Article(id=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765641600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-14, revisedDate=1768320000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976065479, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976065479, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976065479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976065479, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=523, endPage=531, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817738706019308, articleId=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of baicalin-induced M1 polarization in RAW264.7 cells: role of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

M1 macrophages play a critical role in tumorigenesis and development. Insufficient infiltration of M1 macrophages can lead to inadequate CD8+ T cell activation, impairing immune surveillance and thereby promoting immune escape. This study investigated the mechanism by which baicalin induces the polarization of RAW264.7 cells towards the M1 phenotype using an in vitro cell model. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. The expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA. Lactate levels were detected using a lactate assay kit. Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of key components of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway and the key rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in RAW264.7 cells. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG were employed to validate the mechanism of action of baicalin. The results showed that baicalin at concentrations of 12.5-100 μmol·L-1 had no significant effect on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. At 100 μmol·L-1, baicalin significantly up-regulated the expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 and the cytokine TNF-α, increased the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, HIF-1α, LDHA, and PKM2, and elevated lactate levels. However, the up-regulatory effects of baicalin on CD86 were inhibited, and the expression of related pathway proteins was reversed, upon addition of LY294002 or 2-DG. This study reveals for the first time that baicalin drives macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype by activating the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling axis and enhancing glycolytic metabolism. This finding provides new mechanistic evidence based on metabolism for its therapeutic potential in tumor immune regulation and inflammation-related diseases.

, authors=Yu-hang WANG1, 2, 3, Ze-yuan WANG1, 2, 3, Cheng-cheng YAO2, 3, Xiao-jia LIU2, 3, Yu ZHANG2, 3, *, Dan YAN2, 3, *, authorsList=Yu-hang WANG, Ze-yuan WANG, Cheng-cheng YAO, Xiao-jia LIU, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817741746889725, articleId=1308817738349503467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于糖酵解通路PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α研究黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

