Article(id=1308816690327159444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0474, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=1750003200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975815611, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975815611, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975815611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975815611, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=135, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816690536874645, articleId=1308816690327159444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of excipients for orally disintegrating tablets based on association rule analysis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The association rule analysis is a model that describes the correlation between two or more things. The Apriori algorithm is a classic method of association rule analysis used to discover frequent item sets from large-scale datasets. In this review, the Apriori algorithm was used to analyze the usage rules of excipients from 28 formulations of commercially available orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and 77 formulations of ODTs collected from literatures. Statistical analyses were conducted on the usage frequency of excipients, preparation processes, and tablet weight of the ODTs. Meanwhile, the influence of mannitol on the taste of ODTs was explored. The results show that commercially available ODTs focus on the addition of flavoring and taste-masking agents as well as colorants to improve compliance. ODTs in literatures focus on adding glidants and flavoring agents to improve the quality of ODTs. Powder direct compression is currently the mainstream process for preparing ODTs. Mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate are the core excipients for the composition of ODTs prepared by this method. Crospovidone is the most commonly used super-disintegrating agent, and aspartame is the most commonly used flavoring agent. Moreover, mannitol can improve the taste of ODTs to a certain extent and reduce the addition of sweeteners. Finally, the development of excipients for ODTs was prospected. Through statistics, analysis and induction, this review aims to provide references for the formulation design of ODTs as well as application and development of excipients for ODTs.

, authors=Zi-xi YIN1, 2, Xiao LIN1, 2, Yan-long HONG1, 3, Li-jie ZHAO1, 4, Lan SHEN1, 2, *, authorsList=Zi-xi YIN, Xiao LIN, Yan-long HONG, Li-jie ZHAO, Lan SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lan SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816692063601314, articleId=1308816690327159444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于关联规则分析口崩片辅料应用的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

关联规则是描述两个或多个事物之间的关联性的一种模型, 其中Apriori算法是用于从大规模数据集中发现频繁项集的经典方法。本文采用Apriori算法对28种市售与77种文献口崩片处方进行辅料使用规律分析, 并对口崩片处方的辅料使用频次、制备工艺、片重进行统计分析, 同时探究了甘露醇对口崩片口感的影响。结果表明, 市售口崩片侧重矫、掩味剂与着色剂的添加以提高依从性; 文献口崩片侧重添加助流、矫味、润滑剂等以提高口崩片片剂品质。粉末直压是目前主流的口崩片制备工艺, 在此工艺下, 甘露醇、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁是口崩片组成的核心辅料, 交联聚维酮为最常用的超崩剂, 阿司帕坦为最常用的矫味剂, 且甘露醇可在一定程度上改善口崩片口感并减少甜味剂的添加。最终展望了应用于口崩片的辅料的发展前景。通过统计、分析及归纳, 本文以期为口崩片的处方设计及口崩片辅料的应用、开发提供参考。

, authors=殷子夕1, 2, 林晓1, 2, 洪燕龙1, 3, 赵立杰1, 4, 沈岚1, 2, *, authorsList=殷子夕, 林晓, 洪燕龙, 赵立杰, 沈岚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈岚, authorNote=

作者贡献:

殷子夕负责文献检索和筛选、数据的整理分析及撰写; 林晓、洪燕龙负责论文的审阅和修改; 赵立杰、沈岚负责文章的构思与设计、指导课题的框架和思路。

, correspAuthorsNote=
沈岚, Tel: 86-21-51323030, E-mail:
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A: Strong link; B: Medium link; C: Weak link, figureFileSmall=7bPjRsWKJznYXT6/bupgCg==, figureFileBig=lj9RR4Bd8uPTHF0zOwK2+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816698757710560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=k5kAceZxamt+nNlDdJjdcw==, figureFileBig=FIUkgsZ9MPVPlv6wpS3Jog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816698820625121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Association rule analysis network diagram of commercially available ODTs. A: Strong link; B: Medium link; C: Weak link, figureFileSmall=k5kAceZxamt+nNlDdJjdcw==, figureFileBig=FIUkgsZ9MPVPlv6wpS3Jog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816698900316898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vj0DPNU+OJAnai2OlQ0Ztg==, figureFileBig=hj3NQDzi/QotN1QKW5TskA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816698984202979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=The usage of taste-masking agents in ODTs. A: ODTs without mannitol in literatures; B: ODTs containing mannitol in literatures; C: Commercially available ODTs without mannitol; D: Commercially available ODTs containing mannitol, figureFileSmall=vj0DPNU+OJAnai2OlQ0Ztg==, figureFileBig=hj3NQDzi/QotN1QKW5TskA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816699059700452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExcipientFrequencyRelative frequency/%Source
Magnesium stearate2382.14Formulations from commercially available ODTs
Microcrystalline cellulose2278.57
Mannitol1967.86
Aspartame1967.86
Crospovidone1035.71
Lactose932.14
Citric acid828.57
Croscarmellose sodium828.57
Sodium bicarbonate828.57
Silicon dioxide517.86
Hydroxypropyl cellulose517.86
Sodium starch glycolate517.86
