Article(id=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=1757865600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976061906, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976061906, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976061906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976061906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=614, endPage=623, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817723551998838, articleId=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Digital measurement and quality transfer modeling of honey refining process oriented to intelligent manufacturing, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To facilitate the intelligent transformation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing, this study addresses the challenges in the honey refining process—namely, the reliance on manual experience, difficulties in quantifying multi-dimensional quality attributes, and unclear quality transfer mechanisms. This study, using real-world samples from the production of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, established a digital measurement system for physical and chemical quality attributes of the refining process and constructed a pilot-scale quality transfer model. For physical characterization, optimized parameters were determined for dual-mode rheological testing (rotation: shear rate 50 s-1; oscillation: frequency 5 Hz, strain 50%) to measure honey viscosity. For chemical attributes, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantify pH, moisture, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Based on 984 data points from both atmospheric and vacuum refining processes, a kinetic model of quality transfer was constructed. The dynamic viscosity (η) showed strong correlations with moisture (S) and temperature (T) (R2 > 0.998 3), effectively representing the evolution of physical properties. Additionally, the chemical kinetic model indicated that vacuum refining at low temperature, combined with honey sources low in fructose and monosaccharide/disaccharide ratios, can significantly inhibit Maillard reaction rates. This study presents a systematic digital measurement and modeling framework for the honey refining process, providing technical support for process optimization and quality consistency in TCM manufacturing under the paradigm of intelligent production.
, authors=Yu-feng GUO
1, 2, Kai-yi WANG
1, 2, Nan LI
1, 2, Hui-min FENG
1, 2, Qia-tong XIE
1, 2, Ke-xin XIAO
1, 2, Jing-qi ZENG
1, 2, *, Zhi-sheng WU
1, 2, *, authorsList=Yu-feng GUO, Kai-yi WANG, Nan LI, Hui-min FENG, Qia-tong XIE, Ke-xin XIAO, Jing-qi ZENG, Zhi-sheng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-qi ZENG, Zhi-sheng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817725137445763, articleId=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=面向智能制造的炼蜜工艺质量属性数字化测量与质量传递模型研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为推动中药制造向智能化转型, 针对炼蜜工艺长期依赖人工经验、质量属性难以量化表征、质量传递规律不明确等问题, 本研究以同仁牛黄清心丸真实世界炼蜜样品为基础, 建立了炼蜜工艺物理与化学质量属性的数字化测量体系, 并构建中试规模的质量传递模型。在物理属性方面, 采用旋转与振荡双模式参数优化策略, 确定最佳测试参数(旋转剪切速率50 s-1, 振荡剪切频率5 Hz、剪切应变50%), 建立蜂蜜流变性测量方法。化学属性方面, 基于高效液相色谱法, 建立了pH、水分、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖及5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF) 等指标的测量方法。进一步整合常压与减压炼蜜工艺下的984个真实数据点(涵盖11种质量属性), 构建质量传递动力学模型, 其中动力黏度(η) 与水分(S)、温度(T) 之间拟合效果显著(R2 > 0.998 3), 能够有效刻画流变性变化规律。模型结果还揭示, 低温减压工艺结合低果糖、低单糖/双糖比的蜜源可有效抑制美拉德反应。本研究实现了炼蜜质量属性的数字化测量与传递建模, 为炼蜜工艺质量控制提供技术支撑, 并为中药制造实现从经验驱动向数字驱动的转型奠定基础。
, authors=郭玉凤
1, 2, 王恺怡
1, 2, 李楠
1, 2, 冯绘敏
1, 2, 谢洽桐
1, 2, 肖可欣
1, 2, 曾敬其
1, 2, *, 吴志生
1, 2, *, authorsList=郭玉凤, 王恺怡, 李楠, 冯绘敏, 谢洽桐, 肖可欣, 曾敬其, 吴志生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾敬其, 吴志生, authorNote=
作者贡献:
郭玉凤和王恺怡为本文共同第一作者, 负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 李楠负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 冯绘敏、谢洽桐和肖可欣负责实验研究; 曾敬其负责实验研究、思路指导和文章的知识性内容审阅; 吴志生负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。
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1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
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1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
