Article(id=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=1757865600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976061906, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976061906, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976061906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976061906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=614, endPage=623, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817723551998838, articleId=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Digital measurement and quality transfer modeling of honey refining process oriented to intelligent manufacturing, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To facilitate the intelligent transformation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing, this study addresses the challenges in the honey refining process—namely, the reliance on manual experience, difficulties in quantifying multi-dimensional quality attributes, and unclear quality transfer mechanisms. This study, using real-world samples from the production of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, established a digital measurement system for physical and chemical quality attributes of the refining process and constructed a pilot-scale quality transfer model. For physical characterization, optimized parameters were determined for dual-mode rheological testing (rotation: shear rate 50 s-1; oscillation: frequency 5 Hz, strain 50%) to measure honey viscosity. For chemical attributes, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantify pH, moisture, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Based on 984 data points from both atmospheric and vacuum refining processes, a kinetic model of quality transfer was constructed. The dynamic viscosity (η) showed strong correlations with moisture (S) and temperature (T) (R2 > 0.998 3), effectively representing the evolution of physical properties. Additionally, the chemical kinetic model indicated that vacuum refining at low temperature, combined with honey sources low in fructose and monosaccharide/disaccharide ratios, can significantly inhibit Maillard reaction rates. This study presents a systematic digital measurement and modeling framework for the honey refining process, providing technical support for process optimization and quality consistency in TCM manufacturing under the paradigm of intelligent production.

, authors=Yu-feng GUO1, 2, Kai-yi WANG1, 2, Nan LI1, 2, Hui-min FENG1, 2, Qia-tong XIE1, 2, Ke-xin XIAO1, 2, Jing-qi ZENG1, 2, *, Zhi-sheng WU1, 2, *, authorsList=Yu-feng GUO, Kai-yi WANG, Nan LI, Hui-min FENG, Qia-tong XIE, Ke-xin XIAO, Jing-qi ZENG, Zhi-sheng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-qi ZENG, Zhi-sheng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817725137445763, articleId=1308817723363255157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=面向智能制造的炼蜜工艺质量属性数字化测量与质量传递模型研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为推动中药制造向智能化转型, 针对炼蜜工艺长期依赖人工经验、质量属性难以量化表征、质量传递规律不明确等问题, 本研究以同仁牛黄清心丸真实世界炼蜜样品为基础, 建立了炼蜜工艺物理与化学质量属性的数字化测量体系, 并构建中试规模的质量传递模型。在物理属性方面, 采用旋转与振荡双模式参数优化策略, 确定最佳测试参数(旋转剪切速率50 s-1, 振荡剪切频率5 Hz、剪切应变50%), 建立蜂蜜流变性测量方法。化学属性方面, 基于高效液相色谱法, 建立了pH、水分、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖及5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF) 等指标的测量方法。进一步整合常压与减压炼蜜工艺下的984个真实数据点(涵盖11种质量属性), 构建质量传递动力学模型, 其中动力黏度(η) 与水分(S)、温度(T) 之间拟合效果显著(R2 > 0.998 3), 能够有效刻画流变性变化规律。模型结果还揭示, 低温减压工艺结合低果糖、低单糖/双糖比的蜜源可有效抑制美拉德反应。本研究实现了炼蜜质量属性的数字化测量与传递建模, 为炼蜜工艺质量控制提供技术支撑, 并为中药制造实现从经验驱动向数字驱动的转型奠定基础。

, authors=郭玉凤1, 2, 王恺怡1, 2, 李楠1, 2, 冯绘敏1, 2, 谢洽桐1, 2, 肖可欣1, 2, 曾敬其1, 2, *, 吴志生1, 2, *, authorsList=郭玉凤, 王恺怡, 李楠, 冯绘敏, 谢洽桐, 肖可欣, 曾敬其, 吴志生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾敬其, 吴志生, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

郭玉凤和王恺怡为本文共同第一作者, 负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 李楠负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 冯绘敏、谢洽桐和肖可欣负责实验研究; 曾敬其负责实验研究、思路指导和文章的知识性内容审阅; 吴志生负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾敬其, E-mail:
吴志生, E-mail:
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J Instrum Anal (分析测试学报), 2023, 42: 1012-1025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308818037046870042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037059452955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037046870042, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037067841564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037046870042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308818037147533341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037160116254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037147533341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Production and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818037168504863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, companyId=1308818037147533341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308818041660604506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FkP+3alR9RIsSIwPrnu+qg==, figureFileBig=AUdG31JnvYl9ek6og2l94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041740296283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Optimization of honey rheological measurements. A1: Shear stress sweep of raw honey and refined honey; A2: Shear rate sweep of raw honey and refined honey; B1: Optimized shear frequency results for raw honey; B2: Optimized