Article(id=1308816778369786582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0548, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=1751731200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975836602, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975836602, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975836602, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975836602, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=292, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816778579501783, articleId=1308816778369786582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Evaluation of hyaluronic acid-modified ginsenoside Rg3-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles against triple-negative breast cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified, ginsenoside Rg3-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles (HMR@HA) and evaluated their characterization, in vitro release, and anti-triple-negative breast cancer efficacy. Hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles (HM) were synthesized by template method. HMR nanoparticles were prepared by loading ginsenoside Rg3, and then targeted HMR@HA system was constructed through HA modification. Laser particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the samples. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified Rg3 loading capacity and assessed HMR@HA's in vitro release profile. We evaluated the uptake capacity of 4T1 cells for nanoparticles and the in vitro antitumor activity of nanoparticles. The experimental results indicate that the optimal preparation parameters are: the mass ratio of drug to carrier of 5∶1, the stirring time of 12 h, and the drug concentration of 10 mg·mL-1. The obtained HMR@HA exhibits the uniform hollow structure with a particle size of 216.3 ± 1.3 nm and the loading capacity is (42.42 ± 2.55)%. The release curve shows pH dependence, and the cumulative release gradually increases as the pH decreases. The results showed that HMR@HA was efficiently taken up by 4T1 cells and significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Active oxygen and mitochondrial membrane potential detection showed that HMR@HA can promote tumor cell apoptosis. HMR@HA has a high drug loading capacity and pH-sensitive drug release properties. Compared with ginsenoside Rg3, it significantly enhances antitumor activity and induces apoptosis, providing an effective treatment strategy for triple-negative breast cancer.

, authors=Shi-man LI1, Hui-zhong ZHANG1, Xiao-han XU1, Yu-xian LIU1, Jing-wen YANG1, Juan LIU1, Wen-qi WANG1, Xin-zhu WANG1, Wen-jing LI1, Ke ZHANG1, Xing-bin YIN1, Chang-hai QU1, Jian NI1, 2, *, Xiao-xu DONG1, *, authorsList=Shi-man LI, Hui-zhong ZHANG, Xiao-han XU, Yu-xian LIU, Jing-wen YANG, Juan LIU, Wen-qi WANG, Xin-zhu WANG, Wen-jing LI, Ke ZHANG, Xing-bin YIN, Chang-hai QU, Jian NI, Xiao-xu DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian NI, Xiao-xu DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816780047508192, articleId=1308816778369786582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=透明质酸修饰的负载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒的抗三阴性乳腺癌评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究制备了透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) 修饰的载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒(HMR@HA), 并进行表征、体外释放与体外抗三阴性乳腺癌活性评价。采用模板法制备中空二氧化锰(hollow mesoporous MnO2, HM) 纳米粒, 通过负载人参皂苷Rg3制得HMR, 修饰HA构建靶向纳米粒HMR@HA; 用激光粒度仪、透射电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪对其进行表征; 高效液相色谱法测定人参皂苷Rg3载药量并考察HMR@HA体外释药性能; 考察其对4T1细胞的摄取和体外抗肿瘤作用。结果表明最优制备工艺为药载比5∶1, 搅拌时间为12 h, 药物质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1; 制备的HMR@HA呈中空结构, 分布均一, 粒径为216.3 ± 1.3 nm, 平均载药量为(42.42 ± 2.55)%; 体外释药具有pH值响应性, 累积释药量随pH值减小而增大; HMR@HA能够被4T1细胞有效摄取, 抑制癌细胞增殖与迁移; 细胞内活性氧及线粒体膜电位检测结果表明HMR@HA能促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。HMR@HA具有较高的载药量, 具有pH敏感释药性能, 与人参皂苷Rg3相比能明显增强抗肿瘤活性及诱导细胞凋亡, 为三阴性乳腺癌的治疗提供有效策略。