Orange essence414.29
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose414.29
Glycine414.29
Ferric oxide (yellow)414.29
Sodium starch glycolate414.29
Carboxymethylcellulose calcium414.29
Colloidal silicon dioxide414.29
Mint essence310.71
Talc310.71
Sucralose310.71
Ethylcellulose310.71
Mannitol5976.62Formulations of ODTs in literatures (split co-processed excipients)
Magnesium stearate5470.13
Microcrystalline cellulose4963.64
Crospovidone3241.56
Colloidal silicon dioxide2431.17
Aspartame2329.87
Croscarmellose sodium2228.57
Talc2127.27
Lactose1620.78
Sodium starch glycolate1418.18
Povidone1012.99
Sucralose911.69
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose810.39
Sodium stearyl fumarate810.39
Sorbitol79.09
Orange flavoring67.79
Citric acid67.79
Saccharin sodium67.79
Xylitol56.49
Acesulfame45.19
Hydroxypropyl betadex45.19
Aminomethacrylate copolymer33.90
Mint flavoring33.90
L-Menthol33.90
Betacyclodextrin33.90
Strawberry essence33.90
Starch33.90
Copovidone33.90
Cross linked cassia fistula gum33.90
Polyethylene glycol33.90
Maltitol33.90
Gelatin33.90
Sodium dodecyl sulfate33.90
Anhydrous calcium phosphate33.90
Magnesium stearate5470.13Formulations of ODTs in literatures (reserve co-processed excipients)
Mannitol4659.74
Microcrystalline cellulose4355.84
Aspartame2329.87
Crospovidone2329.87
Talc2127.27
Colloidal silicon dioxide2127.27
Croscarmellose sodium2025.97
Lactose1215.58
Sodium starch glycolate1215.58
Sucralose911.69
Povidone810.39
Sodium stearyl fumarate810.39
Orange flavoring67.79
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose67.79
Citric acid67.79
Saccharin sodium67.79
Acesulfame45.19
Hydroxypropyl betadex45.19
Sorbitol45.19
F melt® type c33.90
Lactopress®33.90
Parteck® ODT33.90
Aminomethacrylate copolymer33.90
Mint flavoring33.90
L-Menthol33.90
Betacyclodextrin33.90
Strawberry essence33.90
Cross linked cassia fistula gum33.90
Polyethylene glycol33.90
Gelatin33.90
Sodium dodecyl sulfate33.90
), ArticleFig(id=1308816699143586533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The frequency statistics of excipients used in formulations of ODTs (Frequency ≥ 3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExcipientFrequencyRelative frequency/%Source
Magnesium stearate2382.14Formulations from commercially available ODTs
Microcrystalline cellulose2278.57
Mannitol1967.86
Aspartame1967.86
Crospovidone1035.71
Lactose932.14
Citric acid828.57
Croscarmellose sodium828.57
Sodium bicarbonate828.57
Silicon dioxide517.86
Hydroxypropyl cellulose517.86
Sodium starch glycolate517.86
Orange essence414.29
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose414.29
Glycine414.29
Ferric oxide (yellow)414.29
Sodium starch glycolate414.29
Carboxymethylcellulose calcium414.29
Colloidal silicon dioxide414.29
Mint essence310.71
Talc310.71
Sucralose310.71
Ethylcellulose310.71
Mannitol5976.62Formulations of ODTs in literatures (split co-processed excipients)
Magnesium stearate5470.13
Microcrystalline cellulose4963.64
Crospovidone3241.56
Colloidal silicon dioxide2431.17
Aspartame2329.87
Croscarmellose sodium2228.57
Talc2127.27
Lactose1620.78
Sodium starch glycolate1418.18
Povidone1012.99
Sucralose911.69
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose810.39
Sodium stearyl fumarate810.39
Sorbitol79.09
Orange flavoring67.79
Citric acid67.79
Saccharin sodium67.79
Xylitol56.49
Acesulfame45.19
Hydroxypropyl betadex45.19
Aminomethacrylate copolymer33.90
Mint flavoring33.90
L-Menthol33.90
Betacyclodextrin33.90
Strawberry essence33.90
Starch33.90
Copovidone33.90
Cross linked cassia fistula gum33.90
Polyethylene glycol33.90
Maltitol33.90
Gelatin33.90
Sodium dodecyl sulfate33.90
Anhydrous calcium phosphate33.90
Magnesium stearate5470.13Formulations of ODTs in literatures (reserve co-processed excipients)
Mannitol4659.74
Microcrystalline cellulose4355.84
Aspartame2329.87
Crospovidone2329.87
Talc2127.27
Colloidal silicon dioxide2127.27
Croscarmellose sodium2025.97
Lactose1215.58
Sodium starch glycolate1215.58
Sucralose911.69
Povidone810.39
Sodium stearyl fumarate810.39
Orange flavoring67.79
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose67.79
Citric acid67.79
Saccharin sodium67.79
Acesulfame45.19
Hydroxypropyl betadex45.19
Sorbitol45.19
F melt® type c33.90
Lactopress®33.90
Parteck® ODT33.90
Aminomethacrylate copolymer33.90
Mint flavoring33.90
L-Menthol33.90
Betacyclodextrin33.90
Strawberry essence33.90
Cross linked cassia fistula gum33.90
Polyethylene glycol33.90
Gelatin33.90
Sodium dodecyl sulfate33.90
), ArticleFig(id=1308816699227472614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.ExcipientRule support/%Confidence/%Lift
1MCC→MgSt50.64979.5921.135
2MgSt→MCC50.64972.2221.135
3MgSt→Mannitol50.64972.2220.943
4Mannitol→MgSt50.64966.1020.943
5MCC→Mannitol48.05275.5100.985
6Mannitol→MCC48.05262.7120.985
7MCC-MgSt→Mannitol37.66274.3590.970
8MgSt-Mannitol→MCC37.66274.3591.168
9MCC-Mannitol→MgSt37.66278.3781.118
10XPVP→Mannitol32.46878.1251.020
11XPVP→MgSt29.87071.8751.025
12Aspartame→MgSt24.67582.6091.178
13Colloidal silicon dioxide→Mannitol24.67579.1671.033
14XPVP→MCC24.67559.3750.933
15Talc→MgSt23.37785.7141.222
16Aspartame→MCC22.07873.9131.161
17Croscarmellose sodium→MgSt22.07877.2731.102
18Croscarmellose sodium→Mannitol22.07877.2731.008
19XPVP-Mannitol→MgSt22.07868.0000.970
20XPVP-MgSt→Mannitol22.07873.9130.965
