 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。加入150 mmol·L-1 NaCl和0.5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 涡旋混匀并短暂离心。37 ℃反应48 h后, 取1 μL样品加入19 μL甲酰胺(含25 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 中, 95 ℃变性10 min, 4 ℃孵育5 min。样品进行20% urea-PAGE, 通过成像仪检测荧光条带。
野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶以fATP、fGTP、dCaaTP和dUimTP 4种修饰核苷酸为底物, 进行引物延伸反应, 产物经PCR扩增后进行下一代测序。根据下一代测序结果统计错配碱基频率, 计算出该聚合酶对4种修饰核苷酸进行复制的保真性。结果显示(图3): 测序共测得7 850 643个碱基, 其中错配碱基为185 276个, 计算出野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶的忠实性为97.64%。C碱基的错配率最高, 且错配为T碱基的概率远高于其他碱基, 说明以DNA-G碱基为模板, Tgo酶对含有侧链修饰的C碱基识别能力有所降低, 而对能够与模板G形成G-T wobble配对的修饰T碱基的识别能力相对较高。同时, Tgo对体系内其他3个修饰碱基保持较高的复制保真性, 说明Tgo酶在文库合成过程中能够以足够的保真性将DNA转译为正确的修饰核苷酸以支持对修饰文库进行体外功能性进化。
本研究使用多组修饰底物进行引物延伸反应, 以dNTPs为底物延伸的全长产物作为对照。如图4A所示, 以dNTPs、fAdGdCdT、dAfGdCdT、dAdGdCaadT、dAdGdCdUim和fAfGdCaadUim为底物均延伸出全长条带, 但dCaa组全长产物产量较少, 且条带上方出现过度延伸产物。尽管野生型Tgo酶对于dCaa的识别效率不高, 但在4种修饰核苷酸存在的情况下仍能得到单一的全长条带, 说明野生型Tgo酶在该条件下能够较好地制备修饰文库。
以修饰文库为模板直接进行PCR扩增生成双链DNA, 能够省去将修饰的活性表型逆转录cDNA的步骤, 可以有效简化操作流程。本研究对这种直接对修饰文库进行PCR扩增的策略进行了条件优化。在55~65 ℃温度内设置8组退火温度, 扩增25次循环。如图4B所示, 较高退火温度不能够得到全长条带, 可能原因是较高的退火温度使PCR引物无法与修饰链较好地结合, 从而导致明显的非特异扩增。在55 ℃条件下观察到最清晰的全长条带, 因此, 选择最佳退火温度为55 ℃。
为了获得在生理条件下具有较高RNA切割活性的修饰核酶, 本研究以全RNA底物进行了12轮筛选。孵育时间从第1轮的12 h降至第12轮的1 h。通过逐步缩短孵育时间, 增加筛选压力, 从而不断富集具有较高RNA切割速率的活性序列。
对第4轮、第8轮和第12轮的富集序列进行高通量测序, 第4轮拷贝数前20的序列在第8轮丰度下降, 在第12轮丰度略有回升。对第4轮拷贝数前20的序列进行同源性分析, 将其分为4个家族(表1)。由于底物结合臂出现了部分碱基突变的情况, 分析时除去底物结合臂的区域, 只保留20个核苷酸的随机文库区域。其中, 家族1中R4-1和R4-14随机区域序列相同, 家族4中R4-17和R4-18随机区域序列相同, 家族3中R4-3、R4-4、R4-8、R4-9、R4-10、R4-12、R4-15、R4-20随机区域序列相同, 属高丰度序列。根据The UNAFold Web Server在线工具最小自由能计算, 将底物结合臂的突变替换为正确序列, 预测拷贝数前20序列的理论二级结构, 每条序列均可形成切割构象。
本研究以反式切割模型对测序结果中丰度前20的序列进行了催化切割活性验证。其中, R4-11具有位点特异性的RNA切割活性。如图5A所示, 未添加R4-11的RNA底物未观察到降解现象, 表明体系中不存在核酸酶引起的非特异性底物切割。R4-11在1 h出现微弱的切割条带, 且切割产物随时间增加。通过与碱水解RNA底物作为对照, R4-11的切割位点被鉴定为rC-rA二核苷间的磷酸二酯键(图5B)。
核酶及脱氧核酶通常依赖二价金属离子作为辅因子催化RNA切割反应。本研究测试了在添加0.5 mmol·L-1不同的二价金属离子的条件下, R4-11对全RNA底物的切割活性(图6A)。如图6B所示, 与未加入二价金属离子的对照组相比, 额外添加二价金属离子对R4-11的切割活性没有影响, 切割产率没有统计学差异, 因此R4-11没有二价金属离子依赖性。
核酸分子的催化活性通常对pH有很高的依赖性。本研究评估R4-11在pH 6~10的切割活性(图7A)。如图7B所示, R4-11的切割产率随pH变化的曲线呈钟形, 在pH 7~8内表现出最佳催化活性, 而在更酸性(pH ≤ 7.0) 或更碱性(pH ≥ 8.0) 条件下活性明显降低。与二价金属离子不影响催化活性的结论一致, 这一催化活性与pH的相关性曲线符合R4-11通过外源性咪唑基团发挥广义酸碱的催化作用的假设和设计。