M1型巨噬细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答对于抑制肿瘤进展至关重要, 其功能依赖于有效的代谢重编程。本研究旨在探讨黄芩苷(baicalin) 是否通过调控PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴及其下游糖酵解代谢, 促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化。采用RAW264.7细胞模型, 通过CCK-8法检测细胞活性, 流式细胞术与免疫荧光技术分析细胞表面标志物CD86的表达; ELISA法检测细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) 水平; 乳酸试剂盒检测乳酸含量; Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞中PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α糖酵解通路与糖酵解关键限速酶乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 和丙酮酸激酶M2型(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2) 与蛋白表达; 并利用PI3K抑制剂LY294002和糖酵解抑制剂2-DG验证黄芩苷的作用机制。结果显示, 黄芩苷在12.5~100 μmol·L-1时对RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力无显著影响, 在100 µmol·L-1时可显著上调RAW264.7细胞中M1型表面标志物CD86及细胞因子TNF-α的表达, 上调p-PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α、LDHA与PKM2蛋白的表达, 同时乳酸含量升高。而加入LY294002和2-DG后, 黄芩苷对CD86的上调作用均被抑制, 相关通路蛋白表达也出现回调。本研究揭示黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴, 增强糖酵解代谢, 驱动巨噬细胞向M1型极化, 为其在肿瘤免疫调节及炎症相关疾病中的治疗潜力提供了新的代谢机制依据。

, authors=王宇航1, 2, 3, 王泽苑1, 2, 3, 姚铖铖2, 3, 刘晓嘉2, 3, 张瑜2, 3, *, 鄢丹2, 3, *, authorsList=王宇航, 王泽苑, 姚铖铖, 刘晓嘉, 张瑜, 鄢丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张瑜, 鄢丹, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王宇航负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、张瑜提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王泽苑、姚铖铖、刘晓嘉协助实验数据采集与分析。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张瑜, E-mail:
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
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RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of baicalin for 48 h, and cell viability was measured by CCK8 method. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide (< 0.1%); HQG: Baicalin, figureFileSmall=01Z/uoX1u1LwU4SSr4zxcQ==, figureFileBig=W4CRMwMA//XtOWVYkXlgtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909380636932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pWECdWy5AV/8PreuSmNczw==, figureFileBig=Yu+AIK7FEeESw7iQHNiBHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909481300229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of baicalin on the expression of markers in RAW264.7 macrophages assayed by flow cytometry. A: Flow cytometry detection of the proportion of CD86⁺ cells in RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h treatment with baicalin; B: Flow cytometry detection of the proportion of CD206⁺ cells in RAW264.7 macro- phages after 48 h treatment with baicalin. n = 4, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=pWECdWy5AV/8PreuSmNczw==, figureFileBig=Yu+AIK7FEeESw7iQHNiBHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817909560992006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hurDYIUN2RNFtm+HDV1W3A==, figureFileBig=bFyhH1a/B8Rw2y2/DxILQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817911247102215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of baicalin on the expression of M1/M2 polarization markers in RAW264.7 macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were treated with or without baicalin (100 μmol·L-1) for 48 h. Nuclei were stained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue); M1 marker CD86 (red); M2 marker CD206 (green). Scale bar: 20 μm, figureFileSmall=hurDYIUN2RNFtm+HDV1W3A==, figureFileBig=bFyhH1a/B8Rw2y2/DxILQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913197453576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rQJGwqxQua3GRDryLe6dUA==, figureFileBig=Ftw73YjFRo+cGYVYK+CTuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913293922569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of