shear frequency results for refined honey; C1: Optimization results for shear strain of raw honey; C2: Optimization results for shear strain of refined honey. DV: Dynamic viscosity, figureFileSmall=FkP+3alR9RIsSIwPrnu+qg==, figureFileBig=AUdG31JnvYl9ek6og2l94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041832570972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/n5S/lcHkxGJtZzq4gj76Q==, figureFileBig=GvpJBNrAmBUy+CzZvn5/MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041899679837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Determination of rheological properties of honey at different temperatures. A1: Dynamic viscosity of raw honey; A2: Complex viscosity of raw honey; A3: Viscous modulus of raw honey; A4: Elastic modulus of raw honey; B1: Dynamic viscosity of refined honey; B2: Complex viscosity of refined honey; B3: Viscous modulus of refined honey; B4: Elastic modulus of refined honey. Red numbers indicate relative standard deviations (RSD), figureFileSmall=/n5S/lcHkxGJtZzq4gj76Q==, figureFileBig=GvpJBNrAmBUy+CzZvn5/MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818041954205790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z2MHv/w2PZfiQzCVImsc5A==, figureFileBig=ZBuVA17+H4cNEWtBTDXW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042021314655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for physical quality attributes of honey refining process under atmospheric pressure. A1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity; A2: Viscous modulus; A3: Elastic modulus; B1: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results; B2: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results; C: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in atmospheric pressure honey refining process, figureFileSmall=z2MHv/w2PZfiQzCVImsc5A==, figureFileBig=ZBuVA17+H4cNEWtBTDXW3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042088423520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=l71xEWCwB2SENGf5l9kqNQ==, figureFileBig=I7CuYiEre6ngyKwLCogzRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042155532385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for chemical quality attributes of honey refining process under atmospheric pressure. A1: pH of Y1 batch; A2: Moisture of Y1batch; A3: 5-HMF of Y1batch; A4: Fructose and glucose of Y1 batch; A5: Sucrose and maltose of Y1 batch; B1: Fructose/glucose of Y1 batch; B2: Sucrose/maltose of Y1 batch; B3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y1 batch; B4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y1 batch, figureFileSmall=l71xEWCwB2SENGf5l9kqNQ==, figureFileBig=I7CuYiEre6ngyKwLCogzRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042218446946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=loAXVU7dxwA739mlPqbm5A==, figureFileBig=L5EZXkyyVnUxIAQyKL4/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042281361507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for physical quality attributes in the reduced-pressure honey refining process. A1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity of Y2 batch; A2: Viscous modulus of Y2 batch; A3: Elastic modulus of Y2 batch; B1: Dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity of Y3 batch; B2: Viscous modulus of Y3 batch; B3: Elastic modulus of Y3 batch; C1: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results of Y2 batch; C2: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results of Y2 batch; C3: Dynamic viscosity-moisture fitting results of Y3 batch; C4: Dynamic viscosity-temperature fitting results of Y3 batch; D1: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in reduced-pressure honey refining process of Y2 batch; D2: Response surface of viscosity, moisture content, and temperature in reduced-pressure honey refining process of Y3 batch, figureFileSmall=loAXVU7dxwA739mlPqbm5A==, figureFileBig=L5EZXkyyVnUxIAQyKL4/bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042352664676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xWHJMacZi3q0AI6v/nwpoQ==, figureFileBig=B8Ux32XAS9DfbncSeFyRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042411384933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fitting results of transfer kinetic equation for chemical quality attributes in the reduced-pressure honey refining process. A1: pH of Y2 batch; A2: Moisture of Y2 batch; A3: 5-HMF of Y2 batch; A4: Fructose and glucose of Y2 batch; A5: Sucrose and maltose of Y2 batch; B1: pH of Y3 batch; B2: Moisture of Y3 batch; B3: 5-HMF of Y3 batch; B4: Fructose and glucose of Y3 batch; B5: Sucrose and maltose of Y3 batch; C1: Fructose/glucose of Y2 batch; C2: Sucrose/maltose of Y2 batch; C3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y2 batch; C4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y2 batch; D1: Fructose/glucose of Y3 batch; D2: Sucrose/maltose of Y3 batch; D3: Monosaccharides/disaccharides of Y3 batch; D4: 5-HMF growth/moisture loss of Y3 batch, figureFileSmall=xWHJMacZi3q0AI6v/nwpoQ==, figureFileBig=B8Ux32XAS9DfbncSeFyRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818042482688102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process typeQuality attributeKinetic equationInterceptCoefficient of XCoefficient of X2Coefficient of X3R2F valueP value
Y1 batchDynamic viscosityBinomial-1.31-1.78×10-21.10×10-4-0.928 4155.56< 0.01
