Article(id=1308817751905493093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758643200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-24, revisedDate=1763654400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976068712, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976068712, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976068712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976068712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=560, endPage=568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817752102625382, articleId=1308817751905493093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for absolute quantification of deer antler peptides and adulteration detection of ingredients of reindeer, cattle, sheep, and pig, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deer antler, a valued traditional Chinese medicine, faces persistent challenges in quality control due to the complex species origins, prevalent adulteration practices, and the absence of specific quantitative standards. To address this challenge, a proteomics strategy was employed to screen signature peptides from deer antlers and reindeer antlers in our pevious study. Combining the reported antler peptides from Cervidae, a comprehensive specificity revalidation was conducted. Finally, six deer antler signature peptides were identified as quality control (QC) markers for quantitative analysis, while reindeer, cow, sheep, and pig-specific peptides were determined as markers for adulteration inspection. Based on these QC markers, an ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic digestion method that completed sample preparation within 6 hours was developed in this study, significantly enhancing analytical efficiency. A UHPLC-MS/MS was utilized for establishment of absolute quantification and adulteration inspection method for deer antlers. The results indictated the validated methods showed high sensitivity and specificity, meeting all requirements for methodological requirements. The proposed method was subsequently applied to 56 commercially available samples (including 28 batches of deer antler slices and 28 batches of deer antler powder). The results revealed that 17.9% for slices and 10.7% for powder were deemed authentic and unadulterated. The total detection rate for the ingredients of reindeer was 73.2% and some samples were found to contain cattle-derived ingredient, indicating the rampant chaos in the deer antler market. This study provided a comprehensive and reliable technical approach to address the aforementioned challenges and achieve quality control for deer antler and its related preparations. The summarized strategy for screening species-spcific peptides and developing quality control methods would provide significant references on the study of quality standards for animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines.