21Aspartame→Mannitol20.77969.5650.908
), ArticleFig(id=1308816699336524519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Association rules of ODTs in literatures (sorted by rule support). MCC: Microcrystalline cellulose; MgSt: Magnesium stearate; XPVP: Crospovidone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.ExcipientRule support/%Confidence/%Lift
1MCC→MgSt50.64979.5921.135
2MgSt→MCC50.64972.2221.135
3MgSt→Mannitol50.64972.2220.943
4Mannitol→MgSt50.64966.1020.943
5MCC→Mannitol48.05275.5100.985
6Mannitol→MCC48.05262.7120.985
7MCC-MgSt→Mannitol37.66274.3590.970
8MgSt-Mannitol→MCC37.66274.3591.168
9MCC-Mannitol→MgSt37.66278.3781.118
10XPVP→Mannitol32.46878.1251.020
11XPVP→MgSt29.87071.8751.025
12Aspartame→MgSt24.67582.6091.178
13Colloidal silicon dioxide→Mannitol24.67579.1671.033
14XPVP→MCC24.67559.3750.933
15Talc→MgSt23.37785.7141.222
16Aspartame→MCC22.07873.9131.161
17Croscarmellose sodium→MgSt22.07877.2731.102
18Croscarmellose sodium→Mannitol22.07877.2731.008
19XPVP-Mannitol→MgSt22.07868.0000.970
20XPVP-MgSt→Mannitol22.07873.9130.965
21Aspartame→Mannitol20.77969.5650.908
), ArticleFig(id=1308816699416216296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.ExcipientRule support/%Confidence/%Lift
1MCC→MgSt67.85786.3641.051
2MgSt→MCC67.85782.6091.051
3Mannitol→MgSt60.71489.4741.089
4MgSt→Mannitol60.71473.9131.089
5Aspartame→MgSt53.57178.9470.961
6MgSt→Aspartame53.57165.2170.961
7Mannitol→MCC53.57178.9471.005
8MCC→Mannitol53.57168.1821.005
9Aspartame→MCC50.00073.6840.938
10MCC→Aspartame50.00063.6360.938
11Mannitol-MCC→MgSt50.00093.3331.136
12MCC-MgSt→Mannitol50.00073.6841.086
13Mannitol-MgSt→MCC50.00082.3531.048
14Aspartame→Mannitol42.85763.1580.931
15Mannitol→Aspartame42.85763.1580.931
16MCC-MgSt→Aspartame39.28657.8950.853
17Aspartame-MCC→MgSt39.28678.5710.957
18Aspartame-MgSt→MCC39.28673.3330.933
19Aspartame-Mannitol→MgSt35.71483.3331.014
20Mannitol-MgSt→Aspartame35.71458.8240.867
21Aspartame-MgSt→Mannitol35.71466.6670.982
22XPVP→Mannitol32.14390.0001.326
23XPVP→MgSt32.14390.0001.096
24XPVP→MCC28.57180.0001.018
25Citric acid→MCC28.571100.0001.273
26Sodium bicarbonate→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
27Sodium bicarbonate→MCC28.571100.0001.273
28Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol→MCC28.571100.0001.273
29Sodium bicarbonate-MCC→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
30Mannitol-MCC→Sodium bicarbonate28.57153.3331.867
31XPVP-Mannitol→MCC28.57188.8891.131
32XPVP-MCC→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
33Mannitol-MCC→XPVP28.57153.3331.493
34XPVP-Mannitol→MgSt28.57188.8891.082
35XPVP-MgSt→Mannitol28.57188.8891.310
36Aspartame-Mannitol→MCC28.57166.6670.848
37Aspartame-MCC→Mannitol28.57157.1430.842
38Mannitol-MCC→Aspartame28.57153.3330.786
39Sodium bicarbonate→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
40Lactose→Aspartame25.00077.7781.146
41Lactose→MCC25.00077.7780.990
42Lactose→MgSt25.00077.7780.947
43XPVP→Aspartame25.00070.0001.032
44Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
45Sodium bicarbonate-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
46Sodium bicarbonate-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
47Sodium bicarbonate-MgSt→MCC25.000100.0001.273
48XPVP-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
49XPVP-MgSt→MCC25.00077.7780.990
50Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
51Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.000100.0001.273
52Sodium bicarbonate-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
53Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→Sodium bicarbonate25.00050.0001.750
54XPVP-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
55XPVP-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.00087.5001.114
56XPVP-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
57Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→XPVP25.00050.0001.400
58Aspartame-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
59Aspartame-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.00070.0000.891
60Aspartame-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.00063.6360.938
61Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→Aspartame25.00050.0000.737
), ArticleFig(id=1308816699504296681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816690327159444, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Association rules of commercially available ODTs (sorted by rule support)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.ExcipientRule support/%Confidence/%Lift
1MCC→MgSt67.85786.3641.051
2MgSt→MCC67.85782.6091.051
3Mannitol→MgSt60.71489.4741.089
4MgSt→Mannitol60.71473.9131.089
5Aspartame→MgSt53.57178.9470.961
6MgSt→Aspartame53.57165.2170.961
7Mannitol→MCC53.57178.9471.005
8MCC→Mannitol53.57168.1821.005
9Aspartame→MCC50.00073.6840.938
10MCC→Aspartame50.00063.6360.938
11Mannitol-MCC→MgSt50.00093.3331.136
12MCC-MgSt→Mannitol50.00073.6841.086
13Mannitol-MgSt→MCC50.00082.3531.048
14Aspartame→Mannitol42.85763.1580.931
15Mannitol→Aspartame42.85763.1580.931
16MCC-MgSt→Aspartame39.28657.8950.853
17Aspartame-MCC→MgSt39.28678.5710.957
18Aspartame-MgSt→MCC39.28673.3330.933
19Aspartame-Mannitol→MgSt35.71483.3331.014
20Mannitol-MgSt→Aspartame35.71458.8240.867
21Aspartame-MgSt→Mannitol35.71466.6670.982
22XPVP→Mannitol32.14390.0001.326
23XPVP→MgSt32.14390.0001.096