Complex viscosityBinomial-1.31-1.79×10-21.09×10-4-0.928 4155.56< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial2.10-1.78×10-21.09×10-4-0.927 6153.78< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.227.38×10-3-4.05×10-5-0.574 816.22< 0.01
pHTrinomial3.843.45×10-3-3.79×10-59.89×10-80.908 576.08< 0.01
MoistureTrinomial28.37-4.10×10-24.24×10-4-1.61×10-60.987 9624.91< 0.01
FructoseBinomial38.37-2.05×10-21.05×10-4-0.646 821.97< 0.01
GlucoseBinomial35.10-1.75×10-31.24×10-4-0.805 449.65< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.79-5.73×10-33.19×10-5-0.830 258.68< 0.01
MaltoseBinomial1.73-9.57×10-52.10×10-5-0.924 3146.56< 0.01
Fructose/glucoseMonomial1.10-2.57×10-4--0.759 678.97< 0.01
Sucrose/maltoseBinomial1.02-2.99×10-37.92×10-6-0.730 732.56< 0.01
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesMonomial22.81-3.05×10-2--0.844 7136.02< 0.01
5-HMFBinomial0.842.80×10-11.55×10-2-0.999 112 751.64< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossTrinomial73.552.62×10-19.21×10-3-3.71×10-50.795 728.56< 0.01
Y2 batchDynamic viscosityBinomial-0.954.19×10-32.97×10-6-0.993 82 336.46< 0.01
Complex viscosityBinomial-0.933.96×10-33.37×10-6-0.994 62 669.29< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial2.514.01×10-33.27×10-6-0.994 82 777.48< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.23-3.71×10-31.42×10-5-0.081 31.28> 0.05
pHTrinomial3.888.64×10-4-3.05×10-64.44×10-90.853 254.26< 0.01
MoistureBinomial24.28-1.34×10-2-5.98×10-6-0.996 33 944.35< 0.01
FructoseTrinomial36.282.85×10-2-1.93×10-43.80×10-70.388 25.92< 0.01
GlucoseTrinomial33.25-1.21×10-21.75×10-4-3.58×10-70.887 273.43< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.089.55×10-4-5.64×10-7-0.362 38.24< 0.01
MaltoseBinomial1.181.71×10-3-2.83×10-7-0.553 417.97< 0.01
Fructose/glucoseTrinomial1.091.23×10-3-1.13×10-52.27×10-80.576 012.68< 0.01
Sucrose/maltoseTrinomial0.94-1.59×10-39.00×10-6-1.81×10-80.281 33.65< 0.05
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesTrinomial29.681.63×10-2-2.84×10-45.82×10-70.407 36.41< 0.01
5-HMFBinomial55.732.57×10-1-4.45×10-4-0.949 1270.22< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossBinomial32.71-1.46×10-12.16×10-4-0.583 219.59< 0.01
Dynamic viscosityBinomial-1.466.98×10-31.64×10-5-0.997 54 050.31< 0.01
Y3 batchComplex viscosityBinomial-1.476.79×10-31.71×10-5-0.997 23 583.79< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial1.966.92×10-31.68×10-5-0.997 33 633.57< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.081.00×10-4-1.86×10-6-0.011 60.13> 0.05
MoistureBinomial26.59-2.97×10-2-1.06×10-5-0.997 53 944.30< 0.01
pHTrinomial3.709.34×10-4-4.35×10-69.34×10-90.960 7154.91< 0.01
FructoseTrinomial35.046.75×10-41.53×10-4-2.80×10-70.949 5119.15< 0.01
GlucoseTrinomial31.802.97×10-2-1.22×10-42.30×10-70.895 554.30< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.39-1.91×10-36.28×10-6-0.262 13.55< 0.05
MaltoseBinomial1.79-3.17×10-38.92×10-6-0.159 61.90> 0.05
Fructose/glucoseTrinomial1.10-8.50×10-47.83×10-6-1.46×10-80.419 34.57< 0.05
Sucrose/maltoseTrinomial0.751.22×10-3-5.34×10-67.63×10-90.075 60.52> 0.05
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesTrinomial23.40-3.50×10-24.55×10-4-9.78×10-70.291 72.61> 0.05
5-HMFBinomial46.246.63×10-2-9.38×10-5-0.841 252.98< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossBinomial-1.372.45×10-2-5.28×10-5-0.530 310.72< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1308818042583351399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817723363255157, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Kinetic equations for the transfer of physical and chemical quality attributes during honey refining under atmospheric (Y1 batch) and reduced (Y2 batch and Y3 batch)-pressure conditions. X: Duration of honey refining; "-" indicates that this item is not applicable; 5-HMF: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process typeQuality attributeKinetic equationInterceptCoefficient of XCoefficient of X2Coefficient of X3R2F valueP value
Y1 batchDynamic viscosityBinomial-1.31-1.78×10-21.10×10-4-0.928 4155.56< 0.01
Complex viscosityBinomial-1.31-1.79×10-21.09×10-4-0.928 4155.56< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial2.10-1.78×10-21.09×10-4-0.927 6153.78< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.227.38×10-3-4.05×10-5-0.574 816.22< 0.01
pHTrinomial3.843.45×10-3-3.79×10-59.89×10-80.908 576.08< 0.01
MoistureTrinomial28.37-4.10×10-24.24×10-4-1.61×10-60.987 9624.91< 0.01
FructoseBinomial38.37-2.05×10-21.05×10-4-0.646 821.97< 0.01
GlucoseBinomial35.10-1.75×10-31.24×10-4-0.805 449.65< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.79-5.73×10-33.19×10-5-0.830 258.68< 0.01
MaltoseBinomial1.73-9.57×10-52.10×10-5-0.924 3146.56< 0.01
Fructose/glucoseMonomial1.10-2.57×10-4--0.759 678.97< 0.01
Sucrose/maltoseBinomial1.02-2.99×10-37.92×10-6-0.730 732.56< 0.01
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesMonomial22.81-3.05×10-2--0.844 7136.02< 0.01
5-HMFBinomial0.842.80×10-11.55×10-2-0.999 112 751.64< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossTrinomial73.552.62×10-19.21×10-3-3.71×10-50.795 728.56< 0.01
Y2 batchDynamic viscosityBinomial-0.954.19×10-32.97×10-6-0.993 82 336.46< 0.01
Complex viscosityBinomial-0.933.96×10-33.37×10-6-0.994 62 669.29< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial2.514.01×10-33.27×10-6-0.994 82 777.48< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.23-3.71×10-31.42×10-5-0.081 31.28> 0.05
pHTrinomial3.888.64×10-4-3.05×10-64.44×10-90.853 254.26< 0.01