, authors=Xian-xian LI1, 2, Jing-xian ZHANG1, Jian SUN1, Ying-ying RAN1, Hong YU1, Fan HUANG1, Qing HU1, 2, Shen JI1, 2, Zong-hua SONG3, *, Heng ZHOU1, *, authorsList=Xian-xian LI, Jing-xian ZHANG, Jian SUN, Ying-ying RAN, Hong YU, Fan HUANG, Qing HU, Shen JI, Zong-hua SONG, Heng ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zong-hua SONG, Heng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817754812145778, articleId=1308817751905493093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于UHPLC-MS/MS法的鹿角特征多肽绝对定量及鹿角中驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源掺伪检查方法建立, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鹿角作为传统名贵中药, 其质量控制一直面临物种基原复杂、掺伪现象频发以及现有标准缺乏专属性与定量指标等问题。为解决这一难题, 课题组前期采用蛋白质组学技术从鹿角及近缘品种驯鹿角中筛选出特征多肽, 并整合已报道的鹿科动物角类相关多肽, 全面开展专属性再验证, 确定了6个鹿角特征多肽作为定量测定的质控指标, 分别确定了驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源专属多肽作为掺伪检查的质控指标。本研究在此基础上, 开发了超声辅助酶解法, 6 h完成供试品前处理, 大大提升了分析效率, 采用UHPLC-MS/MS建立了基于特征多肽的鹿角绝对定量和掺伪检查方法, 经验证, 所建方法灵敏度高、专属性强, 结果均符合方法学要求。应用所建方法对56批市售样品(包括鹿角片28批、鹿角粉28批) 进行分析, 结果显示鹿角片和鹿角粉的正品分别占比仅17.9%和10.7%, 驯鹿源成分总体检出率73.2%, 部分样品中检出牛源成分, 可见鹿角掺伪情况严重。本研究为实现鹿角及其相关制剂的质量控制提供了一套全面、可靠的技术方案, 总结的特征多肽筛选及质控方法开发策略对动物类中药质量标准研究具有重要指导意义。

, authors=李娴娴1, 2, 张静娴1, 孙健1, 冉莹瑛1, 于泓1, 黄帆1, 胡青1, 2, 季申1, 2, 宋宗华3, *, 周恒1, *, authorsList=李娴娴, 张静娴, 孙健, 冉莹瑛, 于泓, 黄帆, 胡青, 季申, 宋宗华, 周恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋宗华, 周恒, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李娴娴负责样品前处理、数据采集与分析及论文撰写; 张静娴、孙健负责数据分析与论文撰写; 于泓、冉莹瑛负责样品前处理及方法考察和优化; 黄帆负责多肽质谱参数优化; 胡青、季申负责项目指导、研究方案把关; 宋宗华、周恒负责论文修改定稿、技术与材料支持和获取研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋宗华, E-mail:
周恒, E-mail:
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DDA: Data-dependent acquisition; DIA: Data-independent acquisition; ER-MS: Energy-resolved mass spectrometry; MRM: Multiple reaction monitoring; QC: Quality control, figureFileSmall=kDNV3+Mbij9jlcm1tYOXFw==, figureFileBig=o0WWdruySGax1XtMFWwvAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970462294576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4VH762+ka1eaHjUxW/X7sg==, figureFileBig=guhNyCV3rjwzGo1ShIf6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970533597745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=High-resolution MS/MS spectra of 12 target peptides: Lpep1 (A), Lpep2 (B), R16 (C), R26 (D), R31 (E), R37 (F), XLpep1 (G), XLpep2 (H), XLpep3 (Ⅰ), Npep (J), Ypep (K), and Zpep (L), figureFileSmall=4VH762+ka1eaHjUxW/X7sg==, figureFileBig=guhNyCV3rjwzGo1ShIf6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970600706610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rFoMT+0k6sc3SLHg2OyAvw==, figureFileBig=tI56NuC+py4twguvaVY2jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970672009779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Specificity test results for deer horn (A), elk horn (B), cattle bone (C), sheep bone (D), pig bone (E), reindeer horn (F), figureFileSmall=rFoMT+0k6sc3SLHg2OyAvw==, figureFileBig=tI56NuC+py4twguvaVY2jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970747507252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BcZr/uK5iZPyfqeop2w96w==, figureFileBig=6aHoPW38pE7RNMm4QgsLPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970806227509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Violin plot of 6 signature peptides contents (divided into two groups A and B according to the content level) in 20 batches of deer antler, figureFileSmall=BcZr/uK5iZPyfqeop2w96w==, figureFileBig=6aHoPW38pE7RNMm4QgsLPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817970869142070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compoundm/zCE/eVRT /minΔtime /min
Precursor ionProduct ion
Lpep1729.91 060.5*2612.04
745.43012.04
Lpep2732.8962.5*264.64
875.4264.64
R16604.3275.1*3410.54
849.41810.54
R26775.9541.3*304.84
965.4264.84
R31702.9865.5*307.14