24XPVP→MCC28.57180.0001.018
25Citric acid→MCC28.571100.0001.273
26Sodium bicarbonate→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
27Sodium bicarbonate→MCC28.571100.0001.273
28Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol→MCC28.571100.0001.273
29Sodium bicarbonate-MCC→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
30Mannitol-MCC→Sodium bicarbonate28.57153.3331.867
31XPVP-Mannitol→MCC28.57188.8891.131
32XPVP-MCC→Mannitol28.571100.0001.474
33Mannitol-MCC→XPVP28.57153.3331.493
34XPVP-Mannitol→MgSt28.57188.8891.082
35XPVP-MgSt→Mannitol28.57188.8891.310
36Aspartame-Mannitol→MCC28.57166.6670.848
37Aspartame-MCC→Mannitol28.57157.1430.842
38Mannitol-MCC→Aspartame28.57153.3330.786
39Sodium bicarbonate→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
40Lactose→Aspartame25.00077.7781.146
41Lactose→MCC25.00077.7780.990
42Lactose→MgSt25.00077.7780.947
43XPVP→Aspartame25.00070.0001.032
44Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
45Sodium bicarbonate-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
46Sodium bicarbonate-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
47Sodium bicarbonate-MgSt→MCC25.000100.0001.273
48XPVP-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
49XPVP-MgSt→MCC25.00077.7780.990
50Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
51Sodium bicarbonate-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.000100.0001.273
52Sodium bicarbonate-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
53Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→Sodium bicarbonate25.00050.0001.750
54XPVP-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
55XPVP-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.00087.5001.114
56XPVP-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.000100.0001.474
57Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→XPVP25.00050.0001.400
58Aspartame-Mannitol-MCC→MgSt25.00087.5001.065
59Aspartame-Mannitol-MgSt→MCC25.00070.0000.891
60Aspartame-MCC-MgSt→Mannitol25.00063.6360.938
61Mannitol-MCC-MgSt→Aspartame25.00050.0000.737
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基于关联规则分析口崩片辅料应用的研究进展
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殷子夕 1, 2 , 林晓 1, 2 , 洪燕龙 1, 3 , 赵立杰 1, 4 , 沈岚 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(1): 135-146
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (1) : 135 -146
基于关联规则分析口崩片辅料应用的研究进展
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殷子夕1, 2, 林晓1, 2, 洪燕龙1, 3, 赵立杰1, 4, 沈岚1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学中药现代制剂技术教育部工程研究中心, 上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
  • 3上海中医药大学中医健康服务协同创新中心, 上海 201203
  • 4上海中医药大学创新中药研究院, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
沈岚, Tel: 86-21-51323030, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

殷子夕负责文献检索和筛选、数据的整理分析及撰写; 林晓、洪燕龙负责论文的审阅和修改; 赵立杰、沈岚负责文章的构思与设计、指导课题的框架和思路。

Research progress on the application of excipients for orally disintegrating tablets based on association rule analysis
Zi-xi YIN1, 2, Xiao LIN1, 2, Yan-long HONG1, 3, Li-jie ZHAO1, 4, Lan SHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 4Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0474
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关联规则是描述两个或多个事物之间的关联性的一种模型, 其中Apriori算法是用于从大规模数据集中发现频繁项集的经典方法。本文采用Apriori算法对28种市售与77种文献口崩片处方进行辅料使用规律分析, 并对口崩片处方的辅料使用频次、制备工艺、片重进行统计分析, 同时探究了甘露醇对口崩片口感的影响。结果表明, 市售口崩片侧重矫、掩味剂与着色剂的添加以提高依从性; 文献口崩片侧重添加助流、矫味、润滑剂等以提高口崩片片剂品质。粉末直压是目前主流的口崩片制备工艺, 在此工艺下, 甘露醇、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁是口崩片组成的核心辅料, 交联聚维酮为最常用的超崩剂, 阿司帕坦为最常用的矫味剂, 且甘露醇可在一定程度上改善口崩片口感并减少甜味剂的添加。最终展望了应用于口崩片的辅料的发展前景。通过统计、分析及归纳, 本文以期为口崩片的处方设计及口崩片辅料的应用、开发提供参考。

口崩片  /  关联规则  /  Apriori算法  /  辅料  /  甘露醇

The association rule analysis is a model that describes the correlation between two or more things. The Apriori algorithm is a classic method of association rule analysis used to discover frequent item sets from large-scale datasets. In this review, the Apriori algorithm was used to analyze the usage rules of excipients from 28 formulations of commercially available orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and 77 formulations of ODTs collected from literatures. Statistical analyses were conducted on the usage frequency of excipients, preparation processes, and tablet weight of the ODTs. Meanwhile, the influence of mannitol on the taste of ODTs was explored. The results show that commercially available ODTs focus on the addition of flavoring and taste-masking agents as well as colorants to improve compliance. ODTs in literatures focus on adding glidants and flavoring agents to improve the quality of ODTs. Powder direct compression is currently the mainstream process for preparing ODTs. Mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate are the core excipients for the composition of ODTs prepared by this method. Crospovidone is the most commonly used super-disintegrating agent, and aspartame is the most commonly used flavoring agent. Moreover, mannitol can improve the taste of ODTs to a certain extent and reduce the addition of sweeteners. Finally, the development of excipients for ODTs was prospected. Through statistics, analysis and induction, this review aims to provide references for the formulation design of ODTs as well as application and development of excipients for ODTs.

