Article(id=1308468644657259457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0619, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=1758470400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892835058, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1765468800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892835058, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892835058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892835058, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308468301072458736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='12', pageStart='3545', pageEnd='3798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765468800000', pubDateStr='2025-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892753141, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893218933, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3631, endPage=3643, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308468647719101378, articleId=1308468644657259457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of PXR-CYP3A4 axis-mediated ritonavir hepatotoxicity through endoplasmic reticulum stress, columnId=1308468303916196849, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Current Pharmacological Research on Nuclear Receptors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ritonavir (RTV) is widely used as an antiviral drug in clinical practice, but the mechanism underlying its hepatotoxicity remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation exacerbates RTV-induced hepatotoxicity. This study was approved by the Life Science Ethics Review Committee of Zhengzhou University (approval No.: ZZUIRB2022-142). Pxr gene knockout mice were constructed and treated with a PXR agonist and RTV, followed by evaluation of liver function indicators, hepatic pathological changes, expression of the metabolic enzyme, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and apoptosis-related genes, as well as the major active metabolites of RTV. Cellular experiments were further conducted for validation. The results demonstrated that PXR activation aggravated RTV-induced liver injury in mice, accompanied by upregulation of the relevant metabolic enzyme, accumulation of active RTV metabolites in the liver, elevated ER stress markers, and increased levels of molecules associated with cell death and tissue damage. In HepG2 cells, knockdown/overexpression of PXR respectively inhibited or enhanced rifampicin (RIF, a human PXR agonist)-induced expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. PXR overexpression combined with RIF increased the hepatotoxicity caused by RTV, which was reversed after CYP3A4 knockdown. Mechanistically, PXR activation accelerates the metabolism of RTV into toxic metabolites via upregulating CYP3A4, and these metabolites trigger ER stress, thereby promoting hepatotoxicity. This study reveals the central role of the PXR-CYP3A4 axis in RTV-induced hepatotoxicity by triggering ER stress, providing a novel strategy for mitigating drug-induced liver injury through targeted modulation of PXR.

, authors=Xiao-fei WANG1, 2, Zai-huan XIONG1, Qi CHANG1, 3, Yi-hang YU1, Pei WANG1, Li-rong ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Xiao-fei WANG, Zai-huan XIONG, Qi CHANG, Yi-hang YU, Pei WANG, Li-rong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-rong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308468660130046929, articleId=1308468644657259457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发内质网应激介导利托那韦肝毒性的机制研究, columnId=1308468304109134835, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 核受体药物药理研究进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利托那韦(ritonavir, RTV) 作为抗病毒药物广泛应用于临床, 但其肝毒性机制尚未完全阐明。本研究旨在探讨孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 激活促进RTV肝毒性的分子机制。本实验获得郑州大学生命科学伦理审查委员会批准(批准号: ZZUIRB2022-142)。构建Pxr基因敲除小鼠, 给予PXR激动剂和RTV处理, 检测肝功能指标、代谢酶、内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER) 应激和细胞凋亡相关基因的表达及RTV主要活性代谢产物, 并在细胞水平进行验证。结果显示, PXR激活加剧RTV所致小鼠肝损伤, 伴随相关代谢酶上调、RTV活性代谢产物积累、ER应激、细胞死亡及组织损伤相关分子表达上调; 在HepG2细胞中, 过表达PXR联合利福平使RTV肝细胞毒性增加, 而敲低细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450, CYP) 3A4后毒性得以逆转。机制上, PXR激活通过上调CYP3A4加速RTV代谢为毒性产物, 后者触发ER应激, 促进肝细胞毒性。本研究揭示了PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发ER应激在RTV肝毒性中的核心作用, 为靶向调控PXR以减轻药物性肝损伤提供新策略。