baicalin on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, A) and interleukin-10 (IL-10, B) levels in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells detected by ELISA kit. RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μmol·L-1 baicalin for 18 h. n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=rQJGwqxQua3GRDryLe6dUA==, figureFileBig=Ftw73YjFRo+cGYVYK+CTuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913369420042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WTicqRMWw8fteC7dhy199g==, figureFileBig=eV57AaNFo/eGU6l7ka+0HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913465889035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=M1 polarization induced by baicalein in RAW264.7 cells is associated with glycolysis. A: 2-DG reversed baicalin-induced M1 polarization of macrophages; B: Baicalin up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expression in a dose-dependent manner; C: 2-DG down-regulates HIF-1α expression; D: Baicalin up-regulates the protein expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2); E: Baicalin increases the level of L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LD). GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=WTicqRMWw8fteC7dhy199g==, figureFileBig=eV57AaNFo/eGU6l7ka+0HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913520414988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6oOy+Hh3lZm5Xcu057eQOA==, figureFileBig=X1ZkDwTM0jsY/0yMVDLDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913583329549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Baicalin induces M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via activation of the PI3K/Akt glycolytic pathway. A: Baicalin upregulates the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt; B: LY294002 reverses the upregulation of CD86 expression; C: LY294002 reverses the up-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and HIF-1α. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs control. LY: LY294002, figureFileSmall=6oOy+Hh3lZm5Xcu057eQOA==, figureFileBig=X1ZkDwTM0jsY/0yMVDLDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913663021326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IrzFhMT/FKJiCNxdmfxcVw==, figureFileBig=MZCJ908QK6hcfEDOj58tIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817913738518799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817738349503467, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Baicalin induces M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic pathway. Baicalin promotes the phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and activates the key downstream transcription factor HIF-1α, thereby initiating glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. This process is characterized by increased protein expression of the glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes LDHA and PKM2, along with elevated lactate production. 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王宇航 1, 2, 3 , 王泽苑 1, 2, 3 , 姚铖铖 2, 3 , 刘晓嘉 2, 3 , 张瑜 2, 3, * , 鄢丹 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 523-531
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 523 -531
基于糖酵解通路PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α研究黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化机制