orally disintegrating tablet  /  association rule  /  Apriori  /  excipient  /  mannitol
殷子夕, 林晓, 洪燕龙, 赵立杰, 沈岚. 基于关联规则分析口崩片辅料应用的研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 135 -146 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0474
Zi-xi YIN, Xiao LIN, Yan-long HONG, Li-jie ZHAO, Lan SHEN. Research progress on the application of excipients for orally disintegrating tablets based on association rule analysis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 135 -146 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0474
口崩片(orally disintegrating tablets, ODTs), 2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》 (以下简称《药典》) 描述其为在口腔内不需要用水即能迅速崩解或溶解的片剂, 并应口感良好、容易吞咽, 对口腔黏膜无刺激性[1]。难以获得水源的旅行患者、吞咽功能较差的老年人及儿童对易于吞咽的制剂需求较大, 故催生了口崩片这一剂型[2]。口崩片在我国市场较国外发展更慢。至2004年, 我国才出现第1种口崩片——沙丁胺醇口崩片, 由重庆康刻尔制药有限公司生产[3]。在2005~2009年, 国内口崩片上市情况活跃, 尤其是2008年上市了24种口崩片[4]。但是从2010~2019年, 口崩片上市情况较冷清, 直到近5年来又逐渐增多[4]。2023年全球口崩片市场销售额达945~1 008亿元, 预计2030年规模将增长至2 067~2 207亿元, 复合增长率约为10.98%~11.84%[5-7]。可见口崩片的市场份额呈增长态势, 这说明口崩片市场发展前景较广阔。
药用辅料是制剂的重要组分之一, 辅料功能紧密关系到药物作用的发挥[8, 9]。口崩片主要由3种辅料组成: 填充剂、崩解剂、矫味剂[10], 这3种辅料分别对应片剂成型、快速崩解、掩蔽药物活性成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) 的不良气味的功能。有时为了便于生产会添加助流剂、润滑剂等辅料。共处理辅料具备赋形、崩解等多功能于一体, 可提升口崩片关键品质, 优化口崩片生产过程[11]。2020年版《药典》中规定, 预混与共处理药用辅料是将两种或两种以上药用辅料按特定的配比和工艺制成具有一定功能的混合物, 作为一个辅料整体在制剂中使用。既保持每种单一辅料的化学性质, 又不改变其安全性。由于处理方式不同, 分为预混辅料与共处理辅料。共处理辅料与预混辅料的区别在于其无法通过简单的物理混合方式制备。在本文中, 将预混辅料同样归为共处理辅料进行统计分析。目前, 已有大部分研究采用不同手段、算法对口崩片的关键质量属性、制备工艺以及体内外一致性评价等进行探究[12-14], 为口崩片的处方优化、质量控制提供了参考, 但对于形成口崩片的物料基础——辅料的相关研究却较少。故本文拟对口崩片的辅料使用规律进行探究。
关联规则分析是一种无监督学习型系统, 是数据挖掘的一种主要形式[15]。当不同项目集出现在同一个事件中, 关联规则分析可用于寻找其之间的关联性[16]。Apriori算法是主要的关联规则挖掘算法之一[17], 其核心是通过候选集生成和情节的向下封闭检测两个阶段来挖掘频繁项集[18]。该算法已被广泛用于移动通信、商业统计分析、医疗诊断等诸多领域。本文旨在通过关联分析中的Apriori算法分析并总结市售与文献口崩片的辅料应用规律, 以期对口崩片制剂技术的发展和口崩片处方设计提供参考。
本文以国家药品监督管理局数据查询网站、美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 药品橙皮书数据库、日本橙皮书数据库、欧盟药品局总部(Heads of Medicine Agencies, HMA) 药品数据库、中国药品注册数据库、药智数据为数据来源, 检索关键词为“口崩片”、“口腔崩解片”、“orally disintegrating tablet”, 选取2002~2023年可获取处方组成的市售口崩片, 共获得28种口崩片处方组成。并以中国知网、PubMed、Elsevier ScienceDirect、Web of Science、上海中医药大学图书馆读秀学术搜索为数据来源, 检索关键词为“口崩片”、“口腔崩解片”、“orally disintegrating tablet”, 检索时间设置为2020~2025年(至2025年3月), 共获得77种文献口崩片处方组成。并以2020年版《药典》以及辅料原物质名为参照标准进行药物名称和辅料名称规范, 如: 将共处理辅料“Parteck® ODT”规范为其组成原料甘露醇与交联羧甲纤维素钠, 将“Ac-Di-Sol®”规范为交联羧甲纤维素钠, 将“阿斯巴甜”规范为“阿司帕坦”等。