, authors=王晓飞1, 2, 熊在欢1, 常琦1, 3, 余怡杭1, 王沛1, 张莉蓉1, *, authorsList=王晓飞, 熊在欢, 常琦, 余怡杭, 王沛, 张莉蓉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张莉蓉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王晓飞、熊在欢、常琦负责实验研究、数据采集及分析、论文撰写; 余怡杭负责实验数据分析; 王沛负责文献调研与分析; 张莉蓉负责实验设计和研究思路指导、论文修改、提供研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张莉蓉, Tel: 13503713618, E-mail:
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Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2020, 16: 711-722., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499197196861827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kamada Y, Nawata Y, Sugimoto Y. Lysozyme mutants accumulate in cells while associated at their N-terminal alpha-domain with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP [J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2016, 12: 184-197., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499197276553604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lugea A, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. Pancreatic adaptive responses in alcohol abuse: role of the unfolded protein response [J]. Pancreatology, 2015, 15: S1-S5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499198924915077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang LY, Li F, Lu J, et al. The Chinese herbal medicine Sophora flavescens activates pregnane X receptor [J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2010, 38: 2226-2231., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499199004606854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lei SF, Lu J, Cheng AQ, et al. Identification of PXR activators from Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou Teng) and Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's Claw)[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2023, 51: 629-636., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499199067521415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Pavek P, Kamaraj R, et al. Dietary phytochemicals as modulators of human pregnane X receptor [J]. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2023, 63: 3279-3301., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308499186367168788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186371363093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186367168788, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186400723222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186367168788, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1郑州大学基础医学院, 河南 郑州 450001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308499186463637783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186472026392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186463637783, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186484609305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186463637783, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2郑州大学医学科学院, 天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308499186555912474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186572689691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186555912474, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499186581078300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, companyId=1308499186555912474, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3郑州大学第三附属医院, 河南 郑州 450052)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308499191597465933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YZlL8s/hWpSiFDDuZVfaQA==, figureFileBig=8d4+XyOTxepyclxhIsagEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499191698129230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Combined PCN and RTV treatment induced liver injury in WT mice. A: Serum AST levels; B: Serum ALT levels; C: Representative H&E-stained liver sections (scale bar: 200 μm). n = 6, x ± s. ***P < 0.001. NC: Negative control; PCN: Pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; WT: Wild-type, figureFileSmall=YZlL8s/hWpSiFDDuZVfaQA==, figureFileBig=8d4+XyOTxepyclxhIsagEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499191790403920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pah61IXOrHUMiBE9qXBhOQ==, figureFileBig=Zg0z561qsUursKkYosljhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499191853318480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pxr knockout attenuates liver injury induced by PCN combined with RTV in mice. A: Schematic diagram of primer design for Pxr targeting; B: Genotyping of Pxr knockout mice by PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis; C: Liver images of representative mice in each group; D: Liver-to-body weight ratio; E: Serum AST levels; F: Serum ALT levels; G: Representative H&E-stained liver sections (scale bar: 200 μm). n = 6, x ± s. ***P < 0.001. Pxr-/-: Homozygous mutant type of Pxr gene, figureFileSmall=pah61IXOrHUMiBE9qXBhOQ==, figureFileBig=Zg0z561qsUursKkYosljhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192067227986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oODhW0QqFv7Uy3LBKrqYLA==, figureFileBig=OAbOvIg8i8lgqZh7zwkrQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192134336852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of Pxr knockout on PCN-induced Cyp3a11 expression in mouse liver. A: qRT-PCR analysis of Pxr and Cyp3a11 mRNA expression levels in liver tissues from WT and Pxr-/- mice treated with PCN; B, C: Western blot analysis of Pxr and Cyp3a11 protein levels; D: Western blot analysis of Cyp3a11 protein levels; E: Liver microsomal metabolism assays showing the differential metabolic levels of testosterone (fold vs WT-NC). n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=oODhW0QqFv7Uy3LBKrqYLA==, figureFileBig=OAbOvIg8i8lgqZh7zwkrQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192201445717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bB0adQ2DOdkKKpL9P4H3mA==, figureFileBig=drhsNivlUeHG1O6CaN5iJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192436326742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Pxr knockout alters PCN-mediated bioactivation of RTV in mice. Liver tissues were collected from WT and Pxr-/- mice in NC and PCN-treated groups. MLM were isolated and incubated with RTV in vitro. A-F: The primary active metabolites of RTV were subsequently analyzed by UPLC-MS, with metabolite identification based on accurate mass measurements and characteristic MS/MS fragmentation patterns. MS/MS spectrum profiles and chromatogram of metabolites M1 (A, B), M12 (C, D), and M17 (E, F); G-I: Quantitative analysis of active metabolites M1, M12, and M17 (fold vs WT-NC). n = 6, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. MLM: Mouse liver microsome; UPLC-MS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, figureFileSmall=bB0adQ2DOdkKKpL9P4H3mA==, figureFileBig=drhsNivlUeHG1O6CaN5iJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192507629911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jp7prb27DX1WtmLSjIc+pQ==, figureFileBig=Br2G6HqR9H3fuWlK/kYQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192566350168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pxr knockout modulates PCN/RTV-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis signaling in mouse liver. Liver tissues were acquired from WT and Pxr-/- mice in NC and PCN+RTV-treated groups. A: The structure of the ER under electron microscopy; #, dilated ER; Magnification: × 3 000 (upper row) and × 8 000 (lower row); B-H: The mRNA expression levels of Bip, Chop, Atf3, Pdi, Xbp1s, Dr5, and Mcp1 were determined by qRT-PCR; I: Representative Western blot images of Bip, Xbp1s, Bax, and Bcl-2; J: Bip protein levels; K: Xbp1s protein levels; L: Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=jp7prb27DX1WtmLSjIc+pQ==, figureFileBig=Br2G6HqR9H3fuWlK/kYQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192646041945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f/YPqIUM4e9hAHHU8f2Org==, figureFileBig=AaFHkLYfdKA4y36GYK2G7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192708956506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=CYP3A4 knockdown attenuates RTV-induced hepatotoxicity exacerbated by PXR overexpression in cells pretreated with RIF. HepG2 cells were transfected with siPXR or PXR overexpression plasmids, or co-transfected with siCYP3A4 and PXR overexpression plasmids, followed by treatment with 10 μmol·L-1 RIF. A, C, and E: mRNA expression levels of PXR and CYP3A4 were quantified by qRT-PCR; B, D, and F: Protein levels of PXR and CYP3A4 were analyzed by Western blot; G: Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by measuring LDH release after treatment with varying concentrations of RTV. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. RIF: Rifampicin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, figureFileSmall=f/YPqIUM4e9hAHHU8f2Org==, figureFileBig=AaFHkLYfdKA4y36GYK2G7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499192771871067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ekEv+iXFPbstno0+vo1N/g==, figureFileBig=k3ojO+ntITESSVWrZXdOaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499194445398364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Mechanism of PXR-mediated exacerbation of RTV-induced liver injury. Activation of PXR upregulates hepatic CYP3A4 expression, enhancing the metabolic conversion of RTV to its reactive intermediates. These bioactive metabolites then trigger ER stress, inducing hepatocyte apoptosis through the BIP-CHOP-Bax pathway and ultimately leading to liver injury, figureFileSmall=ekEv+iXFPbstno0+vo1N/g==, figureFileBig=k3ojO+ntITESSVWrZXdOaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499194537673053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer setPrimerSequence
m-GapdhForward5'-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3'
Reverse5'-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3'
m-PxrForward5'-CCCATCAACGTAGAGGAGGA-3'
Reverse5'-TCTGAAAAACCCCTTGCATC-3'
m-Cyp3a11Forward5'-ACAAACAAGCAGGGATGGAC-3'
Reverse5'-GGTAGAGGAGCACCAAGCTG-3'
m-BipForward5'-AGTGGTGGCCACTAATGGAG-3'
Reverse5'-CAATCCTTGCTTGATGCTGA-3'
m-ChopForward5'-CTGCCTTTCACCTTGGGAC-3'
Reverse5'-CGTTTCCTGGGGATGAGATA-3'
m-Atf3Forward5'-CTTCCCCAGTGGAGCCAATC-3'
Reverse5'-GACCTGGCCTGGATGTTGAA-3'
m-PdiForward5'-CTAGTCGAGTTCTTCGCCCC-3'
Reverse5'-AAAAACCCACCACTGAGGCA-3'
m-Xbp1sForward5'-CTGAGTCCGCAGCAGGTG-3'
Reverse5'-TTCCAGCTTGGCTGATGAGG-3'
m-Dr5Forward5'-ATAAAAAGAGGCTGTGAACGGG-3'
Reverse5'-GGTCCAAGAGAGACGA-3'
m-Mcp1Forward5'-AGGTGTCCCAAAGAAGCTGT-3'
Reverse5'-AAGACCTTAGGGCAGATGCAG-3'
h-GAPDHForward5'-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3'
Reverse5'-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3'
h-PXRForward5'-CAACCTACATGTTCAAAGGCATC-3'
Reverse5'-ACACTCCCAGGTTCCAGTCTC-3'
h-CYP3A4Forward5'-GCAGGAAAGCTCCATGCACATAG-3'
Reverse5'-GAGAAGCCAGGTTTCCATGG-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1308499194604781918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primers for qRT-PCR. m: Mouse; h: Human. Gapdh: The mouse homolog of human GAPDH; Pxr: The mouse homolog of human PXR; Cyp3a11: The mouse homolog of human CYP3A4; Bip: Binding immunoglobulin protein; Chop: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; Atf3: AMP-dependent transcription factor 3; Pdi: Protein disulfide isomerase; Xbp1s: X-box binding protein 1 splicing variant; Dr5: Death receptor 5; Mcp1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PXR: Pregnane X receptor; CYP: Cytochrome P450

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer setPrimerSequence
m-GapdhForward5'-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3'
Reverse5'-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3'
m-PxrForward5'-CCCATCAACGTAGAGGAGGA-3'
Reverse5'-TCTGAAAAACCCCTTGCATC-3'
m-Cyp3a11Forward5'-ACAAACAAGCAGGGATGGAC-3'
Reverse5'-GGTAGAGGAGCACCAAGCTG-3'
m-BipForward5'-AGTGGTGGCCACTAATGGAG-3'
Reverse5'-CAATCCTTGCTTGATGCTGA-3'
m-ChopForward5'-CTGCCTTTCACCTTGGGAC-3'
Reverse5'-CGTTTCCTGGGGATGAGATA-3'
m-Atf3Forward5'-CTTCCCCAGTGGAGCCAATC-3'
Reverse5'-GACCTGGCCTGGATGTTGAA-3'
m-PdiForward5'-CTAGTCGAGTTCTTCGCCCC-3'
Reverse5'-AAAAACCCACCACTGAGGCA-3'
m-Xbp1sForward5'-CTGAGTCCGCAGCAGGTG-3'
Reverse5'-TTCCAGCTTGGCTGATGAGG-3'
m-Dr5Forward5'-ATAAAAAGAGGCTGTGAACGGG-3'
Reverse5'-GGTCCAAGAGAGACGA-3'
m-Mcp1Forward5'-AGGTGTCCCAAAGAAGCTGT-3'
Reverse5'-AAGACCTTAGGGCAGATGCAG-3'
h-GAPDHForward5'-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3'