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王宇航1, 2, 3, 王泽苑1, 2, 3, 姚铖铖2, 3, 刘晓嘉2, 3, 张瑜2, 3, * , 鄢丹2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
  • 3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
张瑜, E-mail:
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王宇航负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、张瑜提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王泽苑、姚铖铖、刘晓嘉协助实验数据采集与分析。

Mechanism of baicalin-induced M1 polarization in RAW264.7 cells: role of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway
Yu-hang WANG1, 2, 3, Ze-yuan WANG1, 2, 3, Cheng-cheng YAO2, 3, Xiao-jia LIU2, 3, Yu ZHANG2, 3, * , Dan YAN2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500
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M1型巨噬细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答对于抑制肿瘤进展至关重要, 其功能依赖于有效的代谢重编程。本研究旨在探讨黄芩苷(baicalin) 是否通过调控PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴及其下游糖酵解代谢, 促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化。采用RAW264.7细胞模型, 通过CCK-8法检测细胞活性, 流式细胞术与免疫荧光技术分析细胞表面标志物CD86的表达; ELISA法检测细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) 水平; 乳酸试剂盒检测乳酸含量; Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞中PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α糖酵解通路与糖酵解关键限速酶乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 和丙酮酸激酶M2型(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2) 与蛋白表达; 并利用PI3K抑制剂LY294002和糖酵解抑制剂2-DG验证黄芩苷的作用机制。结果显示, 黄芩苷在12.5~100 μmol·L-1时对RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力无显著影响, 在100 µmol·L-1时可显著上调RAW264.7细胞中M1型表面标志物CD86及细胞因子TNF-α的表达, 上调p-PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α、LDHA与PKM2蛋白的表达, 同时乳酸含量升高。而加入LY294002和2-DG后, 黄芩苷对CD86的上调作用均被抑制, 相关通路蛋白表达也出现回调。本研究揭示黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号轴, 增强糖酵解代谢, 驱动巨噬细胞向M1型极化, 为其在肿瘤免疫调节及炎症相关疾病中的治疗潜力提供了新的代谢机制依据。

黄芩苷  /  RAW264.7细胞  /  M1型极化  /  糖酵解  /  抗肿瘤

M1 macrophages play a critical role in tumorigenesis and development. Insufficient infiltration of M1 macrophages can lead to inadequate CD8+ T cell activation, impairing immune surveillance and thereby promoting immune escape. This study investigated the mechanism by which baicalin induces the polarization of RAW264.7 cells towards the M1 phenotype using an in vitro cell model. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. The expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA. Lactate levels were detected using a lactate assay kit. Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of key components of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway and the key rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in RAW264.7 cells. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG were employed to validate the mechanism of action of baicalin. The results showed that baicalin at concentrations of 12.5-100 μmol·L-1 had no significant effect on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. At 100 μmol·L-1, baicalin significantly up-regulated the expression of the M1 surface marker CD86 and the cytokine TNF-α, increased the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, HIF-1α, LDHA, and PKM2, and elevated lactate levels. However, the up-regulatory effects of baicalin on CD86 were inhibited, and the expression of related pathway proteins was reversed, upon addition of LY294002 or 2-DG. This study reveals for the first time that baicalin drives macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype by activating the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling axis and enhancing glycolytic metabolism. This finding provides new mechanistic evidence based on metabolism for its therapeutic potential in tumor immune regulation and inflammation-related diseases.

