Article(id=1308468722771976479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0799, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1755532800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892853681, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1765468800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892853681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892853681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892853681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308468301072458736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='12', pageStart='3545', pageEnd='3798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765468800000', pubDateStr='2025-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892753141, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893218933, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3712, endPage=3719, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308468722969108768, articleId=1308468722771976479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Small-angle neutron scattering for characterization of pharmaceutical formulations, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a non-destructive structural characterization technique based on neutron-matter interactions, capable of providing microstructural information at the nanometer to micrometer scale (1-1 000 nm), including particle size distribution, morphological features, internal phase structures, and intermolecular interactions in pharmaceutical formulations. With the rapid development of nanodrug delivery systems (e.g., liposomes, polymeric micelles, lipid nanoparticles) and biologics (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, mRNA vaccines), conventional characterization techniques (e.g., electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering) face limitations in analyzing complex drug systems. Owing to its high sensitivity to light elements, exceptional penetration depth, and isotope discrimination capability, SANS offers unique advantages for probing the microstructure of pharmaceutical formulations. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in SANS applications for drug characterization, focusing on its pivotal role in elucidating the structure of nanodrug carriers, monitoring conformational dynamics of biologics, and investigating the self-assembly behavior of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Furthermore, the challenges of SANS in sample preparation, data analysis, and facility accessibility are discussed, along with future perspectives on integrating SANS with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and multiscale modeling. This review aims to provide new insights and technical support for the rational design and performance optimization of advanced drug formulations.

, authors=Hao-shi GAO1, He-ran LI2, *, authorsList=Hao-shi GAO, He-ran LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=He-ran LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308468723996713259, articleId=1308468722771976479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=小角中子散射技术在药物制剂表征中的应用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小角中子散射(small-angle neutron scattering, SANS) 技术是一种基于中子与物质相互作用的非破坏性结构表征工具, 能够提供纳米至微米尺度(1~1 000 nm) 的微观结构信息, 包括药物载体的粒径分布、形态特征、内部相态结构及分子间的相互作用等。近年来, 随着纳米药物递送系统(如脂质体、聚合物胶束、脂质纳米粒等) 和生物大分子药物(如单克隆抗体、mRNA疫苗等) 的快速发展, 传统表征技术(如电子显微镜、动态光散射等) 在解析复杂药物体系结构时面临局限性。SANS技术凭借其对轻元素的高灵敏度、优异的穿透能力及同位素分辨特性, 为药物制剂的微观结构研究提供了独特优势。本文系统综述了SANS技术在药物制剂表征中的最新应用进展, 重点探讨了其在纳米药物递送系统结构解析、生物大分子构象动态监测及药物活性成分自组装行为研究中的关键作用。此外, 本文还分析了SANS技术在样品制备、数据解析和设施可及性等方面面临的挑战, 并展望了其与人工智能、多尺度模拟等新兴技术结合的未来发展方向, 以期为药物制剂的精准设计和性能优化提供新的研究思路和技术支持。

, authors=高皓诗1, 李鹤然2, *, authorsList=高皓诗, 李鹤然, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李鹤然, authorNote=

作者贡献:

高皓诗负责组织文章的框架、文章的撰写及修改; 李鹤然负责了文章的思路指导和审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李鹤然, E-mail:
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Adapted from Ref. 56 with permission Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society, figureFileSmall=57vVqUbtvtjU4Wb1oQc9ig==, figureFileBig=j2RMomKl5x10JGtsMOw+9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499500470207103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468722771976479, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characterization techniqueWavelength (λ)/nmScattering angle (θ)/°Scale/nmFeature
