Article(id=1308817714710409356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0401, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=1749052800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976059843, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976059843, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976059843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976059843, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=586, endPage=592, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817714920124557, articleId=1308817714710409356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Evaluation of enzyme kinetic characteristics of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 probe, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a serine protease widely present in human body, which can specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of proline (Pro) or alanine (Ala) peptide bond at the second N-terminal position of polypeptide chain. It is involved in the activation, partial or complete inactivation of a variety of bioactive polypeptides in vivo. In this study, the kinetic parameters of different probe substrates GP-PNA, GP-AMC and GP-BAN catalyzation by DPP4 were compared, and the inhibitory kinetic differences between DPP4 and its inhibitor sitagliptin/vildagliptin under different probe systems were studied. By means of molecular docking technology, the interaction mechanism between DPP4 and different substrates was revealed from the perspective of small molecules, and the key factors affecting the activity of DPP4 catalytic substrates were discussed. The results show that DPP4 has the best binding property to probe GP-BAN, and its affinity is higher than that of GP-AMC and GP-PNA, which proves that the carbon structure of probe is the key factor affecting the binding. Sitagliptin has better inhibitory activity on DPP4 than vildagliptin. The molecular docking results suggest that the halogenation characteristic of sitagliptin may be the key factor to enhance its binding ability. This study can provide an important basis for the selection of DPP4 probes under different research purposes, and also provide experimental data and research basis for rational design and development of highly selective DPP4 ligand tool molecules and personalized rational drug use in clinic.

, authors=Ya-di ZHU1, 2, Jiang-hui LEI1, 3, Zi-yuan LI1, 3, Xing-kai QIAN1, *, authorsList=Ya-di ZHU, Jiang-hui LEI, Zi-yuan LI, Xing-kai QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xing-kai QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817719357698213, articleId=1308817714710409356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=二肽基肽酶4探针酶动力学特征评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

二肽基肽酶4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DPP4) 是一种广泛存在于人体内的丝氨酸蛋白酶, 能特异性地催化多肽链N末端第2位的氨基酸残基脯氨酸(Pro) 或丙氨酸(Ala) 肽键水解断裂, 从而参与体内多种生物活性多肽的激活、部分或完全失活。本研究通过比较DPP4催化不同探针底物GP-PNA、GP-AMC和GP-BAN的动力学参数, 结合不同探针体系下DPP4与其抑制剂西格列汀/维格列汀的抑制动力学差异性研究, 并借助分子对接技术, 从小分子角度揭示DPP4与不同底物的相互作用机制, 探讨影响DPP4催化底物活性的关键因素。结果表明, DPP4与探针GP-BAN具有最优的结合特性, 其亲和力高于GP-AMC和GP-PNA, 证明探针碳端结构是影响结合的关键因素; 西格列汀对DPP4的抑制活性优于维格列汀, 分子对接结果提示西格列汀特有的卤化作用可能是其增强结合能力的关键因素。本研究可为不同研究目的下的DPP4探针选择提供重要依据, 同时为理性设计和开发高选择性的DPP4配体工具分子并服务于临床的个性化合理用药提供实验数据和研究基础。

, authors=朱雅迪1, 2, 雷江辉1, 3, 李梓媛1, 3, 钱星凯1, *, authorsList=朱雅迪, 雷江辉, 李梓媛, 钱星凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱星凯, authorNote=

作者贡献:

朱雅迪负责论文起草与修订; 雷江辉负责进行实验; 李梓媛负责采集、分析数据; 钱星凯提出研究思路、设计研究方案, 负责论文起草与修订。

, correspAuthorsNote=
钱星凯, E-mail:
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A-C: Standard curves of absorbance or fluorescence intensity of the probe hydrolysis products PNA (A), AMC (B) and BAN (C); D-F: The curve of absorbance or fluorescence intensity variation of the probe GP-PNA (D), GP-AMC (E) and GP-BAN (F) reacting with DPP4 versus reaction time; G-I: Enzymatic kinetic plots of probe GP-PNA (G), GP-AMC (H) and GP-BAN (I) hydrolysis in DPP4; J-L: The Eadie-Hofstee plots of probe GP-PNA (J), GP-AMC (K) and GP-BAN (L) hydrolysis in DPP4, figureFileSmall=qYSnxJJwT2c3e13iPRwgdQ==, figureFileBig=RiGbsJIi93NnG31Yj3YaRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818009922306929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fR1xl1xUUgeyLvfabtjB0w==, figureFileBig=Ask0+eG15AtFJGp8q5iTjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818009985221490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=The inhibition kinetics of DPP4 inhibitors against DPP4-mediated probe GP-AMC and GP-BAN hydrolysis. A, B: The inhibitory kinetics curve of sitagliptin on DPP4; C, D: The inhibitory kinetics curve of vildagliptin on DPP4; E, F: Lineweaver-Burk plots for sitagliptin against DPP4-mediated GP-AMC and GP-BAN hydrolysis; G, H: Lineweaver-Burk plots for vildagliptin against DPP4-mediated GP-AMC and GP-BAN hydrolysis, figureFileSmall=fR1xl1xUUgeyLvfabtjB0w==, figureFileBig=Ask0+eG15AtFJGp8q5iTjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010048136051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tVq69xPQREM0S8fDrkg3MA==, figureFileBig=yZYvekL4AJFdvtlA2k68JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010119439220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Specificity of DPP4-mediated probe GP-AMC and GP-BAN hydrolysis. A: The detection of catalytic activity of DPP4, FAP, DPP8, DPP9 and PREP aganist probe GP-AMC; B: The detection of catalytic activity of DPP4, FAP, DPP8, DPP9 and PREP aganist probe GP-BAN, figureFileSmall=tVq69xPQREM0S8fDrkg3MA==, figureFileBig=yZYvekL4AJFdvtlA2k68JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010182353781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2BoL/zFIVubbAHrT5joZQw==, figureFileBig=+0m4nP1DWZwmTL3AVh9uiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010295599990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Docking simulation of GP-PNA, GP-AMC, GP-BAN, sitagliptin and vildagliptin into DPP4. A-E: Detailed view of GP-PNA, GP-AMC, GP-BAN, sitagliptin and vildagliptin binding on DPP4; F-J: 2D representation of the inteactions between GP-PNA, GP-AMC, GP-BAN, sitagliptin, vildagliptin and the residuals of DPP4, figureFileSmall=2BoL/zFIVubbAHrT5joZQw==, figureFileBig=+0m4nP1DWZwmTL3AVh9uiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010383680375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RqRwX77dxmupaqtA4XYB6g==, figureFileBig=NPYnMSKPueUUDcV8/7RHAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010442400632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=The structural formula of sitagliptin (A) and vildagliptin (B), figureFileSmall=RqRwX77dxmupaqtA4XYB6g==, figureFileBig=NPYnMSKPueUUDcV8/7RHAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308818010731807609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameGP-PNAGP-AMCGP-BAN
Probe structural formula
Parent core structure formula
), ArticleFig(id=1308818010803110778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817714710409356, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The structural formula of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) probe and its metabolic product. GP-PNA: Gly-Pro p-nitroanilide; GP-AMC: Gly-Pro-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin; GP-BAN: Gly-Pro-N-butyl-4-amino-1, 8-naphthimide

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NameGP-PNAGP-AMCGP-BAN
Probe structural formula
Parent core structure formula
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ProbeKm/μmol·L-1Vmax/μmol·min-1·mg-1Vmax/Km/L·min-1·mg-1
GP-PNA222.10 ± 15.1519.12 ± 0.470.08
GP-AMC53.77 ± 0.4922.04 ± 0.030.41
GP-BAN44.00 ± 0.7871.74 ± 0.121.63
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Enzymatic kinetic parameters of the reaction between DPP4 and probe GP-PNA, GP-AMC and GP-BAN

