Article(id=1308816659381584300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975808233, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975808233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975808233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975808233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816659608076717, articleId=1308816659381584300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in biological mass spectrometry for target identification and mode of action characterization of active constituents in Chinese medicine, columnId=1308816659473855093, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research Progress and Prospects on the Chemical Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The clinical efficacy of Chinese medicines (CMs) fundamentally relies on their material basis, with active constituents serving not only as the cornerstone of CM's pharmacological activity, but also as a valuable resource for innovative drug research and development. However, the precise clinical application and internationalization of CMs have long been hindered by limited understanding of the molecular targets, modes of action, and pharmacological mechanisms underlying their functional components. Novel biochemical and biophysical approaches, in combination with recent advancements in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, instrumentation, and data analysis pipelines, have significantly facilitated the identification of molecular targets and elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms of functional components in CMs. This review summarizes recent advances in the target identification of functional components in CMs and the characterization of small molecule-target protein interactions. We discuss the principles and technical aspects of small molecule-labeled and label-free target deconvoluted strategies leveraging biological mass spectrometry, providing a comparative analysis of their application scopes, strengths and limitations. This review article also addressed the recent progress made by the scholars in characterizing the interaction modes between functional components of CMs and target proteins, using biomass spectrometry and other cutting-edge technologies. The relevant research strategies, methodologies, and application cases are expected to provide a series of solutions and research models for the discovery of targets and in-depth elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms of CMs pharmacodynamic substances.

, authors=Xue-yan HU1, Xia-yan CHU1, Dong-zhu TU1, Hai-rong ZENG1, Tian TIAN1, Xiao-yu ZHUANG2, *, Guang-bo GE1, 3, *, authorsList=Xue-yan HU, Xia-yan CHU, Dong-zhu TU, Hai-rong ZENG, Tian TIAN, Xiao-yu ZHUANG, Guang-bo GE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-yu ZHUANG, Guang-bo GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816662669918650, articleId=1308816659381584300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=生物质谱技术在中药功效物质靶标发现和作用模式表征中的应用进展, columnId=1308816659700351406, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药发挥其临床功效必然有其物质基础, 这些功效物质不仅是中药发挥药理活性的基石, 亦是创新药物研发的重要源泉。但长期以来, 中药效应物质的作用靶标不明、互作模式和药理机制不清, 严重阻碍了中药的临床精准应用和国际化进程。近年来, 随着生物质谱技术的不断革新, 以质谱技术为核心的化学生物学和生命组学等前沿技术蓬勃发展, 极大地助力了中药效应物质的作用靶标鉴定和药理机制解析。本文围绕中药效应物质靶标鉴定以及小分子-靶蛋白互作模式表征领域的国内外新近研究进展, 着重阐述了基于生物质谱技术的小分子标记与非标记靶标发现两大策略的基本原理, 并对其技术要点和应用领域进行了细致分析。此外, 本文还重点介绍了近年来国内外学者借助生物质谱技术和多种前沿技术, 在中药效应物质-靶蛋白互作模式表征方面取得的研究进展。相关研究策略、方法学和应用案例有望为中药效应物质的靶标发现和药理机制的深度解析等提供系列解决方案和研究示范。

, authors=胡雪艳1, 褚夏燕1, 涂东珠1, 曾海荣1, 田甜1, 庄小禹2, *, 葛广波1, 3, *, authorsList=胡雪艳, 褚夏燕, 涂东珠, 曾海荣, 田甜, 庄小禹, 葛广波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=庄小禹, 葛广波, authorNote=

作者贡献:

胡雪艳负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写和修改; 庄小禹构建综述框架并指导论文写作及修改; 葛广波负责文章的思路指导和审阅; 褚夏燕、涂东珠、曾海荣和田甜对稿件进行了完善。

, correspAuthorsNote=
庄小禹, E-mail:
葛广波, E-mail:
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生物质谱技术在中药功效物质靶标发现和作用模式表征中的应用进展
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胡雪艳 1 , 褚夏燕 1 , 涂东珠 1 , 曾海荣 1 , 田甜 1 , 庄小禹 2, * , 葛广波 1, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026,61(1): 58-74
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026 , 61 (1) : 58 -74
生物质谱技术在中药功效物质靶标发现和作用模式表征中的应用进展
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胡雪艳1, 褚夏燕1, 涂东珠1, 曾海荣1, 田甜1, 庄小禹2, * , 葛广波1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学科技实验中心, 上海 201203
  • 3中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
庄小禹, E-mail:
葛广波, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

胡雪艳负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写和修改; 庄小禹构建综述框架并指导论文写作及修改; 葛广波负责文章的思路指导和审阅; 褚夏燕、涂东珠、曾海荣和田甜对稿件进行了完善。

Advances in biological mass spectrometry for target identification and mode of action characterization of active constituents in Chinese medicine
Xue-yan HU1, Xia-yan CHU1, Dong-zhu TU1, Hai-rong ZENG1, Tian TIAN1, Xiao-yu ZHUANG2, * , Guang-bo GE1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0076
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中药发挥其临床功效必然有其物质基础, 这些功效物质不仅是中药发挥药理活性的基石, 亦是创新药物研发的重要源泉。但长期以来, 中药效应物质的作用靶标不明、互作模式和药理机制不清, 严重阻碍了中药的临床精准应用和国际化进程。近年来, 随着生物质谱技术的不断革新, 以质谱技术为核心的化学生物学和生命组学等前沿技术蓬勃发展, 极大地助力了中药效应物质的作用靶标鉴定和药理机制解析。本文围绕中药效应物质靶标鉴定以及小分子-靶蛋白互作模式表征领域的国内外新近研究进展, 着重阐述了基于生物质谱技术的小分子标记与非标记靶标发现两大策略的基本原理, 并对其技术要点和应用领域进行了细致分析。此外, 本文还重点介绍了近年来国内外学者借助生物质谱技术和多种前沿技术, 在中药效应物质-靶蛋白互作模式表征方面取得的研究进展。相关研究策略、方法学和应用案例有望为中药效应物质的靶标发现和药理机制的深度解析等提供系列解决方案和研究示范。

生物质谱  /  中药效应物质  /  靶标发现  /  作用模式表征  /  蛋白质组学

The clinical efficacy of Chinese medicines (CMs) fundamentally relies on their material basis, with active constituents serving not only as the cornerstone of CM's pharmacological activity, but also as a valuable resource for innovative drug research and development. However, the precise clinical application and internationalization of CMs have long been hindered by limited understanding of the molecular targets, modes of action, and pharmacological mechanisms underlying their functional components. Novel biochemical and biophysical approaches, in combination with recent advancements in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, instrumentation, and data analysis pipelines, have significantly facilitated the identification of molecular targets and elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms of functional components in CMs. This review summarizes recent advances in the target identification of functional components in CMs and the characterization of small molecule-target protein interactions. We discuss the principles and technical aspects of small molecule-labeled and label-free target deconvoluted strategies leveraging biological mass spectrometry, providing a comparative analysis of their application scopes, strengths and limitations. This review article also addressed the recent progress made by the scholars in characterizing the interaction modes between functional components of CMs and target proteins, using biomass spectrometry and other cutting-edge technologies. The relevant research strategies, methodologies, and application cases are expected to provide a series of solutions and research models for the discovery of targets and in-depth elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms of CMs pharmacodynamic substances.