SAXS0.01-0.50.05-201-300Suitable for samples with high electron density, offering strong penetration power and ideal for large-scale structural analysis, but less effective for low-contrast samples
SANS0.1-20.15-301-300Ideal for light-element (hydrogen, deuterium) samples, providing high contrast and localized structural information, but with weaker penetration power, making it more suitable for smaller samples
), ArticleFig(id=1308499500541510272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468722771976479, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The basic characteristics of SAXS and SANS. SAXS: Small angle X-ray scattering; SANS: Small angle neutron scattering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characterization techniqueWavelength (λ)/nmScattering angle (θ)/°Scale/nmFeature
SAXS0.01-0.50.05-201-300Suitable for samples with high electron density, offering strong penetration power and ideal for large-scale structural analysis, but less effective for low-contrast samples
SANS0.1-20.15-301-300Ideal for light-element (hydrogen, deuterium) samples, providing high contrast and localized structural information, but with weaker penetration power, making it more suitable for smaller samples
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小角中子散射技术在药物制剂表征中的应用
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药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(12): 3712-3719
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (12) : 3712 -3719
小角中子散射技术在药物制剂表征中的应用
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高皓诗1, 李鹤然2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2中国医科大学药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110122
通讯作者:
李鹤然, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

高皓诗负责组织文章的框架、文章的撰写及修改; 李鹤然负责了文章的思路指导和审阅。

Small-angle neutron scattering for characterization of pharmaceutical formulations
Hao-shi GAO1, He-ran LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0799
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小角中子散射(small-angle neutron scattering, SANS) 技术是一种基于中子与物质相互作用的非破坏性结构表征工具, 能够提供纳米至微米尺度(1~1 000 nm) 的微观结构信息, 包括药物载体的粒径分布、形态特征、内部相态结构及分子间的相互作用等。近年来, 随着纳米药物递送系统(如脂质体、聚合物胶束、脂质纳米粒等) 和生物大分子药物(如单克隆抗体、mRNA疫苗等) 的快速发展, 传统表征技术(如电子显微镜、动态光散射等) 在解析复杂药物体系结构时面临局限性。SANS技术凭借其对轻元素的高灵敏度、优异的穿透能力及同位素分辨特性, 为药物制剂的微观结构研究提供了独特优势。本文系统综述了SANS技术在药物制剂表征中的最新应用进展, 重点探讨了其在纳米药物递送系统结构解析、生物大分子构象动态监测及药物活性成分自组装行为研究中的关键作用。此外, 本文还分析了SANS技术在样品制备、数据解析和设施可及性等方面面临的挑战, 并展望了其与人工智能、多尺度模拟等新兴技术结合的未来发展方向, 以期为药物制剂的精准设计和性能优化提供新的研究思路和技术支持。

小角中子散射  /  药物制剂  /  纳米药物递送系统  /  微观结构表征  /  生物大分子

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a non-destructive structural characterization technique based on neutron-matter interactions, capable of providing microstructural information at the nanometer to micrometer scale (1-1 000 nm), including particle size distribution, morphological features, internal phase structures, and intermolecular interactions in pharmaceutical formulations. With the rapid development of nanodrug delivery systems (e.g., liposomes, polymeric micelles, lipid nanoparticles) and biologics (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, mRNA vaccines), conventional characterization techniques (e.g., electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering) face limitations in analyzing complex drug systems. Owing to its high sensitivity to light elements, exceptional penetration depth, and isotope discrimination capability, SANS offers unique advantages for probing the microstructure of pharmaceutical formulations. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in SANS applications for drug characterization, focusing on its pivotal role in elucidating the structure of nanodrug carriers, monitoring conformational dynamics of biologics, and investigating the self-assembly behavior of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Furthermore, the challenges of SANS in sample preparation, data analysis, and facility accessibility are discussed, along with future perspectives on integrating SANS with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and multiscale modeling. This review aims to provide new insights and technical support for the rational design and performance optimization of advanced drug formulations.