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ProbeKm/μmol·L-1Vmax/μmol·min-1·mg-1Vmax/Km/L·min-1·mg-1
GP-PNA222.10 ± 15.1519.12 ± 0.470.08
GP-AMC53.77 ± 0.4922.04 ± 0.030.41
GP-BAN44.00 ± 0.7871.74 ± 0.121.63
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ProbeInhibitorInhibition modeIC50/nmol·L-1Ki/nmol·L-1
GP-AMCSitagliptinCompetitive15.07 ± 1.182.73
VildagliptinCompetitive19.23 ± 1.2826.48
GP-BANSitagliptinCompetitive8.80 ± 0.948.18
VildagliptinCompetitive38.19 ± 1.5824.36
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The inhibition parameters and inhibition modes of sitagliptin and vildagliptin against DPP4

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ProbeInhibitorInhibition modeIC50/nmol·L-1Ki/nmol·L-1
GP-AMCSitagliptinCompetitive15.07 ± 1.182.73
VildagliptinCompetitive19.23 ± 1.2826.48
GP-BANSitagliptinCompetitive8.80 ± 0.948.18
VildagliptinCompetitive38.19 ± 1.5824.36
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二肽基肽酶4探针酶动力学特征评价
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朱雅迪 1, 2 , 雷江辉 1, 3 , 李梓媛 1, 3 , 钱星凯 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 586-592
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 586 -592
二肽基肽酶4探针酶动力学特征评价
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朱雅迪1, 2, 雷江辉1, 3, 李梓媛1, 3, 钱星凯1, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州医科大学转化医学研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 561113
  • 2贵州医科大学, 贵州省常见慢性疾病发病机制及防治研究全省重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 561113
  • 3贵州医科大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 561113
通讯作者:
钱星凯, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

朱雅迪负责论文起草与修订; 雷江辉负责进行实验; 李梓媛负责采集、分析数据; 钱星凯提出研究思路、设计研究方案, 负责论文起草与修订。

Evaluation of enzyme kinetic characteristics of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 probe
Ya-di ZHU1, 2, Jiang-hui LEI1, 3, Zi-yuan LI1, 3, Xing-kai QIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
  • 2Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
  • 3School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0401
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二肽基肽酶4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DPP4) 是一种广泛存在于人体内的丝氨酸蛋白酶, 能特异性地催化多肽链N末端第2位的氨基酸残基脯氨酸(Pro) 或丙氨酸(Ala) 肽键水解断裂, 从而参与体内多种生物活性多肽的激活、部分或完全失活。本研究通过比较DPP4催化不同探针底物GP-PNA、GP-AMC和GP-BAN的动力学参数, 结合不同探针体系下DPP4与其抑制剂西格列汀/维格列汀的抑制动力学差异性研究, 并借助分子对接技术, 从小分子角度揭示DPP4与不同底物的相互作用机制, 探讨影响DPP4催化底物活性的关键因素。结果表明, DPP4与探针GP-BAN具有最优的结合特性, 其亲和力高于GP-AMC和GP-PNA, 证明探针碳端结构是影响结合的关键因素; 西格列汀对DPP4的抑制活性优于维格列汀, 分子对接结果提示西格列汀特有的卤化作用可能是其增强结合能力的关键因素。本研究可为不同研究目的下的DPP4探针选择提供重要依据, 同时为理性设计和开发高选择性的DPP4配体工具分子并服务于临床的个性化合理用药提供实验数据和研究基础。

二肽基肽酶4  /  探针  /  配体  /  抑制剂  /  酶动力学

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a serine protease widely present in human body, which can specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of proline (Pro) or alanine (Ala) peptide bond at the second N-terminal position of polypeptide chain. It is involved in the activation, partial or complete inactivation of a variety of bioactive polypeptides in vivo. In this study, the kinetic parameters of different probe substrates GP-PNA, GP-AMC and GP-BAN catalyzation by DPP4 were compared, and the inhibitory kinetic differences between DPP4 and its inhibitor sitagliptin/vildagliptin under different probe systems were studied. By means of molecular docking technology, the interaction mechanism between DPP4 and different substrates was revealed from the perspective of small molecules, and the key factors affecting the activity of DPP4 catalytic substrates were discussed. The results show that DPP4 has the best binding property to probe GP-BAN, and its affinity is higher than that of GP-AMC and GP-PNA, which proves that the carbon structure of probe is the key factor affecting the binding. Sitagliptin has better inhibitory activity on DPP4 than vildagliptin. The molecular docking results suggest that the halogenation characteristic of sitagliptin may be the key factor to enhance its binding ability. This study can provide an important basis for the selection of DPP4 probes under different research purposes, and also provide experimental data and research basis for rational design and development of highly selective DPP4 ligand tool molecules and personalized rational drug use in clinic.