1 107.6347.14
R37699.9598.3*3017.44
501.24217.44
XLpep1408.2556.3*182.34
499.3142.34
XLpep2704.9849.4*3017.54
1 045.61817.54
XLpep3737.91 076.5*279.24
745.4319.24
Npep641.3783.3*291.94
726.2291.94
Ypep751.9903.5*296.24
608.4296.24
Zpep774.5977.8*217.54
1 034.6157.54
), ArticleFig(id=1308817970953028151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The MS parameters. *Quantitative ions; CE: Collision energy; RT: Retention time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compoundm/zCE/eVRT /minΔtime /min
Precursor ionProduct ion
Lpep1729.91 060.5*2612.04
745.43012.04
Lpep2732.8962.5*264.64
875.4264.64
R16604.3275.1*3410.54
849.41810.54
R26775.9541.3*304.84
965.4264.84
R31702.9865.5*307.14
1 107.6347.14
R37699.9598.3*3017.44
501.24217.44
XLpep1408.2556.3*182.34
499.3142.34
XLpep2704.9849.4*3017.54
1 045.61817.54
XLpep3737.91 076.5*279.24
745.4319.24
Npep641.3783.3*291.94
726.2291.94
Ypep751.9903.5*296.24
608.4296.24
Zpep774.5977.8*217.54
1 034.6157.54
), ArticleFig(id=1308817971011748408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequenceProtein attributionDeer hornReindeer hornElk hornCow boneSheep bonePig bone
Lpep1VGGNAPAFGAEALERHBA√
Lpep2SGETGASGPpGFAGEKCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√√√
R16HHGGEFTPVLQADFQKGlobin domain-containing protein√
R26GPpGESGAAGPAGPIGSRCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√√
R31TPVGGQPSVPGGPVRAlpha-2-HS-glycoprotein√√
R37DLSFLPQPPQEKCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
XLpep1GAMGPAGVRCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√
XLpep2DFTPVLQADFQKAdult beta-globin√
XLpep3VGGNAPAYGAEALERHemoglobin subunit alpha√
NpepGEAGPSGPAGPTGARCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
YpepTGEpGAAGpPGFVGEKCollagen type Ⅰ alpha 2√
ZpepGETGPAGPAGPVGPVGARCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
), ArticleFig(id=1308817971112411705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The peptide sequences and specificity results. The amino acid of p in peptide Lpep2 refers to hydroxyproline; √: Detected

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequenceProtein attributionDeer hornReindeer hornElk hornCow boneSheep bonePig bone
Lpep1VGGNAPAFGAEALERHBA√
Lpep2SGETGASGPpGFAGEKCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√√√
R16HHGGEFTPVLQADFQKGlobin domain-containing protein√
R26GPpGESGAAGPAGPIGSRCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√√
R31TPVGGQPSVPGGPVRAlpha-2-HS-glycoprotein√√
R37DLSFLPQPPQEKCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
XLpep1GAMGPAGVRCollagen alpha-2 (Ⅰ)√
XLpep2DFTPVLQADFQKAdult beta-globin√
XLpep3VGGNAPAYGAEALERHemoglobin subunit alpha√
NpepGEAGPSGPAGPTGARCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
YpepTGEpGAAGpPGFVGEKCollagen type Ⅰ alpha 2√
ZpepGETGPAGPAGPVGPVGARCollagen alpha-1 (Ⅰ)√
), ArticleFig(id=1308817971187909178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameLinear equationLinear range /ng·mL-1rLOD /μg·g-1LOQ /μg·g-1Precision /%, n = 6Repeatability /%, n = 6Stability /%, n = 6Recovery/%, n = 3
LowMediumHigh
MeanRSD/%MeanRSD/%MeanRSD/%
Lpep1y = 6 461.30x - 69 389.5310-8000.9990.6251.254.28.85.985.64.888.85.894.54.8
Lpep2y = 1 058.45x - 4 476.0910-8000.9990.6251.253.29.06.088.45.982.61.187.93.7
R16y = 775.45x + 4 619.2520-4000.9951.252.502.18.87.1106.85.7113.10.7107.61.4