Reverse5'-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3'
h-PXRForward5'-CAACCTACATGTTCAAAGGCATC-3'
Reverse5'-ACACTCCCAGGTTCCAGTCTC-3'
h-CYP3A4Forward5'-GCAGGAAAGCTCCATGCACATAG-3'
Reverse5'-GAGAAGCCAGGTTTCCATGG-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1308499194684473695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetabolitePrecursor ionProduct ion
M1582426/525
M12694296/171
M13650531/443
M17710692/296
), ArticleFig(id=1308499194743193952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468644657259457, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Ion information of RTV metabolites. RTV: Ritonavir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetabolitePrecursor ionProduct ion
M1582426/525
M12694296/171
M13650531/443
M17710692/296
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PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发内质网应激介导利托那韦肝毒性的机制研究
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王晓飞 1, 2 , 熊在欢 1 , 常琦 1, 3 , 余怡杭 1 , 王沛 1 , 张莉蓉 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 核受体药物药理研究进展 2025,60(12): 3631-3643
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药学学报 |专题报道: 核受体药物药理研究进展 2025 , 60 (12) : 3631 -3643
PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发内质网应激介导利托那韦肝毒性的机制研究
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王晓飞1, 2, 熊在欢1, 常琦1, 3, 余怡杭1, 王沛1, 张莉蓉1, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学基础医学院, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 2郑州大学医学科学院, 天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450052
  • 3郑州大学第三附属医院, 河南 郑州 450052
通讯作者:
张莉蓉, Tel: 13503713618, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王晓飞、熊在欢、常琦负责实验研究、数据采集及分析、论文撰写; 余怡杭负责实验数据分析; 王沛负责文献调研与分析; 张莉蓉负责实验设计和研究思路指导、论文修改、提供研究经费。

Mechanisms of PXR-CYP3A4 axis-mediated ritonavir hepatotoxicity through endoplasmic reticulum stress
Xiao-fei WANG1, 2, Zai-huan XIONG1, Qi CHANG1, 3, Yi-hang YU1, Pei WANG1, Li-rong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 3The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0619
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利托那韦(ritonavir, RTV) 作为抗病毒药物广泛应用于临床, 但其肝毒性机制尚未完全阐明。本研究旨在探讨孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 激活促进RTV肝毒性的分子机制。本实验获得郑州大学生命科学伦理审查委员会批准(批准号: ZZUIRB2022-142)。构建Pxr基因敲除小鼠, 给予PXR激动剂和RTV处理, 检测肝功能指标、代谢酶、内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER) 应激和细胞凋亡相关基因的表达及RTV主要活性代谢产物, 并在细胞水平进行验证。结果显示, PXR激活加剧RTV所致小鼠肝损伤, 伴随相关代谢酶上调、RTV活性代谢产物积累、ER应激、细胞死亡及组织损伤相关分子表达上调; 在HepG2细胞中, 过表达PXR联合利福平使RTV肝细胞毒性增加, 而敲低细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450, CYP) 3A4后毒性得以逆转。机制上, PXR激活通过上调CYP3A4加速RTV代谢为毒性产物, 后者触发ER应激, 促进肝细胞毒性。本研究揭示了PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发ER应激在RTV肝毒性中的核心作用, 为靶向调控PXR以减轻药物性肝损伤提供新策略。

孕烷X受体  /  细胞色素P450 3A4  /  利托那韦  /  代谢活化  /  内质网应激  /  肝毒性

Ritonavir (RTV) is widely used as an antiviral drug in clinical practice, but the mechanism underlying its hepatotoxicity remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation exacerbates RTV-induced hepatotoxicity. This study was approved by the Life Science Ethics Review Committee of Zhengzhou University (approval No.: ZZUIRB2022-142). Pxr gene knockout mice were constructed and treated with a PXR agonist and RTV, followed by evaluation of liver function indicators, hepatic pathological changes, expression of the metabolic enzyme, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and apoptosis-related genes, as well as the major active metabolites of RTV. Cellular experiments were further conducted for validation. The results demonstrated that PXR activation aggravated RTV-induced liver injury in mice, accompanied by upregulation of the relevant metabolic enzyme, accumulation of active RTV metabolites in the liver, elevated ER stress markers, and increased levels of molecules associated with cell death and tissue damage. In HepG2 cells, knockdown/overexpression of PXR respectively inhibited or enhanced rifampicin (RIF, a human PXR agonist)-induced expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. PXR overexpression combined with RIF increased the hepatotoxicity caused by RTV, which was reversed after CYP3A4 knockdown. Mechanistically, PXR activation accelerates the metabolism of RTV into toxic metabolites via upregulating CYP3A4, and these metabolites trigger ER stress, thereby promoting hepatotoxicity. This study reveals the central role of the PXR-CYP3A4 axis in RTV-induced hepatotoxicity by triggering ER stress, providing a novel strategy for mitigating drug-induced liver injury through targeted modulation of PXR.