MoistureBinomial24.28-1.34×10-2-5.98×10-6-0.996 33 944.35< 0.01
FructoseTrinomial36.282.85×10-2-1.93×10-43.80×10-70.388 25.92< 0.01
GlucoseTrinomial33.25-1.21×10-21.75×10-4-3.58×10-70.887 273.43< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.089.55×10-4-5.64×10-7-0.362 38.24< 0.01
MaltoseBinomial1.181.71×10-3-2.83×10-7-0.553 417.97< 0.01
Fructose/glucoseTrinomial1.091.23×10-3-1.13×10-52.27×10-80.576 012.68< 0.01
Sucrose/maltoseTrinomial0.94-1.59×10-39.00×10-6-1.81×10-80.281 33.65< 0.05
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesTrinomial29.681.63×10-2-2.84×10-45.82×10-70.407 36.41< 0.01
5-HMFBinomial55.732.57×10-1-4.45×10-4-0.949 1270.22< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossBinomial32.71-1.46×10-12.16×10-4-0.583 219.59< 0.01
Dynamic viscosityBinomial-1.466.98×10-31.64×10-5-0.997 54 050.31< 0.01
Y3 batchComplex viscosityBinomial-1.476.79×10-31.71×10-5-0.997 23 583.79< 0.01
Viscous modulusBinomial1.966.92×10-31.68×10-5-0.997 33 633.57< 0.01
Elastic modulusBinomial0.081.00×10-4-1.86×10-6-0.011 60.13> 0.05
MoistureBinomial26.59-2.97×10-2-1.06×10-5-0.997 53 944.30< 0.01
pHTrinomial3.709.34×10-4-4.35×10-69.34×10-90.960 7154.91< 0.01
FructoseTrinomial35.046.75×10-41.53×10-4-2.80×10-70.949 5119.15< 0.01
GlucoseTrinomial31.802.97×10-2-1.22×10-42.30×10-70.895 554.30< 0.01
SucroseBinomial1.39-1.91×10-36.28×10-6-0.262 13.55< 0.05
MaltoseBinomial1.79-3.17×10-38.92×10-6-0.159 61.90> 0.05
Fructose/glucoseTrinomial1.10-8.50×10-47.83×10-6-1.46×10-80.419 34.57< 0.05
Sucrose/maltoseTrinomial0.751.22×10-3-5.34×10-67.63×10-90.075 60.52> 0.05
Monosaccharides/disaccharidesTrinomial23.40-3.50×10-24.55×10-4-9.78×10-70.291 72.61> 0.05
5-HMFBinomial46.246.63×10-2-9.38×10-5-0.841 252.98< 0.01
5-HMF growth/moisture lossBinomial-1.372.45×10-2-5.28×10-5-0.530 310.72< 0.01
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面向智能制造的炼蜜工艺质量属性数字化测量与质量传递模型研究
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郭玉凤 1, 2 , 王恺怡 1, 2 , 李楠 1, 2 , 冯绘敏 1, 2 , 谢洽桐 1, 2 , 肖可欣 1, 2 , 曾敬其 1, 2, * , 吴志生 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 614-623
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 614 -623
面向智能制造的炼蜜工艺质量属性数字化测量与质量传递模型研究
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郭玉凤1, 2, 王恺怡1, 2, 李楠1, 2, 冯绘敏1, 2, 谢洽桐1, 2, 肖可欣1, 2, 曾敬其1, 2, * , 吴志生1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488
通讯作者:
曾敬其, E-mail:
吴志生, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

郭玉凤和王恺怡为本文共同第一作者, 负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 李楠负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 冯绘敏、谢洽桐和肖可欣负责实验研究; 曾敬其负责实验研究、思路指导和文章的知识性内容审阅; 吴志生负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。

Digital measurement and quality transfer modeling of honey refining process oriented to intelligent manufacturing
Yu-feng GUO1, 2, Kai-yi WANG1, 2, Nan LI1, 2, Hui-min FENG1, 2, Qia-tong XIE1, 2, Ke-xin XIAO1, 2, Jing-qi ZENG1, 2, * , Zhi-sheng WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Production and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728
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为推动中药制造向智能化转型, 针对炼蜜工艺长期依赖人工经验、质量属性难以量化表征、质量传递规律不明确等问题, 本研究以同仁牛黄清心丸真实世界炼蜜样品为基础, 建立了炼蜜工艺物理与化学质量属性的数字化测量体系, 并构建中试规模的质量传递模型。在物理属性方面, 采用旋转与振荡双模式参数优化策略, 确定最佳测试参数(旋转剪切速率50 s-1, 振荡剪切频率5 Hz、剪切应变50%), 建立蜂蜜流变性测量方法。化学属性方面, 基于高效液相色谱法, 建立了pH、水分、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖及5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF) 等指标的测量方法。进一步整合常压与减压炼蜜工艺下的984个真实数据点(涵盖11种质量属性), 构建质量传递动力学模型, 其中动力黏度(η) 与水分(S)、温度(T) 之间拟合效果显著(R2 > 0.998 3), 能够有效刻画流变性变化规律。模型结果还揭示, 低温减压工艺结合低果糖、低单糖/双糖比的蜜源可有效抑制美拉德反应。本研究实现了炼蜜质量属性的数字化测量与传递建模, 为炼蜜工艺质量控制提供技术支撑, 并为中药制造实现从经验驱动向数字驱动的转型奠定基础。

智能制造  /  炼蜜工艺  /  质量属性  /  数字化测量  /  质量传递模型

To facilitate the intelligent transformation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing, this study addresses the challenges in the honey refining process—namely, the reliance on manual experience, difficulties in quantifying multi-dimensional quality attributes, and unclear quality transfer mechanisms. This study, using real-world samples from the production of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, established a digital measurement system for physical and chemical quality attributes of the refining process and constructed a pilot-scale quality transfer model. For physical characterization, optimized parameters were determined for dual-mode rheological testing (rotation: shear rate 50 s-1; oscillation: frequency 5 Hz, strain 50%) to measure honey viscosity. For chemical attributes, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantify pH, moisture, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Based on 984 data points from both atmospheric and vacuum refining processes, a kinetic model of quality transfer was constructed. The dynamic viscosity (η) showed strong correlations with moisture (S) and temperature (T) (R2 > 0.998 3), effectively representing the evolution of physical properties. Additionally, the chemical kinetic model indicated that vacuum refining at low temperature, combined with honey sources low in fructose and monosaccharide/disaccharide ratios, can significantly inhibit Maillard reaction rates. This study presents a systematic digital measurement and modeling framework for the honey refining process, providing technical support for process optimization and quality consistency in TCM manufacturing under the paradigm of intelligent production.