small-angle neutron scattering  /  pharmaceutical formulation  /  nanodrug delivery system  /  microstructural characterization  /  biologics
高皓诗, 李鹤然. 小角中子散射技术在药物制剂表征中的应用. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3712 -3719 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0799
Hao-shi GAO, He-ran LI. Small-angle neutron scattering for characterization of pharmaceutical formulations[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3712 -3719 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0799
在药物制剂的研发与生产过程中, 对制剂内部结构的精确表征对体内外等效性研究至关重要[1]。药物制剂的结构特性(如粒径分布、形态、内部相态及分子间的相互作用等) 直接关系到药物的成药性、递释行为及生物利用度[2, 3]。随着现代药物制剂技术的不断发展, 新型制剂形式层出不穷, 如纳米粒、脂质体、聚合物胶束、固体分散体等, 这些复杂体系的结构表征难度也日益增大[4]。传统的表征手段, 如扫描电子显微镜[5]、差式量热扫描法[6]、傅里叶变换红外光谱[7]和X射线衍射[8]等, 在面对一些特定的药物制剂结构分析时, 往往存在局限性, 例如对样品的破坏性、对某些成分的不敏感性及难以获取微观相态信息等问题。
小角中子散射(small-angle neutron scattering, SANS) 技术作为一种独特的、强大的结构表征工具, 在近年来逐渐受到药物制剂研究领域的关注[9]。与小角X射线散射(small angle X-ray scattering, SAXS) 相比, 尽管从X射线和中子散射数据中获取结构信息存在同样的基本原理和方法, 但X射线和中子的产生方式及其与散射介质的相互作用方式存在根本差异[10, 11]。中子具有独特的物理性质, 它对轻元素(如氢、碳、氮、氧等) 具有较高的散射截面, 且能够区分同位素, 这使得SANS技术在分析含有大量轻元素的药物分子及生物大分子的制剂体系时, 具有得天独厚的优势[11]。此外, 中子的穿透能力强, 可以对厚样品进行无损检测, 能够提供从纳米到微米尺度的微观结构信息, 包括粒子的大小、形状、分布及聚合态结构等[12]。这些特性使得SANS技术在药物制剂的表征中展现出巨大的应用潜力, 能够为药物制剂的研发、优化及质量控制提供关键的结构数据支持, 有助于深入理解药物制剂的物理化学行为, 从而推动药物制剂技术的进一步发展。本文将综述小角中子散射技术在药物制剂表征中的应用进展, 探讨其在不同类型药物制剂结构研究中的独特价值及所面临的挑战和未来发展方向。
小角散射技术是一种通过分析中子在小角度内的散射强度来研究材料在纳米尺度(1~100 nm) 上的结构特征的方法[13-15]。其基本原理是基于中子与物质的弹性散射, 即散射前后中子的能量保持不变。当波长较长的中子束照射样品时, 如果样品内部存在尺寸大于原子间距的不均匀结构, 就会产生散射信号。通过测量这些散射信号, 可以获得材料的微结构信息, 如粒子的大小、形状、分布及相互作用等[16]。SANS的基本原理和数据处理方法与SAXS十分相似, 二者可以互为补充和验证。它们的主要区别在于辐射源和波长, 具体对比如表1所示。SANS的基本原理如图1[17]所示, 一束准直的中子束穿过样品, 当这些射线穿过样品时, 它们中的极小一部分会与样品中的原子发生相互作用, 使散射矢量ki产生, 当ki穿过样品时, 其中一部分散射矢量与原子相互作用, 产生散射矢量ks。这些散射辐射随后被检测器收集, 其强度的角度依赖性通过动量q来表示, 根据公式(1) 计算q与散射角θ之间的关系:
$ q=\frac{4\pi }{\lambda }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\frac{\theta }{2} $
其中, λ为中子波长[11]。
SANS相较于SAXS展现出多方面独特的优势, 特别是在研究含有大量轻元素的有机分子和生物大分子时。中子与原子核的相互作用导致其对轻元素和同位素(如氢和氘) 具有较高的散射截面, 这使得SANS技术能够提供更精确、更详细的结构信息[18, 19]。在生物制药领域, SANS对于蛋白质、多肽等生物大分子的结构研究尤为重要, 它能够揭示这些分子在纳米尺度上的构象变化和相互作用, 这些信息对于SAXS来说可能较难获取。这些优势使得SANS成为研究复杂药物制剂结构和动力学特性的不可或缺的工具。
SANS的基本公式可以表示为散射强度I(q) 与散射矢量$ q $之间的关系[20]:
$ I\left(q\right)=\frac{1}{V}\int {e}^{iqr}〈\rho \left(r\right)\rho \left(r\text{'}\right)〉drdr\text{'} $
其中, I(q) 是散射强度, V是样品体积, ρ(r) 是物质的密度分布函数, 是散射矢量$ q=\frac{4\pi }{\lambda }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta $的大小, 表示中子波长与散射角度之间的关系。
在SANS实验中, 样品与介质之间的相干散射长度密度差(即衬度), 是影响散射强度的关键参数, 它反映了中子在不同物质中的散射能力[21]。由于H元素的相干散射长度为-3.742×10-4 Å, 而其同位素D为6.674×10-4 Å, 为了增强体系的衬度, 通常使用D2O作为溶剂[22]。相比之下, 固体制剂本质是药物与辅料在特定工艺下形成的共混物, 且这些组分多为碳氢化合物, 其本身衬度较低。为了满足SANS实验的表征需求, 往往需要对药物或辅料进行全氘代合成, 以提高样品衬度。然而, 这一过程不仅成本高昂, 且技术难度较大, 因此SANS在固体制剂中的应用较为有限。根据布拉格定律, 散射结构的尺寸与角度之间存在反比关系, 这意味着散射分析SANS通常指的是对较大长度尺度的信息进行探测[8]。这一特性使得SANS在研究药物递送系统中的微观结构方面具有独特优势, 尤其是在液体环境中, 能够提供关于药物分子聚集、扩散和释放的详细信息。
近年来, SANS在药物递送领域中主要应用于生物大分子结构表征[23, 24]、纳米医学和高分子材料等。在药物制剂表征的应用稍少, 主要集中在药物在液体中的自组装、扩散及释放。本文将介绍SANS在药物的溶液行为研究及几种液体制剂的表征。
纳米药物递送系统是一种先进的技术, 通过将药物包裹在纳米尺度的载体中, 实现药物的精准递送[25]。SANS技术能够提供纳米药物递送系统的详细结构信息, 包括纳米粒子的大小、形态、内部结构和多分散性[8]。这些信息对于理解纳米药物的性能至关重要。例如, SANS可以揭示纳米粒子的多层结构和层间厚度, 帮助研究人员优化纳米药物递送系统的设计[26]。
脂质体的结构可被描绘为一个核心被3个同心壳层所包围。图2[27]对比了SAXS与SANS所获得的散射强度对比。在SAXS中, 亲水部分的散射长度密度(ρh, e) 高于水溶液的散射长度密度(ρs, e), 然而后者仅略高于疏水核心的散射长度密度(ρt, e)。相比之下, 当中子散射应用于在氘化缓冲液中制备的脂质体时, 疏水尾部的对比度表现得十分显著, 而头基团则几乎无法被探测到。因此, X射线对于极性层的探测更为敏感, 而中子则在疏水层方面提供了更为丰富的信息。药物分子依据自身的亲水性, 倾向于插入脂质体的特定区域, 进而改变该区域的平均散射长度密度, 最终导致散射强度的改变[27, 28]。Jaudoin等[29]利用SANS技术系统研究了透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA)-脂质体复合体系的结构与释放行为。