Article(id=1308816751538823661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0858, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1760025600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975830206, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975830206, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975830206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975830206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=233, endPage=243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816751756927470, articleId=1308816751538823661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on effect mechanism of Shanyu Pills in improving skeletal muscle mass and motor function in sarcopenia mice based on gastrocnemius muscle metabolomics, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study evaluated the effects of Shanyu Pills on the skeletal muscle mass, motor function, and metabolites of the gastrocnemius muscle in sarcopenia mice, aiming to explore the scientific essence of Shanyu Pills in treating sarcopenia. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No.: FJTCM IACUC 2022123). Eight-month-old rapidly aging mice SAMP8 (senescence accelerated mouse prone/8, SAMP8) were used as the animal model for sarcopenia. The biological effects of Shanyu Pills in improving the skeletal muscle mass and motor function of mice with sarcopenia were evaluated by evaluating of the degree of senescence of mice, muscle volume of the hindlimbs, grip strength, hanging net duration time, rotarod performance time, free movement assessment, biochemical indicators of spleen deficiency, and histopathology of gastrocnemius muscle tissue. The metabolites in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen out the differential metabolites among different comparison groups. The differential metabolites were analyzed for metabolic pathway enrichment using the MetaboAnalyst 6.0 database and the "Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene" network of the differential metabolites was constructed using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software. The results showed that Shanyu Pills could significantly reduce the degree of senescence of sarcopenia mice; increase the muscle volume of the hindlimbs, grip strength, hanging net duration time, rotarod performance time, free movement assessment; improve the biochemical indicators of spleen deficiency; and alleviate the phenomenon of gastrocnemius muscle fiber atrophy. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle showed that Shanyu Pills mainly affected 14 differential metabolites such as arachidonic acid, leukotriene A4, carnosine, methylimidazoleacetic acid. The potential target metabolic pathways enriched were the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. In summary, Shanyu Pills can effectively improve the skeletal muscle mass and motor function of sarcopenia mice, and its mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism.