baicalin  /  RAW264.7 cell  /  classically activated M1 type polarization  /  glycolysis  /  antitumor
王宇航, 王泽苑, 姚铖铖, 刘晓嘉, 张瑜, 鄢丹. 基于糖酵解通路PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α研究黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化机制. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 523 -531 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500
Yu-hang WANG, Ze-yuan WANG, Cheng-cheng YAO, Xiao-jia LIU, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN. Mechanism of baicalin-induced M1 polarization in RAW264.7 cells: role of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α glycolytic pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 523 -531 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500
肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) 是肿瘤微环境中最丰富的免疫细胞群之一, 其功能极化状态(促炎抗肿瘤的M1型与抑炎促瘤的M2型) 深刻影响肿瘤的发生、发展与治疗响应[1]。近年研究表明, M2型TAMs通过分泌免疫抑制因子、促进血管生成及抑制T细胞活性, 驱动肿瘤免疫逃逸, 并直接削弱免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效。相反, M1型TAMs高表达促炎因子、提呈抗原及直接杀伤肿瘤细胞, 激活抗肿瘤免疫应答, 逆转免疫抑制微环境[2, 3]。然而, 实体瘤的缺氧、代谢异常及肿瘤源性信号(如集落刺激因子1) 常迫使TAMs向M2型极化, 导致M1/M2比例失衡, 加速肿瘤进展[4]。因此, 靶向调控TAMs向M1型极化, 重塑免疫微环境, 已成为增强抗肿瘤免疫的突破性策略[5]。当前靶向TAMs向M1极化的临床策略面临成本高、不良反应大及易耐药等关键问题。例如, CAR-巨噬细胞疗法生产成本高昂且易发生表型逆转导致耐药; TLR激动剂纳米制剂存在严重脱靶毒性; 而代谢干预类药物则因物种差异及代偿性耐药机制使其疗效受限[6-10]。因此, 从天然药物中寻找能够高效诱导巨噬细胞M1型极化的活性小分子, 成为开发肿瘤免疫新策略的重要方向。
中药活性成分具有多靶点、低毒副作用、免疫调节、逆转耐药等优势。黄芩苷(baicalin) 是从传统中药黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis) 干燥根茎中提取的主要黄酮类活性成分, 具有抗炎、抗菌或抗病毒、抗心血管疾病、抗神经退行性疾病、肝损伤保护、改善糖尿病肾病等多种药理作用[11]。近年来, 黄芩苷因其多靶点、低毒性及抗肿瘤广谱性成为抗肿瘤药物研究的热点, 尤其在调控肿瘤增殖、转移、免疫微环境及化疗增敏等方面取得显著进展[12-14]。本团队前期研究表明, 黄芩苷通过调节肠道菌群改善短链脂肪酸代谢, 可调节肿瘤免疫微环境, 进而改善肺癌对PD-1抑制剂的应答效果, 提升抗肿瘤疗效[15]。此外, 黄芩苷可通过激活A549细胞中自噬蛋白LC3降低PD-L1的表达发挥抗肿瘤作用[16]。但对于黄芩苷是否可以诱导巨噬细胞M1型极化及调控机制尚未报道。
免疫代谢最新研究揭示, 巨噬细胞的极化与其代谢重编程紧密耦合。M1型极化强烈依赖于PI3K/Akt信号通路激活及其下游缺氧诱导因子-1α (HIF-1α) 所驱动的糖酵解代谢(即有氧糖酵解)[17, 18]。该代谢转换不仅为M1型巨噬细胞的快速活化和大量炎症因子合成提供能量与生物前体, 其代谢产物(如乳酸) 本身也可作为信号分子进一步稳定促炎表型。因此, PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α/糖酵解轴是控制M1型极化的核心代谢开关, 靶向该轴为调控TAMs功能提供了精准的代谢干预思路。
基于此, 本研究提出科学假设: 黄芩苷可能通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号通路, 促进巨噬细胞的糖酵解代谢重编程, 从而诱导其向M1型极化。本研究以RAW264.7细胞为研究对象, 使用流式细胞术与免疫荧光检测细胞极化相关表面标志物; 使用试剂盒检测细胞极化相关炎症因子与细胞乳酸分泌情况; 使用Western blot检测PI3K-Akt-HIF-1α通路以及糖酵解关键限速酶蛋白表达。进一步, 通过使用PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002和糖酵解抑制剂2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖(2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-DG) 进行挽救实验, 阐明通路依赖性。
本研究首次从代谢重编程视角, 考察黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化的情况及其深层机制, 不仅为阐释黄芩苷抗肿瘤免疫药效提供了全新的科学依据, 也为开发以巨噬细胞代谢为靶点的天然免疫调节剂, 克服当前临床策略的局限性, 提供了重要的候选分子和理论支撑。