biological mass spectrometry  /  functional components of Chinese medicine  /  target identification  /  characterization of mode of action  /  proteomics
胡雪艳, 褚夏燕, 涂东珠, 曾海荣, 田甜, 庄小禹, 葛广波. 生物质谱技术在中药功效物质靶标发现和作用模式表征中的应用进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 58 -74 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0076
Xue-yan HU, Xia-yan CHU, Dong-zhu TU, Hai-rong ZENG, Tian TIAN, Xiao-yu ZHUANG, Guang-bo GE. Advances in biological mass spectrometry for target identification and mode of action characterization of active constituents in Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 58 -74 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0076
中药发挥其临床功效必然有其物质基础, 这些功效物质不仅是中药发挥其临床功效和药理活性的基石亦是创新药物研发的重要源泉。深入解析中药功效物质的作用靶标和药理机制对于科学诠释中药的有效性及源于中药的创新药物研发等意义重大。在过去30年中, 随着我国“中药现代化”战略的实施和推进, 中药效应物质的发现取得了前所未有的成绩, 一大批中草药的效应物质被研究者陆续发现[1-3]。但长期以来, 中药效应物质的作用靶标不明、药理机制和作用模式不清, 严重阻碍了中药药理机制的深入解析和源于中药的创新药物研发。
质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)作为一种高灵敏度、高分辨率、应用范围广泛且使用灵活多样的分析工具, 已在中药学研究中得到广泛应用[4]。近年来, 随着质谱技术的持续发展、仪器性能的不断提升以及串联质谱在多元化与多功能化方面的进步, 生物质谱及其联用技术日益成熟, 逐渐成为药学、药理学、化学生物学等交叉学科中的核心分析手段。同时, 围绕生物质谱技术的应用, 也催生了一系列前沿研究方向, 包括基于生物质谱的代谢组学与蛋白质组学研究, 以及结合化学生物学、生物物理学和结构生物学的小分子靶点发现与作用机制解析等[5-7]。在中药学研究领域, 生物质谱技术不仅能精准测定中药小分子的相对分子质量、表征其化学结构, 还能高通量地分析中药干预前后靶器官代谢物组和蛋白质组的动态变化[8, 9]。此外, 通过与多种前沿技术的整合应用, 生物质谱在中药活性小分子靶标识别、互作模式表征和分子机制阐明方面展现出极大潜力, 推动了中药作用机制的深入研究[10-12]。
本文着重综述了近年来生物质谱技术在中药功效物质靶标发现及作用模式表征中的应用进展。首先, 介绍了基于生物质谱技术的天然产物靶标解析常用策略及其技术特点和适用范围。其次, 依照“是否需要对小分子进行化学修饰”这一原则, 将中药功效物质靶标发现策略分为“基于小分子标记的靶标识别策略”和“小分子非标记的靶标识别策略”两大类, 对两大类靶标发现策略的工作原理以及国内外研究者借助生物质谱技术开展中药功效物质的作用靶标发现进行介绍。最后, 介绍了如何借助生物质谱技术细致表征中药功效物质与其靶蛋白的作用模式(如共价结合和非共价结合)。通过对上述研究策略进行介绍, 以期为中药效应物质的靶标发现和药理机制的深度解析等提供系列解决方案和关键技术。
生物质谱是应用质谱方法对生物分子进行定性、定量及结构分析的科学技术。其迅猛发展主要得益于软电离离子化技术的发明与应用, 尤其是基质辅助激光解吸电离(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, MALDI)和电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)[13]。对于生物质谱来说, 最核心的性能指标是灵敏度、分辨率、质量准确度和串级质谱能力。质量分析器性能的不断提升, 极大改善了质谱仪器的整体性能和适用范围。目前常用的质量分析器主要包括: 离子阱(ion trap, IT)、静电场轨道阱(Orbitrap)、飞行时间分析器(time-of-flight, TOF)、四极杆(quadrupole)及傅里叶变换离子回旋共振(Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR)[14, 15]。不同类型的分析器在结构和性能上各具特点, 适用于不同的研究需求, 可单独使用, 亦可组合搭载以构建功能更为强大的复合型质谱平台。近年来, 得益于高分辨质谱技术和生物信息学等学科的迅猛发展, 基于生物质谱的蛋白质组学分析在药物靶标研究中发挥了日益重要的作用。无论是小分子靶标的识别还是小分子-靶蛋白互作模式的表征都依赖于生物质谱技术驱动的蛋白质组学分析[16, 17]。基于质谱的蛋白质组学分析主要包括“自底向上” (bottom-up)、“自中向下” (middle-down)及“自顶向下” (top-down) 3种策略[18, 19]。其中, bottom-up蛋白质组学因其成熟的分析流程和广泛的适用性而得到普遍应用[20]。该策略利用蛋白酶将蛋白质酶切为更易分析的小肽段, 随后利用质谱进行分析, 并将鉴定到的肽段组装起来, 可重构出样本中的蛋白质信息[21]。这种方法对复杂样本具有良好的适用性, 但由于其“从局部推断整体”的方式, 可能会丢失修饰信息, 对蛋白质变体的识别也有一定的局限性[22]。相比之下, top-down策略的分析对象则是完整的蛋白质分子, 通过串联质谱技术实现蛋白质碎裂。因此, 该方法具有更高的序列覆盖率和对修饰信息的高度保留, 适用于修饰复杂以及变体丰富的蛋白质研究[23]。然而, top-down策略对质谱仪器性能要求较高, 且在复杂样本的分离和识别方面面临挑战[24]。而middle-down的策略是以上两种方法的折中之选, 通过分析中等大小的蛋白质片段, 可在“获取详细分子信息”与“实现广泛序列覆盖”间取得平衡[25]。