intelligent manufacturing  /  honey refining process  /  quality attribute  /  digital measurement  /  quality transfer model
郭玉凤, 王恺怡, 李楠, 冯绘敏, 谢洽桐, 肖可欣, 曾敬其, 吴志生. 面向智能制造的炼蜜工艺质量属性数字化测量与质量传递模型研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 614 -623 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728
Yu-feng GUO, Kai-yi WANG, Nan LI, Hui-min FENG, Qia-tong XIE, Ke-xin XIAO, Jing-qi ZENG, Zhi-sheng WU. Digital measurement and quality transfer modeling of honey refining process oriented to intelligent manufacturing[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 614 -623 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728
全球制造业正加速迈向数字化与智能化转型阶段, 医药制造业在美国工业互联网与德国“工业4.0”倡议的推动下, 逐步进入以数据驱动、模型导向为特征的智能化发展时代[1-3]。近年来, 随着我国加入人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会议(ICH), 中药制造的质量管理理念与国际逐渐接轨, 全面质量控制、数字化测量与质量传递模型研究已成为推动生产过程标准化和智能化转型的关键方向。
中药大蜜丸作为我国传统中药的经典剂型之一, 以其“缓则治其本”的独特疗效, 在临床治疗中占据重要地位, 历史悠久且广泛应用。《中华人民共和国药典》 (2025年版) 共收载192种大蜜丸, 占中成药总数的11.9%[4]。炼蜜作为大蜜丸制造的关键辅料和核心工艺, 通常占制剂总重的50%以上, 直接决定了丸剂的外观、质地、黏结性及贮存稳定性[5, 6]。然而, 传统炼蜜工艺主要依赖人工经验, 生产控制方式粗放, 易出现过嫩(导致丸粒松散) 或过老(导致丸块发硬难以搓制) 的现象, 严重影响了产品质量的稳定性和一致性。此外, 不当的炼蜜工艺还可能引起丸剂在贮存期间出现皱皮、发霉、干硬或碎裂等质量问题[7]。
为规范炼蜜质量, 《中华人民共和国药典》 (2025年版) 明确提出蜂蜜质量控制的关键指标, 包括水分、酸度、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF) 以及糖类组分(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖等)[4]。但炼蜜过程中伴随显著的美拉德反应, 使蜂蜜理化性质发生明显变化, 给上述关键质量指标的精准检测与控制带来了挑战[5]。已有研究主要集中于常压工艺, 揭示了温度显著影响美拉德反应速率, 果糖比葡萄糖反应速率更高[8-10]。而减压工艺由于压力和温度条件显著不同, 其质量传递规律尚未深入探明。现有研究也多局限于实验室模拟环境, 未充分考虑实际生产的放大效应[11-13]。
因此, 本研究面向中药制造智能转型的需求, 以同仁牛黄清心丸炼蜜真实样品为对象, 建立了炼蜜过程质量属性的数字化测量体系, 并基于中试规模常压和减压工艺采集的多维真实数据, 构建质量传递动力学模型。研究旨在揭示炼蜜过程关键工艺参数与质量属性之间的动态关系, 阐明常压与减压工艺模式下的质量演化规律, 推动炼蜜工艺从经验驱动向数字化与智能制造转型, 为提升中药制造质量一致性和稳定性提供科学依据。
仪器  HAAKE Viscotester iQ旋转流变仪(262-0100, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司), 配备HAAKE VTiQ-T温控装置; 单目阿贝折光仪(2WAJ, 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); 超级恒温水浴锅(HH-601, 金坛市文华仪器有限公司); 数显台式pH计(pHS-3E, 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司); 高效液相色谱仪[Agilent1260, 安捷伦科技(中国) 有限公司, 配备ELSD检测器; LC-20AT, 岛津企业管理(中国) 有限公司, 配备DAD检测器]。
试剂  果糖(ST109001, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、葡萄糖(ST052501, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、蔗糖(ST202101, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、麦芽糖(ST215001, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、5-HMF (ST00720120, 质量分数≥ 98.0%), 以上标准品均来源于上海诗丹德标准技术服务有限公司; 色谱甲醇、色谱乙腈(北京迪科马科技有限公司); 超纯水(规格500 mL/瓶, 广州屈臣氏食品饮料有限公司); 5批同仁牛黄清心丸炼蜜过程的原蜜(批号A1~A5)、30批同仁牛黄清心丸炼蜜过程的炼蜜(批号B1~B30)、3批中试生产规模蜂蜜(批号Y1、Y2、Y3), 每批15 L, 以上均来源于北京同仁堂大兴生产基地的生产真实世界样品(北京同仁堂股份有限公司科学研究所)。