dipeptidyl peptidase 4  /  probe  /  ligand  /  inhibitor  /  enzyme kinetics
朱雅迪, 雷江辉, 李梓媛, 钱星凯. 二肽基肽酶4探针酶动力学特征评价. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 586 -592 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0401
Ya-di ZHU, Jiang-hui LEI, Zi-yuan LI, Xing-kai QIAN. Evaluation of enzyme kinetic characteristics of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 probe[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 586 -592 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0401
二肽基肽酶4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DPP4) 作为丝氨酸蛋白酶家族的重要成员, 其催化功能在生理和病理过程中发挥了关键作用[1, 2]。DPP4通过特异性切割N端第二位的脯氨酸或丙氨酸残基, 调控体内多种生物活性肽的生理功能, 包括胰高血糖素样肽-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1)、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose-dependentinsulin-promotingpolypeptide, GIP) 等肠促胰岛素激素, 从而在葡萄糖代谢平衡中发挥关键作用[3, 4]。DPP4的异常催化活性与2型糖尿病发展密切相关, 目前已成为临床治疗糖尿病的重要药物靶点[5, 6]。此外, DPP4还参与体内神经肽Y (neuropeptide Y, NPY)、基质细胞衍生因子-1 (stromal cell derived factor-1, SDF-1/CXCL12) 等信号分子的代谢调控, 影响免疫反应、炎症过程和细胞迁移等生理功能[7-9]。因此, DPP4催化活性的精准调控对维持机体代谢稳态和免疫功能平衡至关重要, 其活性检测在疾病诊断和药物开发中具有重要价值。
DPP4的催化功能与其独特的结构特征密切相关。该酶以同源二聚体形式存在, 其胞外区包含8叶β螺旋桨结构域和α/β水解酶结构域, 形成特殊的双通道系统(侧开口和螺旋桨通道), 为底物识别和结合提供结构基础[10]。催化三联体(Ser630-Asp708-His740) 位于水解酶结构域中, 其中Ser630的羟基通过氢键网络与His740和Asp708相互作用, 构成高效的催化中心。β螺旋桨结构域中的二硫键和糖基化修饰维持了酶结构的稳定性, 而特殊的通道构象(9~25 Å) 则决定了其对含脯氨酸/丙氨酸底物的选择性[11, 12]。这种精巧的结构组合使DPP4能够特异性识别并高效水解多种生物活性肽, 从而在代谢调控和免疫应答中发挥关键作用。
然而, 由于目前检测方法特异性不足、内源性干扰物质的存在、缺乏标准化、个体差异大以及技术方法的限制导致体内DPP4酶活性检测十分困难。现阶段DPP4酶的检测方法主要依赖于探针底物-酶反应, DPP4的商业化探针主要包括基于甘氨酰-脯氨酰(Gly-Pro) 序列的显色底物和荧光底物, 如甘氨酰脯氨酰-对硝基苯胺(GP-PNA) 和7-甘氨酰脯氨酰-4-甲基香豆素(GP-AMC)[13-15], 这些探针因其稳定性和重现性而被广泛用于体外DPP4酶的活性检测。然而, 这些商业化探针普遍存在灵敏度不高、特异性较差等问题, 易被DPP家族中其他同源酶(如成纤维活化蛋白) 代谢, 无法用于准确评价复杂生物样本中DPP4的酶活性。