在研究小分子与靶蛋白作用模式及互作机制时, 非变性质谱(native mass spectrometry, native MS)、氢氘交换质谱(hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, HDX-MS)及化学交联质谱(chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry, CXL-MS)等技术为传统生物物理学方法提供了有力补充[26-28]。这些互补方法的应用可以促进药物对靶蛋白结构、动力学及热力学层面影响的深入理解, 为临床前药物开发提供科学依据。具体而言, 是一种在不对蛋白进行变性处理的前提下, 在气相中检测完整蛋白质或复合物空间构象及相互作用的质谱技术。该技术允许研究者在气相环境中探讨蛋白质在接近天然状态下的结构生物学问题, 如蛋白质的组装、蛋白质构象和蛋白质相互作用等[29]。在小分子与靶蛋白相互作用的研究中, native MS可通过检测气相中完整的蛋白质-配体复合物, 为配体的结合化学计量、结合特异性及解离常数的量化提供可靠的数据支持[30]。当native MS联合离子淌度质谱以及串联质谱使用时, 还可作为研究蛋白质结构的辅助手段, 可用于评估靶蛋白构象变化。蛋白质足迹分析(protein footprinting approaches)通过不同的共价标记方法标记蛋白质的溶剂可及表面积(solvent accessible surface area), 从而反映蛋白质的高级结构特征[31]。该方法可用于表征蛋白构象变化、蛋白-配体的相互作用及其结合位点。HDX-MS是最常见的蛋白质足迹分析[32]。其中D₂O中的氘原子替代了蛋白质主链酰胺的氢原子, 通过分析氢-氘交换速率的变化, 可以识别小分子结合和变构区域, 观察靶蛋白结构动态变化, 有助于阐明蛋白结构-功能动态关联及药物作用机制[33]。然而, 由于氢-氘交换是可逆的, 在某些动态研究中的稳定性会受限。其他足迹分析法则通过使用特异性较高的化学试剂标记特定氨基酸残基(如羧基、赖氨酸及精氨酸), 或利用高活性标记试剂对多个氨基酸快速标记。这些方法通过稳定且不可逆的化学修饰避免了反向交换的问题, 但化学修饰引入的空间位阻可能对蛋白质的结构和功能产生一定影响[31, 34]。CXL-MS是另一种研究非共价蛋白质-配体相互作用的重要工具。该方法通过引入适量的化学交联剂(chemical cross-linker)使蛋白质和配体分子中的互补功能基团形成共价连接, 提供空间约束信息, 这对于解析蛋白质结构和配体结合位点具有重要意义[35]。CXL-MS样品的分析可以采用top-down或bottom-up的策略, 并结合针对特定功能基团设计的交联试剂, 详细描绘蛋白质-配体的相互作用[36]。
以上技术的实现大都依赖于蛋白组学质谱平台, 即软电离技术与高分辨的质谱检测器(如Orbitrap、TOF)。不同实验阶段, 需根据样品体系复杂程度、所需检测通量以及对分析精度和深度的不同需求, 合理选择适合的质谱平台、检测参数及数据采集方式。例如在靶标发现阶段, 常采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)作为核心分析平台, 通过高效色谱分离与高分辨率质谱仪(如LTQ-Orbitrap和Q-TOF)联用, 并配合ESI技术进行在线离子化分析, 实现对靶蛋白的精确鉴定与相对定量。对于小分子标记的靶标识别策略, 由于引入了富集标签, 可显著降低样品的复杂度, 因此, MALDI亦可作为离子化手段, 实现靶蛋白的快速、高通量检测。相比之下, 非标记策略由于缺乏特异性富集步骤, 在面对复杂背景和低丰度靶标时, 对质谱平台在分离效率、扫描速度与灵敏度方面提出了更高要求, 通常依赖LC-ESI-MS/MS进行分析。此类分析中, 为兼顾质量准确度、蛋白覆盖度与分析通量, 常需在高分辨率与快速扫描速率之间取得平衡。
在靶标验证和表征阶段, 因研究目标更明确、体系复杂度相对较低, 可采用三重四级杆(triple quadrupole, QQQ)质谱进行靶向定量分析, 或应用FTICR质谱开展高分辨率结构蛋白研究或top-down蛋白质组学分析[37]。数据采集模式方面, 靶标发现阶段多采用数据依赖采集(data-dependent acquisition, DDA)策略进行广泛蛋白质鉴定与相对定量, 也可根据实验需求选择数据独立采集(data-independent acquisition, DIA)以提升定量准确性与重复性[38]。而在靶向验证中, 常使用选择反应监测(selected reaction monitoring, SRM)或平行反应监测(parallel reaction monitoring, PRM), 对特定肽段进行高特异性、精确的定量分析[39, 40]。
依赖于小分子标记的靶蛋白识别策略首先需要对小分子进行化学修饰, 在小分子侧链上引入特定功能基团进而实现对靶蛋白的特异性标记和识别。在保持小分子生物活性的前提下, 通过引入相对分子质量较小的叠氮或炔基, 利用铜催化或环张力诱导的叠氮-炔基环加成等生物正交反应, 将生物素、荧光素或其他报告基团连接在探针上, 从而实现对靶标蛋白的富集以及可视化。随后, 可借助生物质谱技术对靶蛋白进行定性和定量分析[41]。以下将重点介绍两类常用的小分子标记的靶蛋白识别策略, 分别为基于活性的蛋白分析(activity-based protein profiling, ABPP)和基于亲和力的蛋白质分析(affinity-based protein profiling, AfBPP)及其相关应用实例。