主要试剂及材料  黄芩苷(BT-HQ03) 购自北京市倍特仁康生物医药科技有限公司; DMEM高糖培养基(03.1002C)、特级胎牛血清(03.U16001DC) 与青链霉素混合液(03.12001A) 购自北京中生奥邦生物科技有限公司; CCK8试剂(凯基生物, 批号KGA317); PBS (SinoDetech, 批号CBSOO4S-BR500)、裂解液(R0010)、蛋白酶抑制剂(P6730)、脂多糖(LPS, L8880)、干扰素γ (IFN-γ, P00564) 均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; APC anti-mouse F4/80 (123115)、APC/Cyanine7 anti-mouse CD86 (105029)、PE anti-mouse CD206 (MMR, 141705) 均购自美国BioLegend公司; Phospho-PI3 kinase p85 (Tyr458) /p55 (Tyr199, #4228) 抗体、PI3 kinase p85 (19H8, #4257) 抗体、Phospho-Akt (Ser473, D9E) XP® (#4060) 抗体、HIF-1α (D2U3T, #14179) 抗体、LDHA (C458, #3582) 抗体与PKM2 (D78A4) XP®抗体均购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; Akt (10176-2-AP) 抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; L-乳酸(L-LD) 测试盒(A019-2-1) 购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 2-DG、LY294002购自北京倍特仁康生物医药科技公司。
细胞培养及药物处理  小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞(RAW264.7) 购自北京中生奥邦生物科技有限公司。采用10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素链霉素的DMEM高糖培养基置于细胞培养箱中培养。黄芩苷药物配置方法: 精密称取黄芩苷标准品(纯度≥ 98%), 以二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 为溶剂配制成100 mmol·L-1母液后, 使用RAW264.7细胞专用培养基稀释成浓度为100 μmol·L-1的工作液。LPS药物配置方法: 称取LPS粉末, 以无菌去离子水为溶剂配制成0.2 mg·mL-1母液, 使用RAW264.7细胞专用培养基稀释成浓度为200 ng·mL-1的工作液。IFN-γ药物配置方法: 使用含0.1% BSA的PBS配制成20 μg·mL-1的母液, 使用RAW264.7细胞专用培养基稀释成浓度为20 ng·mL-1的工作液。使用LPS+IFN-γ作阳性对照时, 加入200 ng·mL-1 LPS + 20 ng·mL-1 IFN-γ处理RAW264.7细胞48 h。2-DG药物配置方法: 精密称取2-DG标准品(纯度≥ 98%), 以无菌去离子水为溶剂配制成1 mol·L-1母液后, 使用RAW264.7细胞专用培养基稀释成浓度为5 mmol·L-1的工作液。使用2-DG抑制糖酵解时, 将5 mmol·L-1 2-DG与100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷共处理48 h; LY294002药物配置方法: 精密称取2-DG标准品(纯度≥ 98%), 以二甲基亚砜为溶剂配制成20 mmol·L-1母液后, 使用RAW264.7细胞专用培养基稀释成浓度为20 μmol·L-1的工作液。使用LY294002抑制PI3K/AKT通路时, 用20 μmol·L-1 LY294002预处理细胞18 h后, 加入100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷共同处理48 h。
细胞活力检测  将RAW264.7细胞以每毫升1×105个接种于96孔板中, 用黄芩苷(12.5、25、50、100、200 µmol·L-1) 干预48 h后, 用真空泵吸取上清, 将含有10% CCK-8试剂的RAW264.7细胞专用培养基加入每个孔中, 避光孵育60 min。使用帝肯Infinite Eplex CN多功能酶标仪在450 nm处测定每个孔的吸光度值, 计算细胞活力。
流式细胞术分析  收集药物处理后的RAW264.7细胞: 用细胞刮刀刮下细胞至15 mL离心管, 800 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清, 加入1 mL PBS重悬, 取200 μL至1.5 mL EP管, 800 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清。CD86抗体孵育: 用100 μL PBS重悬细胞, 在每100 μL细胞悬液中加入2.5 μL荧光标记的CD86抗体, 混匀后置4 ℃避光孵育30 min; CD206抗体孵育: 用100 μL破膜液重悬细胞, 4 ℃避光孵育15 min, 800 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清。用100 μL缓冲液洗涤两次, 800 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清后用100 μL缓冲液重悬细胞, 使用安捷伦NovoCyteQuanteon流式细胞分析仪上机, FlowJo v10.8.1进行数据分析。
细胞免疫荧光  将RAW264.7细胞以每毫升5×104个接种于放置无菌盖玻片的24孔板, 37 ℃、5% CO2培养24 h。弃原培养基, 加入100 µmol·L-1黄芩苷处理48 h。弃培养基, PBS轻柔漂洗3次, 每孔加入1 mL 4%多聚甲醛, 室温固定20 min。细胞破膜: 爬片稍甩干后用组化笔在盖玻片中间细胞分布均匀的位置画圈(防止抗体流走), 加50~100 μL破膜工作液, 室温孵育20 min, PBS洗3次, 每次5 min。血清封闭: 在圈内滴加用3% BSA均匀覆盖组织, 室温封闭30 min。(一抗是山羊来源用10%驴血清封闭, 一抗其他来源的用3% BSA封闭)。加一抗: 轻轻甩掉封闭液, 在细胞孔板里滴加PBS按一定比例配好的一抗, 细胞培养板平放于湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜。加二抗: 细胞孔板置于脱色摇床上晃动洗涤3次, 每次5 min。稍甩干后在圈内滴加与一抗相应种属的二抗覆盖组织, 室温孵育50 min。4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 染核、封片: 爬片置于PBS (PH7.4) 中在脱色摇床上晃动洗涤3次, 每次5 min。切片稍甩干后在圈内滴加DAPI抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片。扫描: 3DHISTECH病理扫描仪扫描采集图片。免疫细胞化学结果判读: DAPI染出来的细胞核在紫外的激发下为蓝色, CD86 (红) + CD206 (绿)。
酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA) 检测IL-10、TNF-α的含量  将标准品依次配制成说明书所述浓度, 混匀, 制备标准曲线。收集RAW264.7对数生长期细胞, 以以每毫升4×105个铺于96孔板, 置37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中孵育24 h。弃上清, 加入空白培养基以及含有不同浓度黄芩苷的培养基后继续置37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中孵育18 h。吸取上清液离心, 使用帝肯Infinite Eplex CN多功能酶标仪检测450 nm处吸光度, 根据标准曲线计算浓度。