R26y = 95.74x - 951.2450-8000.9993.126.256.19.07.7104.03.192.15.187.92.7
R31y = 5 700.73x - 116 664.3320-8000.9991.252.503.38.25.585.92.089.40.787.32.5
R37y = 8 538.39x - 160 721.1250-6000.9993.126.251.57.45.482.34.282.80.589.02.4
XLpep1y = 33 251.14x - 964 390.9050-8000.9993.126.251.91.69.685.64.595.54.298.04.1
XLpep2y = 7 539.44x - 68 449.3610-4000.9990.6251.253.12.24.093.18.797.71.9108.02.8
XLpep3y = 3 396.94x - 83 781.4450-4000.9993.126.255.03.84.294.46.3102.12.3105.14.3
Npepy = 1 803.57x + 22 296.0510-4000.9990.6251.252.54.75.5110.78.1108.06.1108.44.1
Ypepy = 5 701.52x - 95 520.5110-8000.9990.6251.253.53.94.696.43.389.03.283.02.5
Zpepy = 148.28x - 957.0250-8000.9993.126.252.14.07.890.72.099.40.294.15.5
), ArticleFig(id=1308817971275989563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817751905493093, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Linear regression, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery results for all analytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameLinear equationLinear range /ng·mL-1rLOD /μg·g-1LOQ /μg·g-1Precision /%, n = 6Repeatability /%, n = 6Stability /%, n = 6Recovery/%, n = 3
LowMediumHigh
MeanRSD/%MeanRSD/%MeanRSD/%
Lpep1y = 6 461.30x - 69 389.5310-8000.9990.6251.254.28.85.985.64.888.85.894.54.8
Lpep2y = 1 058.45x - 4 476.0910-8000.9990.6251.253.29.06.088.45.982.61.187.93.7
R16y = 775.45x + 4 619.2520-4000.9951.252.502.18.87.1106.85.7113.10.7107.61.4
R26y = 95.74x - 951.2450-8000.9993.126.256.19.07.7104.03.192.15.187.92.7
R31y = 5 700.73x - 116 664.3320-8000.9991.252.503.38.25.585.92.089.40.787.32.5
R37y = 8 538.39x - 160 721.1250-6000.9993.126.251.57.45.482.34.282.80.589.02.4
XLpep1y = 33 251.14x - 964 390.9050-8000.9993.126.251.91.69.685.64.595.54.298.04.1
XLpep2y = 7 539.44x - 68 449.3610-4000.9990.6251.253.12.24.093.18.797.71.9108.02.8
XLpep3y = 3 396.94x - 83 781.4450-4000.9993.126.255.03.84.294.46.3102.12.3105.14.3
Npepy = 1 803.57x + 22 296.0510-4000.9990.6251.252.54.75.5110.78.1108.06.1108.44.1
Ypepy = 5 701.52x - 95 520.5110-8000.9990.6251.253.53.94.696.43.389.03.283.02.5
Zpepy = 148.28x - 957.0250-8000.9993.126.252.14.07.890.72.099.40.294.15.5
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基于UHPLC-MS/MS法的鹿角特征多肽绝对定量及鹿角中驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源掺伪检查方法建立
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李娴娴 1, 2 , 张静娴 1 , 孙健 1 , 冉莹瑛 1 , 于泓 1 , 黄帆 1 , 胡青 1, 2 , 季申 1, 2 , 宋宗华 3, * , 周恒 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 560-568
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 560 -568
基于UHPLC-MS/MS法的鹿角特征多肽绝对定量及鹿角中驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源掺伪检查方法建立
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李娴娴1, 2, 张静娴1, 孙健1, 冉莹瑛1, 于泓1, 黄帆1, 胡青1, 2, 季申1, 2, 宋宗华3, * , 周恒1, *
作者信息
  • 1上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
  • 3国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
通讯作者:
宋宗华, E-mail:
周恒, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李娴娴负责样品前处理、数据采集与分析及论文撰写; 张静娴、孙健负责数据分析与论文撰写; 于泓、冉莹瑛负责样品前处理及方法考察和优化; 黄帆负责多肽质谱参数优化; 胡青、季申负责项目指导、研究方案把关; 宋宗华、周恒负责论文修改定稿、技术与材料支持和获取研究经费。

Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for absolute quantification of deer antler peptides and adulteration detection of ingredients of reindeer, cattle, sheep, and pig