中试生产规模常压和减压工艺的蜂蜜炼制过程
常压工艺炼制过程  量取蜂蜜(Y1批次) 15 L, 置于20 L炼蜜罐, 炼蜜罐温度设置为105~115 ℃, 常压, 炼蜜罐达到设定温度后间隔取样, 共收集样品27个。
减压工艺炼制过程  量取Y2和Y3批次的蜂蜜各15 L, 置于20 L炼蜜罐, 炼蜜罐温度设置为50~60 ℃, 真空度为0.08 MPa, 炼蜜罐达到设定温度后间隔取样, 每次取样前需解除真空环境, 其中Y2批次共收集样品32个, Y3批次共收集样品23个。
炼蜜样品中主要物理质量属性的测定方法  为准确表征炼蜜过程中蜂蜜样品的物理质量属性, 本研究从流变性角度出发, 测定了动力黏度、复数黏度、黏性模量和弹性模量等关键参数。流变性作为蜂蜜在外力作用下的变形和流动特性, 是评估其加工性能(尤其在合坨过程中的黏合作用) 的重要指标[14]。通过旋转与振荡两种模式的流变性测量, 本研究实现了对蜂蜜在不同工艺温度下物理性能的系统评估, 为炼蜜过程工艺控制与丸剂成型提供了关键物理参数支持。
流变性测量分为旋转模式和振荡模式两类, 均采用温度阶梯扫描法, 设定测试温度为30、40、50、60、70和80 ℃。
在旋转模式下, 通过转子在蜂蜜样品中施加恒定剪切速率或剪切应力, 实现剪切方向固定的持续旋转。该模式下测得的剪切应力与剪切速率之比即为样品的动力黏度(单位: Pa·s)。对于牛顿流体, 动力黏度恒定; 而非牛顿流体则表现出黏度随剪切速率变化的非线性特征, 所测得值即为表观黏度。
在振荡模式下, 转子以设定频率和幅度对样品施加正弦波剪切应变, 剪切方向周期性反转。振荡周期结束后总偏转幅度为零, 平均剪切速率也为零。样品受剪切后对转子施加反作用力, 产生与应变波形存在相位差的应力响应。通过分析应力与应变的同步和异步成分, 可计算得黏性模量和弹性模量(单位: Pa), 分别代表样品在形变过程中损耗与储存的能量, 反映其流体性与固体性。样品的复数黏度以这两者为基础计算, 实部对应黏性模量与应变速率之比, 虚部对应弹性模量与应变速率之比。
炼蜜样品中主要化学质量属性的测定方法  为系统表征炼蜜生产过程中蜂蜜样品的化学质量属性, 本研究测定了pH、水分、四糖(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖) 及5-HMF含量。pH值可快速、无损地反映蜂蜜的酸度变化, 水分含量是判断炼蜜过程终点的重要指标, 而四糖和5-HMF则直接关联美拉德反应与蜂蜜质量安全[4, 15, 16]。蜂蜜pH值按数显pH计的标准操作规程进行测量, 以反映酸度变化趋势; 水分按照SNT0852-2012《进出口蜂蜜检验规程》附录A水分测定的规定, 采用阿贝折光仪, 在40 ℃下测定蜂蜜折光指数, 计算蜂蜜含水量。根据公式(1) 计算40 ℃下蜂蜜水分含量(X):
$ X(\%)=100-[78+390.7(n-1.476\;8)] $
其中, n为蜂蜜在40 ℃时的折光指数。
四糖(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖) 的色谱检测依据课题组前期建立的方法进行检测, 方法学考察表明, 测量方法在标准曲线、检测限、定量限、精密度、重复性、稳定性及加样回收率方面表现良好, 适用于炼蜜样品的糖类成分定量分析[17]。
5-HMF含量采用高效液相色谱法测定①供试品溶液: 蜂蜜样品混匀后(结晶样品需经60 ℃水浴溶解), 称取1 g于25 mL量瓶, 加水定容并摇匀; ②标准品溶液: 精密称取5-HMF标准品10.41 mg, 加水定容25 mL为贮备液, 再取1 mL定容至25 mL, 浓度为0.016 6 mg·mL-1; ③色谱条件: 采用岛津LC-20AT高效液相色谱仪, 配Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); 流动相水∶甲醇= 85∶15, 流速1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温35 ℃, 检测波长284 nm (DAD); ④标准曲线与线性关系: 进样体积为1~20 μL, 线性回归方程为Y = 4 660 + 7.65 × 106X, R2 = 0.999 9; ⑤方法学考察: 检测限与定量限分别为7.51×10-5和2.50×10-4 μg, 精密度、重复性、稳定性RSD值均在2.1%以下, 加样回收率为97.93%~103.13%。综合来看, 上述方法可准确、稳定地测定炼蜜过程中关键化学指标的变化, 具备良好的灵敏度与实用性, 能够支撑炼蜜质量属性的动态追踪与后续建模研究。
数据处理  数据采用IBM SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析, 多项式回归分析用于动力学模型拟合。拟合结果通过回归模型的方差分析检验模型显著性, 并采用t检验考察各回归系数的显著性, P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。动力学方程拟合结果添加95%置信区间和95%的预测区间以及图片绘制, 均在Origin 2021函数绘图软件(美国Origin Lab公司) 完成。
炼蜜流变性旋转模式测量方法优化如图1A所示, 测定温度为30 ℃。其中, 剪切应力10~100 Pa扫描结果如图1 A1所示, 在10~20 Pa原蜜动力黏度不断降低, 20~100 Pa原蜜表现出牛顿流体性质, 动力黏度基本保持不变。另外, 炼蜜在剪切应力10~100 Pa动力黏度波动较大, 整体呈下降趋势, 表现出非牛顿流体性质。研究结果表明, 原蜜在剪切应力达到20 Pa后可获得稳定的动力黏度, 炼蜜表现出非牛顿流体性质, 在10~100 Pa无法获得稳定的动力黏度。此外, 继续增大剪切应力会导致原蜜等低黏度样品测定过程剪切速率过高, 样品发生飞溅, 因此, 剪切应力扫描不适用于测定炼蜜样品的动力黏度。