pregnane X receptor  /  cytochrome P450 3A4  /  ritonavir  /  metabolic activation  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  hepatotoxicity
王晓飞, 熊在欢, 常琦, 余怡杭, 王沛, 张莉蓉. PXR-CYP3A4轴通过触发内质网应激介导利托那韦肝毒性的机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3631 -3643 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0619
Xiao-fei WANG, Zai-huan XIONG, Qi CHANG, Yi-hang YU, Pei WANG, Li-rong ZHANG. Mechanisms of PXR-CYP3A4 axis-mediated ritonavir hepatotoxicity through endoplasmic reticulum stress[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3631 -3643 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0619
抗逆转录病毒治疗通过联合应用3种及以上药物显著改善了人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) 感染者的临床预后, 但药物不良反应引发的治疗依从性下降仍是影响疗效的关键问题。利托那韦(ritonavir, RTV) 作为HIV蛋白酶抑制剂(protease inhibitor, PI), 因其可抑制细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450, CYP) 3A4和P-糖蛋白活性, 显著提升洛匹那韦等PI的血药浓度而被广泛用于临床增效治疗[1-3]。然而, RTV相关肝毒性事件频发[1, 4, 5], 已成为HIV感染者非艾滋病相关死亡的重要诱因, 但其分子机制尚未阐明。因此, 揭示RTV肝毒性的关键调控机制, 对实现艾滋病精准治疗具有重要临床价值。
值得注意的是, 临床研究显示利福平(rifampicin, RIF) 或依法韦仑等孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 激活剂与RTV联用时, 患者肝损伤发生率显著升高[5-7]。PXR作为核受体超家族成员可调控CYP3A4等代谢酶的表达[8-11], 并介导药物相互作用[12, 13]。研究发现, RTV主要通过CYP3A4介导的N-去甲基化及噻唑环裂解等途径代谢[14-18], 而其开环代谢产物的进一步氧化反应已被证实具有肝细胞毒性[19]。因此, PXR激活可能通过上调CYP3A4加速RTV转化为毒性代谢产物, 进而诱发肝毒性。
肝脏作为药物代谢的核心器官, 其功能完整性依赖于肝细胞内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER) 和线粒体的协同调控[20, 21]。研究表明, 药物毒性代谢产物可通过诱导线粒体氧化应激或破坏ER稳态触发细胞凋亡[22-25]。ER应激作为细胞凋亡的关键调控通路, 在药物性肝损伤中发挥重要作用: 当毒性代谢产物蓄积时, 未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR) 被激活, 促凋亡因子如C/EBP同源蛋白(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, CHOP) 等表达上调[26], 最终通过Bax/Bcl-2通路诱导细胞死亡。
Shehu等[27]利用PXR/CYP3A4人源化小鼠发现PXR激活加剧RTV肝毒性, 但该模型未能解析内源性ER应激如何介导肝损伤。本研究通过构建Pxr基因敲除小鼠模型, 结合人源肝细胞实验, 揭示ER应激是连接PXR-CYP3A4轴与肝细胞凋亡的关键枢纽。鉴于PXR激活的种属特异性, 动物实验采用小鼠PXR特异性激动剂孕烯醇酮16α-腈(pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, PCN)[28]干预。本研究从代谢酶诱导、毒性产物蓄积和ER应激等多维度进行解析, 揭示了PXR激活通过CYP3A4依赖性代谢活化触发ER应激, 进而驱动肝细胞凋亡, 为干预RTV肝毒性提供了新靶点。
实验动物  SPF级野生型(wild-type, WT) C57BL/6雄性小鼠购自郑州大学实验动物中心, 许可证号SYXK (豫) 2021-0011, 合格证编号No. 410975221100008863。Pxr基因杂合型(Pxr+/-) C57BL/6小鼠购自赛业(苏州) 生物科技有限公司, 许可证号SCXK (苏) 2018-0003, 合格证编号No. 320818200100102914。实验所用Pxr纯合突变型(Pxr-/-) 小鼠由本实验室繁育而得。所有小鼠均按照标准要求进行饲养。饲养条件: 温度25 ± 2 ℃, 湿度为40%~60%, 每日人工光照12 h, 自由进食和饮水。饲养小鼠至8~12周龄时进行实验。本实验获得郑州大学生命科学伦理审查委员会批准(批准号: ZZUIRB2022-142)。
药品与试剂  PCN (GC17893) 购自美国GLPBIO公司; RIF (≥ 97%, 557303)和RTV (> 98%, SML0491) 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; 睾酮(纯品型, 041092796) 购自泰坦科技探索平台; 哺乳动物组织蛋白裂解液(P1261-100T)、组织/细胞RIPA裂解液(R0020-100 mL)、5×蛋白上样缓冲液(P1041) 和SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒(P1320) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; TRNzol Universal总RNA提取试剂(DP424) 购自北京天根生物科技有限公司; Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015)、Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (13778150)、SYBRGreenMaster Mix (A46109) 和蛋白Marker (26616) 购自美国Thermo Fisher公司; PrimeScript RT reagent kit (RR047A) 和DNA marker-DL2000 (3427A) 购自日本Takara公司; BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0012)、NADPH (ST360) 和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 细胞毒性检测试剂盒(C0018M) 购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司; 蛋白酶抑制剂Cocktail (HY-K0010) 和Red核酸胶染料(HY-K1007) 购自美国MCE公司; 通用型组织固定液(G1101) 和电镜固定液(G1102) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; Pxr (ab192579) 和Cyp3a11抗体(ab3572) 购自美国Abcam公司; Bcl-2 (26593-1-AP)、Bax (50599-2-Ig)、CYP3A4 (18227-1-AP)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 抗体(60004-1-Ig)、HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠(SA00001-1) 和抗兔IgG (SA00001-2) 购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; 免疫球蛋白结合蛋白(binding immunoglobulin protein, Bip) 抗体(WL03157) 购自沈阳万类生物; Chop (2895T) 和X-盒结合蛋白1剪接变体(Xbp1s) 抗体(40435T) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; PXR抗体(sc-48340) 购自圣克鲁斯生物技术有限公司; siPXR和siCYP3A4购自上海吉玛生物科技有限公司; PXR过表达质粒购自上海吉凯基因科技有限公司。