具有RNA切割活性的核酶及脱氧核酶因其能够特异性切割疾病相关基因的mRNA而备受关注, 具有成为下一代核酸药物的潜力[33]。但核酶类分子存在易被核酸酶降解、生物稳定性差、作用时间短及催化效率低等问题。核酸化学修饰的出现, 为核酶类分子成药带来了一线曙光。经化学修饰后的核酸分子, 可摆脱对二价金属辅因子的依赖性从而具有与生理条件更加兼容的催化活性。同时, 碱基上的化学修饰丰富了核酸分子的官能团多样性, 更多基团的引入给核酸带来了独特的性质。本研究同时使用两种碱基修饰有外源性官能团的DNA核苷酸和两种糖环修饰的异源核酸FANA核苷酸, 旨在通过筛选获得不依赖二价金属离子的修饰核酶, 为疾病相关mRNA的序列特异性切割提供新的工具。
目前, 含有修饰核苷酸的RNA切割活性核酸分子的SELEX筛选存在一定的局限, 其原因在于需要合适的聚合酶以随机DNA文库为模板催化合成含有修饰核苷酸的非天然核酸文库。Holliger课题组[34]发现来源于Thermococcus gorgonarius的Tgo DNA聚合酶对非天然核苷酸底物具有良好的容忍性, 能够识别多种含有修饰基团的三磷酸底物。虽然已有文献[35]报道Tgo DNA聚合酶识别不同种类修饰核苷酸(如碱基修饰、糖环修饰) 的忠实性, 但尚未有针对两种不同类修饰联合应用的保真度文献报道。本研究首先评估了野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶对组合糖环和碱基的fATP、fGTP、dCaaTP和dUimTP 4种修饰核苷酸的复制保真度, 通过下一代测序统计野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶的错配率, 计算出其忠实性为97.64%, 证实其能以较高准确率将随机DNA文库转译为修饰文库。
以具有催化活性的修饰文库为模板直接进行PCR反应能够省略逆转录反应步骤, 节省筛选流程, 缩短筛选时间。本研究通过PCR条件优化, 实现了以修饰文库作为PCR反应模板, 以dNTP为底物, 55 ℃为最佳退火温度的PCR扩增反应。
为筛选到具有较高RNA切割活性、同时不依赖二价金属离子的修饰核酶, 在最初几轮筛选中保持相对长的反应时间, 以保留尽可能多的具有RNA切割活性的序列。随后在较多的活性序列已经得到富集的基础上, 逐渐缩短孵育时间, 期望进一步富集到切割速率得到改善的序列。
但遗憾的是, 第4轮、第8轮和第12轮的高通量测序数据显示第4轮拷贝数前20的序列并没有随着筛选轮次的增加而得到富集。这可能由于直接以修饰文库为底物进行PCR扩增会丢失文库中部分序列, 而那些具有切割活性且二级结构复杂的序列因扩增效率低下被淘汰。而一些简单、没有复杂二级结构的序列容易在这个过程中扩增, 并在文库中占据主要部分, 造成第4轮活性序列在之后轮次中拷贝数下降。因此, 为保证更多活性序列被测出, 本研究选择对第4轮富集序列进行分析。
本研究评估了R4-11的二价金属离子依赖性和pH依赖性, 发现R4-11的催化活性几乎不依赖任何二价金属离子。R4-11的催化活性与缓冲液pH高度相关, 切割活性随pH的变化呈钟形, 并在pH 7.5左右呈现最佳活性。R4-11独立于二价金属离子的催化活性及催化峰值位于pH 7.5的钟型pH依赖曲线, 表明修饰于DNA碱基上的咪唑等外源性官能团可能是R4-11通过广义酸碱催化机制实现RNA切割的重要基团。
总之, 本研究成功建立了联用两类4种修饰核苷酸的SELEX筛选技术平台, 获得了具有RNA切割活性的非天然核酶R4-11, 并鉴定其切割位点为位于rC-rA之间的磷酸二酯键。未来, 为了更好地发挥R4-11的序列特异性mRNA切割潜力, 还需对R4-11的催化活性进一步进化, 以提高其RNA切割效率。本研究测试了野生型Tgo DNA聚合酶对不同修饰核苷酸的识别能力, 为更多含有修饰核苷酸的功能性核酸筛选提供了分子工具。

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2026年第61卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0760
  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
  • 修回日期:2025-10-11
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    1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
    2中国科学院杭州医学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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