ABPP是一种利用小分子与蛋白质氨基酸残基形成共价键来识别靶蛋白的技术(图1A)[42]。该技术通常需借助可与靶蛋白的丝氨酸、半胱氨酸或赖氨酸等功能氨基酸残基共价结合的小分子作为活性反应基团[43, 44]。通过在小分子结构中引入炔基或叠氮等官能团作为报告标签, 合成出能够通过点击化学反应标记并富集靶蛋白的探针[45]。探针与细胞或组织裂解液共孵育后, 可实现对靶蛋白的标记和富集, 随后借助生物质谱技术对靶蛋白进行鉴定[46, 47]。基于该策略, 国内外研究者已成功鉴定了多种中药效应物质的作用靶标[27]。如野马追内酯B (eupalinolide B)[48]、小檗碱(berberine)[49]和矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside)[50]等。Gao等[51]基于此策略, 揭示了雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel)可能是与PfSpdsyn和PfEGF1-α结合, 干扰亚精胺和疟原虫蛋白的生物合成途径, 从而发挥其抗疟作用。Liu等[52]也利用此策略, 发现Cel可与线粒体代谢相关蛋白(如VDAC1、PC、PKM2和FASN)等结合, 导致肾细胞凋亡从而引发肾毒性。Wei等[53]基于ABPP的策略合成了具有葫芦素B (cucurbitacin B)活性的探针BP-2, 通过点击化学以及链霉亲和素富集, 借助生物质谱技术鉴定其中显著变化的蛋白, 葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP78)被认为葫芦素B的作用靶蛋白, 其通过调节GRP78-FOXM1-KIF20A通路, 发挥抗结膜黑色素瘤的作用。
早期AfBPP是将小分子固定在琼脂糖或树脂等基质上, 利用小分子与靶蛋白之间的非共价相互作用, 通过固定化基质富集后分离靶蛋白并借助质谱进行鉴定(图1B)[54]。Li等[55]将青蒿素(artemisinin)偶联到固体支架上, 通过下拉实验结合质谱鉴定出gephyrin是其中最显著变化的蛋白, 并进一步验证确定了青蒿素可通过与gephyrin相互作用, 发挥治疗1型糖尿病的作用。Cassiano等[56]将从海绵中分离得到的萜类化合物(scalaradial, SLD)进行改造, 得到了含叠氮标记的化合物SLD-Az, 与SLD-Az结合的潜在靶蛋白可被琼脂糖珠固定, 进一步的质谱鉴定以及Western blot (WB)验证, 推测PRXs可能是其发挥抗炎所作用的蛋白。Capolupo等[57]将匙羹藤酸Ⅰ (gymnemic acid Ⅰ)固定在聚丙烯酰胺树脂上可用于下拉相互作用的蛋白, 其发现匙羹藤酸Ⅰ可通过靶向核糖体复合物而抑制蛋白的合成。Zeng等[58]将松果菊苷(echinacoside, ECH)偶联到琼脂糖珠上, 用于下拉ECH直接结合的蛋白, 借助质谱鉴定发现ECH是与CK2α′的Lys171共价结合使CK2α′的构象发生改变, 促进CK2α′与蛋白BTF3α结合进而激活Wnt/β-catenin通路促进线粒体融合, 从而对缺血损伤的神经细胞发挥保护作用。
目前AfBPP可将非共价结合靶蛋白的活性小分子改造为可共价结合靶蛋白的光亲和探针(图1C)。探针先以非共价相互作用与靶蛋白结合。在紫外光照射下, 探针可以和靶蛋白的氨基酸残基形成共价键。常见的光反应基团有二苯甲酮、芳基叠氮化合物、芳香族和脂肪族二叠氮等[59]。在光活化后, 形成高活性的硝烯或卡宾等中间体可促进探针与靶蛋白的共价结合[60]。探针-蛋白质复合物可以被富集, 并借助质谱进行鉴定[61]。Zhou等[62]基于此策略, 合成了查尔酮(chalcone)的光亲和标记探针C95, 其中引入的叠氮作为光反应基团, 在紫外照射下, 与靶蛋白形成共价键。炔基可与叠氮生物素发生点击化学反应后, 通过链霉亲和素富集, 质谱鉴定发现β-微管蛋白为查尔酮的靶蛋白, 揭示了查尔酮通过与β-微管蛋白相互作用而导致的细胞毒性。Wang等[63]在绿原酸(chlorogenic acid)上引入了脂肪族的二氮嗪基团, 可在紫外光照射下形成碳烯中间体与靶蛋白共价结合; 引入的炔基可被叠氮生物素修饰后富集相互作用的蛋白, 通过质谱鉴定发现ACAT1是其主要靶蛋白之一。绿原酸可通过抑制其Tyr407的磷酸化而起到抗肿瘤作用。该策略也被用于葛根素(puerarin)[64]、黄芩苷(baicalin)[65]、大麻二酚(cannabidiol)[66]等中药功效物质的靶标鉴定中。以下是基于小分子标记识别靶蛋白的一些应用实例(图2)[48-51, 53, 55-58, 62-66]。
非标记的小分子靶蛋白识别方法无需对小分子进行化学修饰或探针合成, 其基本原理是小分子与靶蛋白结合后引发的蛋白质理化性质变化(如稳定性以及热力学等), 并借助生物质谱技术对其进行鉴定[67-69]。这类方法具有操作简便、无需对小分子结构进行修饰等优势, 能够在全蛋白组层面实现靶标筛选, 已广泛应用于复杂生物体系中的药物作用机制研究。近年来, 已开发出多种非标记靶蛋白识别技术[70]。以下将详细介绍这些方法的原理及其应用实例。
蛋白酶可在特定氨基酸位点对蛋白进行水解, 将其水解为若干肽段。小分子和蛋白相互作用后, 会引起蛋白构象或空间位阻的变化, 蛋白酶对靶蛋白的酶解程度会随之发生改变。根据此原理开发的技术有药物亲和反应靶标稳定性(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS)和有限蛋白酶解-小分子定位(limited proteolysis-small molecule mapping, LiP-SMap)。