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1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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J Instrum Anal (分析测试学报), 2023, 42: 1012-1025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308818037046870042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037059452955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037046870042, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037067841564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037046870042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308818037147533341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037160116254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037147533341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Production and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037168504863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037147533341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308818041660604506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FkP+3alR9RIsSIwPrnu+qg==, figureFileBig=AUdG31JnvYl9ek6og2l94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041740296283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Optimization of honey rheological measurements. A1: Shear stress sweep of raw honey and refined honey; A2: Shear rate sweep of raw honey and refined honey; B1: Optimized shear frequency results for raw honey; B2: Optimized shear frequency results for refined honey; C1: Optimization results for shear strain of raw honey; C2: Optimization results for shear strain of refined honey. DV: Dynamic viscosity, figureFileSmall=FkP+3alR9RIsSIwPrnu+qg==, figureFileBig=AUdG31JnvYl9ek6og2l94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041832570972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/n5S/lcHkxGJtZzq4gj76Q==, figureFileBig=GvpJBNrAmBUy+CzZvn5/MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041899679837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Determination of rheological properties of honey at different temperatures. A1: Dynamic viscosity of raw honey; A2: Complex viscosity of raw honey; A3: Viscous modulus of raw honey; A4: Elastic modulus of raw honey; B1: Dynamic viscosity of refined honey; B2: Complex viscosity of refined honey; B3: Viscous modulus of refined honey; B4: Elastic modulus of refined honey. Red numbers indicate relative standard deviations (RSD), figureFileSmall=/n5S/lcHkxGJtZzq4gj76Q==, figureFileBig=GvpJBNrAmBUy+CzZvn5/MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041954205790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z2MHv/w2PZfiQzCVImsc5A==, figureFileBig=ZBuVA17+H4cNEWtBTDXW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042021314655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for physical quality attributes of honey refining process under atmospheric pressure. A1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity; A2: Viscous modulus; A3: Elastic modulus; B1: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results; B2: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results; C: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in atmospheric pressure honey refining process, figureFileSmall=z2MHv/w2PZfiQzCVImsc5A==, figureFileBig=ZBuVA17+H4cNEWtBTDXW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042088423520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=l71xEWCwB2SENGf5l9kqNQ==, figureFileBig=I7CuYiEre6ngyKwLCogzRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042155532385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for chemical quality attributes of honey refining process under atmospheric pressure. A1: pH of Y1 batch; A2: Moisture of Y1batch; A3: 5-HMF of Y1batch; A4: Fructose and glucose of Y1 batch; A5: Sucrose and maltose of Y1 batch; B1: Fructose/glucose of Y1 batch; B2: Sucrose/maltose of Y1 batch; B3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y1 batch; B4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y1 batch, figureFileSmall=l71xEWCwB2SENGf5l9kqNQ==, figureFileBig=I7CuYiEre6ngyKwLCogzRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042218446946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=loAXVU7dxwA739mlPqbm5A==, figureFileBig=L5EZXkyyVnUxIAQyKL4/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042281361507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for physical quality attributes in the