Article(id=1308468328448676842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0589, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1752768000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892759668, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1765468800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892759668, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892759668, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892759668, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308468301072458736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='12', pageStart='3545', pageEnd='3798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765468800000', pubDateStr='2025-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892753141, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893218933, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3665, endPage=3681, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308468329706968044, articleId=1308468328448676842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Epigenetic regulation of circadian clock genes in depression: multidimensional mechanisms and translational precision therapeutics, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Depression, a highly disabling psychiatric disorder, involves core disruptions in the epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA) of circadian clock genes (e.g., circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, period, and cryptochrome). This dysregulation causes abnormal gene expression rhythms, leading to neurotransmitter imbalance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivation, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. We propose an "epigenetic-clock-neural circuit" interaction model, wherein suprachiasmatic nucleus master clock dysfunction disrupts synchronization of the hypothalamic-hippocampal-prefrontal circuit, constituting the core mechanism of emotional-cognitive comorbidity. Depression exhibits distinct circadian epigenetic signatures compared to epilepsy or dementia, revealing disease-specific mechanisms. Animal and clinical evidence converge on the pivotal role of circadian epigenetics. Diverse therapeutic strategies target this mechanism, including antidepressants, small-molecule inhibitors, behavioral interventions, gene editing/RNA therapies, and biomarker-guided personalized medicine. Treatment is evolving from generalized to personalized approaches, requiring novel targets and technologies. Despite challenges, this groundbreaking research opens new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues, advancing psychiatry into an era of "circadian medicine".

, authors=Jia-cheng DAI1, Man-shu ZOU1, 3, Hai-xia HE2, Yu-hong WANG1, 3, *, authorsList=Jia-cheng DAI, Man-shu ZOU, Hai-xia HE, Yu-hong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-hong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308468333838357492, articleId=1308468328448676842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抑郁症生物钟基因的表观调控: 多维度机制与精准治疗转化, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抑郁症作为一种高致残性精神疾病, 其核心病理环节涉及生物钟基因[如时钟基因(circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, CLOCK)、脑和肌肉芳烃受体核转位蛋白1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, BMAL1)、周期基因(period, PER) 和隐花色素基因(cryptochrome, CRY)] 的表观遗传调控紊乱(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA)。