剪切速率1~100 s-1扫描结果如图1 A2所示, 在1~30 s-1, 原蜜动力黏度波动较大, 在30~100 s-1内, 原蜜表现出牛顿流体性质, 动力黏度基本保持不变。另外, 炼蜜在1~40 s-1内动力黏度波动较大, 在40~100 s-1内, 炼蜜表现出非牛顿流体性质, 动力黏度与剪切速率存在线性负相关。进一步分别在40、50、60、70、80、90和100 s-1剪切速率下测定炼蜜动力黏度, 以动力黏度为Y, 剪切速率为X进行线性回归, 回归方程为Y = 8.622 3 - 0.003 1X, R2 = 0.997 8。研究结果表明, 炼蜜在40~100 s-1剪切速率范围内, 动力黏度与剪切速率相关性较高, 可稳定表征炼蜜的动力黏度。因此, 选择剪切速率50 s-1测量炼蜜流变性中的动力黏度。
炼蜜流变性振荡模式测量方法优化结果如图1 B、C所示。其中, 剪切频率优化结果如图1 B1、B2所示, 固定剪切应变为50%, 分别在剪切频率3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10 Hz下测定样品的复数黏度、黏性模量和弹性模量。原蜜测定结果如图1 B1所示, 随着剪切频率增大, 黏性模量线性增加, 弹性模量整体呈增加趋势, 复数黏度整体呈下降趋势。另外, 炼蜜测定结果如图1 B2所示, 随着剪切频率增大, 黏性模量线性增加, 弹性模量基本不变, 复数黏度整体呈上升趋势。研究结果表明, 剪切频率直接影响炼蜜流变性振荡模式的测定结果, 原蜜和炼蜜复数黏度在剪切频率4~6 Hz范围内呈线性变化。因此选择剪切频率为5 Hz。
剪切应变的扫描结果如图1 C1、C2所示, 固定剪切频率为5 Hz, 分别在剪切应变30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%和100%下测定样品的复数黏度、黏性模量和弹性模量。原蜜测定结果显示, 随着剪切应变增大, 黏性模量基本保持不变, 弹性模量和复数黏度在剪切应变90%时出现较大波动(图1 C1); 炼蜜测定结果显示, 随着剪切应变增大, 炼蜜的黏性模量和弹性模量基本保持不变, 复数黏度在剪切应变70%波动较大(图1 C2)。研究结果表明, 剪切应变直接影响炼蜜流变性振荡模式的测定结果, 在剪切应变40%~60%内, 原蜜的复数黏度波动较小, 炼蜜的复数黏度呈线性变化。因此, 选择剪切应变50%, 剪切频率5 Hz测量炼蜜流变性中的复数黏度、黏性模量和弹性模量。
不同温度下原蜜和炼蜜的流变性测定结果如图2所示, 原蜜测定结果如图2 A1~A4所示, 炼蜜测定结果如图2 B1~B4所示。动力黏度、复数黏度和黏性模量均随温度增高而降低, 降低速率不断减小, 弹性模量随温度变化不明显, 原蜜和炼蜜的流变性的变化趋势一致。结果发现, 随着温度增加, 不同批次原蜜和炼蜜的流变性的差异逐渐减小, 因此, 温度较低有利于表征不同批次炼蜜的流变性差异。例如, 在30、40、50、60、70和80 ℃下, 炼蜜的动力黏度的RSD分别为41.80%、36.00%、31.70%、27.64%、24.53%、21.80%, 复数黏度RSD分别为41.65%、36.02%、31.33%、27.15%、23.29%、19.86%, 黏性模量RSD分别为41.66%、36.03%、31.40%、27.60%、24.83%、21.90%, 弹性模量RSD分别为58.11%、48.55%、45.56%、24.63%、28.94%、26.75%。因此, 选择30 ℃为蜂蜜流变性的测量温度。
常压工艺蜂蜜炼制过程物理质量属性质量传递动力学方程拟合结果如图3 A1~A3所示, 模型方程见表1。结果显示, 30 ℃下流变性中动力黏度、复数黏度和黏性模量的动力学方程基本一致, 整体呈上升趋势, 并与弹性模量的变化趋势相反。
进一步地, 常压工艺蜂蜜炼制过程动力黏度-水分-温度的拟合结果如图3 B1、B2所示, 发现动力黏度与水分和温度的二项式拟合结果均较优。常压工艺动力黏度-水分-温度的响应面如图3C所示, 结果显示水分和温度对动力黏度的影响均较大。且采用多元二项式回归建立炼蜜动力黏度(η)、水分(S) 和温度(T) 的关联模型, 回归方程为ln (η) = 15.94 - 0.758 3S - 0.180 7T + 0.007 5S2 + 0.000 4T2 + 0.003 1ST, R2 = 0.999 1。此外, 对回归方程进行简化, 30 ℃时, 炼蜜黏度与水分的回归方程为ln (η) = 10.89 - 0.664 1S + 0.007 5S2。研究结果表明, 在常压工艺炼蜜过程, 可以通过水分动力学方程表征动力黏度的变化。
常压工艺蜂蜜炼制过程化学质量属性质量传递动力学方程拟合结果如图4 A1~A5所示, 模型方程见表1。结果显示, 在炼制过程中, pH受一系列因素影响: ①加热促进醋酸等挥发性酸性成分减少而引起pH上升; ②炼制过程中产生的酚酸类物质导致pH下降; ③炼制过程中水分快速下降, 酸性物质电离程度降低, pH上升。另外, 在蜂蜜炼制过程中, 水分不断下降, 下降速率逐渐增大, 蜂蜜中果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖由于参与美拉德反应含量下降, 但由于水分含量持续降低, 因此糖物质含量整体呈上升趋势, 且上升速率逐渐增大。化学属性组成结构果糖/葡萄糖、蔗糖/麦芽糖、单糖/双糖和5-HMF增长量/水分减少量的质量传递动力学方程拟合结果如图4 B1~B4所示, 结果显示, 蜂蜜炼制过程中果糖/葡萄糖持续下降, 表明美拉德反应速率果糖 > 葡萄糖, 蔗糖/麦芽糖先下降后基本不变, 表明分解速率蔗糖 > 麦芽糖, 单糖/双糖受水分下降影响, 整体呈下降趋势。此外, 5-HMF增长量/水分减少量先上升后下降, 在170 min左右达到最高, 与水分下降速率增大的时间点一致, 表明5-HMF增长速率与水分下降速率无明显线性关联, 两者动力学方程相互独立。因此, 美拉德反应速率果糖 > 葡萄糖。