由于市售口崩片的生产技术与片重大部分无法获得, 故选择对文献口崩片的制备工艺与片重进行分析。部分文献中以掩味为目的对API制备包合物或制粒, 以防混淆, 凡不以改善物料流动性、压缩行为为目的的制粒在本研究中都记作粉末直接压片。片重统计如图1所示, 制备工艺统计如图2所示。大部分口崩片的片重被设置在101~200或201~300 mg, 其次为401~500 mg。
有91%的口崩片采用了压缩工艺进行生产, 其中粉末直接压片占85%。冷冻干燥和3D打印是较为常用的口崩片制备工艺, 共约占8%。
口崩片的制备工艺与片重分析中发现, 粉末直压已成为目前小试制备口崩片的主流技术。粉末直压技术是将物料混合均匀后直接压制成片的一种制片方法, 其操作简单, 经济和劳动成本低[19]。该法不仅工艺简单, 且可操作空间大, 应用矫味、掩味方法时更灵活。而3D打印可通过计算机调控打印参数, 侧重于实现制剂的个体化分剂量或者个性化给药, 在儿童口崩片中实现个性化给药与分剂量有较好应用前景[3, 20]。冷冻干燥作为经典的口崩片制备方法, 可实现快速崩解, 但片剂机械强度不够理想, 所以应用范围有限。口崩片的片重大多集中在300 mg以内, 这可能是由于口崩片的崩解性质要求严苛, 故在保证载药量的情况下尽量减少片重以达到快速崩解的要求。而且, 口崩片在口腔内吸收唾液膨胀、崩解时仍需占用口腔内空间, 过大的片重不利于保证口感。较小的片重也更适合儿童服用。文献口崩片的处方设计在一定程度上能够投射于大规模生产和市场营销, 例如粉末直压作为大部分市售口崩片的生产技术有较大应用前景; 共处理辅料具有更优异的压缩、崩解、矫味等性能, 可逐渐代替单功能辅料应用于生产; 小试基础中所普遍选择的片重可为大规模生产时提供参考。
采用Microsoft Excel对文献与市售口崩片处方进行辅料使用情况初步统计。文献口崩片处方(拆分共处理辅料) 中, 共涉及77种处方、89种辅料, 辅料使用总频次为489次, 6种辅料为最常使用的辅料数量, 其次为5、8、7种; 当不拆分共处理辅料时, 共涉及95种辅料, 辅料使用总频次为445次, 6种辅料仍为最常使用的辅料数量, 其次为5、7、3种。而在市售口崩片处方中, 共涉及28种处方, 80种辅料, 辅料使用总频次为247次, 大部分处方中主要使用10种辅料, 其次为8、12、11种辅料。数据可视化如图3所示。
在文献口崩片处方中, 共有17个处方使用了共处理辅料, 占所有处方的22.08%。在市售口崩片处方中, 仅1个处方使用了共处理辅料。
市售口崩片处方、文献口崩片处方拆分及未拆分共处理辅料中辅料使用频次≥ 3的情况已统计在表1中。在市售口崩片中, 使用频率较高的: 填充剂为微晶纤维素、甘露醇, 崩解剂为交联聚维酮, 矫味剂为阿司帕坦, 润滑剂为硬脂酸镁。不同于市售口崩片, 文献口崩片中, 无论是否拆分共处理辅料, 高频使用的润滑剂包括硬脂酸镁与滑石粉; 还出现了高频使用的助流剂: 胶态二氧化硅。
在对口崩片处方的辅料使用情况进行初步统计时, 将文献口崩片处方中出现的共处理辅料进行组成成分的调研, 并进行了拆分和未拆分两种统计模式。当拆分共处理辅料后, 所涉及辅料数量减少、辅料使用总频次增加, 说明大部分共处理辅料的组成成分类似, 主要由填充剂(甘露醇、微晶纤维素等)、超级崩解剂(交联聚维酮、交联羧甲纤维素钠等)、助流剂胶态二氧化硅等辅料组成, 部分会搭配如木糖醇、麦芽糖醇等糖醇类物质用以矫味。共处理辅料的使用频率较低, 这说明共处理辅料在口崩片应用方面存在优化空间, 应用概念有待扩大。共处理辅料未来发展更应瞄准服药顺应性的提升, 在提供赋形、崩解等功能的同时改善口崩片气味、口感等性能。
市售口崩片的辅料使用数量普遍多于文献口崩片。这可能是由于年代不同。可接触到处方的市售口崩片的开发时间大多集中在2010~2020年, 而文献中的口崩片处方主要为近5年开发, 随着辅料的发展进步和更新换代, 许多单功能辅料的改进和共处理辅料的出现能够事半功倍, 减少辅料加入量、提高载药量。另外, 文献口崩片处方更注重片剂品质, 而市售口崩片更注重患者依从性, 故加入的矫味剂、着色剂更多, 导致辅料使用数量较多。
如表1所示, 排在前5名的高频使用辅料中, 有4种相同辅料: 甘露醇、硬脂酸镁、微晶纤维素、交联聚维酮。这说明无论是市售还是文献中的口崩片, 常用辅料是相同的。微晶纤维素和甘露醇用于口崩片成型, 交联聚维酮保证口崩片迅速崩解, 同时甘露醇对快速崩解也有一定贡献, 硬脂酸镁发挥润滑作用, 保证口崩片生产过程顺利。需要注意的是, 这些辅料主要出现在以压缩方法制备口崩片的工艺中。这也反映了压缩法是主流的口崩片制备工艺。
采用IBM® SPSS® Modeler 18.0数据分析软件对文献及市售口崩片处方进行关联规则分析。文献口崩片处方(拆分共处理辅料) 中, 设置强链接下限为20, 弱链接上限为10, 得到如图4所示的关联规则分析网络图, 包括强、中、弱3种链接, 链接线越粗、颜色越深表示链接越强。强链接主要由使用较频繁的微晶纤维素、甘露醇、硬脂酸镁、交联聚维酮组成。在中等链接中, 还包括了不常用的填充剂如乳糖, 崩解剂如交联羧甲纤维素钠, 常用的助流剂胶态二氧化硅、矫味剂阿司帕坦等。弱链接中主要为各种不常用的矫味剂、掩味剂等。
运用Apriori算法构建相关模型, 设置最低条件支持度为25%, 最小规则置信度为50%, 最大前项数5, 共得到22条二项关联规则, 7条三项关联规则。由于数据量较大, 仅展示规则支持度在20%以上的数据于表2中。
关联规则中, 主要以规则支持度、置信度、提升度3个指标判断关联强弱[21]。规则支持度表示由前项与后项组成的项集出现的概率, 反映该规则在数据中的普遍性; 置信度表示在前项出现的情况下, 后项出现的概率; 提升度, 也称增益, 反映前项与后项的相关性。提升度 > 1且越高表明正相关性越高, 即前项的出现对后项的出现有促进作用; 提升度 < 1且越低表明负相关性越高; 提升度= 1表明没有相关性。其中, 最小条件支持度和最小规则置信度由用户给定[16, 21]。