这种失调导致基因表达节律异常, 进而引发神经递质失衡、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA) 轴过度激活及神经炎症加剧。基于此, 本文提出了“表观-生物钟-神经环路”交互模型, 强调视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN) 主时钟对下丘脑-海马-前额叶环路同步性的调控失能是情绪-认知共病的核心机制。深入研究发现, 抑郁症的核心症状及共病受特定生物钟表观调控机制的支配, 与癫痫、痴呆等疾病相比, 抑郁症具有独特的生物钟表观特征, 这揭示了抑郁症与其他疾病共性机制与特异性的区别。动物模型与临床证据的一致性也印证了生物钟表观遗传在抑郁症中的关键作用。针对此机制, 治疗策略呈现多元化, 包括抗抑郁药物、小分子抑制剂、环境行为干预及基因编辑与RNA疗法, 结合生物标志物开发推动精准分型与个性化医疗。抑郁症治疗正基于共性基础向个性化进阶, 未来突破方向需聚焦于新型靶点与技术。尽管面临诸多挑战与争议, 但该领域从基础到临床的突破性研究为抑郁症诊疗开辟了新路径, 有望推动精神疾病进入生物钟医学的新纪元。

, authors=戴佳程1, 邹蔓姝1, 3, 贺海霞2, 王宇红1, 3, *, authorsList=戴佳程, 邹蔓姝, 贺海霞, 王宇红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王宇红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王宇红, E-mail:
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抑郁症生物钟基因的表观调控: 多维度机制与精准治疗转化
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戴佳程 1 , 邹蔓姝 1, 3 , 贺海霞 2 , 王宇红 1, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(12): 3665-3681
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (12) : 3665 -3681
抑郁症生物钟基因的表观调控: 多维度机制与精准治疗转化
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戴佳程1, 邹蔓姝1, 3, 贺海霞2, 王宇红1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南中医药大学中医药科学院, 湖南 长沙 410208
  • 2湖南中医药大学第一附属医院, 湖南 长沙 410007
  • 3抑郁类疾病中医药防治湖南省重点实验室, 湖南 长沙 410208
通讯作者:
王宇红, E-mail:
Epigenetic regulation of circadian clock genes in depression: multidimensional mechanisms and translational precision therapeutics
Jia-cheng DAI1, Man-shu ZOU1, 3, Hai-xia HE2, Yu-hong WANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
  • 2First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
  • 3Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0589
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抑郁症作为一种高致残性精神疾病, 其核心病理环节涉及生物钟基因[如时钟基因(circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, CLOCK)、脑和肌肉芳烃受体核转位蛋白1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, BMAL1)、周期基因(period, PER) 和隐花色素基因(cryptochrome, CRY)] 的表观遗传调控紊乱(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA)。这种失调导致基因表达节律异常, 进而引发神经递质失衡、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA) 轴过度激活及神经炎症加剧。基于此, 本文提出了“表观-生物钟-神经环路”交互模型, 强调视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN) 主时钟对下丘脑-海马-前额叶环路同步性的调控失能是情绪-认知共病的核心机制。深入研究发现, 抑郁症的核心症状及共病受特定生物钟表观调控机制的支配, 与癫痫、痴呆等疾病相比, 抑郁症具有独特的生物钟表观特征, 这揭示了抑郁症与其他疾病共性机制与特异性的区别。动物模型与临床证据的一致性也印证了生物钟表观遗传在抑郁症中的关键作用。针对此机制, 治疗策略呈现多元化, 包括抗抑郁药物、小分子抑制剂、环境行为干预及基因编辑与RNA疗法, 结合生物标志物开发推动精准分型与个性化医疗。抑郁症治疗正基于共性基础向个性化进阶, 未来突破方向需聚焦于新型靶点与技术。尽管面临诸多挑战与争议, 但该领域从基础到临床的突破性研究为抑郁症诊疗开辟了新路径, 有望推动精神疾病进入生物钟医学的新纪元。

抑郁症  /  生物钟基因  /  表观调控  /  精准治疗  /  神经环路

Depression, a highly disabling psychiatric disorder, involves core disruptions in the epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA) of circadian clock genes (e.g., circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, period, and cryptochrome). This dysregulation causes abnormal gene expression rhythms, leading to neurotransmitter imbalance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivation, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. We propose an "epigenetic-clock-neural circuit" interaction