近年来, 为了精准评价DPP4酶活性, 研究者开展了DPP4特异性荧光探针底物的研发与应用研究。Zou等[16]以萘二甲酰亚胺为母核, 研发了DPP4特异性荧光探针——甘氨酰-脯氨酰-N-丁基-4-氨基-1, 8-萘二甲酰亚胺(GP-BAN)。经检测, 该探针具有高度特异性和灵敏度, 其水解产物N-丁基-4-氨基-1, 8-萘二甲酰亚胺(BAN) 能发生显著的荧光信号变化。该检测方法仅需纳克级酶量, 具有操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性好等优势, 特别适用于复杂生物样本中DPP4酶活性的精确评价及其抑制剂的高通量筛选[17]。相较于传统单光子探针, 该方法有效避免了生物样本的自发荧光干扰, 为DPP4的活性检测提供了更可靠的技术支持[14]。该探针检测限可达0.1 ng·mL-1, 线性范围跨越3个数量级。这些特性弥补了现有商业化探针在复杂生物体系中应用受限的缺陷, 非常适用于临床样本检测和药物筛选。
为了克服当前商业化探针对DPP酶家族的亚型区分能力不足的缺陷, 提升在血清等复杂生物样本中的检测灵敏度, 建立适用于临床样本检测和药物筛选的高通量分析方法, 本研究系统评价了3种DPP4探针底物——GP-PNA、GP-AMC、GP-BAN (表1) 的酶动力学参数, 并探究其在抑制剂筛选中的应用, 研究成果将为糖尿病等代谢性疾病的诊断提供更可靠的酶活性检测工具, 同时为DPP4抑制剂的药物研发建立更精准的筛选方法。
药品与试剂  GP-AMC (批号: C15401233)、GP-PNA (批号: C14876937)、对硝基苯氨(PNA, GP-PNA的水解产物, 批号: C14371610) 购自上海麦克林生化有限公司; 7-氨基-4-甲氧基香豆素(AMC, GP-AMC的水解产物, 批号: 431318)、西格列汀(批号: 1020872) 购自J & K化学有限公司; 维格列汀(批号: 湖南沃凯生物科技有限公司HY-14291, 美国MedChemexpress生物科技公司); DPP4单酶(批号: D3446, Sigma公司); 乙腈(分析纯, 批号: 400641646)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 分析纯, 批号: 30072418) 购自上海沪试实验室器材股份有限公司; GP-BAN、BAN (实验室合成)。
仪器  金属孵育器(型号: MK-20, 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司); 多功能酶标仪(型号: Synergy H1, 美国伯腾仪器有限公司)。
DPP4探针代谢产物标曲的建立  取198 μL的PBS加入96孔板中, 分别加入2 μL不同质量浓度的PNA、AMC、BAN, 使其终浓度分别为100、80、60、40、20、10、5、2、1、0 μmol·L-1, 空白组加入2 μL DMSO, 放入酶标仪后震荡, 分别检测其荧光和吸光度, 其中PNA使用吸光度方法进行检测, 检测波长设定为405 nm; AMC使用荧光方法进行检测, 检测波长设定为Ex = 345 nm, Em = 455 nm; BAN使用荧光方法进行检测, 检测波长设定为Ex = 430 nm, Em = 535 nm。每组设定3个平行。
探针与DPP4反应的酶动力学测定  取196 μL的PBS和2 μL DPP4单酶(终质量浓度为0.2 μg·mL-1) 混合加入96孔板中。预孵3 min, 再分别加入2 μL不同浓度的GP-PNA、GP-AMC、GP-BAN, 使其终浓度分别为500、400、300、200、100、50、20、10 μmol·L-1, 空白组加入2 μL DMSO。放入酶标仪后设置动力学检测其荧光和吸光度, GP-PNA组检测波长设定为405 nm, GP-AMC组检测荧光设定为Ex = 345 nm, Em = 455 nm, GP-BAN组检测荧光设定为Ex = 430 nm, Em = 535 nm。每组设定3个平行。