研究发现, HA的引入使脂质体层间距从5.2增至6.8 nm (q = 0.05~0.2 Å-1), 同时体系体积分数从15%降至8%, 证实了HA插入引起的空间排斥效应。在释放行为方面, 当聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 接枝密度超过0.1 chains/nm2时, 释放半衰期延长40%, 这与PEG链构象从“蘑菇态”向“刷状态”转变(Rg变化) 直接相关。研究还对比了共挤出和后插入两种制备方法, 发现后插入法制备的脂质体具有更显著的外表面PEG富集(90% vs 79%), 其散射曲线在q = 0.1 Å-1处的展宽及0.182 chains/nm2的外表面链密度, 为靶向递送系统设计提供了重要依据。这些发现通过关联结构参数(d-spacing、Rg等) 与功能表现, 为优化药物递送系统奠定了理论基础。此外, SANS还可对PEG修饰的脂质体的结构和PEG链分布进行表征, 通过比较不同制备方法及不同比例的PEG的修饰量的微观结构, 这对于提高脂质体的稳定性和药物递送效率具有重要意义[30]。
脂质纳米粒(lipid nanoparticles, LNPs) 作为一种极具潜力的药物递送系统, 其结构表征对于药物制剂的研发与应用具有至关重要的意义[31]。通过精确的结构分析, 可以深入理解LNPs的稳定性、药物包载能力、递送效率、细胞摄取行为及生物相容性等关键特性[32]。这不仅有助于优化LNPs的制备工艺, 提高药物的疗效和安全性, 还能为新型LNPs的设计提供理论依据, 推动药物制剂技术的创新与发展。因此, 对LNPs进行系统的结构表征是确保其在药物递送领域成功应用的基础, 也是当前药物研发领域的一个重要研究方向。SANS技术凭借其独特的探测优势, 能够深入探究脂质纳米粒的微观结构, 从纳米尺度上精准剖析其内部组成与空间排布情况[27]。Clementino等[33]使用SANS技术分别探究载有模型药物辛伐他汀的杂化卵磷脂/壳聚糖(lecithin/chitosannanoparticles, LCNs)、聚山梨酯-80修饰的聚-ε-己内酯(poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL) 纳米胶囊(PCL_P80) 及己丙基透明质酸钠(sodium caproyl hyaluronate, SCH) 修饰的-ε-己内酯纳米胶囊(PCL_SCH) 在模拟鼻黏膜液中的结构变化。结果显示, LCNs在与模拟鼻黏液接触后, 其多层结构虽得以保持, 但整体强度有所下降, 且层间距从6增加到7~8 nm, 这可能是由于壳聚糖与黏液中的负电荷糖蛋白之间的静电相互作用和氢键导致的拉伸。而PCL_P80纳米胶囊的结构在接触模拟鼻黏液后没有显著变化, 其表面的聚山梨酯80形成的水合亲水外壳有效防止了黏液链的吸附, 使纳米胶囊能在黏液中自由移动。PCL_SCH纳米胶囊同样在与模拟鼻黏液接触后结构保持稳定, SCH层在纳米粒子表面形成了稳定的屏障, 尽管可能存在氢键和其他非共价相互作用, 但有效防止了黏液链的吸附。SANS技术在表征纳米粒子的内部结构及其与模拟鼻黏液的相互作用方面。这些发现为优化纳米粒子的设计和提高其在鼻腔给药中的性能提供了重要的理论依据。
对于胶束药物递送系统, 尽管已被广泛认定为理想的药物递送载体, 但对于经典的胶束体系, 如聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚乙二醇(polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol, PLA-PEG) 胶束及聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚乙二醇(poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid-polyethylene glycol, PLGA-PEG) 体系, 获取其内部结构信息依然具有一定挑战性[34-36]。通过动态光散射在四氢呤喃/水体系中使用纳米沉淀法获得的颗粒直径为186 nm, 但要深入理解颗粒的内部结构, 仍需借助对比度变化: 通过改变样品中水和重水之间的比例从而调节样品的SLD, 在Yang等[37]的研究中, 分别通过在70%和100% D₂O溶剂中收集的SANS数据并进行同时拟合(图3[37]), 成功揭示了PLGA-PEG体系的内部结构信息。