, authors=Qing XIANG1, Zuan-fang LI2, Yue HU3, Cong CHEN1, Zhi-zhen LIU1, Jing TAO3, Li-dian CHEN1, *, authorsList=Qing XIANG, Zuan-fang LI, Yue HU, Cong CHEN, Zhi-zhen LIU, Jing TAO, Li-dian CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-dian CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816753480786425, articleId=1308816751538823661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于腓肠肌代谢组学研究山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过评价山芋丸(Shanyu Pills)对肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量、运动功能及腓肠肌代谢物的影响, 探究山芋丸治疗肌少症的科学内涵。所有动物实验经福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: FJTCM IACUC 2022123)。采用8月龄快速老化小鼠SAMP8 (senescence accelerated mouse prone/8, SAMP8)作为肌少症小鼠动物模型, 通过检测小鼠衰老分级评分、后肢肌肉体积、抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度、脾虚生化指标及腓肠肌组织病理学, 评价山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的生物效应。运用LC-MS/MS技术对小鼠腓肠肌代谢物进行分析, 通过正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA) 筛选出各比较组间差异代谢物, 并利用MetaboAnalyst 6.0数据库对差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析、Cytoscape 3.10.0软件构建差异代谢物的“Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene”网络。结果表明, 山芋丸能显著降低肌少症小鼠衰老分级评分; 增加肌少症小鼠后肢肌肉体积、抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度; 改善脾虚生化指标和腓肠肌肌纤维萎缩现象。腓肠肌非靶向代谢组学分析结果显示, 山芋丸主要影响了花生四烯酸、白三烯、肌肽、甲基咪唑乙酸等14个差异代谢物, 富集得到的潜在靶点代谢通路为花生四烯酸代谢通路。综上, 山芋丸能有效改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量和运动功能, 其机制可能与调控花生四烯酸代谢密切相关。

, authors=向青1, 李钻芳2, 胡悦3, 陈聪1, 刘志臻1, 陶静3, 陈立典1, *, authorsList=向青, 李钻芳, 胡悦, 陈聪, 刘志臻, 陶静, 陈立典, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈立典, authorNote=

作者贡献:

向青负责实验操作、数据分析、论文撰写和修改; 李钻芳、胡悦协助完成实验、搜集资料; 陈聪负责指导实验研究; 刘志臻负责指导数据分析; 陶静、陈立典负责课题总体设计与指导, 终稿审查。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈立典, Tel: 86-591-22861227, E-mail:
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A: The evaluation of the degree of senescence; B: The grip strength; C: The rotarod performance time; D: The hanging net duration time; E: The muscle volume of the hindlimbs; F: The MRI coronal image of hindlimbs; G: The MRI cross-sectional image of hindlimbs. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs Con; Con: Control group, n = 12, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. 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A: The evaluation of the degree of senescence; B-E: The motor function indicators, respectively grip strength, rotarod performance time, hanging net duration time, free movement assessment; F: The muscle volume of the hindlimbs; G-I: The serum biochemical indicators of spleen deficiency, respectively GAS, MTL, VIP; J: H&E staining in the gastrocnemius muscle (×200). GAS: Gastrin; MTL: Motilin; VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide; SYW-L: Low dose group of Shanyu Pills, 0.64 g·kg-1·d-1; SYW-M: Medium dose group of Shanyu Pills, 1.28 g·kg-1·d-1; SYW-H: High dose group of Shanyu Pills, 2.56 g·kg-1·d-1. n = 12, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ##P < 0.01 vs Con; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Mod, figureFileSmall=E0vEwmv2abRtmdzLFw1WQw==, figureFileBig=m8JekdJOKvhAEHBO9nhFuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761009562169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JZ1zAgFDrrGynCU9A+GB7w==, figureFileBig=+brRc0lVVqZ4iaOC8NqUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761072476730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Total ion flowchart and multivariate statistical analysis of metabolome data of gastrocnemius muscle in mice. A and B: QC sample mass spectrum detection TIC overlap graph; C1: Mod vs Con OPLS-DA T score plot; C2: SYW-L vs Mod OPLS-DA T score plot; C3: SYW-M vs Mod OPLS-DA T score plot; C4: SYW-H vs Mod OPLS-DA T score plot; D1: Mod vs Con OPLS-DA S-plot; D2: SYW-L vs Mod OPLS-DA S-plot; D3: SYW-M vs Mod OPLS-DA S-plot; D4: SYW-H vs Mod OPLS-DA S-plot. TIC: Total ion chromatogram, OPLS-DA: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. n = 12, figureFileSmall=JZ1zAgFDrrGynCU9A+GB7w==, figureFileBig=+brRc0lVVqZ4iaOC8NqUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761164751419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xu2EvKQHVnqao4+WSoAOzQ==, figureFileBig=YEm1+eG7Z09+HMGzSAkqoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761282191932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Metabolic pathway enrichment plot of differential metabolites in the treatment of sarcopenia with Shanyu Pills, figureFileSmall=xu2EvKQHVnqao4+WSoAOzQ==, figureFileBig=YEm1+eG7Z09+HMGzSAkqoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761349300797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5cOSBniBaE1dAWNThpgbcA==, figureFileBig=lTLMt4xttU4bOXbtP65aeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761437381182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption="Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene" network diagram. Cluster 1: Include glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and purine metabolism; Cluster 2: Include arachidonic acid metabolism, leukotriene metabolism, omega-6 fatty acid metabolism, prostaglandin formation from arachidonate; Cluster 3: Squalene and cholesterol biosynthesis; Cluster 4: Lysine metabolism; Cluster 5: Histidine metabolism; Cluster 6: Vitamin E metabolism; Cluster 7: Fatty acid biosynthesis; Cluster 8: Selenoamino acid metabolism; Cluster 9: Saturataed fatty acids beta-oxidation. Red and pink hexagons: Compound; Gray rhombus: Reaction; Green square: Enzyme; Purple circle: Gene, figureFileSmall=5cOSBniBaE1dAWNThpgbcA==, figureFileBig=lTLMt4xttU4bOXbtP65aeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816761525461567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816751538823661, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.CompoundKEGG IDTrendaTrendb
1Arachidonic acidC00219UpDown
2Leukotriene A4C00909UpDown
3CarnosineC00386UpDown
4Methylimidazoleacetic acidC05828UpDown
5Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)C00008UpDown
62'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP)C00360UpDown
7α-TocopherolC02477DownUp
8Dodecanoic acidC02679UpDown
92-OxoadipateC00322DownUp
10Isopentenyl diphosphateC00129UpDown
11ChloralC14866UpDown
12L-PalmitoylcarnitineC02990UpDown
13TCE epoxideC11148UpDown
14Phosphoroselenoic acidC05172UpDown
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The differential metabolites in the gastrocnemius muscle and their changing trends. aModel group vs control group, bShanyu Pills group vs model group

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No.CompoundKEGG IDTrendaTrendb
1Arachidonic acidC00219UpDown
2Leukotriene A4C00909UpDown
3CarnosineC00386UpDown
4Methylimidazoleacetic acidC05828UpDown
5Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)C00008UpDown
62'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP)C00360UpDown
7α-TocopherolC02477DownUp
8Dodecanoic acidC02679UpDown
92-OxoadipateC00322DownUp
10Isopentenyl diphosphateC00129UpDown
11ChloralC14866UpDown
12L-PalmitoylcarnitineC02990UpDown
13TCE epoxideC11148UpDown
14Phosphoroselenoic acidC05172UpDown
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No.Pathway nameMatch statusP-log10(P)Holm PFDRImpact
1Histidine metabolism2/160.007 073 42.150 40.565 870.565 870.090 16
2Arachidonic acid metabolism2/440.048 9461.310 3110.345 39
3Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P4502/680.105 450.976 94110