实验仪器  KZ-Ⅱ高效组织研磨仪(美国Becton Dickinson公司); SX-500型高压灭菌锅(日本SANYO公司); C100 TouchTM型PCR扩增仪、水平电泳系统和Mini Trans-Blot蛋白电泳转膜系统(美国Bio-Rad公司); FC-E型化学发光成像系统(美国Proteinsimple公司); Milli-Q A10型超纯水制造仪(美国Sartorious公司); ThermoStat C型恒温金属浴和5427R型低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); NanoDrop 2000c超微量分光光度计、ABI Q6荧光定量PCR仪和1510型酶标仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司); Chemray 240全自动生化分析仪(深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司); DS-Ri2型倒置显微镜(日本Nikon公司); TSQ-280型恒温摇床(中国精宏仪器设备有限公司); Optima XPN-100超速离心机(美国Beckman Coulter公司); LC-30A型超高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司); QTrap 6500型质谱仪(德国AB SCIEX公司); HT7800型透射电子显微镜(日本Hitachi公司)。
Pxr基因敲除小鼠的构建  采用CRISPR/Cas9技术将位于小鼠16号染色体的Pxr基因外显子2~9作为目标敲除位点, 利用sgRNA引导Cas9核酸内切酶至目标基因组位置, 使小鼠基因组的双链DNA断裂并产生平末端缺口, 通过非同源末端连接途径进行修复从而进行片段敲除。取小鼠尾尖, 加入鼠尾裂解液提取核酸, 通过PCR方法鉴定小鼠基因型。引物序列如下: (primer 1) forward: 5'-CCCTTCAATCCGTTCAGTGC-3', reverse: 5'-TGACTGATTTGTCCAGAACACGG-3'; (primer 2) forward: 5'-TTCTCTGGCTGCCTACAGGTTC-3', reverse: 5'-TGACTGATTTGTCCAGAACACGG-3'。
实验分组及给药方案  将WT小鼠随机分为4组: 阴性对照(NC)、PCN、RTV、PCN+RTV组(n = 6)。NC组和PCN组分别以玉米油(溶媒对照, 10 mL·kg-1) 和PCN (100 mg·kg-1) 连续处理4天, RTV组和PCN+RTV组于第4天同时给予RTV (50 mg·kg-1, bid)。将Pxr-/-小鼠随机分为3组: NC、PCN、PCN+RTV组(n = 6), 给药方案同WT小鼠。PCN和RTV的剂量选择依据文献报道[27, 29, 30]及前期预实验结果。首次给予RTV 24 h后, 称重、麻醉、取全血, 之后处死并收集肝脏。将部分肝脏置于通用型组织固定液用于后续H&E染色, 部分肝脏置于电镜固定液用于透射电镜分析, 其余组织经液氮速冻后置于-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶(AST) 和谷丙转氨酶(ALT) 水平的测定  将小鼠麻醉后摘取眼球, 收集血液于EP管中, 室温静置2 h, 之后于4 ℃、3 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 收集上层血清。按照说明书配制检测试剂R1和R2, 在全自动生化分析仪上设置好相应参数, 上机测定血清AST和ALT水平。
肝脏组织形态学观察、病理学检测及透射电镜分析  处死小鼠, 暴露腹腔, 分离肝脏, 经预冷PBS清洗后拍摄照片, 观察记录肝脏形态学改变。取部分肝脏置于组织固定液, 经石蜡包埋切片后进行H&E染色, 于显微镜下观察病理学变化。取新鲜肝脏组织经电镜固定液固定后, 用不同浓度乙醇进行室温脱水, 之后经渗透包埋和聚合后, 于光镜下定位并制成60~80 nm超薄切片, 染色, 于透射电子显微镜下观察并采集图像进行分析。
细胞培养  HepG2细胞(SCSP-510) 购自中国科学院上海细胞库, 在含有10%胎牛血清、1%青-链霉素的高糖DMEM培养基中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱进行常规培养。
细胞转染、药物处理及LDH含量测定  将细胞接种至12孔板或96孔板, 参照转染试剂说明书转染PXR过表达质粒、siCYP3A4或siPXR, 之后用10 μmol·L-1 RIF处理48 h, 收集12孔板细胞提取RNA和蛋白; 将96孔板分为6组: 未处理对照、背景对照、总LDH、总LDH背景、样品和样品背景, 分别给予10 μmol·L-1 RIF和不同浓度(5、10、20、40、80 μmol·L-1) RTV继续处理24 h, 参照说明书进行LDH含量检测。
RNA提取及实时荧光定量(qRT) PCR  取小鼠肝脏组织(50~100 mg) 或细胞, 根据TRNzol试剂盒说明书进行RNA提取, 用NanoDrop 2000c测定RNA的浓度和纯度, 之后进行逆转录反应。采用SYBR Green染料法检测以下基因的mRNA表达水平(以基因Gapdh/GAPDH的mRNA表达为内参): Pxr、Cyp3a11、Bip、Chop、AMP依赖转录因子3 (Atf3)、蛋白质二硫键异构酶(Pdi)、Xbp1s、死亡受体5 (Dr5)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1 (Mcp1)、PXR和CYP3A4 (引物见表1)。
Western blot检测相关基因的蛋白表达  用RIPA裂解液分别提取各组小鼠肝脏组织或细胞的总蛋白, 采用BCA法检测蛋白浓度, 置于95 ℃金属浴5~10 min使蛋白彻底变性, 经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白。之后进行转膜、封闭(5%脱脂牛奶)、一抗过夜孵育、二抗孵育1 h, 经ECL显色后, 采用Image J软件进行灰度定量分析。
小鼠肝脏微粒体(MLM) 的提取  剪取肝脏组织, 用Tris-HCl缓冲液冲洗后加入PBS充分匀浆, 于4 ℃、12 500 ×g离心20 min; 向上清液中加入CaC12溶液, 混匀, 冰浴, 于4 ℃、27 000 ×g离心20 min; 沉淀用Tris-HCl缓冲液洗涤后再次离心; 收集沉淀, 用0.25 mol·L-1蔗糖溶液悬浮均匀。采用BCA法测定MLM蛋白含量。
体外孵育  向0.2 mg MLM溶液中加入睾酮(终浓度为50 μmol·L-1) 或RTV (终浓度为10 μmol·L-1), 补充PBS至体积为95 μL, 于37 ℃预孵育5 min; 加入20 mmol·L-1 NADPH 5 μL启动反应, 置于37 ℃摇床(睾酮和RTV分别反应10和40 min); 加入冰乙腈终止孵育, 旋涡后于4 ℃、15 000 ×g离心10 min; 将上清转移到自动进样瓶中, 使用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS) 进行代谢产物分析。
UPLC-MS测定代谢产物  睾酮代谢产物6β-羟基睾酮的检测条件参照Kumondai等[31]已发表的文献。RTV活性代谢产物M1、M12、M13和M17的色谱分离条件: 流动相流速为0.3 mL·min-1, 进样量10 μL, 色谱柱为Atlantis T3 (3 μm × 100 mm × 2.1 mm), 柱温40 ℃; 流动相A为水(含0.1%甲酸), 流动相B为乙腈(含0.1%甲酸); 梯度洗脱程序: 5% B 0 min; 5% B 2 min; 90% B 9 min; 90% B 12 min; 5% B 12.1 min; 5% B 15 min。质谱条件: 多反应检测(MRM); 正离子模式; 代谢产物离子信息见表2。
统计学分析  采用IBM SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析, 使用GraphPad Prism 7.0进行图像制作, 数据以x ± s表示。两组间的均数比较采用双尾非配对student's t检验分析, 多组数据之间的差异采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
为了探究Pxr激活在RTV所致小鼠肝损伤中的作用, 将WT小鼠先经PCN预处理, 后给予RTV处理。结果显示, PCN合用RTV组小鼠血清AST和ALT水平均显著升高(图1A、B), 肝细胞肿胀变性(图1C), 表明Pxr激活可促进RTV所致小鼠肝损伤。
本研究构建了Pxr基因敲除小鼠(图2A为示意图) 以明确Pxr激活在RTV致肝毒性中的作用。根据PCR扩增结果鉴定小鼠基因型, 如图2B所示。在WT小鼠中, PCN+RTV组的肝重系数显著大于NC组, 而在Pxr-/-小鼠中, PCN+RTV组与NC组相比, 肝重系数无显著变化(图2C、D)。血清生化检测结果显示, WT小鼠PCN+RTV组AST和ALT水平显著高于NC组, 而在Pxr-/-小鼠中无明显变化; 此外, Pxr-/--PCN+RTV组的AST和ALT水平显著低于WT-PCN+RTV组(图2E、F)。H&E染色结果显示, WT-PCN+RTV组小鼠出现肝细胞肿胀变性, 而Pxr敲除后, 该病理变化被显著抑制(图2G)。