微板法检测乳酸含量  收集黄芩苷处理48 h后的RAW264.7细胞培养液, 按照乳酸测定试剂盒说明书进行离心提取上清液收集样本, 使用帝肯Infinite Eplex CN多功能酶标仪检测546 nm处吸光度, 进行乳酸含量检测。
蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB)  收集黄芩苷处理48 h后的RAW264.7细胞。弃掉培养基, 用冷PBS清洗细胞2遍, 每孔加入50 μL裂解液置于冰上裂解15 min, 用细胞刮刀将6孔板中细胞刮下。随后4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min。收集上清, 用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度并配平, 煮沸15 min。取20 μg总蛋白进行10% SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(80 V, 15 min后120 V, 1 h)。湿转法转膜后5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h, 4 ℃孵育一抗过夜, TBST洗3遍, 在室温孵育二抗1 h, TBST洗3遍, 一次10 min, 显影。
统计学分析  数据使用Grpahpad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析。两组间均数比较采用t检验, 多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析, 每组实验重复3次及以上, P < 0.05具有显著性差异。
为了探究黄芩苷对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响, 使用不同浓度的黄芩苷(12.5~200 μmol·L-1) 处理RAW264.7细胞48 h, 利用CCK8法检测细胞活力。结果如图1所示, 与对照组相比, 黄芩苷在25~200 μmol·L-1内可成剂量依赖性降低RAW264.7细胞的存活率。其中, 黄芩苷浓度在12.5~100 μmol·L-1时RAW264.7细胞活力下降但无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 在200 μmol·L-1时细胞活力显著下降(P < 0.05)。为合理考察对M1型巨噬细胞诱导情况, 本研究选择安全剂量25、50和100 μmol·L-1作为后续实验中的给药浓度。
CD86和CD206分别为M1与M2型巨噬细胞的重要表面标志物。本研究通过流式细胞术检测黄芩苷对RAW264.7细胞极化的影响, 使用200 ng·mL-1 LPS + 20 ng·mL-1 IFN-γ处理RAW264.7细胞48 h用作阳性对照。结果如图2所示, 与对照组相比, 阳性药组可显著上调RAW264.7细胞CD86表达比例(P < 0.01)。黄芩苷在低、中、高剂量范围内(25、50和100 μmol·L-1) 可剂量依赖性上调RAW264.7细胞CD86表达比例, 同时下调CD206表达比例。同时, 黄芩苷在25 μmol·L-1时对CD86表达的上调无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 当剂量达到50 μmol·L-1时出现显著上调(P < 0.05), 且在100 μmol·L-1时上调结果更显著(P < 0.01), 与阳性药组接近; 而各浓度黄芩苷对CD206的表达比例虽有下调趋势, 但均无显著性差异。说明黄芩苷可诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞发生M1型极化。
为进一步明确黄芩苷对巨噬细胞极化的影响, 本研究采用免疫荧光技术观察M1型和M2型巨噬细胞标志因子: CD86和CD206。结果如图3所示, 与对照组相比, 100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷处理48 h后, 细胞核(DAPI, 蓝色) 形态与密度未见明显改变。M1型巨噬细胞特征性标志物CD86的红色荧光信号显著增强, 而M2型巨噬细胞特征性标志物CD206的绿色荧光信号强度未见明显变化。上述荧光信号的分布与叠加情况在Merge图中得以清晰展示。说明100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷可诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞发生M1型极化。
巨噬细胞发生M1型极化后会分泌TNF-α协助参与免疫调节, 而在发生M2型极化后主要分泌IL-10。本研究采用ELISA试剂盒检测黄芩苷对TNF-α与IL-10分泌的影响。结果如图4所示, 与对照组相比, 黄芩苷在100 μmol·L-1时可显著上调RAW264.7细胞上清中TNF-α含量(P < 0.01), 同时显著下调IL-10含量(P < 0.05)。进一步说明黄芩苷可诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞M1型极化。
文献[19]报道, M1型巨噬细胞的活化和功能维持高度依赖于糖酵解这一高效的代谢方式。为探究黄芩苷诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化机制, 选用糖酵解抑制剂2-DG作用于RAW264.7细胞。流式细胞术结果表明: 与黄芩苷组(100 μmol·L-1) 相比, 0.625、1.25和2.5 μmol·L-1 2-DG可回调RAW264.7细胞上CD86表达比例, 在浓度为0.625 μmol·L-1时回调效果最显著(P < 0.001, 图5A)。说明黄芩苷可通过激活糖酵解诱导RAW264.7细胞发生M1型极化。
HIF-1α是糖酵解的关键调节因子, 为确定其是否参与黄芩苷诱导的RAW264.7细胞M1型极化, 本研究开展了Western blot实验检测HIF-1α蛋白表达。Western blot结果表明: 与对照组相比, 黄芩苷在25和50 μmol·L-1时对HIF-1α表达的上调无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 当剂量达到100 μmol·L-1时出现显著上调(P < 0.01, 图5B); 选用100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷并加入0.625 μmol·L-1 2-DG后发现, 与单用黄芩苷组相比, 加入2-DG后HIF-1α表达出现显著回调(P < 0.05, 图5C)。以上结果说明, 黄芩苷诱导的RAW264.7细胞M1型极化可能与糖酵解的激活相关。
LDHA和PKM2是糖酵解关键限速酶, 选用Western blot对LDHA和PKM2的表达进行了检测, 同时使用L-乳酸测定试剂盒检测糖酵解主要代谢产物乳酸的含量。结果表明, 黄芩苷在100 μmol·L-1时可显著上调LDHA与PKM2蛋白表达(P < 0.05, 图5D), 同时乳酸含量显著升高(P < 0.000 1, 图5E)。进一步说明黄芩苷可通过激活糖酵解诱导RAW264.7细胞发生M1型极化。