4Purine metabolism2/700.110 770.955 59110.022 52
5Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis1/180.139 290.856 07110.185 71
6Selenocompound metabolism1/200.153 610.813 58110.136 36
7beta-Alanine metabolism1/210.160 690.794 02110.055 97
8Lipoic acid metabolism1/280.208 710.680 46110
9Lysine degradation1/300.221 960.653 73110.122 7
10Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids1/360.260 480.584 22110
11Fatty acid degradation1/390.279 080.554 28110
12Tryptophan metabolism1/410.291 230.535 76110
13Fatty acid biosynthesis1/470.326 570.486 02110
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Metabolic pathway information

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No.Pathway nameMatch statusP-log10(P)Holm PFDRImpact
1Histidine metabolism2/160.007 073 42.150 40.565 870.565 870.090 16
2Arachidonic acid metabolism2/440.048 9461.310 3110.345 39
3Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P4502/680.105 450.976 94110
4Purine metabolism2/700.110 770.955 59110.022 52
5Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis1/180.139 290.856 07110.185 71
6Selenocompound metabolism1/200.153 610.813 58110.136 36
7beta-Alanine metabolism1/210.160 690.794 02110.055 97
8Lipoic acid metabolism1/280.208 710.680 46110
9Lysine degradation1/300.221 960.653 73110.122 7
10Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids1/360.260 480.584 22110
11Fatty acid degradation1/390.279 080.554 28110
12Tryptophan metabolism1/410.291 230.535 76110
13Fatty acid biosynthesis1/470.326 570.486 02110
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基于腓肠肌代谢组学研究山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的作用机制
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向青 1 , 李钻芳 2 , 胡悦 3 , 陈聪 1 , 刘志臻 1 , 陶静 3 , 陈立典 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(1): 233-243
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (1) : 233 -243
基于腓肠肌代谢组学研究山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的作用机制
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向青1, 李钻芳2, 胡悦3, 陈聪1, 刘志臻1, 陶静3, 陈立典1, *
作者信息
  • 1福建中医药大学康复产业研究院, 福建 福州 350122
  • 2福建中医药大学科技创新与转化中心, 福建 福州 350122
  • 3福建中医药大学康复医学院, 福建 福州 350122
通讯作者:
陈立典, Tel: 86-591-22861227, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

向青负责实验操作、数据分析、论文撰写和修改; 李钻芳、胡悦协助完成实验、搜集资料; 陈聪负责指导实验研究; 刘志臻负责指导数据分析; 陶静、陈立典负责课题总体设计与指导, 终稿审查。

Study on effect mechanism of Shanyu Pills in improving skeletal muscle mass and motor function in sarcopenia mice based on gastrocnemius muscle metabolomics
Qing XIANG1, Zuan-fang LI2, Yue HU3, Cong CHEN1, Zhi-zhen LIU1, Jing TAO3, Li-dian CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
  • 2Center for Science and Technology Innovation and Transformation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
  • 3College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0858
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本研究通过评价山芋丸(Shanyu Pills)对肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量、运动功能及腓肠肌代谢物的影响, 探究山芋丸治疗肌少症的科学内涵。所有动物实验经福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: FJTCM IACUC 2022123)。采用8月龄快速老化小鼠SAMP8 (senescence accelerated mouse prone/8, SAMP8)作为肌少症小鼠动物模型, 通过检测小鼠衰老分级评分、后肢肌肉体积、抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度、脾虚生化指标及腓肠肌组织病理学, 评价山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的生物效应。运用LC-MS/MS技术对小鼠腓肠肌代谢物进行分析, 通过正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA) 筛选出各比较组间差异代谢物, 并利用MetaboAnalyst 6.0数据库对差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析、Cytoscape 3.10.0软件构建差异代谢物的“Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene”网络。结果表明, 山芋丸能显著降低肌少症小鼠衰老分级评分; 增加肌少症小鼠后肢肌肉体积、抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度; 改善脾虚生化指标和腓肠肌肌纤维萎缩现象。腓肠肌非靶向代谢组学分析结果显示, 山芋丸主要影响了花生四烯酸、白三烯、肌肽、甲基咪唑乙酸等14个差异代谢物, 富集得到的潜在靶点代谢通路为花生四烯酸代谢通路。综上, 山芋丸能有效改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量和运动功能, 其机制可能与调控花生四烯酸代谢密切相关。