前期研究发现, CYP3A4在RTV代谢中具有重要作用, 而PXR是CYP3A4诱导表达的关键转录因子。为了探究Pxr激活在Cyp3a11 (人CYP3A4同工酶) 表达调控中的重要作用, 本研究首先检测PCN处理前后WT和Pxr-/-小鼠肝脏组织Pxr及下游Cyp3a11的表达水平。如图3A~C所示, 在Pxr-/-小鼠中, Pxr的mRNA检测不到; PCN处理显著上调WT小鼠Cyp3a11 mRNA、Pxr和Cyp3a11的蛋白表达, 而在Pxr-/-小鼠中无此效应, 且Pxr-/--PCN组三者的表达均低于WT-PCN组。该结果表明敲除Pxr后, PCN处理不再诱导Cyp3a11表达。本研究进一步检测了PCN合用RTV后Cyp3a11的表达及酶活性水平。结果显示, PCN+RTV处理WT小鼠后Cyp3a11的蛋白表达仍显著上调, 但在Pxr-/-小鼠中无变化(图3D); 在WT和Pxr-/-小鼠中, PCN+RTV组6β-羟基睾酮的生成率均显著降低(图3E), 这与RTV作为CYP3A4不可逆抑制剂的特性一致。值得关注的是, 酶活性抑制是否影响RTV主要活性代谢产物的生成尚不明确, 本研究将在后续代谢产物分析中解析。
为了探究Pxr激活在RTV生物活化中的作用, 提取WT和Pxr-/-小鼠NC和PCN组MLM, 体外孵育RTV后使用UPLC-MS进行活性代谢产物分析。主要活性代谢产物的鉴定见图4A~F。
尽管RTV给药后Cyp3a11活性被抑制, 但其活性代谢产物分析显示, PCN预处理使WT小鼠肝脏中M1、M12和M17的累积量显著升高(图4G~I); 而Pxr-/-小鼠在PCN处理后, 代谢产物生成量与NC组无差异, 且显著低于WT-PCN组。这表明PCN诱导的Cyp3a11高表达使RTV在酶抑制发生前已高效转化为活性代谢产物; 而Pxr缺失导致代谢活化能力降低, 这与肝损伤减轻表型一致。
ER应激与细胞凋亡相关, 是调节细胞死亡的关键途径之一。本部分实验利用透射电镜观察PCN合用RTV后小鼠肝脏ER的形态学变化, 并检测ER应激标志物如Bip、Chop、Atf3、Pdi、Xbp1s, 以及细胞死亡及组织损伤相关基因如Dr5、Mcp1、促凋亡蛋白Bax和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达水平。结果显示, 在WT小鼠中, PCN+RTV组与NC组相比, ER腔出现显著扩张及空泡化(图5A), Bip、Chop、Atf3、Pdi和Xbp1s的mRNA表达均显著上调, 而Pxr-/-小鼠PCN+RTV组ER应激各项标志物均显著低于WT-PCN+RTV组小鼠(图5B~F); 在WT小鼠中, PCN+RTV处理后Dr5和Mcp1 mRNA显著上调(图5G、H), Bip和Xbp1s的蛋白表达上调, Bax/Bcl-2的比值升高, 而Pxr-/-小鼠上述指标均显著低于WT小鼠(图5I~L)。由此表明, 敲除Pxr能够改善PCN合用RTV引起的ER应激和细胞凋亡。
本研究在HepG2细胞中验证上述体内实验结果。如图6A、B所示, 敲低PXR后, RIF对CYP3A4的诱导作用消失; 而过表达PXR可使RIF对CYP3A4的诱导作用增强(图6C、D), 表明PXR在CYP3A4的诱导表达中起重要作用。将HepG2细胞同时转染过表达PXR质粒和siCYP3A4并给予RIF处理, 如图6E、F所示, 过表达PXR引起的CYP3A4表达上调被后者敲低所逆转; LDH结果显示, 过表达PXR并用RIF处理可显著增加10、40和80 μmol·L-1 RTV的细胞毒性, 而敲低CYP3A4后毒性得以逆转(图6G)。上述结果进一步证实了PXR/CYP3A4通路在RTV所致肝细胞毒性中发挥重要作用。
HIV感染者常合并感染结核分枝杆菌, 导致RTV和RIF联用几率增加。但其联用通常引起肝毒性, 这极大地限制了临床的常规治疗。因此, 探索RTV引起肝毒性的分子机制并寻找相关治疗靶点尤为重要。Shehu等[27]利用PXR/CYP3A4人源化小鼠模型首次证实PXR激活通过CYP3A4依赖性途径加剧RTV肝毒性, 为探索RTV肝毒性机制提供了重要的工作基础。虽然人源化模型能够模拟人类药物代谢, 但其在生理微环境方面存在局限性。本研究利用Pxr基因敲除小鼠模型并进一步通过体外细胞实验, 深度拓展了RTV肝毒性的分子机制, 发现ER应激是PXR-CYP3A4轴介导肝毒性的关键下游环节。
CYP3A4是肝脏中表达最丰富的药物代谢酶[32], 催化代谢约50%的临床药物[33], 是肝脏反应性代谢产物的主要贡献者。CYP3A4是PXR最主要的靶点, PXR/CYP3A4通路在药物代谢和药物性肝损伤中占据重要地位[34]。本研究发现, WT小鼠PCN合用RTV发生明显的肝损伤, 而将Pxr敲除后不再出现损伤; PCN预处理能够显著诱导WT小鼠肝脏Cyp3a11的表达, 即便给予RTV处理后, Cyp3a11的表达水平仍显著高于对照组, 但不能诱导Pxr-/-小鼠Cyp3a11的表达, 表明Pxr介导的Cyp3a11诱导表达是引起RTV肝毒性的主要原因。RTV经CYP3A4代谢的主要活性产物为M1、M12、M13和M17[17, 27]。与M1同时产生的2-异丙基噻唑-4-碳醛(M1-1) 可进一步代谢形成与谷胱甘肽结合的加合物。M12和M17均为噻唑开环代谢产物[17], 而噻唑衍生物的开环代谢产物可进一步氧化并导致肝损伤。本研究将WT小鼠用PCN处理后, MLM中M1、M12和M17的产量均显著增加; 而将Pxr-/-小鼠用PCN处理后, 三者的产量均低于WT-PCN组, 证实RTV经Pxr-Cyp3a11通路代谢活化。值得注意的是, 本研究揭示了一个关键现象: 尽管RTV抑制Cyp3a11活性, 但PCN预处理的WT小鼠仍累积更多毒性代谢产物。这与Koudriakova等[16]报道的“代谢活化先于酶抑制”机制一致。此项研究在小鼠体内并未检测到M13, 这可能是由于RTV的代谢产物在小鼠和人类之间存在一定的种属差异。
在真核生物中, ER是协调蛋白质合成、折叠和成熟的关键细胞器, 其稳态失调会导致错误折叠蛋白积聚并诱发ER应激, 进而激活UPR信号通路(包括ATF6、IRE1α-XBP1和PERK-ATF4-CHOP)。BIP作为UPR核心调控因子, 在稳态下结合未折叠蛋白, 而在应激时释放并激活上述通路: ATF6转运至高尔基体被S1P/S2P酶水解后入核诱导BIP和CHOP等基因表达; IRE1α通过剪接XBP1 mRNA生成活性转录因子XBP1s[35]以增强伴侣蛋白表达; PERK通过磷酸化eIF2α和激活ATF4促进CHOP等促凋亡因子生成。适应性UPR有助于肝细胞恢复稳态, 但持续应激会触发细胞凋亡[36]。CYP3A4是滑面ER中的关键代谢酶, 其介导的活性代谢产物可能通过共价修饰ER内蛋白导致构象改变而激活UPR。本研究PCN合用RTV后, WT小鼠肝脏ER腔出现显著扩张及空泡化, ER应激(Bip、Chop、Atf3、Pdi和Xbp1s)、组织损伤及细胞死亡相关基因(Dr5、Mcp1和Bax/Bcl-2比值) 显著上调, 表明RTV活性代谢产物可能通过扰乱ER稳态诱发UPR通路激活, 而持续应激导致Chop介导的促凋亡信号放大, 最终通过Bax/Bcl-2通路诱导肝细胞凋亡。而在Pxr敲除小鼠中并未观察到这些变化, 提示PXR依赖的CYP3A4激活是ER应激及后续肝毒性的关键机制。此外, 本研究从分子层面进一步证实了PXR/CYP3A4通路在RTV所致肝毒性中的关键作用: 在HepG2细胞中, 敲低或过表达PXR分别抑制或增强RIF对CYP3A4的诱导表达, 过表达PXR显著增加RIF合用RTV的肝细胞毒性, 而敲低CYP3A4后细胞毒性得以逆转。
综上所述, 本研究揭示了PXR通路异常激活加剧RTV肝毒性的机制: 一方面, CYP3A4的过度表达加速母体药物代谢, 导致活性代谢产物过量生成; 另一方面, 代谢产物的异常蓄积触发持续性ER应激, 通过BIP-CHOP-Bax通路最终导致肝细胞凋亡(图7)。该研究揭示PXR激活是导致RTV肝毒性的危险因素, 这对艾滋病患者的精准治疗极其重要, 提示该类患者在开始使用含RTV的治疗方案之前, 应避免同时使用PXR激活剂, 包括一些常用的处方药和中草药[37-39]。本研究证实靶向抑制PXR可阻断ER应激, 但临床转化需考虑PXR的生理功能。未来可探索组织特异性PXR抑制剂或ER应激缓解剂联用RTV的可行性。

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2025年第60卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0619
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-22
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    1郑州大学基础医学院, 河南 郑州 450001
    2郑州大学医学科学院, 天健先进生物医学实验室, 河南 郑州 450052
    3郑州大学第三附属医院, 河南 郑州 450052

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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