, authors=李诗曼1, 张慧中1, 徐晓涵1, 刘雨贤1, 杨静雯1, 刘娟1, 王雯琪1, 王欣竹1, 李文静1, 张可1, 尹兴斌1, 曲昌海1, 倪健1, 2, *, 董晓旭1, *, authorsList=李诗曼, 张慧中, 徐晓涵, 刘雨贤, 杨静雯, 刘娟, 王雯琪, 王欣竹, 李文静, 张可, 尹兴斌, 曲昌海, 倪健, 董晓旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=倪健, 董晓旭, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李诗曼负责文章构思、实验操作、数据处理; 张慧中、徐晓涵、刘雨贤、杨静雯、刘娟负责文献检索、图片处理; 王雯琪、王欣竹、李文静、张可负责仪器操作、数据获取; 尹兴斌、曲昌海负责指导实验设计、文章设计; 倪健、董晓旭负责整体构思和修改, 并对文章撰写质量进行把关和审校。

, correspAuthorsNote=
倪健,Tel: 13910058645, E-mail:
董晓旭,Tel: 18811527930, E-mail:
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LevelFactor
Stirring time/h (A)Drug concentration /mg·mL-1 (B)Drug-to-carrier ratio (C)
1851∶1
210102∶1
312155∶1
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Orthogonal experimental design table

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LevelFactor
Stirring time/h (A)Drug concentration /mg·mL-1 (B)Drug-to-carrier ratio (C)
1851∶1
210102∶1
312155∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1308816786787754818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816778369786582, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.FactorDL/%
ABCD (empty)
111118.68
2123241.18
3132327.88
4213324.53
5222125.09
6231217.81
7312223.66
8321319.03
9333148.28
K177.7456.8745.5282.05
K267.4385.3076.6382.65
K390.9793.97113.9971.44
k125.9118.9615.1727.35
k222.4828.4325.5427.55
k330.3231.3238.0023.81
R7.8512.3722.823.74
), ArticleFig(id=1308816786850669379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816778369786582, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The result of the orthogonal experiment. DL: Drug loading capacity

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No.FactorDL/%
ABCD (empty)
111118.68
2123241.18
3132327.88
4213324.53
5222125.09
6231217.81
7312223.66
8321319.03
9333148.28
K177.7456.8745.5282.05
K267.4385.3076.6382.65
K390.9793.97113.9971.44
k125.9118.9615.1727.35
k222.4828.4325.5427.55
k330.3231.3238.0023.81
R7.8512.3722.823.74
), ArticleFig(id=1308816786913583940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816778369786582, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactorSSDFFP
A92.82923.5020.222
B251.09429.4710.095
C783.527229.5550.033*
D (empty)26.5112
), ArticleFig(id=1308816786993275717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816778369786582, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The result of the analysis of variance. SS: Sum of square; DF: Degrees of freedom. *P < 0.05

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactorSSDFFP
A92.82923.5020.222
B251.09429.4710.095
C783.527229.5550.033*
D (empty)26.5112
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透明质酸修饰的负载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒的抗三阴性乳腺癌评价
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李诗曼 1 , 张慧中 1 , 徐晓涵 1 , 刘雨贤 1 , 杨静雯 1 , 刘娟 1 , 王雯琪 1 , 王欣竹 1 , 李文静 1 , 张可 1 , 尹兴斌 1 , 曲昌海 1 , 倪健 1, 2, * , 董晓旭 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(1): 292-300
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (1) : 292 -300
透明质酸修饰的负载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒的抗三阴性乳腺癌评价