Y2和Y3批次减压工艺蜂蜜炼制过程物理质量属性质量传递动力学方程拟合结果如图5 A、B所示, 模型方程见表1。结果表明, 减压工艺炼制过程中弹性模量基本保持不变, 而动力黏度、复数黏度和黏性模量的动力学方程基本一致。Y2和Y3批次减压工艺炼蜜动力黏度-水分-温度的拟合结果如图5 C1~C4所示, 减压工艺炼蜜动力黏度-水分-温度的响应面如图5 D1、D2所示。采用多元二项式回归建立炼蜜黏度(η)、水分(S) 和温度(T) 的关联模型。其中Y2批次回归方程为ln (η) = 15.14 - 0.708 8S - 0.183 2T + 0.006 5S2 + 0.000 4T2 + 0.003 3ST, R2 = 0.999 3。简化后, 30 ℃时, 回归方程为ln (η) = 9.66 - 0.608 6S + 0.006 5S2。Y3批次回归方程ln (η) = 15.94 - 0.830 9S - 0.200 2T + 0.008 2S2 + 0.000 5T2 + 0.003 7ST, R2 = 0.998 3。简化后, 30 ℃时, 回归方程为ln (η) = 11.41 - 0.720 2S + 0.003 7S2。上述结果表明, 在减压工艺炼蜜过程, 同样可通过水分动力学方程表征动力黏度的变化。
Y2和Y3批次蜂蜜炼制过程化学质量属性质量传递动力学方程拟合结果, 如图6 A、B所示, 模型方程见表1。结果显示, 区别于常压工艺炼蜜过程, 减压工艺炼制过程pH主要受水分下降影响, pH不断升高。其中, 水分持续下降, 下降速率基本不变, 5-HMF持续升高, 但升高速率逐渐下降, 表明减压工艺炼蜜过程水分和5-HMF的动力学方程相互独立; 另外, 研究发现Y2批次5-HMF初始值和增长速率明显高于Y3批次, 从两个批次炼制过程四糖含量的动力学方程来看, Y2批次四糖整体呈升高趋势, 葡萄糖的升高速率大于果糖, 麦芽糖的升高速率大于蔗糖, 然而, Y3批次果糖的升高速率大于葡萄糖, 而蔗糖和葡萄糖的变化趋势基本一致, 美拉德反应速率果糖 > 葡萄糖。
进一步地, Y2和Y3批次炼蜜过程化学质量属性组成结构的质量传递动力学方程拟合结果如图6 C、D所示, 模型方程见表1。结果发现, Y2批次果糖/葡萄糖, 蔗糖/麦芽糖, 单糖/双糖的变化趋势与常压工艺炼制过程基本一致, 整体呈下降趋势, 表明温度是影响蜂蜜炼制过程美拉德反应速率的关键因素。另外, Y2和Y3批次蜂蜜的果糖/葡萄糖的变化规律基本一致, 但Y3批次单糖/双糖和蔗糖/麦芽糖明显低于Y2批次。结果表明, 蜂蜜中单糖/双糖越低, 炼蜜过程5-HMF增长速率越低。
炼蜜作为大蜜丸生产的核心工艺, 其质量直接决定终产品的成型性、稳定性与安全性[18]。然而, 目前中药大蜜丸炼蜜过程在质量属性表征手段上的不足, 尤其是长期依赖人工经验判断, 导致多维质量属性难以量化、工艺规律模糊, 严重制约了产品质量的可控性与一致性[19, 20]。在中药制造加速迈向智能制造的背景下, 构建炼蜜工艺的数字化测量体系与质量传递模型, 已成为实现工艺优化和全过程质量控制的关键环节。
本研究针对上述问题, 基于同仁牛黄清心丸真实世界炼蜜样品, 系统构建了适用于中试生产规模的炼蜜质量数字化表征与建模路径。通过物理与化学属性的多维测量方法体系构建, 解决了炼蜜过程中关键属性的精准捕捉与实时量化问题。在物理质量属性方面, 确立以30 ℃为测量温度、剪切速率50 s-1为旋转参数、剪切频率5 Hz与应变50%为振荡参数的标准测量条件, 系统性实现蜂蜜在炼制过程中的流变性(动力黏度、复数黏度、黏性模量和弹性模量) 量化, 填补了非线性流变行为测量手段缺乏的空白, 为丸剂合坨与成型提供了可调控的物性基础。
在化学属性方面, 建立了涵盖pH、水分、四糖组分(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖) 及5-HMF的高精度检测方法, 确保了对美拉德反应相关关键指标的敏感监测。通过集成常压与减压工艺下共计984个多维属性数据点, 构建质量传递动力学模型, 结果表明, 常压与减压工艺在流变性演化路径上虽环境不同但趋势一致, 动力黏度-水分-温度三因素之间具显著拟合关系(R2 > 0.998 3), 建立了可用于过程预测与调控的数学模型框架, 突破了传统依靠经验判定炼蜜时机的模糊性。
此外, 化学动力学建模进一步揭示, 在低温减压条件下, 结合低果糖和低单糖/双糖比的原料可有效抑制5-HMF生成速率, 明确了蜜源组成对反应路径的影响机制, 为蜂蜜原料选择与前端质量控制提供了理论支持。该研究将“炼蜜过嫩致丸粒松散”与“炼蜜过老致丸块硬化”等经验认知, 转化为可量化的η-S-T数学模型表达, 构建了水分与温度协同调控流变性的动力学机制模型。
综上所述, 本研究实现了炼蜜工艺质量属性的数字化测量与质量传递建模, 将经验性工艺知识转换为可量化、可预测的科学模型, 构建了面向智能制造的技术支撑体系。研究成果不仅为中药大蜜丸制备的质量一致性控制提供数据基础, 也为中药制造从经验控制走向数据驱动、模型预测的智能制造模式奠定了理论与方法基础。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0728
  • 接收时间:2025-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-27
  • 修回日期:2025-09-15
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    1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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