DARTS是一种基于小分子与靶标蛋白结合后, 增强靶蛋白对蛋白水解酶抗性的技术。可通过比较蛋白质在有无小分子存在时被蛋白酶水解的程度, 借助质谱鉴定有差异的蛋白条带, 鉴定小分子的潜在靶蛋白(图3A)[71, 72]。然而, 此方法对于低丰度的蛋白或结合较弱蛋白的识别具有一定的局限性, 但在有抗体的情况下可结合WB进行验证。Feng等[73]基于DARTS的策略, 鉴定出了从茜草的内生真菌中得到的bipoterpride B与DCTPP1结合, 揭示了其抗结直肠癌的作用机制。Dal Piaz等[74]通过DARTS发现大戟中的laurifolioside可显著影响clathrin heavy chain 1对蛋白水解酶的稳定性, 从而显著改变转铁蛋白的内吞作用。Farid等[75]通过DARTS发现葫芦巴碱(trigonelline)可与肌酸激酶B结合改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的记忆功能, 推测葫芦巴碱可作为记忆恢复候选药物。
LiP-SMap是一种基于小分子与靶蛋白结合后引起蛋白质空间构象和位阻变化, 经过广谱的蛋白酶(如蛋白酶K)水解形成差异肽段, 结合质谱定量分析蛋白酶水解后的肽段丰度变化, 进而对靶蛋白进行表征的技术(图3A)[76-78]。Zhang等[79]利用LiP-SMap揭示了去泛素化酶UCHL3是杜鹃素(farrerol)的直接作用靶点, 进一步验证发现杜鹃素可与UCHL3直接结合, 促进RAD51去泛素化。Chen等[80]利用LiP-SMap发现贯叶金丝桃素(hyperforin)可与二氢硫辛酰胺S-乙酰转移酶直接结合, 通过Dlat-AMPK信号轴影响脂肪细胞产热, 可开发为治疗肥胖的先导化合物。Yang等[81]采用Lip-SMap技术揭示虎杖苷(polydatin)可与HSP90α结合, 干扰HSP90α与NLRP3的相互作用, 抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活, 可用于治疗急性胰腺炎和其他NLRP3相关炎症性疾病。
随着数据采集手段和分析技术水平的不断提高, 以肽段为中心可用于活性小分子靶标识别和其结合区域的确定[82]。基于配体结合可改变蛋白热力学稳定性而影响其蛋白水解的敏感性原理[83]。Li等[82]开发了以肽段为中心的局部稳定性分析(peptide-centric local stability assay, PELSA), 与DARTS和LiP-SMap相比, PELSA可直接使用高浓度胰蛋白酶将蛋白质酶切为较小的肽段, 收集后可直接通过质谱进行分析。其选择了上市药物拉帕替尼(lapatinib)和BT-474细胞蛋白中进行验证, 发现拉帕替尼可显著改变已报道靶标ERBB2激酶结构域肽段丰度, 同时ERBB2也被确定为排名靠前的潜在靶蛋白。
细胞热位移分析(cellular thermal shift assay, CETSA)的原理是基于小分子与靶蛋白相互作用后可改变蛋白的热稳定性。当小分子与蛋白结合后, 增加了蛋白的结构稳定性, 使得在相同温度条件下, 小分子和蛋白结合后更不易聚集和变性[84, 85]。该方法通常可通过WB用于验证小分子直接结合的靶蛋白(图3B)[86]。然而, 此方法对于低丰度的靶蛋白或结合较弱的蛋白识别效果不佳。Zhang等[87]通过下拉实验并结合质谱鉴定发现苦参碱(matrine)可与酪氨酸激酶(Src)结合, 通过CETSA验证了加入苦参碱后, Src稳定性增加, 证实了Src与苦参碱直接结合。Luo等[88]采用CETSA验证了Cel可直接与PKM2和HMGB1结合, 从而缓解小鼠脓毒症引起的组织损伤。Liu等[89]通过CETSA证明了汉黄芩素(wogonin)可直接与Bcl-2结合, 导致细胞凋亡。Xiao等[90]通过CETSA验证了龙胆苦苷(gentiopicroside)可与PAQR3结合, 激活PI3K/AKT通路抑制胰岛素抵抗, 改善糖脂代谢异常。
热蛋白质组分析(thermal proteome profiling, TPP)是一种基于CETSA和定量蛋白质组学可高通量识别靶标的技术(图3B)[91]。可用于识别活性蛋白质-小分子、蛋白质-代谢物和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。与CETSA相比, 基于定量蛋白质组学可同时检测样品中随温度变化的多种蛋白[86, 92]。Kakegawa等[93]基于TPP发现从狗牙花中得到的化合物conophylline可与GPX4结合, 抑制GPX4活性使细胞中活性氧(ROS)累积, 从而诱导细胞自噬。Zhang等[94]利用TPP的策略发现藤黄酸(gambogic acid)可与CNPY3结合, 诱导细胞焦亡。在此基础上, 基于化合物浓度和温度同时变化开发的2D-热蛋白质组分析(2D-TPP), 可探究随着小分子浓度和温度变化的靶蛋白的识别[93]。
蛋白质在氧化剂和有机溶剂中易发生变性。小分子与蛋白质结合时, 蛋白质的构象可能会发生改变, 从而影响其稳定性和抗氧化能力。基于此原理研究者们开发了几种用于靶蛋白识别的方法。
蛋白质氧化速率稳定性(stability of proteins from rates of oxidation, SPROX)的原理是当小分子与蛋白质结合时能增强其抗氧化能力, 通过比较是否存在小分子时, 氧化产物与氧化剂浓度的关系, 推测更不易被氧化的蛋白可能为靶蛋白(图3C)[95]。需要注意的是, 基于SPROX的方法要求多肽上含有甲硫氨酸(Met)[96]。West等[97]采用SPROX的方法发现, 酵母细胞中环孢素A (cyclosporin A)可以与10个蛋白发生相互作用, 其中包括已报道的UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase和其他与葡萄糖代谢相关的蛋白。Xu等[98]通过SPROX的方法进一步证实了格尔德霉素(geldanamycin)与热休克蛋白90结合而发挥抗肿瘤活性。Geer Wallace等[99]采用SPROX结合氨基酸在细胞培养中的稳定同位素标记(stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, SILAC)的策略, 发现manassantin A可与细丝蛋白1和翻译延伸因子1α结合发挥抗肿瘤作用。