生物药物制剂通常包括蛋白质和多肽类药物、疫苗、单克隆抗体、核酸类药物和细胞治疗和组织工程产品等几种类型[38-40]。SANS技术是表征溶液中生物大分子结构的有力工具[41]。因其适用于10 Å到1 000 Å范围内的长度尺, 便于研究生物大分子的柔韧性、构象动力学和相互作用[42]。
以单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody, mAb) 为例, Donnelly等[43]利用SANS技术研究了NISTmAb的氢-氘交换(hydrogen-deuterium exchange, HDX) 动力学, 揭示了不同配方条件(特别是盐类) 对mAb构象稳定性和动态行为的影响。研究发现, 不同盐类(如硫酸钠、高氯酸钠和硫氰酸钠) 对NISTmAb的热稳定性和构象稳定性具有显著影响, 且这种影响与Hofmeister系列的稳定性顺序一致。实验结果表明, 即使在低于变性温度的条件下, NISTmAb也会发生显著的构象波动, 这可能与蛋白质的长期稳定性密切相关。HDX-SANS作为一种非侵入性技术, 能够直接在溶液中测量蛋白质的HDX动力学, 为研究蛋白质的构象波动和稳定性提供了一种新的方法, 并为优化mAb配方和预测其长期稳定性提供了重要的实验依据。
同样地, SANS技术也被应用于研究mRNA LNPs的结构特性及其在不同环境下的动态变化。Li等[44]利用SANS技术追踪了基于Moderna疫苗配方的mRNA-LNPs的制备过程, 其中辅料DSPC、胆固醇和阳离子脂质SM-102的氘代量分别为88%、31.5%和94%。揭示了其在不同缓冲液环境中的形态演变(图4)。研究发现, 在乙醇含柠檬酸缓冲液中, mRNA-LNPs呈现多分散的均匀球形滴液结构; 而在去除乙醇后, 这些纳米粒转变为具有核心-壳层结构的形态, 且在进一步调整至中性环境时, 又发生了额外的聚集和微相分离, 导致结构和尺寸的显著变化。这些结果表明, mRNA-LNPs的最终形态是由其制备过程中的动力学路径所决定的, 而SANS技术则为深入理解这一过程提供了关键的结构信息, 这对于优化mRNA疫苗的递送系统和提高其治疗效果具有重要意义。此外, Chen等[45]发现商业化微流控技术生产的mRNA-LNPs中可能包含约30%的没有载有mRNA的LNPs (mRNA-free LNPs), 这使得结构分析变得复杂。研究发现, mRNA-LNPs的结构受到mRNA-free LNPs的影响, 如果未加以考虑, 数据解释可能会出现偏差。为了解决这一问题, 他们提出了一种方法, 通过从整体样本的SANS数据中减去mRNA-free LNPs的数值, 分离出与mRNA-loaded LNPs相关的数据。论文进一步提出了mRNA-free LNPs和mRNA-loaded LNPs的结构模型, 重点分析了脂质分布、核心大小和溶剂含量等关键差异。这项研究为LNPs的异质性提供了重要的见解, 有望在优化mRNA递送和疫苗制剂方面发挥积极作用。
Gobeaux等[46]利用SANS技术研究了角鲨烯-腺苷(squalene-adenosine, SQAd) 纳米颗粒与牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA) 之间的相互作用。研究发现, BSA能够从SQAd纳米颗粒中提取单体分子, 导致纳米颗粒的部分解离。SANS实验表明, 纳米颗粒在BSA存在时的散射信号显著降低, 表明纳米颗粒的体积分数减少, 同时纳米颗粒的尺寸也略有减小。此外, SANS数据还揭示了纳米颗粒在BSA存在时的胶体稳定性变化, 表现为纳米颗粒在BSA溶液中变得更加稳定。这些结果表明, SQAd纳米颗粒在血液中可以作为循环的药物储存库, 而BSA则可能作为载体将药物运输至目标组织。
此外, SANS技术的非侵入性和高分辨率特性, 使其在生物药物的研究中具有重要优势。与传统的表征方法相比, SANS能够在不破坏样本的情况下, 实时监测分子结构的变化, 特别适用于复杂的生物大分子和纳米结构[47]。SANS还可结合其他表征技术(如透射电子显微镜、动态光散射等), 以及分子动力学模拟, 以获得更加全面的生物药物结构与功能的信息[48-52]。