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李诗曼1, 张慧中1, 徐晓涵1, 刘雨贤1, 杨静雯1, 刘娟1, 王雯琪1, 王欣竹1, 李文静1, 张可1, 尹兴斌1, 曲昌海1, 倪健1, 2, * , 董晓旭1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2新疆医科大学中医学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
通讯作者:
倪健,Tel: 13910058645, E-mail:
董晓旭,Tel: 18811527930, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李诗曼负责文章构思、实验操作、数据处理; 张慧中、徐晓涵、刘雨贤、杨静雯、刘娟负责文献检索、图片处理; 王雯琪、王欣竹、李文静、张可负责仪器操作、数据获取; 尹兴斌、曲昌海负责指导实验设计、文章设计; 倪健、董晓旭负责整体构思和修改, 并对文章撰写质量进行把关和审校。

Evaluation of hyaluronic acid-modified ginsenoside Rg3-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles against triple-negative breast cancer
Shi-man LI1, Hui-zhong ZHANG1, Xiao-han XU1, Yu-xian LIU1, Jing-wen YANG1, Juan LIU1, Wen-qi WANG1, Xin-zhu WANG1, Wen-jing LI1, Ke ZHANG1, Xing-bin YIN1, Chang-hai QU1, Jian NI1, 2, * , Xiao-xu DONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0548
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本研究制备了透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) 修饰的载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒(HMR@HA), 并进行表征、体外释放与体外抗三阴性乳腺癌活性评价。采用模板法制备中空二氧化锰(hollow mesoporous MnO2, HM) 纳米粒, 通过负载人参皂苷Rg3制得HMR, 修饰HA构建靶向纳米粒HMR@HA; 用激光粒度仪、透射电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪对其进行表征; 高效液相色谱法测定人参皂苷Rg3载药量并考察HMR@HA体外释药性能; 考察其对4T1细胞的摄取和体外抗肿瘤作用。结果表明最优制备工艺为药载比5∶1, 搅拌时间为12 h, 药物质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1; 制备的HMR@HA呈中空结构, 分布均一, 粒径为216.3 ± 1.3 nm, 平均载药量为(42.42 ± 2.55)%; 体外释药具有pH值响应性, 累积释药量随pH值减小而增大; HMR@HA能够被4T1细胞有效摄取, 抑制癌细胞增殖与迁移; 细胞内活性氧及线粒体膜电位检测结果表明HMR@HA能促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。HMR@HA具有较高的载药量, 具有pH敏感释药性能, 与人参皂苷Rg3相比能明显增强抗肿瘤活性及诱导细胞凋亡, 为三阴性乳腺癌的治疗提供有效策略。

中空二氧化锰  /  人参皂苷Rg3  /  透明质酸  /  三阴性乳腺癌  /  纳米粒

This study developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified, ginsenoside Rg3-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles (HMR@HA) and evaluated their characterization, in vitro release, and anti-triple-negative breast cancer efficacy. Hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles (HM) were synthesized by template method. HMR nanoparticles were prepared by loading ginsenoside Rg3, and then targeted HMR@HA system was constructed through HA modification. Laser particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the samples. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified Rg3 loading capacity and assessed HMR@HA's in vitro release profile. We evaluated the uptake capacity of 4T1 cells for nanoparticles and the in vitro antitumor activity of nanoparticles. The experimental results indicate that the optimal preparation parameters are: the mass ratio of drug to carrier of 5∶1, the stirring time of 12 h, and the drug concentration of 10 mg·mL-1. The obtained HMR@HA exhibits the uniform hollow structure with a particle size of 216.3 ± 1.3 nm and the loading capacity is (42.42 ± 2.55)%. The release curve shows pH dependence, and the cumulative release gradually increases as the pH decreases. The results showed that HMR@HA was efficiently taken up by 4T1 cells and significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Active oxygen and mitochondrial membrane potential detection showed that HMR@HA can promote tumor cell apoptosis. HMR@HA has a high drug loading capacity and pH-sensitive drug release properties. Compared with ginsenoside Rg3, it significantly enhances antitumor activity and induces apoptosis, providing an effective treatment strategy for triple-negative breast cancer.