Xian-xian LI1, 2, Jing-xian ZHANG1, Jian SUN1, Ying-ying RAN1, Hong YU1, Fan HUANG1, Qing HU1, 2, Shen JI1, 2, Zong-hua SONG3, * , Heng ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100061, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1135
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鹿角作为传统名贵中药, 其质量控制一直面临物种基原复杂、掺伪现象频发以及现有标准缺乏专属性与定量指标等问题。为解决这一难题, 课题组前期采用蛋白质组学技术从鹿角及近缘品种驯鹿角中筛选出特征多肽, 并整合已报道的鹿科动物角类相关多肽, 全面开展专属性再验证, 确定了6个鹿角特征多肽作为定量测定的质控指标, 分别确定了驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源专属多肽作为掺伪检查的质控指标。本研究在此基础上, 开发了超声辅助酶解法, 6 h完成供试品前处理, 大大提升了分析效率, 采用UHPLC-MS/MS建立了基于特征多肽的鹿角绝对定量和掺伪检查方法, 经验证, 所建方法灵敏度高、专属性强, 结果均符合方法学要求。应用所建方法对56批市售样品(包括鹿角片28批、鹿角粉28批) 进行分析, 结果显示鹿角片和鹿角粉的正品分别占比仅17.9%和10.7%, 驯鹿源成分总体检出率73.2%, 部分样品中检出牛源成分, 可见鹿角掺伪情况严重。本研究为实现鹿角及其相关制剂的质量控制提供了一套全面、可靠的技术方案, 总结的特征多肽筛选及质控方法开发策略对动物类中药质量标准研究具有重要指导意义。

鹿角  /  特征多肽  /  绝对定量  /  掺伪检查  /  质量控制

Deer antler, a valued traditional Chinese medicine, faces persistent challenges in quality control due to the complex species origins, prevalent adulteration practices, and the absence of specific quantitative standards. To address this challenge, a proteomics strategy was employed to screen signature peptides from deer antlers and reindeer antlers in our pevious study. Combining the reported antler peptides from Cervidae, a comprehensive specificity revalidation was conducted. Finally, six deer antler signature peptides were identified as quality control (QC) markers for quantitative analysis, while reindeer, cow, sheep, and pig-specific peptides were determined as markers for adulteration inspection. Based on these QC markers, an ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic digestion method that completed sample preparation within 6 hours was developed in this study, significantly enhancing analytical efficiency. A UHPLC-MS/MS was utilized for establishment of absolute quantification and adulteration inspection method for deer antlers. The results indictated the validated methods showed high sensitivity and specificity, meeting all requirements for methodological requirements. The proposed method was subsequently applied to 56 commercially available samples (including 28 batches of deer antler slices and 28 batches of deer antler powder). The results revealed that 17.9% for slices and 10.7% for powder were deemed authentic and unadulterated. The total detection rate for the ingredients of reindeer was 73.2% and some samples were found to contain cattle-derived ingredient, indicating the rampant chaos in the deer antler market. This study provided a comprehensive and reliable technical approach to address the aforementioned challenges and achieve quality control for deer antler and its related preparations. The summarized strategy for screening species-spcific peptides and developing quality control methods would provide significant references on the study of quality standards for animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines.

deer antler  /  signature peptide  /  absolute quantification  /  adulteration detection  /  quality control
李娴娴, 张静娴, 孙健, 冉莹瑛, 于泓, 黄帆, 胡青, 季申, 宋宗华, 周恒. 基于UHPLC-MS/MS法的鹿角特征多肽绝对定量及鹿角中驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源掺伪检查方法建立. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 560 -568 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1135