DPP4抑制剂的抑制率测定  使用探针GP-AMC和GP-BAN评价西格列汀和维格列汀对DPP4酶活性的抑制率。取194 μL的PBS和2 μL的DPP4单酶(终质量浓度为0.2 μg·mL-1) 混合。再加入2 μL不同浓度的西格列汀或维格列汀, 使其终浓度分别为500、200、100、50、20、10、5、2、1、0.5 nmol·L-1, 空白组加入2 μL DMSO。孵育3 min后加入2 μL GP-AMC和GP-BAN起始反应。孵育20 min后加入200 μL乙腈终止反应。放入酶标仪后震荡, 进行荧光强度测量。GP-AMC组荧光检测设定为Ex = 345 nm, Em = 455 nm。GP-BAN组荧光检测设定为Ex = 430 nm, Em = 535 nm。每组设定3个平行。
DPP4抑制剂的抑制动力学评价  通过探针GP-AMC和GP-BAN评价DPP4抑制剂西格列汀[18]和维格列汀[19]对DPP4的抑制动力学。取194 μL PBS和2 μL DPP4单酶(终质量浓度为0.2 μg·mL-1) 混合, 分别加入2 μL不同浓度的西格列汀或维格列汀, 使其终浓度分别为100、50、25、10、0 nmol·L-1, 空白组加入2 μL DMSO。孵育3 min后, 分别加入2 μL的GP-AMC或GP-BAN进行起始反应, 探针的终浓度分别为200、100、50、25 μmol·L-1。孵育20 min后加入200 μL乙腈终止反应。放入酶标仪后震荡, 进行荧光强度测量。GP-AMC组荧光检测设定为Ex = 345 nm, Em = 455 nm。GP-BAN组荧光检测设定为Ex = 430 nm, Em = 535 nm。每组设定3个平行。
探针GP-AMC和GP-BAN的特异性实验  将194 μL PBS分别与DPP家族的5种重组蛋白酶——DPP4、成纤维活化蛋白(fibroblast activation protein, FAP)、二肽基肽酶8 (dipeptidyl peptidase 8, DPP8)、二肽基肽酶9 (dipeptidyl peptidase 9, DPP9) 和脯氨酰内肽酶(prolyl endopeptidase, PREP) 轻轻混合, 使得蛋白酶的终质量浓度为1 μg·mL-1, 随后加入200 μmol·L-1的探针GP-AMC和GP-BAN。在振荡水浴中于37 ℃孵育30 min后, 加入等体积的冰乙腈以终止反应。放入酶标仪后震荡, 进行荧光强度测量。GP-AMC组荧光检测设定为Ex = 345 nm, Em = 455 nm。GP-BAN组荧光检测设定为Ex = 430 nm, Em = 535 nm。每组设定3个平行。
分子对接  从RSCB PDB数据库下载DPP4酶(PDB ID: 3d4l)[20]的PDB Format文件。使用ChemDraw软件做出GP-PNA、GP-AMC和GP-BAN的SDF格式文件, 并将其转化为mol2格式文件。利用PyMOL2.4.0软件对大分子蛋白进行去水、去配体等处理, 然后通过AutoDock Tools 1.5.6软件对大分子蛋白和小分子配体进行分子对接, 并得到结合能值, 通常数值越小则结合力越强。最后将对接结果PDBQT结构转化为PDB结构, 再运用PyMOL2.4.0软件进行可视化绘图分析。
统计学方法  数据采用Excel软件进行统计, 组间数据比较采用独立样本t检验, 所有统计均为双侧检验概率, P < 0.05认为有统计学意义。
本研究系统评价了3种DPP4探针(GP-PNA、GP-AMC和GP-BAN) 的酶动力学特性。如图1所示, 通过标准曲线分析(图1A~C), 产物PNA (Y = 0.006 034 X + 0.066 016, R2 = 0.996 4)、AMC (Y = 1 026 X + 1 587, R2 = 0.985 2) 和BAN (Y = 606 78 X + 66.66, R2 = 0.995 9) 均显示出良好的线性关系。时间进程曲线(图1D~F) 证实3种探针的反应均符合线性动力学特征。米氏动力学分析(图1G~I) 结合Eadie-Hofstee图(图1J~L) 显示, 3种探针均遵循经典米氏动力学模型。动力学参数如表2所示, 其中GP-BAN表现出最优的催化效率, 其Vmax值为71.74 ± 0.12 μmol·min-1·mg-1, Km值为44.00 ± 0.78 μmol·L-1, GP-AMC的Vmax值为22.04 ± 0.03 μmol·min-1·mg-1, Km值为53.77 ± 0.49 μmol·L-1, 表明DPP4酶对GP-AMC的催化水解效率略低于GP-BAN, 而探针GP-PNA的Km值和Vmax值均显示出较差的水解效率, 提示DPP4对GP-BAN的亲和力和水解活性均优于GP-AMC和GP-PNA。