hollow manganese dioxide  /  ginsenoside Rg3  /  hyaluronic acid  /  triple-negative breast cancer  /  nanoparticle
李诗曼, 张慧中, 徐晓涵, 刘雨贤, 杨静雯, 刘娟, 王雯琪, 王欣竹, 李文静, 张可, 尹兴斌, 曲昌海, 倪健, 董晓旭. 透明质酸修饰的负载人参皂苷Rg3中空二氧化锰纳米粒的抗三阴性乳腺癌评价. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0548
Shi-man LI, Hui-zhong ZHANG, Xiao-han XU, Yu-xian LIU, Jing-wen YANG, Juan LIU, Wen-qi WANG, Xin-zhu WANG, Wen-jing LI, Ke ZHANG, Xing-bin YIN, Chang-hai QU, Jian NI, Xiao-xu DONG. Evaluation of hyaluronic acid-modified ginsenoside Rg3-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles against triple-negative breast cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0548
乳腺癌(breast cancer, BC) 是临床常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 也是女性罹患最多的癌症。据统计, 全球BC发病数高达226万例, 比位列第二的肺癌多出6万多病例, 占全球女性新发癌症病例总数的24.5%[1]。三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer, TNBC) 占乳腺癌发病率的15%~20%, 由于其免疫细胞侵袭性低、程序性死亡配体1 (PD-L1) 蛋白表达高、癌干细胞丰富, 是导致免疫逃逸、肿瘤转移、肿瘤治疗耐药的主要原因, 被称为“乳腺癌中的绝症”, 也是当前患者预后不良和死亡的主要原因[2, 3]。目前, TNBC的西医治疗以手术治疗、全身治疗、局部放疗等为主[4]。放疗能消除乳腺癌术后残留癌细胞, 但不良反应强烈, 会降低患者生存质量。若不放疗, 虽可避免不良反应, 却失去了抑制癌细胞的有效手段[5]。中医药治疗在国内也是长期应用的治疗方法, 中医称乳腺癌为乳岩, 认为其成因是正气虚弱、肝郁脾虚, 致使脏腑功能失调, 引发气滞、血瘀、痰凝与邪毒在乳络集结。治疗时, 中医会依据辨证结果, 为不同患者开具相应方药, 以调和脏腑功能, 消除气滞、血瘀、痰凝与邪毒, 促使患者康复[6-9]。
人参皂苷Rg3是传统中药人参的关键有效成分之一, 已有研究证实[10-12], 人参皂苷Rg3具有显著的抗癌活性, 可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭与转移, 还能抑制肿瘤血管生成、逆转肿瘤多药耐药、调控肿瘤信号转导相关基因的表达, 并增强患者免疫力。研究表明, 人参皂苷Rg3可通过诱导肿瘤细胞的免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cell death, ICD)、降低PD-L1表达和减少癌症干细胞来发挥抗TNBC作用[13-15]。Yuan等[16]通过测定人参皂苷Rg3联合紫杉醇对多个TNBC细胞活力的影响, 证明人参皂苷Rg3能通过抑制核因子-κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB) 信号传导和调节TNBC上的Bax/Bcl-2表达促进细胞凋亡。但人参皂苷Rg3口服生物利用度低, 仅有少量能抵达肿瘤部位并被肿瘤细胞摄取[17, 18], 极大地限制了它的功效。
近年来, 纳米材料凭借比表面积大、稳定性佳等特性, 在众多领域的应用愈发广泛, 生物医学领域尤为突出[19]。中空介孔二氧化锰(hollow mesoporous MnO2, HM) 因具备良好生物相容性、pH响应性、大的比表面积及易代谢等优势, 已成为极具潜力的癌症治疗载药纳米平台[20]。该纳米递药系统不仅能解决药物水溶性不佳的难题, 还可借助实体瘤的高通透性和滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention, EPR), 在肿瘤部位实现高效富集[21]。尽管HM在肿瘤诊断与治疗上展现出显著优势, 但其在肿瘤部位靶向性能尚有待提升[22]。透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) 是一种线性天然多糖, 能与癌细胞中高表达的单跨膜糖蛋白CD44结合, 具有生物可降解、无免疫原性、亲水性强以及对特定受体有选择性等优点, 这些特性使其在药物递送系统中得到了广泛应用[23, 24]。因此, 本研究通过溶胶-凝胶、刻蚀模板和搅拌制备HA修饰的HM纳米粒, 并用于负载人参皂苷Rg3, 并对制备的纳米粒进行表征、体外释药特性和体外抗肿瘤活性评价, 为三阴性乳腺癌治疗提供新策略。