化学变性和蛋白质沉淀法(chemical denaturation and protein precipitation, CPP)是SPROX和TPP的结合的方法, 其原理是活性小分子与蛋白质结合后, 对变性剂的抵抗力增强, 不易发生变性。加入变性剂诱导蛋白质沉淀, 离心后得到的可溶蛋白可通过质谱进行定量分析[100]。与SPROX相比, CPP可以显著提高蛋白质覆盖率[67, 100]。Meng等[100]采用CPP的方法鉴定出了环孢素A和manassantin A中已知的靶蛋白, 证明了该方法的可行性。
溶剂诱导的蛋白质组分析(solvent-induced proteome profiling, SIPP)是将溶剂诱导蛋白质沉淀方法与串联质量标签(tandem mass tag, TMT)标记的定量蛋白质组学相结合[101]。其原理为活性小分子与靶蛋白结合后, 对有机溶剂诱导的沉淀具有更强的抵抗力, 结合定量蛋白质组学, 可分析蛋白质的量随溶剂浓度的变化情况。常用的有机溶剂包括丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和乙腈等[102]。基于此方法, 已在一些已知药物靶标中得到验证[103]。
pH依赖的蛋白质沉淀法(pH-dependent protein precipitation, pH-DPP)的原理是随着pH的降低, 蛋白质会逐渐变性并沉淀, 在有无活性小分子的情况下, 随着酸浓度的变化蛋白质沉淀聚集量也会不同, 可通过质谱对未沉淀的蛋白进行定量。与小分子结合的蛋白稳定性越强, 蛋白丰度也会越大, 以此来识别靶蛋白。Zhang等[104]利用pH-DPP结合TMT标记进行分析, 共发现45个蛋白是双氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)的潜在靶蛋白, 进一步的通路分析以及CETSA验证双氢青蒿素可能与ALDH7A1和HMGB1结合而发挥抗肿瘤作用。以下是基于小分子非标记识别靶蛋白的一些应用实例(图4)[73-75, 79-81, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 99, 104]。
中药效应物质的靶标识别是揭示其药效机制的重要环节。同时, 深入表征效应物质与靶蛋白的作用模式, 探究其结合方式及对靶标功能的影响, 对于发现更高效的候选药物分子或药物组合物具有重大意义。中药效应物质发挥药效通常需要与靶标蛋白通过共价/非共价结合来实现[105]。非共价结合小分子主要通过非共价键(氢键、疏水作用、范德华力、离子键、π-π堆叠)与靶蛋白发生可逆结合[106, 107]。相比之下, 共价结合的小分子可与靶标蛋白形成稳定的共价键, 从而永久性地“关闭”靶蛋白的功能。能共价结合的中药效应物质通常含有亲电基团或经体内代谢后产生具有亲电基团的代谢中间体, 通过与靶蛋白结合形成共价复合物, 从而使靶标失活并发挥药理作用[108, 109]。近年来, 源于天然的共价结合药物研发受到了业界的广泛关注。许多天然产物可与蛋白质共价结合, 包括许多含有亲电基团(如α, β-不饱和酰胺、酯、酮、烯醇和醌等)的中药活性成分[110], 其能够与蛋白质中的亲核基团(如半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸和丝氨酸的游离巯基、氨基和羟基等)发生共价结合, 进而调控蛋白的构象和功能[111]。
相比可逆结合的小分子, 具有共价结合特性的小分子在靶标识别和作用机制解析方面具有显著优势。这归因于共价结合产生的化学修饰在质谱样品的前处理和检测过程中能够较好地保留, 从而提高检测的可靠性和灵敏度。基于质谱的分析方法不仅可从复杂蛋白质组(如细胞或裂解物)中揭示小分子的生物靶标, 还能够具体表征小分子的共价结合机制及结合位点。以下将从完整蛋白水平和肽段水平的质谱分析分别介绍质谱技术在共价结合的天然产物研究中的应用。
完整蛋白质谱(intact protein MS)是一种直接分析完整蛋白质量变化的技术, 通过比较小分子处理前后蛋白质的分子量变化, 可确认小分子是否通过共价方式标记蛋白(图5A)[112]。例如, 当蛋白质质量的变化与小分子的分子量减去离去基团的质量相符时, 可推断蛋白质与小分子形成了共价结合物。这种直接观察不仅能够确认共价作用, 还可为化合物的作用机制提供重要信息。此外, intact protein MS还可精确量化蛋白修饰比率和药物结合的化学计量比。Li等[113]结合intact protein MS和MRM, 筛选了系列KRASG12C的共价抑制剂并表征其作用模式。发现随着孵育时间的延长, 选择性靶向KRASG12C中Cys12的修饰比例不断增加。通过分析修饰比例的变化表征抑制剂的二级反应常数(Kinact/Ki), 为靶向突变型KRAS的共价抑制剂优化提供了关键动力学参数。Pu等[114]采用intact protein MS结合反卷积分析, 在2 232种化合物中筛选出17种布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(BTK)的共价抑制剂。该方法通过直接分析蛋白质的质量变化, 可快速识别与靶蛋白形成共价结合的候选化合物, 显著提高了筛选效率。此外, intact protein MS还能揭示化合物处理后蛋白质量的意外变化。例如, Bashore等[115]在研究USP7与氰基吡咯烷抑制剂的互作时, 发现了34 Da的质量变化。进一步证明该分子量变化源于酶-抑制剂加合物的β-消除反应, 导致活性位点的半胱氨酸被转化为脱氢丙氨酸。上述发现为揭示该共价抑制剂的作用机制提供了重要线索。