已有研究表明, PI3K/Akt信号通路可能是调控巨噬细胞极化的另一关键枢纽[20]。Western blot结果表明: 与对照组相比, 25和50 μmol·L-1黄芩苷对p-PI3K/PI3K的比值上调无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 当剂量达到100 μmol·L-1时出现显著上调(P < 0.05); 同时, 黄芩苷在25 μmol·L-1时对p-Akt/Akt比值的上调无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 当剂量达到50 μmol·L-1时出现显著上调(P < 0.05), 且在100 μmol·L-1时上调结果更显著(P < 0.01, 图6A)。
为探究黄芩苷激活RAW264.7细胞糖酵解的上游机制, 选用PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002作用于RAW264.7细胞。流式细胞术结果表明: 加入10、20和40 μmol·L-1 LY294002后, RAW264.7细胞上CD86表达比例均出现回调, 但未呈剂量依赖形式(图6B)。同时, 选用上调效果最显著的100 μmol·L-1黄芩苷加入10 μmol·L-1 LY294002后发现: 与单用黄芩苷组相比, 加入LY294002后, p-PI3K/PI3K与p-Akt/Akt比值出现显著回调(P < 0.05), 而HIF-1α蛋白表达回调更加显著(P < 0.01, 图6C)。以上结果表明, 黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α糖酵解通路诱导RAW264.7细胞M1型极化。
巨噬细胞极化状态深刻影响肿瘤免疫微环境[21], 其中, M1型巨噬细胞作为关键的抗肿瘤亚群, 其在肿瘤微环境中的浸润水平对肿瘤的发生发展和患者预后具有重要影响: 在肝细胞癌中, CD86+ M1型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM) 的高密度浸润与患者总生存期(OS) 和无病生存期(DFS) 显著改善相关, 而低密度CD86+ M1型TAM是评估OS和DFS的独立风险因子; 在基底样乳腺癌中, 基于M1-M0/M2-M0比值定义的M1高(M1H) 亚群患者OS和DFS明显优于M1低(M1L) 亚群[22]。此外, M1型巨噬细胞在改善免疫治疗疗效方面展现出显著的临床意义: 在乳腺癌中, M1巨噬细胞通过分泌IL-12和TNF-α激活CD8+ T细胞, 显著增强抗PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗的疗效; 在结直肠癌中, M1型巨噬细胞通过分泌CXCL9和CXCL10招募CD8+ T细胞, 并促进组织驻留记忆T细胞在肿瘤组织中的长期驻留, 进而改善免疫治疗疗效[23]。因此, 研究能够诱导巨噬细胞M1型极化的小分子药物, 对于开发新型免疫治疗策略具有重要意义。
黄芩苷作为黄芩的主要活性成分之一, 可通过抑制炎症因子释放、调节免疫细胞功能、清除自由基等机制发挥治疗作用, 是黄芩“清热泻火解毒”功效的重要物质基础[24, 25], 在临床上广泛应用于病毒性肝炎、呼吸道感染及过敏性炎症等疾病的治疗。在肿瘤治疗领域, 黄芩苷不仅可与常规化疗药物协同增效, 还显示出逆转肿瘤耐药性的潜力[26]。前期研究证实, 黄芩苷可通过激活A549细胞自噬蛋白LC3降低PD‑L1表达, 并通过调节肠道菌群改善PD‑1抑制剂对非小细胞肺癌的耐药性。本研究首次发现, 黄芩苷可通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF‑1α糖酵解通路诱导RAW264.7细胞发生M1型极化, 进一步拓展了其抗肿瘤免疫机制, 再次为中药的“多成分、多靶点、多通路”协同抗肿瘤提供了新的实验依据。
糖酵解重编程在巨噬细胞极化中扮演核心角色, 而HIF-1α是糖酵解的关键调节因子: 经典活化的M1型巨噬细胞依赖糖酵解快速供能以维持其促炎功能[27]; M2型极化则主要依赖氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS) 或脂肪酸氧化(FAO)[28, 29]。同时, 已有研究表明PI3K/Akt信号通路可能是调控巨噬细胞极化的另一关键枢纽: Huang等[30]发现, 泛素羧基末端水解酶L1 (UCHL1) 通过自噬促进p110α的降解, 增加了Akt的活性, 从而促进巨噬细胞向促炎的M1状态极化; Wang等[31]发现, FAM76B基因通过稳定PIK3CD mRNA, 调控PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路介导的M1巨噬细胞极化。本研究首次发现, 黄芩苷能够显著上调巨噬细胞中PI3K、Akt及HIF-1α的蛋白表达。HIF-1α作为糖酵解的核心转录调控枢纽, 其激活促进了M1型极化所依赖的糖酵解代谢重编程。此结论得到了有效的抑制剂验证: 本研究中, PI3K抑制剂LY294002 (上游) 和糖酵解抑制剂2-DG (下游) 均逆转了黄芩苷诱导的M1极化, 并且加入LY294002后, PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α通路的3个蛋白均出现回调。证实了黄芩苷的作用依赖于PI3K/Akt通路及其调控的糖酵解过程, 且二者存在明确的上下游关系, LY294002作用于链条的开端(抑制PI3K, 从而抑制其下游所有事件), 2-DG作用于链条的末端(抑制糖酵解, 直接切断M1极化的能量和生物合成基础)。以上结果充分证明, 黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号轴并重编程细胞代谢, 从而驱动巨噬细胞向M1型极化, 这可能与肿瘤细胞或调节性T细胞中该通路的促增殖、免疫抑制的作用形成反差[32, 33]。
综上, 本研究明确了黄芩苷通过激活PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α通路, 上调LDHA与PKM2两个关键糖酵解限速酶的表达, 从而加速糖酵解代谢过程, 增加乳酸分泌, 最终诱导巨噬细胞向M1型极化的深层机制(图7)。然而, 巨噬细胞的M1型极化是一个受多信号网络精密调控的复杂过程, 本研究只聚焦于糖酵解信号通路, 还需进一步延续与深化实验。因此后续计划开展转录组学进行无偏筛选, 对黄芩苷处理的RAW264.7细胞进行RNA-seq测序, 系统筛选差异表达基因和显著富集的信号通路。其次, RAW264.7细胞不足以代表肿瘤相关巨噬细胞, 其体内抗肿瘤药效及临床转化潜力仍有待通过荷瘤小鼠模型进一步验证。未来研究将着重考察黄芩苷在整体动物水平对肿瘤生长的抑制效果、对肿瘤微环境中M1/M2巨噬细胞比例的实际调控能力, 以及与其他免疫疗法联用的协同效应, 以期为开发协同免疫治疗抗肿瘤的新策略提供依据。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1500
  • 接收时间:2025-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-14
  • 修回日期:2026-01-14
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    1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
    3首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 源于临床的中药新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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