细胞  4T1细胞(批号JNO-M0042, 广州吉妮欧生物科技有限公司); HC11细胞(批号CL-0680, 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司)。
药物与试剂  人参皂苷Rg3 (批号CFN99969, 纯度≥ 98%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 胎牛血清[货号35-081-CV, 康宁生命科学(中国) 有限公司]; 1640培养基(货号C11875500BT, 北京兰博利德商贸有限公司); 噻唑蓝(MTT) (货号BN3097, 北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司); 活性氧检测试剂盒(货号S0033M)、增强型线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1, 货号C2003S)、Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(货号C1062L) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 硅酸四乙酯(tetraethyl orthosilicate, TEOS, 货号T819505)、无水碳酸钠(货号S818020)、透明质酸(30-45kDa, 货号H924870)、氨水(货号A819116)、高锰酸钾(货号P818461) 购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
仪器  数控超声波清洗器(KO-500DE, 中国昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 多点磁力搅拌器(CJB-S-10D, 中国郑州腾跃仪器设备有限公司); 医用离心机(BY-G20, 中国北京白洋医疗器械有限公司); 水浴恒温振荡器(SHA-BA, 中国常州市国旺仪器制造有限公司); 分析天平(MS105DU, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多国际股份有限公司); 冷冻干燥机(FD-1A-80+, 中国北京博医康实验仪器有限公司); 色谱柱[Luna 5 u C18 (2) 100A 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 美国Phenomenex公司]; 激光粒度仪(ZEN-3600, 英国马尔文帕纳科公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Thermo IS5, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 高效液相色谱仪(1260, 美国安捷伦科技有限公司); Epoch酶标仪(美国BioTek仪器有限公司); 透射电子显微镜(JEM-1230, 日本电子株式会社); 荧光倒置显微镜(Ts2, 日本尼康株式会社); 酶标仪(EPOCH2TSC, 中国北京科瑞恩特科技有限公司); 流式细胞仪(BD FACS CantoII, 美国碧迪医疗有限公司)。
HMR@HA的制备  通过溶胶-凝胶法制备固体二氧化硅纳米颗粒(sSiO2)。在锥形瓶中依次加入乙醇、水和氨水, 于45 ℃搅拌30 min, 逐滴加入TEOS, 继续搅拌3 h。12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 收集沉淀, 干燥得白色固体sSiO2; 将高锰酸钾溶液, 逐滴加入4 mg·mL-1的sSiO2水溶液中, 超声1 h, 常温搅拌6 h。10 000 r·min-1离心10 min直至上清液无明显紫色, 分散于去离子水中备用。将上述溶液置于2 mol·L-1 Na2CO3水溶液, 60 ℃反应12 h, 刻蚀内部sSiO2, 形成中空结构。12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 水洗后得到HM[25-27]。