完整蛋白质质谱和肽段水平分析通常相辅相成, 提供互补的信息。完整蛋白质质谱能够确认共价键的形成及蛋白质水平的化学计量比, 而肽段水平分析则能够提供具体修饰位点及抑制剂结合位点占有率等信息(图5B)[116]。基于bottom-up的蛋白组学方法通过检测共价修饰靶蛋白酶解后的肽段, 可精准定位共价修饰位点, 该方法流程标准化程度高并且普适性高, 但对于不同位点修饰率, 需要进行修饰肽段的靶向分析[117]。同时需要注意, 化学修饰可能会影响肽段在串联质谱(MS/MS)碎裂过程中的解离特性, 从而降低某些算法的识别效率[118]。Deng等[119]利用bottom-up质谱的方法鉴定了黄腐酚(xanthohumol)可与Keap1蛋白的半胱氨酸残基Cys151、Cys273和Cys288共价结合以影响Nrf2的泛素化, 从而激活Nrf2/xCT/GPX4信号通路, 在药物诱导的肝脏铁死亡模型中展现出保护作用。Zhang等[120]利用bottom-up质谱的方法鉴定了四氢丹参酮Ⅰ (tetrahydro tanshinone Ⅰ)可与肠道微生物胆盐水解酶的半胱氨酸共价结合, 从而抑制其酶活性, 这一发现为其在肥胖和糖尿病等代谢性疾病中的潜在治疗作用提供了研究基础。Zhang等[121]在研究金银花提取物对SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶(Mpro)的抑制效果时, 借助质谱技术对提取物的化学成分及其与Mpro共孵育后酶解肽段的质量变化进行了深入研究。结果发现, 金银花中有22种活性成分能够与Mpro的半胱氨酸残基形成共价结合。进一步的功能研究表明, 这些成分中, 槲皮素(quercetin)和没食子酸(gallic acid)能够以浓度和时间依赖的方式显著抑制Mpro的活性, 证实它们是高效的共价抑制剂。该研究通过整合靶点导向的高通量筛选和多维质谱检测技术, 高效鉴定了药用植物中关键的抗病毒成分。
Bottom-up方法在面对复杂样本具有显著优势, 但其复杂的样本前处理过程和“从局部拼凑整体”的特点可能导致部分修饰信息的丢失。而top-down方法则直接分析完整蛋白质, 尤其适合研究高度修饰的蛋白, 因为在此方法中, 共存的修饰不会因肽段切割而分离, 可以通过串联质谱实现修饰的精确定位和定量。Brunner等[122]结合高分辨率的top-down质谱与生物信息学方法, 成功鉴定并相对定量了具有相同修饰数量但不同位置修饰的蛋白质异构体(positional isomers)。该方法在泛素化蛋白的修饰异构体检测中展现了卓越的准确性, 同样适用于由小分子化学修饰引起的蛋白修饰异构体的分析。然而, 受技术限制的影响, 较大或疏水性蛋白质在top-down质谱分析中的表征仍然面临显著挑战。
天然产物与疾病相关蛋白间的非共价相互作用影响疾病治疗的药理过程。MS被认为是研究配体-靶标复合物非共价作用的有力工具, 可用于解析其结合位点、结合能和解离常数等, 可助力其作用机制的阐明[13]。以下, 将从非变性质谱、蛋白质足迹分析和化学交联质谱方面分别介绍生物质谱技术用于非共价结合小分子作用机制解析方面的应用。
由于native MS可保留分子间的非共价相互作用, 因此除了用于蛋白质高级结构的表征外, 还可直接观测“靶蛋白-小分子配体”复合物(图5C)[123]。Zhuang等[124]利用native MS研究了黄酮类化合物和白藜芦醇衍生物与铜锌超氧化物歧化酶1 (SOD1)间的结合亲和力, 同时结合离子淌度模块分析, 评估了小分子配体对SOD1二聚体构象的影响。研究发现: 部分天然产物可显著稳定SOD1蛋白的二聚体构象, 进而减少因蛋白结构不稳定导致的聚集现象, 为深入探究SOD1相关疾病的发生发展和药物干预提供了新视角。Alexander等[125]利用native MS探究了黄酮类化合物与人血清白蛋白间的非共价作用并总结了构效关系。发现黄酮化合物中羟基和双键的位置会影响其与白蛋白的结合亲和力。通过与已知结合位点药物的竞争实验, 发现芹菜素与华法林竞争相同的白蛋白结合位点, 而与布洛芬的结合则表现出协同效果。结合圆二色谱和分子对接进一步揭示了芹菜素与布洛芬的协同别构机制。Gavriilidou等[126]采用native MS研究了丙酮酸激酶M2 (PKM2)浓度对其二聚体与活性四聚体平衡的影响, 并估算了两种构象的解离常数。研究发现: 果糖-1, 6-磷酸(FBP)浓度提升能显著促进PKM2向四聚体状态的转变, 且仅观测到FBP与PKM2的四聚体结合。上述研究揭示了配体诱导PKM2的独特变构机制及其聚集状态的动态调控规律。
HDX-MS可用于研究小分子的结合位点以及蛋白与小分子结合后的构象变化(图5D)[127]。该方法基于在重水(D2O)环境中, 蛋白主链上酰胺中的氢(H)可与D2O中的氘(D)发生可逆交换的原理。在天然折叠的蛋白结构中, 氢的交换速率受到局部结构、氢键网络以及溶剂可及性等因素的影响, 不同构象区域表现出特异性的交换动力学特征。通过比较相同时间点不同肽段中氘的摄取量, 并结合蛋白序列信息, 可以评估小分子结合前后靶蛋白的氢氘交换速率的变化, 从而推断蛋白整体或局部结构的构象差异, 包括结合位点周围以及可能涉及的远程区域[128]。在结合位点识别方面, 可通过比较有无小分子条件下各肽段的氘摄取差异, 推测小分子的结合位置[129, 130]。需要注意的是, HDX-MS提供的结合位点信息属于间接证据, 结果受限于质谱分辨率及肽段覆盖率, 可能存在一定的误差。Yang等[131]首先利用AfBPP的策略合成了毛喉素(forskolin, FSK)的光亲和探针(AD-FSK), 通过质谱分析, 发现转谷氨酰胺酶2 (TGM2)可能是FSK促进成骨细胞分化的潜在靶点, CETSA和DARTS证实了FSK可与TGM2直接结合。HDX-MS进一步证实了FSK可诱导TGM2的β-sandwich结构域形成“开放”构象, 促进底物与蛋白结合, 进而可用于治疗骨质疏松。Karageorgos等[132]采用HDX-MS比较了人单酰基甘油脂肪酶(hMGL)抑制剂对其构象的影响。