Xian-xian LI, Jing-xian ZHANG, Jian SUN, Ying-ying RAN, Hong YU, Fan HUANG, Qing HU, Shen JI, Zong-hua SONG, Heng ZHOU. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for absolute quantification of deer antler peptides and adulteration detection of ingredients of reindeer, cattle, sheep, and pig[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 560 -568 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1135
鹿角作为传统名贵中药, 始载于《神农本草经》, 应用历史超过两千年, 《本草纲目》记载其具“生精补髓, 养血益阳, 强筋健骨, 益气强志”的功效[1]。中国药典(2025年版) 规定来源为马鹿Cervus elaphus或梅花鹿Cervus nippon已骨化的角或脱落的角基[2]。现代研究证实, 鹿角活性成分以多肽为核心, 其总肽可显著抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖[3], 并在抗肝癌、抗菌、抗病毒等领域具有临床潜力[4, 5]。
梅花鹿、马鹿因其茸的经济价值较高, 多已锯茸, 因而只能为商品上提供极少量的初角和角盘, 罕见成年梅花鹿角, 而马鹿角也随之逐年减少, 资源愈加紧张。市场上出现了以廉价驯鹿角及牛骨、猪蹄甲等冒充正品的现象, 严重威胁用药安全。然而现行质量控制薄弱, 中国药典(2025年版) “鹿角”仅收载性状与浸出物项, 缺乏专属性鉴别方法; 对“鹿角胶”收载有特征多肽的鉴别方法[2], 但是该多肽在鹿科动物中普遍检出, 专属性不足[6, 7]。《上海市中药饮片炮制规范》2018年版收载鹿角粉的PCR鉴别法[8], 但是药材饮片鉴别仍存空白。
近些年来, 基于蛋白酶切联用LC-MS/MS的特征多肽检测技术, 因具特异性、灵敏高, 已成为角类药材鉴别的优选方法。Xue等[9]通过蛋白质组学分析七种鹿角, 筛选出19个成人β-珠蛋白特征多肽, 又针对鹿角胶鉴别难题, 分析五种来源鹿角胶, 筛选出18个特征多肽[10]。
已报道的鹿角及其近缘品种的特征多肽, 涉及八种基原, 通过比较发现, 正品(马鹿、梅花鹿) 专属的多肽很少, 仅两条, 可见鹿角质量控制需要组合多种多肽综合鉴定, 同时多肽的专属性仍需要更加广泛的验证。
此外, 文献[11]报道了通过特征多肽峰强度比值来区分鹿角胶与鹿皮胶, 但是受质谱参数(如品牌、型号、碎裂电压、碰撞能量等) 影响, 离子峰强度差异大, 难以获得稳定的比值。因此, 建立绝对定量是解决上述问题的根本方法, 本文总结目前文献[7, 9, 10]报道的41个鹿角多肽, 开展专属性再验证, 并结合前期研究中筛选出的鹿角及驯鹿角多肽, 采用UHPLC-MS/MS法建立了6个鹿角多肽的绝对定量方法, 并构建了基于特征多肽的驯鹿/牛/羊/猪源掺伪检查方法。方法应用于市售鹿角片和鹿角粉样品, 检出驯鹿角掺伪现象严重, 部分存在牛源成分掺伪, 本研究为鹿角质量控制提供专属可靠方案。
仪器  1290高效液相色谱仪和6495三重四极杆质谱仪(QQQ-MS), 美国Agilent公司; Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司); 电子分析天平(赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); 离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); 恒温混匀仪MATRIX Orbital Delta F1.5、涡旋仪(德国IKA公司); 超声波清洗仪(德国Elma公司)。
试剂  乙腈(质谱纯) 购自德国Merck公司; 甲酸(色谱纯) 购自阿拉丁试剂有限公司; 碳酸氢铵、胰蛋白酶(≥10 000 BAEE units/mg蛋白) 均购自德国默克Sigma公司。鹿角多肽Lpep1 (P250110-JQ1229228), Lpep2 (P250421-JQ1255790), R16 (P250421-JQ909276), R26(P250421-JQ1255792), R31 (P250421-JQ909281) 和R37 (P250421-JQ953914) (表1)。驯鹿源多肽XLpep1 (P250110-JQ1229232)、XLpep2 (P250110-JQ983353) 和XLpep3 (P250110-JQ1229233), 羊源多肽Ypep (P250520-JQ1263178), 猪源多肽Zpep (P250520-JQ597374) 由上海吉尔生化有限公司合成, 纯度大于95%。牛源多肽Npep (批号111941-201804), 鹿角对照药材(批号121487-201902) 购自中国食品药品检定研究院。
样品收集  马鹿角片10批、梅花鹿角片10批、驯鹿角片3批、麋鹿角片1批、牛骨3批、羊骨3批、猪骨3批均由苏州红冠庄国药股份提供, 打成细粉, 过4号筛, 用于方法开发。将驯鹿角粉、牛骨粉、羊骨粉和猪骨样品分别按照0.5%、1%、2.5%、5%、7.5%、10%、25%、50%、75%、100%的比例掺入鹿角正品细粉(20批均匀混合样品) 作为自制掺伪样品用于方法开发。此外, 从市场上收集鹿角饮片28批、鹿角粉28批。
基原鉴定  依据中国药典(2020年版) 通则9107中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定法指导原则进行方法开发用的样品进行基原鉴定。使用COI通用引物进行PCR扩增, 扩增产物委托苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司进行双向测序, 测序结果拼接后与NCBI数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) 和中草药DNA条形码鉴定数据库(http://www.gpgenome.com/blast) 进行序列比对来鉴定样品基原。
对照品溶液制备  分别取鹿角多肽对照品适量, 精密称定, 加1%碳酸氢铵溶液制成每1 mL含100 μg的对照品溶液; 精密量取上述溶液适量, 加1%碳酸氢铵溶液稀释成浓度为0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 μg·mL-1的混合对照品溶液, 作为定量用标准溶液。分别取驯鹿、牛、羊及猪源多肽对照品适量, 精密称定, 加1%碳酸氢铵溶液分别制成每1 mL含100 μg的对照品溶液; 精密量取上述溶液适量, 用鹿角基质溶液(按照供试品溶液的制备方法制备, 混合均匀) 稀释至浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1 μg·mL-1的掺伪检查用混合标准溶液。
供试品溶液制备  取本品细粉约0.4 g, 精密称定, 置具塞离心管中, 精密加1%碳酸氢铵溶液48 mL, 再精密加胰蛋白酶溶液(取胰蛋白酶, 加1%碳酸氢铵溶液制成每1 mL中含1 mg的溶液, 临用前新制) 2 mL, 称重, 35~45 ℃水浴下超声处理(功率250 W, 频率37 kHz) 6 h, 时时振摇, 放冷, 再称定重量, 用1%碳酸氢铵溶液补足减失的重量, 摇匀, 离心即得供试品溶液(1), 再取部分上清液稀释25倍, 摇匀, 得供试品溶液(2)。
制备方法考察