在文献口崩片处方关联规则模型中, 规则支持度较高的几种辅料包括微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁、甘露醇, 这3种辅料两两之间的规则支持度大部分可达到50%, 置信度都保持在60%以上; 任意两种辅料作前项时, 规则支持度虽稍低, 但置信度较高, 说明这3种辅料不仅常用, 而且常同时出现。微晶纤维素和甘露醇协同作用为口崩片成型提供条件, 但由于甘露醇易黏冲, 硬脂酸镁可起到润滑作用, 减轻黏冲现象。甘露醇不仅可充当填充剂, 其优异的崩解性能还可协同超崩剂加速口崩片崩解。这3种辅料相互之间关联性强, 是组成文献口崩片处方的核心辅料。交联聚维酮与微晶纤维素、甘露醇、硬脂酸镁之间虽规则支持度稍低, 但置信度可达到59%以上, 表明交联聚维酮是常用的超级崩解剂。对于助流剂、矫味剂如胶态二氧化硅、阿司帕坦等辅料, 其功能主要定位在辅助提升口崩片片剂品质, 规则支持度较低, 与核心辅料的组合置信度普遍较高, 都可高于69%, 且提升度大部分 > 1, 这表示在文献口崩片处方中, 这些辅料虽不是刚需辅料, 一旦使用常与核心辅料搭配使用。交联羧甲纤维素钠作为崩解剂, 与核心辅料的组合关联程度类似助流剂与核心辅料, 表明其不是最常用的超崩剂。胶态二氧化硅在提高物料流动性的同时可协同填充剂提高口崩片机械强度。由于甘露醇具有奶油质感、甜味和清凉感[22], 甘露醇也可协同矫味剂共同优化口崩片口感。
市售口崩片处方中, 设置强链接下限为10, 弱链接上限为5, 得到如图5所示的关联规则分析网络图, 同样包括强、中、弱3种链接, 链接线越粗、颜色越深表示链接越强。强链接主要由使用较频繁的微晶纤维素、甘露醇、硬脂酸镁、阿司帕坦组成。在中等链接中, 还包括了不常用的填充剂如乳糖, 崩解剂如交联羧甲纤维素钠以及发挥泡腾作用的碱源碳酸氢钠、酸源枸橼酸等。弱链接中主要为不同种类的矫味剂、掩味剂、着色剂等。
运用Apriori算法构建相关模型, 设置最低条件支持度为25%, 最小规则置信度为50%, 最大前项数为5, 共得到35条二项关联规则, 57条3项关联规则, 24条四项关联规则, 3条五项关联规则。由于数据量较大, 仅展示规则支持度在25%以上的数据于表3中。
在市售口崩片处方关联规则模型中, 规则支持度较高的几种辅料包括微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁、甘露醇, 这3种辅料相互之间规则支持度在50%~70%之间, 置信度保持在65%以上, 提升度 > 1; 交联聚维酮与这3种核心辅料的置信度都在50%及以上, 且大部分置信度在70%以上, 说明交联聚维酮是最常用的超级崩解剂。核心辅料和崩解剂的使用情况都与文献口崩片处方相同。并且阿司帕坦也是最常用的矫味剂, 也易与核心辅料搭配使用。值得注意的是, 碳酸氢钠与微晶纤维素、枸橼酸与微晶纤维素、碳酸氢钠与甘露醇、碳酸氢钠与填充剂(甘露醇、微晶纤维素) 和润滑剂硬脂酸镁的组合置信度绝大部分高达100%、提升度 > 1, 但规则支持度稍低。这可能是由于部分市售口崩片处方来源于2010年左右, 当时存在以碱源和酸源的泡腾作用辅助崩解的现象, 故在酸碱源使用时必定出现核心辅料。
根据关联规则与辅料频次统计所得结果, 可总结出口崩片的辅料使用规律: 口崩片的核心辅料包含填充剂甘露醇、微晶纤维素及润滑剂硬脂酸镁, 微晶纤维素与甘露醇协同为口崩片赋形, 这3种辅料的组合难以满足口崩片的崩解要求, 故需加入超崩剂交联聚维酮作为常用的超崩剂, 常用矫味剂为阿司帕坦, 甘露醇可协同崩解剂、矫味剂共同加速崩解及优化口感。文献口崩片侧重于添加助流剂胶态二氧化硅、矫味剂阿司帕坦、润滑剂滑石粉以优化片剂品质; 市售口崩片侧重于添加多种着色剂、矫味剂以提高制剂依从性, 同时依靠碳酸氢钠与枸橼酸产生泡腾作用辅助崩解、掩味。
甘露醇作为口崩片组成最核心的辅料, 在充当赋形剂的同时可作甜味剂提供矫味功能[23]。故对甘露醇存在与否的处方进行矫味剂的使用情况进行考察, 见图6, 绝大部分同一矫味剂在含有甘露醇的处方中出现频率低于不含甘露醇的处方。文献口崩片处方(拆分共处理辅料) 中不含甘露醇的处方共18个, 含有甘露醇的处方共59个, 含甘露醇的处方中甜味剂的使用频率(约66%) 显著低于不含甘露醇的处方(约87%)。市售口崩片处方中含有甘露醇的处方共19个, 不含甘露醇的处方共9个, 含有甘露醇的处方中甜味剂的使用频率(约44%) 低于不含甘露醇的处方(约61%)。
甘露醇作为口崩片的核心组成辅料, 含有甘露醇的处方甜味剂的使用频率普遍低于不含甘露醇的处方, 这说明甘露醇有一定程度的矫、掩味功能, 可适量减少矫、掩味剂的添加。但由于文献口崩片中将共处理辅料拆分后再进行统计, 共处理辅料可能对口崩片的口感也有一定贡献。在该统计中可得出, 用于口崩片矫味的甜味剂大多为非营养型人工甜味剂: 如阿司帕坦、三氯蔗糖、安赛蜜等[24]。阿司帕坦是目前使用最为频繁的甜味剂。阿司帕坦提供的甜味高于蔗糖, 同时可减少能量摄入[25], 适合糖尿病患者[26], 虽然其代谢产物中含有苯丙氨酸, 不适用于苯丙酮尿症患者[27], 但高频使用说明阿司帕坦仍是目前性价比较高、效果较好的矫味剂。但非营养型人工甜味剂的大量摄入有可能引发心血管疾病、2型糖尿病等健康问题[28-30], 在口崩片的矫、掩味工艺发展中, 应尽量减少使用对人体健康有争议的矫、掩味剂, 尤其对于喜甜味的儿童患者, 例如, 糖精和磺胺类药物存在交叉反应, 故磺胺类药物过敏的儿童不能使用含糖精的药物治疗, 可能会导致荨麻疹、瘙痒症、皮炎等不良反应[31]。有研究发现, 孕期人工甜味剂的摄入会增加子代肥胖的风险[32, 33]; 儿童的体重指数和体脂百分比的增加与含人工甜味剂的饮料摄入有关[33, 34]。应在药品说明书中罗列可能由矫、掩味剂引发的不良反应及服药期间的饮食注意事项以防过量摄入矫、掩味剂而影响患者健康。相比于人工甜味剂, 天然甜味剂热量低, 无毒, 高甜, 可以对糖尿病患者作为人工甜味剂的替代品[35], 如木糖醇、麦芽糖醇、山梨醇等[36], 但这些天然甜味剂的使用频率较人工甜味剂更低, 有可能是由于添加后的矫味效果不如人工甜味剂或经济成本高等原因。不同甜度的天然甜味剂复配或天然与人工甜味剂复配, 既能提高口感, 又能减少对健康的影响[37]。