本研究评价了两种DPP4抑制剂(西格列汀和维格列汀) 对不同探针-DPP4孵育体系的抑制效果。实验结果表明, 采用GP-AMC-DPP4孵育体系评价西格列汀和维格列汀对DPP4的抑制作用, 其半抑制浓度(IC50) 分别为15.07 ± 1.18和19.23 ± 1.28 nmol·L-1; 而采用GP-BAN-DPP4孵育体系评价西格列汀和维格列汀对DPP4的抑制作用, 其IC50值分别为8.80 ± 0.94和38.19 ± 1.58 nmol·L-1。在GP-BAN-DPP4孵育体系中, 西格列汀抑制DPP4酶的IC50值更低, 表明探针GP-BAN对西格列汀的检测灵敏度更高, 而对维格列汀的检测灵敏度相对较低。这些数据为后续选择合适探针浓度进行抑制常数(Ki) 计算提供了重要依据。
随后, 通过酶动力学分析测定了西格列汀和维格列汀对DPP4的Ki值。Ki值越低表明抑制剂与酶的结合越紧密, 抑制能力越强。使用GP-AMC-DPP4孵育体系评价两种抑制剂对DPP4的抑制作用, 结果如图2及表3所示, 西格列汀和维格列汀均为竞争性抑制剂, 其Ki值分别为2.73和26.48 nmol·L-1。使用GP-BAN-DPP4孵育体系同样证实两种抑制剂均为竞争性抑制, 测得Ki值分别为8.18和24.36 nmol·L-1。以上数据表明, 西格列汀对DPP4的结合能力显著强于维格列汀(Ki值更低), 且使用探针GP-AMC检测的西格列汀抑制活性更高(2.73 vs 8.18 nmol·L-1), 而两种探针体系对维格列汀的抑制能力较为接近(26.48 vs 24.36 nmol·L-1)。这些数据为评估DPP4抑制剂的抑制效应提供了重要依据。
为了进一步研究探针GP-AMC、GP-BAN对DPP4的特异性, 对DPP家族的5种重组蛋白酶——DPP4、FAP、DPP8、DPP9和PREP水解探针的活性进行了评价。DPP4对GP-AMC的催化速率比FAP、DPP8、DPP9分别高6、10和3倍(图3A); DPP4对GP-BAN的催化速率比FAP、DPP8、DPP9分别高8、28和16倍(图3B), 其中PREP对GP-AMC、GP-BAN探针均无水解活性。实验结果表明, 探针GP-BAN对DPP4的选择性优于GP-AMC。
采用Autodock分子对接技术分析了3种探针与DPP4的结合特性。结果如图4所示, GP-PNA探针以-7.4 kcal·mol-1的结合能定位在DPP4反应空腔内, 通过范德华力、氢键、π供体氢键和p-π共轭相互作用与DPP4酶结合; GP-AMC探针结合能为-7.9 kcal·mol-1, 除上述作用力外还额外形成p-π共轭和σ-π相互作用; GP-BAN探针表现出最强的结合能力, 为-8.9 kcal·mol-1, 其结合模式包含范德华力、氢键、p-π共轭、σ-π及特有的烷基化作用。这些结构数据证实3种探针均能有效结合DPP4催化空腔, 且结合强度排序为GP-BAN > GP-AMC > GP-PNA, 与实验测得的酶动力学参数一致。
此外, 分子对接结果揭示了两种DPP4抑制剂与DPP4的结合特征。其中西格列汀以-8.4 kcal·mol-1的较强结合能占据DPP4反应空腔, 通过范德华力、氢键、π供体氢键、p-π共轭及特有的卤化作用与DPP4结合; 而维格列汀结合能为-7.2 kcal·mol-1, 通过范德华力、氢键、π供体氢键和p-π共轭相互作用与DPP4结合。这些结果证实西格列汀具有更强的结合能力, 与实验测得的其较低的Ki值(2.73~8.18 nmol·L-1) 相吻合, 而维格列汀相对较弱的结合能力(-7.2 kcal·mol-1) 也与其较高的Ki值(24.36~26.48 nmol·L-1) 一致。分子相互作用分析显示, 西格列汀特有的卤化作用可能是其增强结合能力的关键因素。