酶量考察  平行取本品细粉4份, 每份精密称定约0.4 g, 置50 mL离心管中, 分别精密加胰蛋白酶溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 1.5、2、3、4 mL, 补至50 mL, 35~45 ℃水浴下超声处理(功率250 W, 频率37 kHz) 6 h, 时时振摇, 放冷, 再称定重量, 用1%碳酸氢铵溶液补足减失的重量, 摇匀, 离心即得供试品原液。取部分上清液稀释25倍, 摇匀, 即得稀释后供试品溶液, 以峰强度与称样量的比值作为评价指标。
超声时间考察  平行取本品细粉4份, 每份精密称定约0.4 g, 置50 mL离心管中, 精密加1%碳酸氢铵溶液48 mL, 再精密加胰蛋白酶溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 2 mL, 称重, 于35~45 ℃水浴下超声处理(功率250 W, 频率37 kHz), 时时振摇, 单因素控制超声酶解时间为1、3、6、9 h, 放冷后称定重量, 用1%碳酸氢铵溶液补足减失的重量, 摇匀, 离心即得供试品原液。取部分上清液稀释25倍, 摇匀, 即得稀释后供试品溶液。
色谱条件  采用Waters XSelect Peptide CSH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.5 µm); 以乙腈为流动相A, 0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相B, 洗脱梯度为0~25 min, 5%~25% A; 柱温30 ℃; 流速0.3 mL·min-1; 进样量2 μL。
质谱条件  采用电喷雾正离子模式(ESI+), 进行多反应监测(MRM), 干燥气温度200 ℃, 干燥气(N2) 流速15 L·min-1, 雾化气(N2) 压力35 psi, 鞘气(N2) 温度300 ℃, 流速11 L·min-1, 碎裂电压380 V, 母离子均为双电荷, 选择各多肽高分辨二级质谱图中归属明确的子离子作为监测离子, 详见表1, 采用Optimizer软件对各多肽子离子的裂解能量进行了优化, 使子离子响应最高。
方法学考察
专属性  分别精密吸取鹿角、驯鹿角、麋鹿角、牛骨、羊骨和猪骨供试品溶液, 按照上述色谱条件和质谱条件测定, 同时记录各多肽的监测离子对, 来考察方法的专属性。
标准曲线、线性范围及检出限  分别精密吸取系列标准溶液, 进样分析, 外标法定量, 以峰面积为纵坐标, 浓度为横坐标绘制标准曲线。通过稀释掺伪标准品溶液, 以实际观察信噪比分别为3、10时相应的浓度, 作为检出限(LOD) 和定量限(LOQ)。
精密度  分别取定量用标准溶液(200 ng·mL-1) 和掺伪检查用标准溶液(200 ng·mL-1), 连续进样6次, 记录保留时间和峰面积, 计算相对标准偏差(RSD)。
重复性  分别取鹿角样品和自制掺伪样品(驯鹿角、牛骨、羊骨、猪骨掺入量5%), 按照供试品溶液制备方法分别平行制备6份, 分别进样测定, 同时记录各多肽的定量离子的保留时间和峰面积, 计算各多肽含量, 计算RSD值。
稳定性  分别取鹿角和自制掺伪样品(掺入量5%) 的供试品溶液, 室温放置4、8、12、16、24 h后进样测定, 同时记录各多肽定量离子的保留时间和峰强度, 计算RSD值。
准确度  精密称取鹿角粉(LJ5)、驯鹿角粉、牛骨粉、羊骨粉、猪骨粉各0.2 g, 分别置50 mL离心管中, 一式九份。对于含量测定, 分别精密加入鹿角各多肽对照品溶液, 每种样品设置三个加样组(分别相当于含量的50%、100%、150%), 精密加胰蛋白酶溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 2 mL, 补充1%碳酸氢铵溶液至50 mL, 按供试品溶液制备项下制备供试品溶液; 对于掺伪检查, 分别加入相应伪品各多肽对照品溶液, 加样组设置同含量测定, 精密加胰蛋白酶溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 2 mL, 补充1%碳酸氢铵溶液至50 mL, 按“供试品溶液制备”项下供试品溶液2制备方法用鹿角基质溶液稀释制备供试品溶液; 按照色谱条件、质谱条件项下进样测定, 记录各多肽定量离子的峰面积, 计算含量, 计算加样回收率。
样品测定  取研究用鹿角片、市售样品及自制掺伪, 按供试品溶液制备项下方法制备供试品溶液, 按色谱条件、质谱条件项下进样测定, 记录各多肽定量离子峰面积, 计算各多肽含量。
用于方法开发的鹿角样品DNA条形码分子鉴定结果显示, 10批性状为马鹿角的样品来源为马鹿Cervus elaphus, 10批性状为梅花鹿角的样品中仅2批来源为梅花鹿Cervus nippon, 其余来源均为马鹿, 3批驯鹿角来源为驯鹿Rangifer tarandus, 麋鹿角来源为麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus, 牛骨、羊骨和猪骨来源分别为牛Bos taurus、羊Capra hircus、猪Sus scrafa。经调研发现, 养殖户为追求鹿茸产量, 马鹿和梅花鹿杂交严重, COI基因具有母系遗传特性[12], 因此推测性状与测序结果不一致的梅花鹿角来源为母系马鹿与父系梅花鹿的杂交品种, 市场上罕见纯血梅花鹿, 因此本研究明确将正品马鹿角和梅花鹿角作为整体来开展研究, 不再进行区分。
基于蛋白质组学与生物信息学的特征多肽筛选及相关质控方法广泛应用于动物类中药研究, 例如胶类药材、地龙、水蛭等[10, 13-16]。特征多肽作为关键质控指标, 其专属性、序列准确性至关重要, 总结目前文献报道, 特征多肽筛选流程详见图1, 主要包括以下内容: ①正品、伪品及易混淆品的收集, 采用高分辨质谱数据采集获得多肽质谱信息; ②利用数据库搜索或De novo测序全面鉴定多肽序列, 通过多元统计分析、数据集合等策略筛选具有种属特异性的候选多肽; ③借助Skyline等生物信息学软件或在线能量分辨质谱平台(online energy-resolved mass spectrometry, online ER-MS), 确定候选多肽MRM离子对与碰撞能量等关键参数, 开展专属性验证, 并合成多肽标准品验证序列准确性, 最终确定质控指标, 开发基于特征多肽的鉴别、掺伪检查及绝对定量的质控方法。
本研究采用上述策略研究马鹿角、梅花鹿角、近缘品种驯鹿角、麋鹿角及掺伪品(牛/羊/猪骨) 等, 筛选出2个鹿角多肽(Lpep1、Lpep2) 及3个驯鹿角多肽(XLpep1~XLpep3)。总结文献[7, 9, 10]报道的41个多肽, 经专属性再验证, 最终整合出6个鹿角特征多肽, 其中3个多肽(Lpep1、R16、R37) 为鹿角特有, 由于鹿科动物蛋白同源性高, 专属性有限, 因此综合多种多肽共同鉴定, 合成了相应多肽序列标准品, 作为绝对定量方法开发的关键指标; 此外, 整合文献[13, 17, 18]牛/羊/猪源多肽及前期筛选出的驯鹿角特征多肽, 用于掺伪检查方法的开发。
多肽序列及专属性验证结果见表2, 多数多肽归属为胶原蛋白, 其余蛋白来源为血液, 鹿角为实心角, 新生实角表面覆盖富含血管的茸状皮肤(鹿茸), 成熟后外皮干枯脱落形成裸露骨质角, 鹿角中依然可以检测到血液中的蛋白, 酶解后的多肽是重要的种属标志物来源。各多肽高分辨二级质谱图归属情况如图2所示, Lpep1、Lpep2、XLpep1~XLpep3选择响应最高的两个子离子, R16、R26、R31、R37及Npep、Ypep、Zpep根据文献报道选择相应子离子。