山芋丸  /  肌少症  /  骨骼肌  /  运动功能  /  代谢组学  /  花生四烯酸

This study evaluated the effects of Shanyu Pills on the skeletal muscle mass, motor function, and metabolites of the gastrocnemius muscle in sarcopenia mice, aiming to explore the scientific essence of Shanyu Pills in treating sarcopenia. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No.: FJTCM IACUC 2022123). Eight-month-old rapidly aging mice SAMP8 (senescence accelerated mouse prone/8, SAMP8) were used as the animal model for sarcopenia. The biological effects of Shanyu Pills in improving the skeletal muscle mass and motor function of mice with sarcopenia were evaluated by evaluating of the degree of senescence of mice, muscle volume of the hindlimbs, grip strength, hanging net duration time, rotarod performance time, free movement assessment, biochemical indicators of spleen deficiency, and histopathology of gastrocnemius muscle tissue. The metabolites in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen out the differential metabolites among different comparison groups. The differential metabolites were analyzed for metabolic pathway enrichment using the MetaboAnalyst 6.0 database and the "Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene" network of the differential metabolites was constructed using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software. The results showed that Shanyu Pills could significantly reduce the degree of senescence of sarcopenia mice; increase the muscle volume of the hindlimbs, grip strength, hanging net duration time, rotarod performance time, free movement assessment; improve the biochemical indicators of spleen deficiency; and alleviate the phenomenon of gastrocnemius muscle fiber atrophy. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle showed that Shanyu Pills mainly affected 14 differential metabolites such as arachidonic acid, leukotriene A4, carnosine, methylimidazoleacetic acid. The potential target metabolic pathways enriched were the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. In summary, Shanyu Pills can effectively improve the skeletal muscle mass and motor function of sarcopenia mice, and its mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Shanyu Pills  /  sarcopenia  /  skeletal muscle  /  motor function  /  metabolomics  /  arachidonic acid
向青, 李钻芳, 胡悦, 陈聪, 刘志臻, 陶静, 陈立典. 基于腓肠肌代谢组学研究山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能的作用机制. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 233 -243 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0858
Qing XIANG, Zuan-fang LI, Yue HU, Cong CHEN, Zhi-zhen LIU, Jing TAO, Li-dian CHEN. Study on effect mechanism of Shanyu Pills in improving skeletal muscle mass and motor function in sarcopenia mice based on gastrocnemius muscle metabolomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 233 -243 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0858
骨骼肌减少症(sarcopenia), 简称肌少症, 是一种与增龄相关、以肌肉含量减少、肌肉力量下降和(或) 躯体功能障碍为主要特征的老年综合征[1]。据统计, 全球60岁及以上人群中肌少症的患病率为10%~27%[2], 且随着全球人口老龄化程度不断加剧, 预计到2050年肌少症患病人数将高达5亿人[3]。肌少症不仅导致老年人产生不同程度的日常生活活动障碍[4], 增加老年人跌倒、失能和死亡风险[5], 且与心血管疾病风险显著升高有关[6], 严重损害老年人的生活质量和健康, 给患者家庭和社会造成沉重的负担。因此, 寻找有效的预防和治疗肌少症的手段已成为亟待解决的重要临床问题。