reduced-pressure honey refining process. A1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity of Y2 batch; A2: Viscous modulus of Y2 batch; A3: Elastic modulus of Y2 batch; B1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity of Y3 batch; B2: Viscous modulus of Y3 batch; B3: Elastic modulus of Y3 batch; C1: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results of Y2 batch; C2: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results of Y2 batch; C3: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results of Y3 batch; C4: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results of Y3 batch; D1: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in reduced-pressure honey refining process of Y2 batch; D2: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in reduced-pressure honey refining process of Y3 batch, figureFileSmall=loAXVU7dxwA739mlPqbm5A==, figureFileBig=L5EZXkyyVnUxIAQyKL4/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042352664676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xWHJMacZi3q0AI6v/nwpoQ==, figureFileBig=B8Ux32XAS9DfbncSeFyRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042411384933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for chemical quality attributes in the reduced-pressure honey refining process. A1: pH of Y2 batch; A2: Moisture of Y2 batch; A3: 5-HMF of Y2 batch; A4: Fructose and glucose of Y2 batch; A5: Sucrose and maltose of Y2 batch; B1: pH of Y3 batch; B2: Moisture of Y3 batch; B3: 5-HMF of Y3 batch; B4: Fructose and glucose of Y3 batch; B5: Sucrose and maltose of Y3 batch; C1: Fructose/glucose of Y2 batch; C2: Sucrose/maltose of Y2 batch; C3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y2 batch; C4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y2 batch; D1: Fructose/glucose of Y3 batch; D2: Sucrose/maltose of Y3 batch; D3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y3 batch; D4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y3 batch, figureFileSmall=xWHJMacZi3q0AI6v/nwpoQ==, figureFileBig=B8Ux32XAS9DfbncSeFyRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042482688102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Process type | Quality attribute | Kinetic equation | Intercept | Coefficient of X | Coefficient of X2 | Coefficient of X3 | R2 | F value | P value |
| Y1 batch | Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -1.31 | -1.78×10-2 | 1.10×10-4 | - | 0.928 4 | 155.56 | < 0.01 |
| Complex viscosity | Binomial | -1.31 | -1.79×10-2 | 1.09×10-4 | - | 0.928 4 | 155.56 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 2.10 | -1.78×10-2 | 1.09×10-4 | - | 0.927 6 | 153.78 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.22 | 7.38×10-3 | -4.05×10-5 | - | 0.574 8 | 16.22 | < 0.01 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.84 | 3.45×10-3 | -3.79×10-5 | 9.89×10-8 | 0.908 5 | 76.08 | < 0.01 |
| Moisture | Trinomial | 28.37 | -4.10×10-2 | 4.24×10-4 | -1.61×10-6 | 0.987 9 | 624.91 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Binomial | 38.37 | -2.05×10-2 | 1.05×10-4 | - | 0.646 8 | 21.97 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Binomial | 35.10 | -1.75×10-3 | 1.24×10-4 | - | 0.805 4 | 49.65 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.79 | -5.73×10-3 | 3.19×10-5 | - | 0.830 2 | 58.68 | < 0.01 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.73 | -9.57×10-5 | 2.10×10-5 | - | 0.924 3 | 146.56 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose/glucose | Monomial | 1.10 | -2.57×10-4 | - | - | 0.759 6 | 78.97 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Binomial | 1.02 | -2.99×10-3 | 7.92×10-6 | - | 0.730 7 | 32.56 | < 0.01 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Monomial | 22.81 | -3.05×10-2 | - | - | 0.844 7 | 136.02 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 0.84 | 2.80×10-1 | 1.55×10-2 | - | 0.999 1 | 12 751.64 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Trinomial | 73.55 | 2.62×10-1 | 9.21×10-3 | -3.71×10-5 | 0.795 7 | 28.56 | < 0.01 |
| Y2 batch | Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -0.95 | 4.19×10-3 | 2.97×10-6 | - | 0.993 8 | 2 336.46 | < 0.01 |
