Article(id=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765641600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-14, revisedDate=1768320000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976065479, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976065479, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976065479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976065479, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=523, endPage=531, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817738706019308, articleId=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of baicalin-induced M1 polarization in RAW264.7 cells: role of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1
α glycolytic pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
M1 macrophages play a critical role in tumorigenesis and development. Insufficient infiltration of M1 macrophages can lead to inadequate CD8+ T cell activation, impairing immune surveillance and thereby promoting immune escape. This study investigated the mechanism by which baicalin induces the polarization of RAW264.7 cells towards the M1 phenotype using an in vitro cell model. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. The expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA. Lactate levels were detected using a lactate assay kit. Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of key components of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway and the key rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in RAW264.7 cells. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG were employed to validate the mechanism of action of baicalin. The results showed that baicalin at concentrations of 12.5-100 μmol·L-1 had no significant effect on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. At 100 μmol·L-1, baicalin significantly up-regulated the expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 and the cytokine TNF-α, increased the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, HIF-1α, LDHA, and PKM2, and elevated lactate levels. However, the up-regulatory effects of baicalin on CD86 were inhibited, and the expression of related pathway proteins was reversed, upon addition of LY294002 or 2-DG. This study reveals for the first time that baicalin drives macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype by activating the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling axis and enhancing glycolytic metabolism. This finding provides new mechanistic evidence based on metabolism for its therapeutic potential in tumor immune regulation and inflammation-related diseases.
, authors=Yu-hang WANG
1, 2, 3, Ze-yuan WANG
1, 2, 3, Cheng-cheng YAO
2, 3, Xiao-jia LIU
2, 3, Yu ZHANG
2, 3, *, Dan YAN
2, 3, *, authorsList=Yu-hang WANG, Ze-yuan WANG, Cheng-cheng YAO, Xiao-jia LIU, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817741746889725, articleId=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于糖酵解通路PI3K/Akt/HIF-1
α研究黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
M1型巨噬细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答对于抑制肿瘤进展至关重要, 其功能依赖于有效的代谢重编程。本研究旨在探讨黄芩苷(baicalin) 是否通过调控PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴及其下游糖酵解代谢, 促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化。采用RAW264.7细胞模型, 通过CCK-8法检测细胞活性, 流式细胞术与免疫荧光技术分析细胞表面标志物CD86的表达; ELISA法检测细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) 水平; 乳酸试剂盒检测乳酸含量; Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞中PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α糖酵解通路与糖酵解关键限速酶乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 和丙酮酸激酶M2型(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2) 与蛋白表达; 并利用PI3K抑制剂LY294002和糖酵解抑制剂2-DG验证黄芩苷的作用机制。结果显示, 黄芩苷在12.5~100 μmol·L-1时对RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力无显著影响, 在100 µmol·L-1时可显著上调RAW264.7细胞中M1型表面标志物CD86及细胞因子TNF-α的表达, 上调p-PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α、LDHA与PKM2蛋白的表达, 同时乳酸含量升高。而加入LY294002和2-DG后, 黄芩苷对CD86的上调作用均被抑制, 相关通路蛋白表达也出现回调。本研究揭示黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴, 增强糖酵解代谢, 驱动巨噬细胞向M1型极化, 为其在肿瘤免疫调节及炎症相关疾病中的治疗潜力提供了新的代谢机制依据。
, authors=王宇航
1, 2, 3, 王泽苑
1, 2, 3, 姚铖铖
2, 3, 刘晓嘉
2, 3, 张瑜
2, 3, *, 鄢丹
2, 3, *, authorsList=王宇航, 王泽苑, 姚铖铖, 刘晓嘉, 张瑜, 鄢丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张瑜, 鄢丹, authorNote=
作者贡献:
王宇航负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、张瑜提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王泽苑、姚铖铖、刘晓嘉协助实验数据采集与分析。
, correspAuthorsNote=
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1, 2, 3, address=
1College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308817904938868952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817904737542355, language=CN, stringName=王宇航, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308817904364249289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904372637898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904364249289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308817904481689804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904494272717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904481689804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308817904615907535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904628490448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904615907535, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904636879057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904615907535, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1308817905014366426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308817906721448158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817905014366426, language=EN, stringName=Ze-yuan WANG, firstName=Ze-yuan, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308817906813722847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817905014366426, language=CN, stringName=王泽苑, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308817904364249289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904372637898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904364249289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308817904481689804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904494272717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904481689804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904506855630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904481689804, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904636879057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904615907535, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1308817906914386145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308817907015049444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817906914386145, language=EN, stringName=Cheng-cheng YAO, firstName=Cheng-cheng, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, 3, address=