角蛋白、胶原蛋白是角类中药的主要物质基础, 这些蛋白结构稳定、溶解度差[19], 目前有文献[20-22]报道使用表面活性剂、变性剂等提取角蛋白, 或者经多次煎煮提取, 而后经过12~18 h酶解制备多肽分析物, 步骤复杂, 严重制约了检测效率及通量。为了解决这一问题, 本文开发了超声辅助酶解方法, 通过边提取边酶解的方式提高蛋白溶出及酶解效率。以目标多肽离子峰强度作为指标, 优化了提取时间和胰蛋白酶酶量。结果显示, 酶量1.5和2 mL相比, 多肽峰强度随着酶量增加均呈上升趋势, 酶量2、3、4 mL时, 多肽强度基本稳定, 部分多肽(R16、R26、R37) 呈现略微下降趋势, 最终选择酶量2 mL。超声时间考察结果显示, 随着时间的延长, 峰强度逐渐增加, 酶解6 h时多肽基本趋于稳定, 结合实验效率, 最终确定超声时间为6 h。
由于供试品溶液中各多肽含量差异较大, 为了在质谱上均具有合适的响应强度, 根据各成分含量, 制备了两个浓度水平的供试品溶液, 原液即供试品溶液(1) 用于测定R31和R37, 取部分上清液稀释25倍, 摇匀, 得供试品溶液(2), 用于测定Lpep1、Lpep2、R16和R26。
专属性考察结果见图3, 鹿角中呈现了6个特征峰, 多肽Lpep1、R16和R37仅在鹿角中检出, 具有种属特异性, R26、Lpep2和R31同时在麋鹿角中检出; XLpep1~XLpep3仅在驯鹿角中检出, Npep、Ypep、Zpep分别仅在牛骨、羊骨和猪骨中检出, 具有种属特异性。
线性关系考察结果显示各多肽在相应浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系(表3)。以直观法确定本方法的检测限, 当多肽XLpep2、Npep、Ypep浓度为5 ng·mL-1时, 即可检出, 根据供试品溶液的制备方法计算检测限, 结果为0.625 μg·g-1, XLpep1、XLpep3、Zpep检测限为3.125 μg·g-1, 结果详见表3。
精密度考察结果显示连续进样6次, 各多肽峰面积RSD (表3) 均小于7.0%, 说明仪器稳定性良好。重复性考察显示平行制备的六份样品中各多肽含量RSD (表3) 均小于10.0%, 说明方法重复性良好。稳定性考察结果显示不同进样时间各多肽的峰面积RSD (表3) 均小于10.0%, 证明24 h内基本稳定。
准确度考察结果见表3, 12条特征多肽的平均回收率为82.3%~113.1%, 不同加样浓度的RSD为0.2%~8.7%。
采用绝对定量方法对20批方法开发用样品进行含量测定, 结果显示, 所有样品均呈现了6个鹿角多肽的特征峰。定量结果显示总多肽浓度范围为0.89~7.15 mg·g-1, 其中多肽R16含量最高, 平均含量为1 403.4 μg·g-1, 其次平均含量为882.5 μg·g-1 (Lpep1)、315.7 μg·g-1 (R26)、301.3 μg·g-1 (Lpep2), 而R37和R31含量较低, 平均含量分别为12.7和10.3 μg·g-1。不同批次鹿角间各多肽的含量差异较大, 例如20批样品中多肽R16的RSD为87.5%, 多肽Lpep1的RSD为93.4%, 如图4所示, 对离群点样品分析, 发现样品LJ3、LJ17和LJ18各成分含量均较高。
采用建立好的方法对自制掺伪样品测定, 当驯鹿角、牛骨、羊骨粉掺入量为0.5%, 猪骨掺入量为2.5%时, 即可检出。以掺伪比例为横坐标, 以各掺伪样品中驯鹿、猪、牛、羊源多肽峰强度为纵坐标, 可得驯鹿源多肽XLpep1和猪源多肽Zpep分别在驯鹿角和猪骨2.5%~25%掺伪范围内线性相关性良好, 相关系数(r) 均为0.999; 驯鹿源多肽XLpep2和XLpep3在0.5%~10%驯鹿角掺伪范围内, r值分别为0.999和0.997; 牛源多肽Npep在0.5%~25%牛骨掺伪范围内, r值为0.998; 羊源多肽Ypep在0.5%~50%羊骨掺伪范围内线性相关性良好, r值为0.998。检测中发现掺伪比例较高的样品质谱响应达到饱和, 偏离线性, 因此当响应超出限度范围的样品必定属于严重掺伪, 可通过稀释后进样来实现对掺伪量的定量分析。
采用所建方法对市场上购买的28批鹿角片和28批鹿角粉进行测定, 结果显示鹿角片中检出正品鹿角5批, 占比17.9%; 检出驯鹿源多肽样品22批, 其中20批完全使假, 占比71.4%, 2批为掺伪使假, 占比7.2%; 1批仅检出Lpep2、R26和R31三个多肽, 推测来源为麋鹿角。鹿角粉中检出正品鹿角仅3批, 占比10.7%; 检出驯鹿源多肽样品20批, 其中12批完全使假, 总占比42.9%, 8批为掺伪现象, 占比67.9%; 检出牛源完全使假样品1批, 掺伪牛源样品2批; 未检出任何多肽的样品2批。完全使假的驯鹿角片及推测麋鹿角片经DNA条形码分子鉴定来源分别为驯鹿Rangifer tarandus、麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus, 进一步证明特征多肽鉴别方法的准确性。
特征多肽具有高稳定性、高特异性等突出特点, 其在动物类中药鉴定中不仅具备物种鉴别意义, 更与药物的活性成分密切相关。该方法有效弥补了DNA分子鉴定技术在深加工药材(如阿胶、鹿角胶等) 应用中因DNA降解所致的技术局限, 已成为当前动物类中药定性及定量分析中的重要技术手段之一。
实验结果表明, 当前市售鹿角样品中存在较为严重的掺伪现象, 其中以驯鹿为主要掺伪源。驯鹿是鹿科动物中唯一雌雄均具大型角类的物种, 资源丰富, 因此常被用于鹿角产品的造假或掺伪, 其形式较少以整枝形式掺入, 主要原因在于鹿角与驯鹿角在外观性状上具有明显差异, 整枝掺入易被识别, 而多以片状、粉末状或经炮制后的鹿角胶、鹿角霜等形式出现。
从市场角度来看, 鹿源药材作为一种相对稀缺的动物源性资源, 其供应面临诸多挑战。以梅花鹿为例, 其规模化养殖尚未普及, 加之涉及野生动物保护及相关法规限制, 导致原料获取成本较高、合法来源受限, 市场供给稳定性不足。与此同时, 以牛、羊、猪类为代表的伪品不仅原料易得、成本低廉, 严重影响了鹿源药材质量。本研究进一步开展了产品与价格的关联性分析, 发现鹿角片中低于每克0.5元的样品均为伪品, 价格较高的为正品, 略具相关性, 可见掺假行为不仅直接削弱临床疗效, 损害消费者权益, 还导致商品价格虚高, 扭曲市场定价机制, 助长不正当竞争, 长期来看将扰乱行业秩序, 加大市场监管难度。
鹿科动物蛋白同源性高, 特征多肽的种属专属性有限, 本研究组合多种多肽对正品鹿角进行鉴定和含量测定, 后期仍需要广泛收集其他鹿科动物角持续开展专属性验证, 同时收集驯鹿角, 进一步验证多肽专属性, 并积累多肽含量数据, 为后期申报补充检验方法中设置合理的掺伪比例限度及相应多肽对照品浓度做好准备。
综上所述, 本研究组合多种鹿角特征多肽以及驯鹿、牛、羊、猪源多肽作为质控指标, 采用UHPLC-MS/MS建立了绝对定量分析方法和掺伪检查方法, 方法前处理简单、专属性强、稳定性好, 可以有效发现市场掺伪使假现象, 为建立及完善鹿角及相关中药(鹿角胶、鹿角霜、鹿角粉等) 的质量控制提供可靠的研究思路与技术手段。

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2026年第61卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1135
  • 接收时间:2025-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-24
  • 修回日期:2025-11-21
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    1上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
    3国家药典委员会, 北京 100061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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