甘露醇作固体制剂辅料时, 具有吸湿性低[38]、可辅助改善制剂口感[39]、制剂稳定性高[40]等优点; 微晶纤维素是常用的片剂成型辅料, 压缩成型性好[41], 该组合是片剂处方中常用的塑性结合脆性填充剂组合, 这两种辅料的组合可相辅相成, 既能提升片剂硬度又可以优化崩解时限及口感。其中, 微晶纤维素被压缩时主要产生塑性形变, 颗粒间键合强度高, 能促进片剂成型[42], 脆性物料甘露醇[43]与其相互搭配, 形成用于压缩法的口崩片的成型辅料尤为合适。但是, 市售辅料受原材料来源、制备工艺等因素影响, 不同规格型号辅料在其功能属性和物理属性上均存在着差异性[42], 并适用于不同的工艺场景。因此, 在使用过程中需要根据实际情况进行有效选择。目前, 研究较多的主要为化药口崩片, 载药量普遍较低, 故对片剂含量均匀性要求较高。微晶纤维素和甘露醇都为水分含量较低、不易吸湿结块且流动性较好的辅料, 微晶纤维素还具有一定吸附作用[44], 作为载体较理想。为了工业化规模生产, 更好平衡口崩片的崩解和硬度并优化口感, 需额外加入润滑剂、超崩剂、助流剂、矫味剂等辅料协同改善口崩片片剂品质。
多种单功能辅料的添加虽然优化了各种片剂品质, 但易将处方复杂化、生产不便化, 还会提高经济成本, 增加辅料与药物相容性、辅料摄入量是否安全等潜在问题。目前已有多种共处理辅料在文献口崩片的处方中使用以改善固体辅料的流动性、可压性, 提升口崩片硬度、崩解等片剂品质。大部分共处理辅料在开发时主要针对其优良的物理性质及兼顾口崩片抗张强度与崩解时限等来宣传其高效的性能, 部分共处理辅料还有矫味功能, 但在实际应用中, 整体功能发挥有限, 仍需要协同部分单功能辅料辅助崩解、矫味及润滑, 可见共处理辅料的功能贡献主要集中在口崩片的成型和崩解。通过对共处理辅料拆分和未拆分处方的分析, 发现大部分共处理辅料的填充剂、超崩剂、助流剂、矫味剂等组成成分类似。共处理辅料的组成及有待提升的功能为未来的新型辅料开发和载药处方设计提供了思路和参考。新型共处理辅料应扩大应用概念, 不局限在粉末直压技术中使用, 可对不同的口崩片制备方法研发针对该方法痛点的共处理辅料以发挥不同制备方法的优点。随着辅料技术的不断发展, 可灵活运用多种口崩片制备方法, 有望扩大口崩片的剂型应用范围。从制备工艺而言, 粉末直压技术仍是最适用于大部分API的口崩片生产技术, 故应提升共处理辅料的功能性, 不仅要优化片剂品质、平衡崩解与硬度, 还应注重API的可成药性、制剂依从性的提升及经济成本的优化。但共处理辅料缺少改变辅料比例的自由度[45], 结合3D打印等技术, 有望打造个性化的辅料配比以真正实现个性化给药。
目前, 在生物医药领域已有多种语义分析、大语言模型对中医、中药等相关语言进行训练[46-49], 但对药用辅料的相关数据库建立和模型训练较少。本文对口崩片辅料使用情况的挖掘有望为未来通过大语言模型、机器学习等人工智能技术进一步建立相关数据库或模型, 为开发新型辅料、改进口崩片制造工艺、优化口崩片处方设计夯实基础。从而达到改进口崩片生产过程、实现个性化给药或开发新品种口崩片的目的, 提高口崩片制药工业效率, 改善患者用药体验。
本文通过采用关联规则中的Apriori算法, 对收集的文献与市售口崩片处方进行分析, 概括和提炼了口崩片处方中的常用辅料、高度关联的辅料组合为甘露醇、微晶纤维素与硬脂酸镁, 交联聚维酮为最常用的超崩剂, 阿司帕坦为最常用的矫味剂; 揭示了文献和市售口崩片的处方组成区别在于文献口崩片注重生产过程与片剂品质而添加更多助流剂、矫味剂、润滑剂等, 市售口崩片则侧重着色剂及矫、掩味剂的使用以提高制剂依从性。并发现口崩片组成的核心辅料甘露醇对口崩片口感有改善作用, 可一定程度上减少处方中甜味剂的添加。统计了口崩片处方的辅料使用频次、制备工艺、片重选择, 阐明粉末直压法是目前最为主流、最有应用前景的口崩片制备工艺。通过分析统计及归纳讨论, 以期为口崩片的处方设计及口崩片辅料的应用、开发提供参考。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0474
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
  • 修回日期:2025-06-16
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    1上海中医药大学中药现代制剂技术教育部工程研究中心, 上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
    3上海中医药大学中医健康服务协同创新中心, 上海 201203
    4上海中医药大学创新中药研究院, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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