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308817907082158309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817906914386145, language=CN, stringName=姚铖铖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, 3, address=
2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308817904481689804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904494272717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904481689804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904506855630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904481689804, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308817904615907535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817904628490448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, companyId=1308817904615907535, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1308817907157655783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308817907258319082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817907157655783, language=EN, stringName=Xiao-jia LIU, firstName=Xiao-jia, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, 3, address=
2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308817907333816555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, authorId=1308817907157655783, language=CN, stringName=刘晓嘉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
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3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308817908948623618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=01Z/uoX1u1LwU4SSr4zxcQ==, figureFileBig=W4CRMwMA//XtOWVYkXlgtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909066064131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
The effect of baicalin on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of baicalin for 48 h, and cell viability was measured by CCK8 method. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide (< 0.1%); HQG: Baicalin, figureFileSmall=01Z/uoX1u1LwU4SSr4zxcQ==, figureFileBig=W4CRMwMA//XtOWVYkXlgtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909380636932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pWECdWy5AV/8PreuSmNczw==, figureFileBig=Yu+AIK7FEeESw7iQHNiBHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909481300229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Effect of baicalin on the expression of markers in RAW264.7 macrophages assayed by flow cytometry. A: Flow cytometry detection of the proportion of CD86⁺ cells in RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h treatment with baicalin; B: Flow cytometry detection of the proportion of CD206⁺ cells in RAW264.7 macro- phages after 48 h treatment with baicalin. n = 4, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=pWECdWy5AV/8PreuSmNczw==, figureFileBig=Yu+AIK7FEeESw7iQHNiBHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909560992006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hurDYIUN2RNFtm+HDV1W3A==, figureFileBig=bFyhH1a/B8Rw2y2/DxILQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817911247102215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Effects of baicalin on the expression of M1/M2 polarization markers in RAW264.7 macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were treated with or without baicalin (100 μmol·L-1) for 48 h. Nuclei were stained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue); M1 marker CD86 (red); M2 marker CD206 (green). Scale bar: 20 μm, figureFileSmall=hurDYIUN2RNFtm+HDV1W3A==, figureFileBig=bFyhH1a/B8Rw2y2/DxILQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913197453576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rQJGwqxQua3GRDryLe6dUA==, figureFileBig=Ftw73YjFRo+cGYVYK+CTuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913293922569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Effects of baicalin on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, A) and interleukin-10 (IL-10, B) levels in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells detected by ELISA kit. RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μmol·L-1 baicalin for 18 h. n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=rQJGwqxQua3GRDryLe6dUA==, figureFileBig=Ftw73YjFRo+cGYVYK+CTuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913369420042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WTicqRMWw8fteC7dhy199g==, figureFileBig=eV57AaNFo/eGU6l7ka+0HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913465889035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
M1 polarization induced by baicalein in RAW264.7 cells is associated with glycolysis. A: 2-DG reversed baicalin-induced M1 polarization of macrophages; B: Baicalin up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expression in a dose-dependent manner; C: 2-DG down-regulates HIF-1α expression; D: Baicalin up-regulates the protein expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2); E: Baicalin increases the level of L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LD). GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=WTicqRMWw8fteC7dhy199g==, figureFileBig=eV57AaNFo/eGU6l7ka+0HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913520414988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6oOy+Hh3lZm5Xcu057eQOA==, figureFileBig=X1ZkDwTM0jsY/0yMVDLDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913583329549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Baicalin induces M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via activation of the PI3K/Akt glycolytic pathway. A: Baicalin upregulates the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt; B: LY294002 reverses the upregulation of CD86 expression; C: LY294002 reverses the up-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and HIF-1α. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs control. LY: LY294002, figureFileSmall=6oOy+Hh3lZm5Xcu057eQOA==, figureFileBig=X1ZkDwTM0jsY/0yMVDLDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913663021326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IrzFhMT/FKJiCNxdmfxcVw==, figureFileBig=MZCJ908QK6hcfEDOj58tIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913738518799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Baicalin induces M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic pathway. Baicalin promotes the phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and activates the key downstream transcription factor HIF-1α, thereby initiating glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. This process is characterized by increased protein expression of the glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes LDHA and PKM2, along with elevated lactate production. 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