靶标响应可及性分析技术(target responsive accessibility profiling, TRAP)是一种蛋白质足迹分析, 属于不可逆的共价标记方法[133]。该方法通过在赖氨酸残基上引入同位素标记的二甲基后能否共价标记赖氨酸, 可反映蛋白构象是否发生变化, 同时也可实现对蛋白质的鉴定和定量(图5E)[133, 134]。二甲基标记具有标记效率高、所需样品量少; 可用细胞、组织等样品标记的优点[135]。Chen等[136]利用TRAP研究银杏双黄酮(ginkgetin)与凝血酶的结合位点时, 发现用二甲基标记凝血酶与银杏双黄酮共孵育后的赖氨酸; 与对照组相比, 凝血酶结合位点Ⅰ的3个关键赖氨酸Lys107、Lys109和Lys110的标记率从80%降至0, 其他赖氨酸结合位点变化不明显, 推测银杏双黄酮与凝血酶的外结合位点Ⅰ结合而发挥抑制作用。Shang等[137]采用TRAP发现沙蟾毒精(arenobufagin)可与HSP90β结合, 进一步的微量热泳动以及CETSA实验均证明了沙蟾毒精与HSP90β的结合, 推测其可通过降低HSP90β-STAT3-PD-L1轴的活性而发挥抗结直肠癌的作用。
CXL-MS在蛋白-配体相互作用研究中具有重要应用价值[138, 139]。该方法通过在蛋白与小分子配体之间或蛋白形成共价交联, 捕捉其结合状态或构象变化, 从而提供结合位点或空间构型的结构信息(图5F)。交联剂通常由一个连接链和两个可与特定官能团反应的活性基团组成, 常见的反应位点包括蛋白质中的赖氨酸、半胱氨酸等残基[140]。在交联剂设计需综合考虑活性基团的特异性、交联臂的长度(决定其适用于识别蛋白内结构变化还是蛋白-配体接近区域)以及交联剂的可裂解性和可富集性, 以提高交联肽段在质谱分析中的鉴定效率[141]。在蛋白-小分子配体互作研究中, CXL-MS可采用两种策略: 一是设计含有反应基团的小分子探针, 使其与靶蛋白发生共价交联, 从而直接定位结合位置[142]; 二是利用常规蛋白交联剂, 通过比较加药与未加药条件下交联肽段丰度的变化, 间接评估小分子结合引发的构象改变或位点暴露[143]。该方法尤其适用于小分子结合引起蛋白构象重排或变构效应的研究。优化交联反应条件(如交联剂浓度、反应时间、温度和溶液pH)对于确保交联效率及维持蛋白功能状态亦至关重要。利用CXL-MS研究蛋白和小分子相互作用主要是通过比较加入小分子后发生交联肽段丰度的变化来判断是否引起其构象的变化。Zheng等[144]利用CXL-MS研究了PPARγ与其拮抗剂SR11023结合后其构象的变化, 交联剂BS3可将24 Å距离内的赖氨酸残基交联, 结合核磁共振和HDX-MS揭示了SR11023介导PPARγ活性改变的分子机制。Offensperger等[145]基于定量CXL-MS发现在加入小分子OF232后, 通过交联剂DSS进行交联发现E3泛素连接酶E6AP的N端和C端交联数量增加, 使其更加稳定可作为E6AP激活剂, 促进泛素化过程。未来可开发为治疗安格曼综合征药物的先导化合物。
中药功效物质作为药物研发的重要源泉, 其潜在价值尚未得到充分挖掘。中药功效物质作用靶标的高效发现和作用模式的精准表征是阐释中药独特药理机制的关键环节, 同时对中药方剂的临床精准应用和二次开发等意义重大。虽然中药现代30多年来, 研究者发现了一大批中药的功效物质, 但其药理机制及作用模式的深度解析仍面临诸多挑战。随着基于生物质谱技术的化学生物学和生命组学等前沿技术的日益完善及相关学科的快速发展, 深入探究中药功效物质的作用靶标以及其与靶蛋白间的互作模式已逐步成为中药药理学研究的主流趋势。借助生物质谱技术, 研究者们能够更加全面地阐释中药功效物质的作用靶标和药理机制, 进而为中药方剂的临床精准应用和源于中药的创新药物研发提供科学依据。
随着生物质谱、蛋白质组学及生物信息学等新型技术的快速发展, 一系列高效、灵敏的靶标发现策略应运而生。这些方法为天然产物的靶标发现和验证提供了多种选择, 并展现出各自的独特优势, 但亦面临成本、时间及适用范围等方面的挑战。针对中药这样复杂的研究对象, 采用多技术联合策略, 通过交叉验证, 是提升研究精准度与深度的有效途径。此外, 对于初步筛选出的潜在靶点, 后续分子机制的深度剖析及功能验证仍是揭示中药效应物质作用机制不可或缺的环节。基于质谱平台的靶蛋白与小分子相互作用研究方法为现代药物开发中的机制解析提供了独特的视角。相较于传统方法, 如等温滴定量热法(ITC)、表面等离子共振(SPR)、微量热泳动(MST)、核磁共振(NMR)和X射线晶体衍射(XRD), 质谱技术在灵敏度和灵活性方面具有显著优势。通过结合动态标记、化学交联、氢-氘交换、离子淌度分析等创新方法, 质谱技术能够深入解析结合位点、构象变化及多分子相互作用的复杂机制。特别是在研究复杂生物体系和难解析靶标(如膜蛋白或大型复合物)时, 质谱技术能够弥补传统方法的不足, 展示出卓越的应用潜力。尽管这些方法在一定程度上仍处于粗粒度水平, 通常在配体结合引起显著构象变化时效果最佳, 但近年来相关技术的快速发展正在不断拓展其应用边界。特别是人工智能与大数据技术的融合, 在质谱数据的高效处理、模式识别与复杂背景去噪等方面展现出强大能力, 显著提升了数据解析的准确性与通量水平。同时, 人工智能可集成网络药理学、多组学信息及临床大数据, 实现中药复杂体系中活性物质与作用靶标之间更精准的关联挖掘[146]。此外, 人工智能驱动的蛋白结构预测工具与实验质谱数据的结合, 正成为解析蛋白-小分子相互作用模式的重要补充手段。随着这一趋势的不断推进, 质谱平台将在未来的药物开发领域占据核心地位, 甚至成为首选工具, 为复杂体系中中药效应物质的靶标筛选与验证提供一体化且更为可靠的解决方案, 这不仅将极大推动中药研究的现代化, 还能为全球范围内的药物创新提供更广阔的应用前景。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0076
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
  • 修回日期:2025-05-09
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    1上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学科技实验中心, 上海 201203
    3中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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