model, wherein suprachiasmatic nucleus master clock dysfunction disrupts synchronization of the hypothalamic-hippocampal-prefrontal circuit, constituting the core mechanism of emotional-cognitive comorbidity. Depression exhibits distinct circadian epigenetic signatures compared to epilepsy or dementia, revealing disease-specific mechanisms. Animal and clinical evidence converge on the pivotal role of circadian epigenetics. Diverse therapeutic strategies target this mechanism, including antidepressants, small-molecule inhibitors, behavioral interventions, gene editing/RNA therapies, and biomarker-guided personalized medicine. Treatment is evolving from generalized to personalized approaches, requiring novel targets and technologies. Despite challenges, this groundbreaking research opens new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues, advancing psychiatry into an era of "circadian medicine".

depression  /  circadian clock gene  /  epigenetic regulation  /  precision medicine  /  neural circuit
戴佳程, 邹蔓姝, 贺海霞, 王宇红. 抑郁症生物钟基因的表观调控: 多维度机制与精准治疗转化. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3665 -3681 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0589
Jia-cheng DAI, Man-shu ZOU, Hai-xia HE, Yu-hong WANG. Epigenetic regulation of circadian clock genes in depression: multidimensional mechanisms and translational precision therapeutics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3665 -3681 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0589
抑郁症是一种以持续情绪低落、快感缺失为核心症状的常见精神障碍, 具有高致残性和复发风险[1]。根据世界卫生组织(WHO) 2023年公布的数据, 全球约有3.8%的人口患有抑郁症(5%的成年人)。抑郁症作为一种复杂的多因素精神疾病, 其发病机制涉及遗传易感性(如5-羟色胺转运体基因连锁多态性区域)、慢性压力、炎症反应及环境因素(如昼夜节律干扰) 的交互作用[2, 3]。近年来, 多项研究指出, 生物钟(昼夜节律) 紊乱不仅是抑郁症的常见症状, 更可能是其潜在病理机制的关键驱动因素[4, 5]。
生物钟(昼夜节律) 通过核心基因如时钟基因(circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, CLOCK)、脑和肌肉芳烃受体核转位蛋白1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, BMAL1)、周期基因(period, PER) 和隐花色素基因(cryptochrome, CRY) 及其负反馈环路调控睡眠-觉醒周期、代谢稳态和神经内分泌功能。临床观察表明, 超过80%的抑郁症患者存在昼夜节律失调, 表现为睡眠相位延迟、晨间情绪恶化及皮质醇分泌节律异常[6, 7]。有研究发现, 在慢性行为绝望模型和习得性无助模型小鼠中, 内侧前额叶皮层(medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC) 的负反馈环路基因(如PER2、CRY2) 表达显著上调, 而正反馈调节因子(如BMAL1) 表达下调, 这提示应激诱导的抑郁样表型伴随生物钟基因失调[8]。此外, 一项临床研究表明, 当生物钟基因失调时抑郁症的发生率增加, 而抑郁症的严重程度与昼夜节律失调的程度相关, 且随着患者抑郁程度改善, 昼夜节律逐渐恢复正常[9]。这种分子层面的节律失调直接关联抑郁样行为表型, 提示生物钟紊乱是抑郁症的核心病理特征之一。值得注意的是, 生物钟基因的表达异常可能通过表观遗传机制介导环境压力与遗传风险间的交互作用。如慢性压力可诱导PER1启动子区DNA高甲基化, 抑制其转录并破坏昼夜节律的同步化; 而抑郁症患者前额叶皮层中BMAL1的组蛋白乙酰化水平降低, 可能削弱其对下游神经可塑性基因如脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) 的调控能力[10]。这些发现提示, 表观遗传修饰可能在“环境-生物钟-抑郁表型”轴中扮演分子枢纽角色。
表观遗传学是研究在不改变DNA序列的情况下, 通过可逆、可遗传的分子修饰调控基因表达机制的学科。其核心在于揭示基因表达与环境因素之间的动态关系, 以及对细胞表型和个体发育的影响, 在抑郁症发病机制研究中意义重大。表观遗传修饰(如DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA作用[11-13]) 能调节基因表达, 成为环境因素(如压力) 与基因表达间的枢纽, 进而影响生物钟基因的表达, 从而参与抑郁症的发病[14]。有研究发现, DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂可治疗抑郁症模型小鼠, 通过增加生物钟基因的表达, 改善小鼠的抑郁样行为[11]。同时, 环境压力也可激活一系列信号通路, 改变DNA甲基化转移酶、组蛋白修饰酶等表观遗传调控酶活性, 导致生物钟基因甲基化水平或组蛋白修饰状态变动, 扰乱其正常表达, 最终造成昼夜节律紊乱[15]。值得注意的是, 昼夜节律紊乱会进一步影响抑郁症相关的神经环路和分子通路, 如干扰褪黑素分泌、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA) 轴功能、神经递质系统平衡等, 从而推动抑郁症的发生发展。然而, 表观遗传调控的时空特异性、核心基因网络动态互作及其对神经环路的终末效应仍需进一步解析。