药物活性成分在溶液中的行为对于药物的稳定性、生物利用度及药效至关重要[53]。某些具有两亲性特征的药物分子能够在水环境中自发组装, 形成具有长程有序性的复杂结构[54]。这种自组装现象在表面活性药物成分(active pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs) 中尤为常见, 例如抗病毒药物、抗肿瘤药物、非甾体抗炎药物及胆汁酸盐等[55]。这些两亲性药物分子的自组装行为可能会显著影响其物理化学性质, 包括化学稳定性、溶解度和生物利用度等。SANS为研究这些药物分子的组装行为提供了一种强有力的工具。
Clulow等[56]研究了抗疟疾药物OZ439的水溶性及在不同浓度下的相行为。研究发现, OZ439的溶解性并非简单地依赖于溶解度, 而是与其自组装行为密切相关。随着OZ439浓度的增加, 溶液中药物发生了从大颗粒到微小胶束的转变。SANS实验揭示了药物分子在溶液中自组装形成的结构, 尤其是在低浓度时, 药物主要以自由碱聚集体的形式存在, 而随着浓度的增高, 这些聚集体解聚, 形成了带电胶束和层状相结构(图5[56])。SANS为研究这类自组装行为提供了独特的优势。通过改变溶液中水和重水的比例, SANS能够精确地测量药物分子在溶液中的结构和相互作用。特别是, 当OZ439的浓度超过一定阈值时, SANS检测到低q值范围的布拉格峰, 表明溶液中开始形成层状结构和胶束。这一发现揭示了OZ439的两亲性分子在水中不仅仅溶解, 还通过自组装形成了胶束或层状相, 这可能影响其溶解度和生物利用度。SANS的数据表明, OZ439的溶解度在低浓度时较低, 但随着浓度增加, 药物分子开始自组装成较小的胶束或层状结构, 从而有效地增加了溶解度。这种溶解度的变化并不单纯由药物的盐形态决定, 而是受到其自组装行为的强烈影响。尤其在药物浓度接近临界胶束浓度时, 药物分子转变为胶束形式, 从而影响了其在溶液中的行为和生物利用度。
SANS技术作为一种强有力的分析工具, 能够有效揭示APIs在溶液中的溶解行为和相态变化。特别是, SANS技术能够详细描述APIs如何通过自组装过程形成胶束或层状结构, 这些结构的形成对药物在溶液中的溶解度具有显著影响。这种对药物分子自组装行为的深入理解, 为口服药物制剂的设计提供了新的视角和策略。
SANS技术通过提供纳米至微米尺度的微观结构信息, 为理解药物制剂的结构提供了独特的视角。尽管SANS在药物制剂研究中展现了巨大的潜力, 但与其他表征技术相比, 它仍面临一些挑战。首先, SANS技术具有较高的技术门槛, 要求操作人员具备专业的技术背景和数据分析能力; 其次, SANS实验通常需要在专门的中子源设施中进行, 而这些设施的分布和可用性相较于X射线或光学设备较为有限。这些因素使得SANS的应用在药物研发领域仍然相对受限。
随着对SANS技术理解的不断深入及中子源设施和技术的逐步完善, 预计其在药物制剂设计和优化中的应用将愈发广泛。未来, SANS有望成为药物研发过程中不可或缺的工具, 为开发更高效、更安全的药物制剂提供强有力的支持。

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2025年第60卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0799
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-08-19
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    1广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2中国医科大学药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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