将人参皂苷Rg3加至HM溶液中, 室温下连续搅拌12 h, 离心后, 真空干燥得HMR。精密称取HMR溶于水中, 加入HA (HMR∶HA质量比为3∶1), 搅拌3 h后, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min后冻干即得HMR@HA[25]。
人参皂苷Rg3载药量的测定
色谱条件  流动相: 乙腈-水(55∶45); 流速: 1 mL·min-1; 检测波长: 203 nm; 进样量: 10 μL; 柱温: 25 ℃。
专属性考察  对照品溶液配制: 精密称取人参皂苷Rg3对照品5 mg, 置于5 mL量瓶中, 用甲醇溶解并稀释定容至刻度, 摇匀, 即得。供试品溶液配制: 按照“HMR@HA的制备”项下方法制备HMR, 收集HMR上清液, 置于10 mL量瓶中, 加甲醇稀释定容至刻度, 摇匀, 即得。空白样品溶液配制: 精密称取HM适量, 置于5 mL量瓶中, 用甲醇溶解并稀释定容至刻度, 摇匀, 即得。
线性关系考察  精确称取适量人参皂苷Rg3对照品, 加甲醇制备质量浓度为1 000 µg·mL-1的对照品溶液。精密吸取适量对照品溶液, 加甲醇稀释, 制备质量浓度为100、200、300、500和800 µg·mL-1的对照品溶液。按照“色谱条件”进行检测, 以色谱峰面积(Y) 作为因变量, 样品浓度(X) 作为自变量, 绘制标准曲线并进行线性回归分析。
精密度考察  精确吸取1 000 µg·mL-1人参皂苷Rg3对照品溶液, 按照“色谱条件”, 连续进样6针, 记录峰面积, 并计算RSD值。
重复性考察  按照“供试品溶液配制”方法, 平行制作6份, 按照“色谱条件”进行人参皂苷Rg3检测, 并计算RSD值。
稳定性考察  按照“供试品溶液配制”方法, 分别在0、2、4、6、12、24 h以“色谱条件”进行人参皂苷Rg3检测, 并计算RSD值。
载药量测定  按照“供试品溶液配制”方法制备试样溶液, 按照“色谱条件”检测各样品色谱峰面积。根据公式(1) 计算纳米粒中的人参皂苷Rg3的载药量(drug loading capacity, DL):
$\operatorname{DL}(\%)=\left(M_{\text {投 }}-M_{\text {上清 }}\right) / M_{\text {总 }} \times 100 \%$
其中, M投为投入人参皂苷Rg3的质量; M总为投入载体和药物的总质量。
载药工艺优化  影响HMR制备的主要因素为搅拌时间(A)、药物质量浓度(B)、药载比(C)。采用正交实验设计法, 按L9(34) 设计成3因素3水平的正交试验(表1[26, 27])。
纳米粒的表征
粒径与电位考察  配制HM、HMR、HMR@HA供试品溶液, 使用激光粒度仪检测其粒径和zeta电位值。
纳米粒形态观察  将HM、HMR、HMR@HA悬浮液滴在铜网上, 使用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 拍摄HM、HMR、HMR@HA的形态和结构。
FT-IR检测  分别称取一定量人参皂苷Rg3、HM、HMR、HMR@HA适量, 再与适量光谱纯溴化钾混合稀释, 研磨均匀后压片, 在4 000~400 cm-1进行傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FT-IR) 分析。
体外释放研究  将适量的HMR置于离心管中, 配置pH 7.4和5.5的含有1% Tween 80的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 作为释放介质, 在37 ℃、100 r·min-1条件下恒温水浴震荡, 分别在不同的时间点离心取样, 并补充等量新鲜释放介质, 利用HPLC测定人参皂苷Rg3释放量, 计算累积释放率。
细胞药效实验
载体安全性评价  取对数生长期的HC11细胞, 均以每孔8×103个细胞的密度接种到96孔板中, 加入含不同质量浓度HM (2.5、5、10、25、50和100 μg·mL-1) 置于培养箱培养, 24 h后用酶标仪测定细胞的光密度(OD) 值。
细胞摄取  取处于对数生长期的4T1细胞, 均以每孔2×105个细胞的密度接种到6孔板中, 过夜使其贴壁后, 移弃培养液, 分别加入不同组别的药物干预细胞。空白对照组为未经任何处理的细胞。给药4 h后, 去除培养基, PBS洗涤2次, 加入0.5 mL胰蛋白酶消化并收集细胞于1.5 mL离心管中, 1 000 r·min-1离心5 min取沉淀, 加入PBS洗涤2次, 用流式细胞仪分析细胞内荧光值。
细胞划痕实验  取对数生长期的4T1细胞, 均以每孔5×105个细胞接种到6孔板中。待细胞贴壁后, 垂直于孔板划3条竖线, 弃去旧培养基, 用PBS轻轻润洗2~3次, 直到划下来的细胞冲洗干净。每组设置3个复孔, 用荧光倒置显微镜拍照, 作为0 h对照。放入培养箱中, 在对应时间点取出细胞, 于显微镜下观察同一位置划痕宽度并拍照。