| Complex viscosity | Binomial | -0.93 | 3.96×10-3 | 3.37×10-6 | - | 0.994 6 | 2 669.29 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 2.51 | 4.01×10-3 | 3.27×10-6 | - | 0.994 8 | 2 777.48 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.23 | -3.71×10-3 | 1.42×10-5 | - | 0.081 3 | 1.28 | > 0.05 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.88 | 8.64×10-4 | -3.05×10-6 | 4.44×10-9 | 0.853 2 | 54.26 | < 0.01 |
| Moisture | Binomial | 24.28 | -1.34×10-2 | -5.98×10-6 | - | 0.996 3 | 3 944.35 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Trinomial | 36.28 | 2.85×10-2 | -1.93×10-4 | 3.80×10-7 | 0.388 2 | 5.92 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Trinomial | 33.25 | -1.21×10-2 | 1.75×10-4 | -3.58×10-7 | 0.887 2 | 73.43 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.08 | 9.55×10-4 | -5.64×10-7 | - | 0.362 3 | 8.24 | < 0.01 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.18 | 1.71×10-3 | -2.83×10-7 | - | 0.553 4 | 17.97 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose/glucose | Trinomial | 1.09 | 1.23×10-3 | -1.13×10-5 | 2.27×10-8 | 0.576 0 | 12.68 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Trinomial | 0.94 | -1.59×10-3 | 9.00×10-6 | -1.81×10-8 | 0.281 3 | 3.65 | < 0.05 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Trinomial | 29.68 | 1.63×10-2 | -2.84×10-4 | 5.82×10-7 | 0.407 3 | 6.41 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 55.73 | 2.57×10-1 | -4.45×10-4 | - | 0.949 1 | 270.22 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Binomial | 32.71 | -1.46×10-1 | 2.16×10-4 | - | 0.583 2 | 19.59 | < 0.01 |
| Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -1.46 | 6.98×10-3 | 1.64×10-5 | - | 0.997 5 | 4 050.31 | < 0.01 |
| Y3 batch | Complex viscosity | Binomial | -1.47 | 6.79×10-3 | 1.71×10-5 | - | 0.997 2 | 3 583.79 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 1.96 | 6.92×10-3 | 1.68×10-5 | - | 0.997 3 | 3 633.57 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.08 | 1.00×10-4 | -1.86×10-6 | - | 0.011 6 | 0.13 | > 0.05 |
| Moisture | Binomial | 26.59 | -2.97×10-2 | -1.06×10-5 | - | 0.997 5 | 3 944.30 | < 0.01 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.70 | 9.34×10-4 | -4.35×10-6 | 9.34×10-9 | 0.960 7 | 154.91 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Trinomial | 35.04 | 6.75×10-4 | 1.53×10-4 | -2.80×10-7 | 0.949 5 | 119.15 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Trinomial | 31.80 | 2.97×10-2 | -1.22×10-4 | 2.30×10-7 | 0.895 5 | 54.30 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.39 | -1.91×10-3 | 6.28×10-6 | - | 0.262 1 | 3.55 | < 0.05 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.79 | -3.17×10-3 | 8.92×10-6 | - | 0.159 6 | 1.90 | > 0.05 |
| Fructose/glucose | Trinomial | 1.10 | -8.50×10-4 | 7.83×10-6 | -1.46×10-8 | 0.419 3 | 4.57 | < 0.05 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Trinomial | 0.75 | 1.22×10-3 | -5.34×10-6 | 7.63×10-9 | 0.075 6 | 0.52 | > 0.05 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Trinomial | 23.40 | -3.50×10-2 | 4.55×10-4 | -9.78×10-7 | 0.291 7 | 2.61 | > 0.05 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 46.24 | 6.63×10-2 | -9.38×10-5 | - | 0.841 2 | 52.98 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Binomial | -1.37 | 2.45×10-2 | -5.28×10-5 | - | 0.530 3 | 10.72 | < 0.01 |
), ArticleFig(id=1308818042583351399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Kinetic equations for the transfer of physical and chemical quality attributes during honey refining under atmospheric (Y1 batch) and reduced (Y2 batch and Y3 batch)-pressure conditions. X: Duration of honey refining; "-" indicates that this item is not applicable; 5-HMF: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Process type | Quality attribute | Kinetic equation | Intercept | Coefficient of X | Coefficient of X2 | Coefficient of X3 | R2 | F value | P value |
| Y1 batch | Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -1.31 | -1.78×10-2 | 1.10×10-4 | - | 0.928 4 | 155.56 | < 0.01 |
| Complex viscosity | Binomial | -1.31 | -1.79×10-2 | 1.09×10-4 | - | 0.928 4 | 155.56 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 2.10 | -1.78×10-2 | 1.09×10-4 | - | 0.927 6 | 153.78 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.22 | 7.38×10-3 | -4.05×10-5 | - | 0.574 8 | 16.22 | < 0.01 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.84 | 3.45×10-3 | -3.79×10-5 | 9.89×10-8 | 0.908 5 | 76.08 | < 0.01 |