根据肌少症临床表现出的肌体羸瘦、肌肉瘦削、肌力下降, 可将其归属为中医“痿症”, 属“肉痿”范畴。《素问·痿论》有云: “脾主身之肌肉”, 说明脾与肌肉的关系最为密切。《四圣心源》亦有云: “肌肉者, 脾土之所生也, 脾气胜则肌肉丰满而充实”。可见, 肌少症病位在肌肉, 其病机主要为脾胃虚损、气血亏虚[7]。临床采用健脾益气的方剂治疗肌少症, 取得了较好疗效[8]。本研究采用的山芋丸由山药、白术、人参组成, 源自宋代《圣济总录》卷四十六, 是健脾益气的经典方剂, 主治脾胃气虚、肌体羸瘦。山药平补三焦以益气补虚, 白术健运中焦而燥湿利水, 人参大补元气兼固本培元, 三味中药共奏健脾益气之功, 药简力专。课题组创新性地将山芋丸应用于老年肌少症的治疗, 已完成的多中心临床试验结果显示, 山芋丸可增加老年肌少症患者四肢骨骼肌质量、上肢握力, 缩短下肢5次椅立测试时间, 降低脾气亏虚中医证候积分, 提示山芋丸是一种治疗肌少症的有效药物, 但其作用机制尚不明确。
基于此, 本研究以8月龄SAMP8小鼠作为肌少症小鼠模型, 通过检测小鼠抓力等运动功能指标、后肢肌肉体积、脾虚生化指标及腓肠肌组织病理学, 评价山芋丸对肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量和运动功能的影响。然后通过非靶向代谢组学分析了经山芋丸干预后肌少症小鼠腓肠肌代谢谱的变化, 并对差异代谢物进行富集分析, 旨在从代谢组学角度揭示山芋丸治疗肌少症的潜在作用机制。
实验动物    健康雄性SPF级SAMP8小鼠和抗快速老化小鼠SAMR1 (senescence accelerated mouse resistance/1, SAMR1), 3月龄, 购买自北京大学医学部实验动物科学部, 实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2021-0013, 饲养于福建中医药大学实验动物中心SPF实验室, 动物使用许可证号: SYXK (闽) 2023-0004。饲养过程中, 室内保持恒温恒湿(温度20~25 ℃, 湿度40%~60%), 昼夜周期为12 h/12 h, 自由饮水饮食。动物实验由福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: FJTCM IACUC 2022123)。
药物    山芋丸临床试验所用丸剂由福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院制剂中心制备。动物实验药物制备方法如下: 将山药、白术、人参饮片按照质量比4∶4∶3混匀后, 用粉碎机粉碎, 过100目筛, 获得混合药粉, 根据给药剂量称取相应重量药粉, 加入稀米汤中煮至糊状, 即得灌胃药物。动物实验所用中药切片来源为: 山药(批号: 22031706), 产自河南焦作, 购自安国市一方药业有限公司; 白术(批号: 211102), 产自安徽亳州, 购自白术北京本草方源(亳州) 药业科技有限公司; 人参(批号: 220319002), 产自吉林通化, 购自北京仟草中药饮片有限公司。药物由福建中医药大学王河山高级实验师鉴定, 经鉴定山药为薯蓣科植物薯蓣Dioscorea opposita Thunb.的干燥根茎, 白术为菊科植物白术Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.的干燥根茎, 人参为五加科植物人参Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.的干燥根茎。
试剂    异氟烷麻醉剂(货号R510-22-10), 深圳市瑞沃德生命科技股份有限公司; 4%多聚甲醛通用型组织固定液(货号BL539A), 合肥白鲨生物科技有限公司; Cole苏木素染色液(货号1140-500mL)、伊红染色液(货号G1100-500mL) 和中性树胶(货号G8590-100mL), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 胃泌素(gastrin, GAS; 货号H239-96T, 批号20231212)、胃动素(motilin, MTL; 货号H182-1-2-96T, 批号20231218) 和血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP; 货号H219-96T, 批号20231213), 南京建成科技有限公司。
仪器    BioSpec 70/20 USR小动物核磁共振成像仪(德国布鲁克公司); XR501大小鼠抓力测定仪(上海欣软信息科技有限公司); 47650疲劳转棒仪(意大利UGO公司); 80800A小鼠活动转轮系统(深圳市瑞沃德生命科技股份有限公司); ZT-14V1组织脱水机、YB-7LF石蜡包埋机(孝感市亚光医用电子技术有限公司); BIOCUT石蜡切片机(德国徕卡公司); Ci-L正置荧光显微镜(日本尼康公司); LC-30A超高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司); TripleTOF 6600+质谱仪(美国SCIEX公司)。
数据库及软件    MetaboAnalyst 6.0代谢组学通路富集分析工具(https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/MetaboAnalyst/); 网络分析软件Cytoscape 3.10.0中的MetScape分析插件。
动物造模、分组与给药    将3月龄SAMP8、SAMR1小鼠饲养至8月龄, 通过检测小鼠衰老分级评分、后肢肌肉体积、抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间及抓网悬挂时长评价肌少症小鼠模型。模型评价后, 将肌少症小鼠随机分为山芋丸高剂量组(SYW-H, 2.56 g·kg-1·d-1)、山芋丸中剂量组(SYW-M, 1.28 g·kg-1·d-1)、山芋丸低剂量组(SYW-L, 0.64 g·kg-1·d-1) 和模型组, SAMR1小鼠作为对照组, 每组12只。给药组连续灌胃给药8周, 模型组和对照组灌胃等量纯净水。
小鼠运动行为学评估    给药结束后, 利用大小鼠抓力测定仪评估小鼠抓力、疲劳转棒仪评估小鼠转棒停留时间、自制的铁丝网格架评估小鼠抓网悬挂时长、小鼠活动转轮系统评估小鼠24 h自由活动度, 通过以上运动行为学评估实验, 综合评价山芋丸对小鼠运动功能的影响。
小鼠后肢肌肉体积测定    给药结束后, 利用小动物MRI对小鼠后肢进行成像, 扫描结束后, 将扫描数据上传数据云平台, 在平台上圈出每层后肢横截面成像图的肌肉面积, 即可得到每层肌肉的体积(每层肌肉面积× 0.6 mm), 所有层面肌肉体积之和即为每个后肢肌肉的总体积。
样本采集    小鼠脱颈椎法处死后, 用眼科剪在小鼠后肢皮肤上剪开一个小口, 钝性分离包裹在后肢上的皮肤, 使骨骼肌充分暴露。腓肠肌位于胫骨和腓骨后方, 钝性分离包裹在腓肠肌外的其他肌肉, 依次沿内侧、外侧、跟腱剪下腓肠肌。一侧腓肠肌放入写好编号的冻存管中, 取材过程中冻存管暂时埋藏于干冰中, 取材结束后立即放入-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。另一侧腓肠肌放入4%多聚甲醛固定液中固定48 h (固定24 h时更换固定液)。
脾虚生化指标检测    取-80 ℃冻存的小鼠血清置于4 ℃冰箱解冻, 按照试剂盒说明书测定脾虚相关生化指标GAS、MTL、VIP的浓度[9]。
腓肠肌病理形态观察    小鼠腓肠肌固定后, 经组织冲洗、脱水、透明、浸蜡、石蜡包埋、切片, 进行苏木素-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H&E), 在光学显微镜下扫描并保存图像。