对4T1细胞增殖作用的影响  取对数生长期的4T1细胞, 均以每孔2×103个细胞接种到96孔板中, 每组设置3个复孔, 处理24 h。待达到预定时间后, 小心移除含药培养基, 精密加入5 mg·mL-1的MTT溶液20 μL, 37 ℃孵育4 h, 移除MTT溶液, 加入DMSO 100 μL, 置摇床上振荡15 min, 用酶标仪测定490 nm处OD值, 计算细胞存活率。
机制研究
细胞内活性氧(active oxygen species, ROS) 检测  取对数生长期4T1细胞, 以每孔5×105个细胞的密度接种于6孔板中, 加入各组药物孵育12 h, 每组平行3次, 消化收集细胞, 加入10 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA溶液(激发波长488 nm, 发射波长530 nm) 1 mL, 混匀。室温避光孵育30 min, PBS洗涤, 用流式细胞仪上机检测。
线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP) 检测  取对数生长期4T1细胞, 以每孔5×105个细胞的密度接种于6孔板中, 加入各组药物孵育12 h, 每组平行3次, 消化收集细胞, 按照试剂盒说明书, 制备JC-1工作液, 将适量的JC-1工作液(激发波长488 nm, 发射波长530 nm) 加入到细胞中, 轻轻混匀。将细胞板放置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育20 min。
细胞凋亡率检测  取对数生长期4T1细胞, 以每孔5×105个细胞的密度接种于6孔板中, 加入各组药物孵育12 h, 每组平行3次, 消化收集细胞, 达到干预时间后收集各组细胞分别加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC及10 μL碘化丙啶染液(激发波长488 nm, 发射波长530 nm), 室温避光孵育15 min, 用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8软件统计分析和图表绘制, 计量资料采用表示, 组间两两比较采用t检验, P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。
HM对人参皂苷Rg3的测定无影响, 说明本方法专属性良好(图1A); 回归方程: Y = 3.641 3X - 6.730 8 (R2 = 0.999 2), 线性范围: 100~1 000 μg·mL-1, 线性关系良好(图1B); 连续6针进样的人参皂苷Rg3峰面积RSD为0.25%, 说明仪器精密度良好; 平行6次实验人参皂苷Rg3峰面积RSD为2.67%, 表明实验重复性良好; 人参皂苷Rg3峰面积的RSD为0.39%, 表明供试品溶液在24 h内稳定性良好。
经过综合分析, 影响载药量的因素顺序为C > B > A, C因素P < 0.05, 具有显著性差异, 因此确定最优制备方案为A1B2C3, 即搅拌时间为8 h、药物质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1、药载比为5∶1 (表2、3)。最优工艺下制备的HMR载药量为(42.42 ± 2.55)%, 说明该方法可行, 工艺的重复性良好。
HM的粒径主要分布在157.1 ± 2.8 nm, 与HM的粒径相比, HMR、HMR@HA的粒径略有增加, 主要分布在167.0 ± 1.4、216.3 ± 1.3 nm。HM、HMR、HMR@HA的zeta电位分别为: -32.1 ± 1.66、-17.4 ± 3.47、-26.1 ± 6.73 mV (图2A)。
TEM图像清楚地显示HM、HMR、HMR@HA的中空的圆心球, 内径相同, 约120 nm。HM外径约130 nm, 载药后的外径约135 nm, 经过HA包覆后, HMR@HA的外径略有增大, 约为137 nm (图2B)。
载药纳米粒的红外谱图中既出现了HM的特征峰, 又出现了人参皂苷Rg3的特征峰, 且人参皂苷Rg3在400~1 500 nm的特征尖峰消失(图2C), 表明药物被成功包裹在纳米粒中。
HMR在pH 5.5和7.4条件下24 h的累计释放率分别为(43.06 ± 5.13)%和(23.43 ± 2.42)% (图2D), 表现出明显的pH响应释放特性。主要原因为HM具有pH敏感性, 在酸性条件容易降解, 从而促进药物的释放。
当HM的质量浓度高达100 μg·mL-1时, 仍显示较低的细胞毒性, 表明药物载体具有较好的生物相容性(图3A)。
使用IR780代替人参皂苷Rg3合成HM-IR780@HA。IR780单体和纳米粒相比, HA修饰后的靶向纳米粒能够更好地被4T1肿瘤细胞摄取, 呈现出更高的荧光强度(图3B)。