| Moisture | Trinomial | 28.37 | -4.10×10-2 | 4.24×10-4 | -1.61×10-6 | 0.987 9 | 624.91 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Binomial | 38.37 | -2.05×10-2 | 1.05×10-4 | - | 0.646 8 | 21.97 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Binomial | 35.10 | -1.75×10-3 | 1.24×10-4 | - | 0.805 4 | 49.65 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.79 | -5.73×10-3 | 3.19×10-5 | - | 0.830 2 | 58.68 | < 0.01 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.73 | -9.57×10-5 | 2.10×10-5 | - | 0.924 3 | 146.56 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose/glucose | Monomial | 1.10 | -2.57×10-4 | - | - | 0.759 6 | 78.97 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Binomial | 1.02 | -2.99×10-3 | 7.92×10-6 | - | 0.730 7 | 32.56 | < 0.01 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Monomial | 22.81 | -3.05×10-2 | - | - | 0.844 7 | 136.02 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 0.84 | 2.80×10-1 | 1.55×10-2 | - | 0.999 1 | 12 751.64 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Trinomial | 73.55 | 2.62×10-1 | 9.21×10-3 | -3.71×10-5 | 0.795 7 | 28.56 | < 0.01 |
| Y2 batch | Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -0.95 | 4.19×10-3 | 2.97×10-6 | - | 0.993 8 | 2 336.46 | < 0.01 |
| Complex viscosity | Binomial | -0.93 | 3.96×10-3 | 3.37×10-6 | - | 0.994 6 | 2 669.29 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 2.51 | 4.01×10-3 | 3.27×10-6 | - | 0.994 8 | 2 777.48 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.23 | -3.71×10-3 | 1.42×10-5 | - | 0.081 3 | 1.28 | > 0.05 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.88 | 8.64×10-4 | -3.05×10-6 | 4.44×10-9 | 0.853 2 | 54.26 | < 0.01 |
| Moisture | Binomial | 24.28 | -1.34×10-2 | -5.98×10-6 | - | 0.996 3 | 3 944.35 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Trinomial | 36.28 | 2.85×10-2 | -1.93×10-4 | 3.80×10-7 | 0.388 2 | 5.92 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Trinomial | 33.25 | -1.21×10-2 | 1.75×10-4 | -3.58×10-7 | 0.887 2 | 73.43 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.08 | 9.55×10-4 | -5.64×10-7 | - | 0.362 3 | 8.24 | < 0.01 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.18 | 1.71×10-3 | -2.83×10-7 | - | 0.553 4 | 17.97 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose/glucose | Trinomial | 1.09 | 1.23×10-3 | -1.13×10-5 | 2.27×10-8 | 0.576 0 | 12.68 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Trinomial | 0.94 | -1.59×10-3 | 9.00×10-6 | -1.81×10-8 | 0.281 3 | 3.65 | < 0.05 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Trinomial | 29.68 | 1.63×10-2 | -2.84×10-4 | 5.82×10-7 | 0.407 3 | 6.41 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 55.73 | 2.57×10-1 | -4.45×10-4 | - | 0.949 1 | 270.22 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Binomial | 32.71 | -1.46×10-1 | 2.16×10-4 | - | 0.583 2 | 19.59 | < 0.01 |
| Dynamic viscosity | Binomial | -1.46 | 6.98×10-3 | 1.64×10-5 | - | 0.997 5 | 4 050.31 | < 0.01 |
| Y3 batch | Complex viscosity | Binomial | -1.47 | 6.79×10-3 | 1.71×10-5 | - | 0.997 2 | 3 583.79 | < 0.01 |
| Viscous modulus | Binomial | 1.96 | 6.92×10-3 | 1.68×10-5 | - | 0.997 3 | 3 633.57 | < 0.01 |
| Elastic modulus | Binomial | 0.08 | 1.00×10-4 | -1.86×10-6 | - | 0.011 6 | 0.13 | > 0.05 |
| Moisture | Binomial | 26.59 | -2.97×10-2 | -1.06×10-5 | - | 0.997 5 | 3 944.30 | < 0.01 |
| pH | Trinomial | 3.70 | 9.34×10-4 | -4.35×10-6 | 9.34×10-9 | 0.960 7 | 154.91 | < 0.01 |
| Fructose | Trinomial | 35.04 | 6.75×10-4 | 1.53×10-4 | -2.80×10-7 | 0.949 5 | 119.15 | < 0.01 |
| Glucose | Trinomial | 31.80 | 2.97×10-2 | -1.22×10-4 | 2.30×10-7 | 0.895 5 | 54.30 | < 0.01 |
| Sucrose | Binomial | 1.39 | -1.91×10-3 | 6.28×10-6 | - | 0.262 1 | 3.55 | < 0.05 |
| Maltose | Binomial | 1.79 | -3.17×10-3 | 8.92×10-6 | - | 0.159 6 | 1.90 | > 0.05 |
| Fructose/glucose | Trinomial | 1.10 | -8.50×10-4 | 7.83×10-6 | -1.46×10-8 | 0.419 3 | 4.57 | < 0.05 |
| Sucrose/maltose | Trinomial | 0.75 | 1.22×10-3 | -5.34×10-6 | 7.63×10-9 | 0.075 6 | 0.52 | > 0.05 |
| Monosaccharides/disaccharides | Trinomial | 23.40 | -3.50×10-2 | 4.55×10-4 | -9.78×10-7 | 0.291 7 | 2.61 | > 0.05 |
| 5-HMF | Binomial | 46.24 | 6.63×10-2 | -9.38×10-5 | - | 0.841 2 | 52.98 | < 0.01 |
| 5-HMF growth/moisture loss | Binomial | -1.37 | 2.45×10-2 | -5.28×10-5 | - | 0.530 3 | 10.72 | < 0.01 |
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