代谢组学腓肠肌样本的制备    取冻存的腓肠肌样本置于冰上解冻至可切状态后, 将样本切碎混匀, 称取20 mg (± 1 mg) 到对应编号离心管中, 30 Hz充分匀浆20 s, 4 ℃条件下3 000 r·min-1离心30 s, 离心后加入400 μL 70%甲醇水内标提取液, 振荡后12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 移取上清液200 μL进样分析。质控样本由样本提取物混合制备而成, 每15个检测分析样本中插入1个质控样本。
液质条件
色谱条件    色谱柱: Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.8 µm, 流动相A: 超纯水(0.1%甲酸), 流动相B: 乙腈(0.1%甲酸), 梯度洗脱条件: 0~11 min, 95%~10% A; 11~12 min, 10% A; 12~12.1 min, 10%~95% A; 12.1~14 min, 95% A。
质谱条件    正离子模式: 离子化电压5 500 V, 一级质谱碰撞能量10 V, 二级质谱碰撞能量30 V; 负离子模式: 离子化电压-4 500 V, 一级质谱碰撞能量-10 V, 二级质谱碰撞能量-30 V; 正负离子模式的数据采集时间均为14 min, 一级TOF质量范围为50~1 000 Da, 二级TOF质量范围为25~1 000 Da。
药效学实验统计学分析    采用SPSS 26.0统计软件分析数据, 两组均数组间比较采用独立样本T检验; 多组均数组间比较采用单因素ANOVA检验, 进一步两两比较采用LSD (假定等方差) 或邓尼特T3 (不假定等方差), 以P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。采用GraphPad Prism 8软件绘制柱形图。
腓肠肌代谢组学数据处理与分析    将质谱所采集的原始数据经过通用质谱软件ProteoWizard转换为mzXML格式, 采用XCMS程序进行峰提取, 对齐, 保留时间校正。校正筛选后的峰, 通过检索实验室自建数据库、整合公共库、AI预测库以及metDNA方法得到代谢物鉴定信息。将数据导入R软件进行正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)。以VIP > 1, P-value < 0.05 (student's t test) 为标准筛选差异代谢物, 并用KEGG Compound数据库对差异代谢物进行鉴定。将筛选得到的差异代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst 6.0通路富集分析工具进行代谢物通路富集分析, 使用Cytoscape 3.10.0中的MetScape插件, 构建差异代谢物的“Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene”网络。
如图1A所示, 与8月龄SAMR1小鼠相比, SAMP8小鼠出现主动行为敏捷性和行为模式下降、被动逃避反应减少、毛发光泽减少、毛发粗糙、局部脱毛等衰老特征, 衰老分级评分显著增加(P < 0.01)。运动行为学检测结果如图1B~D所示, 与SAMR1小鼠相比, SAMP8小鼠抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长等指标均显著下降(P < 0.01), 表明SAMP8小鼠肌肉力量和耐力下降。通过MRI对小鼠后肢进行成像(图1F、G), 并计算其后肢肌肉体积, 与SAMR1小鼠相比, SAMP8小鼠后肢肌肉体积显著下降(P < 0.05, 图1E)。上述结果提示, 8月龄SAMP8小鼠已出现明显的衰老特征, 骨骼肌量和运动功能均显著下降, 可作为肌少症小鼠模型。
与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠衰老分级评分显著增加(P < 0.01), 抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度、后肢肌肉体积显著下降(P < 0.01)。经山芋丸干预8周后, 与模型组小鼠相比, 给药各组衰老分级评分均显著下降(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图2A); 给药各组小鼠抓力均显著增加(P < 0.01, 图2B), 高剂量组小鼠疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长显著增加(P < 0.05, 图2C、D), 中、高剂量组小鼠自由活动度显著增加(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图2E); 高剂量组小鼠后肢肌肉体积显著增加(P < 0.05, 图2F)。
利用GAS、MTL、VIP试剂盒检测血清中山芋丸对肌少症小鼠脾虚生化指标的影响。结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠血清中GAS、MTL、VIP水平明显降低(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比, 给药各组小鼠血清中GAS、MTL、VIP水平均显著升高(P < 0.01, P < 0.05, 图2G~I)。
H&E染色可以直观呈现小鼠腓肠肌组织形态学变化, 如图2J所示, 对照组小鼠腓肠肌纤维结构清晰排列整齐, 肌细胞形态饱满且连接紧密, 横切面呈不规则多边形。模型组小鼠腓肠肌纤维出现幼圆形改变, 肌纤维间隙及肌束间隙变宽, 提示肌纤维出现萎缩现象。山芋丸干预后, 给药各组小鼠腓肠肌纤维形态较模型组饱满, 肌纤维间隙及肌束间隙较模型组小, 大部分肌纤维呈不规则多边形, 但仍有少量幼圆形肌纤维。
正负离子模式下, 不同QC样本质谱检测总离子流图(TIC图) 叠加图如图3A、B所示, TIC图曲线重叠性高, 即保留时间和峰强度均一致, 表明LC-MS检测系统在整个分析过程中信号稳定性较好。根据OPLS-DA模型分析代谢组数据, 绘制各比较组的OPLS-DA T score plot (图3C1~C4) 和OPLS-DA S-plot (图3D1~D4), 提供组间和组内差异的直观展示, 帮助识别重要代谢物。OPLS-DA T score plot结果显示除个别样本外, 其余样本的代谢成分积分点均处于置信区间内, 说明各实验组的组内样本相互之间聚集程度较明显。各比较组间的置信区间无交叉和重叠, 分离趋势明显, 说明组间存在明显的代谢轮廓差异。OPLS-DA S-plot图中红色点代表代谢物的VIP > 1, 越靠近两端的代谢物越重要。用置换检验(200次) 评估OPLS-DA模型的稳定性, 结果显示各比较组Q2、R2Y均接近于1, P < 0.05, 说明模型无过拟合现象, 稳定性良好。
在OPLS-DA分析基础上, 以VIP > 1, P-value < 0.05 (student's t test) 为标准筛选差异代谢物。将代谢物导入KEGG Compound数据库进行鉴定, 最终筛选出14种差异代谢物, 见表1。这14种代谢物为模型组与对照组比较有差异的代谢物, 经山芋丸干预后得到回调。
将腓肠肌中鉴定出来的14种差异代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst 6.0数据库中进行代谢通路富集分析, 以P < 0.05且Impact > 0.1的通路为潜在的靶点代谢通路。如表2和图4所示, 共富集得到13条代谢通路, 潜在的靶点代谢通路为花生四烯酸代谢通路, 差异代谢物花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid) 和白三烯A4 (leukotriene A4, LTA4) 富集到该代谢通路。