DPP4探针不仅能够用于药物研发前期监测药物对DPP4酶活的作用、评估药物代谢动力学、筛选DPP4抑制剂, 同时, 临床上DPP4探针可用于检测患者体内DPP4的活性, 进而帮助患者优化剂量以提高疗效, 指导DPP4相关药物的P-P个体化使用。本研究通过系统的酶动力学分析、抑制实验及分子对接技术, 对3种DPP4探针(GNA、GP-AMC和GP-BAN) 的结合特性进行了横向比较, 并深入探讨了探针结构与其结合能力的关系。研究结果不仅为DPP4活性检测探针的选择提供了理论依据, 也为新型探针的设计提供了重要启发。
分子对接结果显示, 3种探针均能有效结合DPP4的催化空腔, 但其结合能力存在显著差异(GP-BAN: -8.9 kcal·mol-1 > GP-AMC: -7.9 kcal·mol-1 > GP-PNA: -7.4 kcal·mol-1)。值得注意的是, GP-BAN的碳端修饰后生成的代谢产物BAN, 其分子质量为284.3, 显著大于AMC (175.2) 和PNA (138.1), 结合动力学参数(GP-BAN的Km值最低, 为44.00 ± 0.78 μmol·L-1), 作者推测探针碳端基团的分子质量增加可能通过以下机制增强结合: ①增大疏水相互作用面积; ②引入额外的π-π堆积或卤键作用; ③提高构象刚性以减少结合熵损失。这一假设与既往关于蛋白酶底物特异性研究中“疏水口袋填充效应”相吻合。然而, 氨基端(Gly-Pro二肽) 的分子质量变化对结合的影响尚不明确。考虑到DPP4的S1口袋对脯氨酸的特异性识别, 作者推测氨基端的修饰空间可能有限, 但仍需通过设计系列变异体(如不同长度的肽链或取代基) 进行验证。
西格列汀对GP-BAN和GP-AMC体系的抑制效能差异(Ki值分别为8.18和2.73 nmol·L-1) 可能源于其独特的卤化作用。分子对接结果显示, 西格列汀(图5A) 的三氟苯基团与DPP4的Tyr547形成卤键, 而维格列汀(图5B) 与DPP4则没有该作用。当探针碳端体积增大(如GP-BAN的BAN基团) 时, 可能部分阻碍了西格列汀卤键的形成, 导致其Ki值升高。这提示抑制剂-探针-酶三者存在复杂的变构调控关系, 未来可通过冷冻电镜或X射线晶体学进一步解析三元复合物的精细结构。
本研究将GP-BAN探针与传统商业化探针进行系统性比较。GP-BAN展现的优异性能(高Vmax、低Km) 使其特别适用于: ①低丰度DPP4样本检测; ② DPP4抑制剂筛选(因其对Ki差异更敏感); ③组织原位检测(BAN的荧光特性减少背景干扰)。然而, GP-AMC在抑制剂评价中显示出更高的灵敏度(西格列汀Ki低至2.73 nmol·L-1), 说明不同应用场景需选择适配的探针体系。
本研究通过比较DPP4与不同探针的酶动力学和分子对接分析, 证实GP-BAN具有最优的结合特性, 其亲和力高于GP-AMC和GP-PNA。值得注意的是, 虽然GP-BAN探针体系测得西格列汀的IC50值更低, 但其Ki值却更高, 这种看似矛盾的结果揭示了探针-酶-抑制剂三者间存在复杂的相互作用机制。综合实验数据表明, GP-BAN是研究DPP4活性和抑制剂筛选的理想探针, 而GP-AMC在特定抑制剂评价中可能更具优势, 这为不同研究目的下的探针选择提供了重要依据。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0401
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 修回日期:2025-06-05
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    1贵州医科大学转化医学研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 561113
    2贵州医科大学, 贵州省常见慢性疾病发病机制及防治研究全省重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 561113
    3贵州医科大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 561113

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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