各组处理4T1细胞24 h后, 细胞迁移能力被抑制, 与对照组比较, HMR组、HMR@HA组更为明显。在相同人参皂苷Rg3浓度下, 随着HM包载、HA的增加, 划痕愈合能力越低, 显示纳米粒具有抑制4T1细胞迁移的作用(图3C)。
各组处理4T1细胞24 h后, 细胞活力均有不同程度的下降。与对照组比较, 人参皂苷Rg3、HMR、HMR@HA组处理24 h后的细胞活力均明显下降(P < 0.01), 其中HMR@HA抑制4T1细胞增值能力最强, 表明纳米粒经HA修饰后能明显提高抗肿瘤疗效(图3D)。
图4A荧光显微结果显示, 与对照组相比, HMR组和HMR@HA组细胞内ROS水平均显著升高。流式细胞仪定量结果进一步证实, HMR@HA能显著增强细胞内的ROS含量, 该结果与荧光显微镜观察一致。这些结果表明制备的纳米粒比人参皂苷Rg3具有更强的诱导ROS生成的能力, 过量的ROS释放到胞质中破坏了4T1细胞, 并诱发其凋亡。
人参皂苷Rg3、HMR、HMR@HA孵育4T1细胞24 h后均能使细胞MMP下降, 各实验组与对照组间MMP下降幅度均存在显著性差异(P < 0.01), MMP下降是线粒体依赖性凋亡途径的核心早期事件, 为药物诱导癌细胞死亡的机制提供了直接的实验证据(图4B)。
人参皂苷Rg3、HMR、HMR@HA组凋亡率分别为18.17%、21.53%、32.63%, HMR@HA组细胞凋亡率明显高于其他组(P < 0.01), 表明纳米制剂HMR@HA能更有效地诱导4T1细胞凋亡, 激活细胞的程序性死亡通路(图4C)。
乳腺癌传统治疗以手术联合放化疗较普遍, 但存在毒性大、耐药性及经济负担等颈瓶[28]。纳米靶向制剂[29]、免疫治疗[30]可通过精准递送、增效减毒弥补传统治疗方法的不足。HM纳米粒因其独特的介孔结构和pH响应性, 成为理想的药物载体[31]。本研究通过溶胶-凝胶法和模板刻蚀法构建中空结构, 显著提高了载药量(42.42%), 优于某些脂质体[32, 33]或金纳米颗粒[34, 35]的载药量(通常 < 20%)。HM的pH响应性释药特性可精准适配肿瘤微环境(pH 5.5~6.5), 提高了药物在肿瘤位置的富集效率[36]。此外, HA通过电荷吸引形成外层包覆, 增强了纳米粒的靶向性。HA作为CD44受体的天然配体, 可主动靶向乳腺癌细胞表面过表达的CD44受体[37], 促进纳米粒的细胞摄取。这种“被动EPR效应+ 主动靶向”的双重策略, 显著提高了药物在肿瘤部位的富集效率。
人参皂苷Rg3的抗肿瘤机制涉及抑制细胞增殖、诱导凋亡及抑制血管生成, 但其低生物利用度限制了临床应用[38]。本研究通过纳米载药系统解决了这一瓶颈: HM保护人参皂苷Rg3免受胃肠道降解, 延长其血液循环时间; HA靶向作用则提高了肿瘤细胞内药物浓度。体外实验显示, HMR@HA处理组细胞活力下降更显著(P < 0.001), 且ROS水平及线粒体膜电位变化表明其通过氧化应激和线粒体途径诱导凋亡的作用更强, 提示HM可能通过化学动力学效应协同增强人参皂苷Rg3的疗效。
相较于游离人参皂苷Rg3, HMR@HA展现出更优的抗肿瘤效果。例如, HMR@HA对4T1细胞迁移的抑制率显著高于人参皂苷Rg3 (P < 0.01), 这可能由于纳米粒的持续释药特性及HA介导的细胞黏附抑制作用。此外, 本研究的载药量(42.42 ± 2.55)%, 高于类似HM载药体系, 如Li等[25]负载白藜芦醇的HM载药量约为35%, 凸显了正交实验优化工艺的重要性。然而, 与部分靶向纳米系统相比, HMR@HA的靶向效率仍有提升空间, 可通过调控HA分子质量或引入双靶向配体进一步优化。
尽管本研究在体外药效学中验证了HMR@HA的疗效, 但其包封率较低, 体内药效学、生物分布及长期毒性仍需进一步探究。本研究通过设计HA修饰的HM纳米粒, 成功实现了人参皂苷Rg3的高效负载与靶向递送, 并证实其体外抗乳腺癌活性。该体系结合了天然药物与纳米技术的优势, 为TNBC治疗提供了新策略, 同时也为其他难溶性抗肿瘤中药成分的递送系统开发提供了参考。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0548
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
  • 修回日期:2025-07-06
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    1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2新疆医科大学中医学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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