将腓肠肌中鉴定出来的14种差异代谢物导入Cytoscape 3.10.0中的MetScape插件中, 构建Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene网络。如图5所示, 该网络由2个大簇和7个小簇组成, 每个簇包含一个或几个代谢网络, 其中花生四烯酸代谢为最大的代谢网络(cluster 2)。
随着我国老龄化程度不断加深, 肌少症作为一种老年群体易发疾病, 已成为不容忽视的重大公共卫生问题。目前, 肌少症的发病机制尚未完全明确, 公认的观点是其与衰老密切相关, 主要包括蛋白质稳态失衡、慢性低度炎症、线粒体功能障碍和肌卫星细胞功能障碍等, 其中蛋白质稳态失衡是导致肌少症发生发展的重要原因[10]。蛋白质合成和分解之间的平衡, 也称为蛋白质稳态, 有助于维持骨骼肌的质量。骨骼肌蛋白质稳态失衡表现为蛋白质合成和降解之间的负平衡, 即蛋白质合成减少而降解增多。骨骼肌蛋白质合成的主要信号通路涉及胰岛素样生长因子1 (insulin like growth factor 1, IGF1)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, PI3K)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素复合物1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, mTORC1) 等。骨骼肌蛋白质降解的主要调节途径是泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 和自噬-溶酶体系统(autophagy-lysosome system, ALS), 其中UPS是细胞内80%以上蛋白质降解的主要途径。激活叉头盒蛋白(forkhead box, FoxO)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK)、核因子-κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB) 等信号通路可上调骨骼肌特异性E3泛素连接酶肌肉萎缩F-box蛋白(muscle atrophy F-box protein, MAFbx) 和肌肉环手指-1 (muscle ring finger-1, MuRF-1) 的表达, 使骨骼肌蛋白质发生降解[11]。
本研究采用8月龄SAMP8小鼠作为肌少症小鼠模型, 同月龄SAMR1小鼠作为正常对照组。SAMP8小鼠衰老过程加快, 8月龄时就已出现明显的衰老特征, 肌肉质量和运动功能均显著下降, 是较为理想且常用的肌少症动物模型[12-16]。经山芋丸干预8周后, 肌少症小鼠衰老分级评分显著下降; 抓力、疲劳转棒停留时间、抓网悬挂时长、自由活动度等运动功能指标显著升高, 后肢肌肉体积显著增加, 腓肠肌萎缩现象也得到改善; 与脾虚密切相关的生化指标GAS、MTL、VIP水平显著升高。药效学研究结果表明, 山芋丸可缓解肌少症小鼠衰老进程, 有效改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量和运动功能。
代谢组学处于系统生物学的最下游, 最接近生物表型, 可用于研究中药复方引起机体内源性代谢物的变化, 从而阐明中药的作用机制[17]。本研究利用LC-MS/MS技术对小鼠腓肠肌代谢物进行分析, 筛选出差异代谢物并进行代谢通路富集分析, 探究山芋丸治疗肌少症的潜在作用机制。从小鼠腓肠肌中鉴定出14种差异代谢物, 共富集得到13条代谢通路和9个代谢网络, 潜在的靶点代谢通路为花生四烯酸代谢, 富集到此代谢通路的差异代谢物为花生四烯酸和LTA4。代谢组学结果表明, 山芋丸可能通过调节花生四烯酸代谢途径发挥治疗肌少症的作用。
花生四烯酸是一种ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸, 在骨骼肌中储存丰富, 作为关键的信号分子, 其代谢在骨骼肌相关疾病中的作用备受关注[18, 19]。骨骼肌中花生四烯酸与胰岛素敏感性密切相关, 而胰岛素抵抗通过诱导骨骼肌蛋白质稳态失衡是肌少症发生发展的重要原因[20, 21]。胰岛素抵抗时AKT磷酸化水平降低, 使mTORC1活性受到抑制, 导致骨骼肌蛋白合成减少; 同时, 胰岛素抵抗使FoxO家族的表达增加, 激活泛素-蛋白酶体系统, 导致骨骼肌蛋白降解增加[22]。研究发现, 多不饱和脂肪酸可降低胰岛素抵抗, 激活mTOR信号通路刺激骨骼肌蛋白合成; 同时, 通过降低老年人炎症水平, 抑制NF-κB从而减少其对下游肌萎缩因子MuRF-1和MAFbx的刺激, 抑制泛素-蛋白酶体系统激活, 减少骨骼肌蛋白降解[23, 24]。本研究构建的Compound-Reaction-Enzyme-Gene网络显示, 花生四烯酸-5-脂加氧酶(arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, ALOX5) 将花生四烯酸催化代谢为LTA4。LTA4是花生四烯酸代谢的中间产物, 为不稳定的环氧化物, 经LTA4水解酶水解后形成稳定的白三烯B4 (leukotriene B4, LTB4), 或被LTC4 (leukotriene C4, LTC4) 合成酶LTC4S代谢为半胱氨酸-白三烯LTC4, 由其生成白三烯D4和白三烯E4[25]。一方面, 白三烯是骨骼肌炎症的强大介质, 参与炎症细胞的募集、肌纤维坏死和水肿, 导致肌肉萎缩、肌肉功能障碍、疼痛以及慢性炎症性肌病的发生[26]; 另一方面, 一些白三烯对促进肌肉生长和分化至关重要, 例如LTB4可促进小鼠肌卫星细胞的活化, 加速成肌细胞的增殖和分化, 促进肌肉再生[27]。近年来, ALOX5在骨骼肌中的作用被广泛关注, 抑制ALOX5活性的药物被认为是潜在的治疗肌少症的药物[28]。研究发现, 抑制2型糖尿病小鼠ALOX5的活性, 可改善小鼠腓肠肌氧化应激和胰岛素抵抗[29]; 抑制老年小鼠ALOX5的活性, 可通过调控AKT/FoxO3a信号通路, 降低肌萎缩因子MuRF-1和MAFbx的表达, 减少骨骼肌蛋白质降解, 从而增加小鼠股四头肌和比目鱼肌质量, 提高小鼠运动功能[30]。
山药总皂苷、腺苷、熊果苷能够通过调节花生四烯酸代谢达到治疗痛风性关节炎、脓毒症心肌病的作用[31, 32]; 白术根茎多糖可影响结肠组织中花生四烯酸水平改善结肠炎[33]; 人参皂苷、人参多糖、原人参三醇通过调节花生四烯酸代谢发挥降低血糖、抗血栓、保护脑卒中后损伤的神经、改善小鼠肺炎等作用[34-37]。由此推断, 以上成分可能是山芋丸通过调控花生四烯酸代谢途径发挥治疗肌少症功效的主要活性成分。
综上所述, 本研究通过腓肠肌非靶向代谢组学, 发现山芋丸改善肌少症小鼠骨骼肌质量及运动功能可能与花生四烯酸代谢途径密切相关。后续课题组将通过分子生物学技术研究参与差异代谢物调控的酶反应、代谢通路上游关键靶点的调控作用等, 继续从代谢角度深入探讨山芋丸治疗肌少症的作用机制, 以期为山芋丸治疗肌少症的临床应用和产品开发提供参考依据。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0858
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-10-10
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    1福建中医药大学康复产业研究院, 福建 福州 350122
    2福建中医药大学科技创新与转化中心, 福建 福州 350122
    3福建中医药大学康复医学院, 福建 福州 350122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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