当前研究揭示[2, 4, 10], 表观遗传调控生物钟基因异常可能是抑郁症的关键发病机制。慢性环境压力可通过DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白乙酰化失衡等表观遗传改变, 直接干扰生物钟基因的节律性表达, 进而引起昼夜节律紊乱。这种紊乱经由HPA轴过度活化、神经递质代谢异常及前额叶-边缘系统突触可塑性损伤等多级神经环路, 驱动抑郁样行为表型[9, 10]。值得注意的是, 靶向表观遗传修饰已在小鼠模型中展现出逆转DNA高甲基化、重建生物钟基因表达节律并改善抑郁样行为的治疗潜力。然而, 该领域仍存在核心挑战: ①表观遗传调控的时空特异性(如脑区或细胞类型特异性修饰); ②生物钟基因网络与抑郁相关通路的动态互作机制; ③从动物模型到临床精准干预的转化策略尚未完全阐明。因此, 本综述旨在系统解析表观遗传-生物钟-抑郁症轴的分子机制, 整合多组学与神经环路研究证据, 探讨表观遗传对生物钟基因调控在抑郁症中的作用, 为开发时序疗法及表观遗传靶向药物提供理论框架, 以期推动抑郁症精准诊疗发展, 为抑郁症治疗开辟新的途径并提供潜在靶点。
DNA甲基化是表观遗传调控中最主要的修饰方式之一, 主要通过在DNA的胞嘧啶残基上添加甲基基团来影响基因表达。近年来, DNA甲基化在生物钟基因调控中的作用逐渐受到关注, 尤其是在抑郁症的发病机制中[16]。研究表明, 抑郁症患者普遍存在昼夜节律紊乱, 而这种紊乱可能与生物钟基因的甲基化状态密切相关[17]。
在生理状态下, 生物钟基因如CLOCK、BMAL1、PER和CRY通过其转录/翻译反馈环路(transcriptional-translational feedback loop, TTFL) 维持昼夜节律稳定。然而, 在抑郁症患者中, 这些基因的表达模式往往受到干扰。有研究表明, 抑郁症患者的外周血细胞和脑组织中生物钟基因的甲基化水平显著改变, 如CLOCK基因启动子区域的高甲基化与抑郁症患者的睡眠障碍和情绪昼夜波动密切相关[18]。值得注意的是, BMAL1基因的甲基化水平在抑郁症患者中也表现出异常, 这种异常会导致其转录活性下降, 进而影响昼夜节律的正常功能[19]。
环境因素, 如慢性应激, 已被证实能够通过甲基化修饰影响生物钟基因的表达, 从而在抑郁症的发病过程中发挥重要作用。慢性应激可导致CLOCK和BMAL1基因启动子区域的DNA甲基化水平升高, 从而抑制其转录活性[20]。这种表观遗传修饰的变化不仅影响生物钟基因的表达, 还可能进一步影响抑郁症相关的神经环路和分子通路。具体而言, 昼夜节律紊乱可能通过影响神经可塑性和神经递质系统的功能, 加剧抑郁症的病理进程[21]。
十-十一易位蛋白(ten-eleven translocation, TET) 家族(TET1、TET2和TET3) 在DNA去甲基化过程中发挥重要作用。TET蛋白可将5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mC) 氧化为5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(5-hmC)、5-甲酰基胞嘧啶(5-fC) 和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5-caC), 这些中间产物可以通过碱基切除修复(base excision repair, BER) 途径被替换为未修饰的胞嘧啶, 从而实现DNA的去甲基化[22]。特别需要指出, TET蛋白的功能失调与多种疾病相关, 包括抑郁症[23]。临床研究表明, 抑郁症患者前额叶皮层及海马区基因组5-hmC水平显著降低, 且与TET1/2 mRNA表达量呈正相关[24]。在慢性社交失败应激(chronic social defeat stress, CSDS) 模型大鼠中, TET1的神经元特异性敲除可加剧抑郁样行为, 其机制可能与BDNF基因启动子区异常高甲基化相关——TET1通过氧化BDNF启动子5-mC为5-hmC, 解除甲基化对转录因子环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein, CREB) 的结合抑制, 从而激活BDNF表达并促进突触可塑性[25]。
需要特别指出的是, 生物钟基因的甲基化状态在抑郁症患者中表现出显著的个体差异, 这种差异可能与患者的遗传背景、生活方式及环境暴露等多种因素相关。有研究发现抑郁症患者中PER1基因启动子区域的甲基化水平与患者的睡眠质量呈负相关[26], 这表明DNA甲基化不仅在抑郁症的发病机制中起重要作用, 还可能作为潜在的生物标志物用于抑郁症的诊断和治疗。
组蛋白修饰是生物钟基因表观遗传调控的重要机制之一, 其通过改变染色质的结构和状态, 影响生物钟基因的转录活性。组蛋白修饰主要包括乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化和泛素化等, 这些修饰能够调节染色质的开放性, 进而影响生物钟基因的表达。
组蛋白乙酰化通常与基因激活相关, 乙酰化修饰通过中和组蛋白尾部的正电荷, 减弱其与DNA的结合力, 使染色质结构更加开放, 从而促进基因转录[27]。如组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferase, HAT) 能够催化组蛋白H3和H4的乙酰化, 增加生物钟基因如PER1和PER2的表达[28]。相反, 组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 则通过去除乙酰基团, 使染色质结构更加紧密, 抑制生物钟基因的表达[29]。在抑郁症模型中, HDAC活性的增加与生物钟基因表达的下调密切相关[30]。
组蛋白甲基化对生物钟基因的调控具有双重作用, 既可促进也可抑制基因表达。H3K4三甲基化(trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 protein subunit, H3K4me3) 通常与基因激活相关, 而H3K9三甲基化(trimethylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 protein subunit, H3K9me3) 则与基因沉默相关[31]。研究表明, 抑郁症患者的大脑中, 生物钟基因启动子区域的H3K9me3水平显著增加, 导致生物钟基因表达的抑制[32]。此外, 组蛋白甲基化修饰还受到生物钟基因的反馈调控, 形成复杂的调控回路[33]。
组蛋白磷酸化在生物钟基因的调控中也发挥重要作用。如H3S10磷酸化(histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation, H3S10ph) 与染色质的凝聚和基因表达的激活相关[34]。在应激条件下, H3S10ph水平的变化会调控生物钟基因的表达, 从而影响生物钟的节律[35, 36]。
组蛋白泛素化修饰也参与生物钟基因的调控。组蛋白H2B单泛素化(histone H2B mono-ubiquitination, H2Bub) 能够调节基因表达的振幅和相位[37]。在抑郁症模型中, H2Bub水平的改变与生物钟基因表达的异常有关[38, 39]。
综上, 组蛋白修饰通过多种方式调节生物钟基因的表达, 其异常可能与抑郁症的发生发展密切相关。深入研究组蛋白修饰在生物钟基因调控中的作用机制, 将为抑郁症的治疗提供新的靶点和策略。
非编码RNA (ncRNA) 是一类不编码蛋白质但在基因表达调控中发挥重要作用的RNA分子。近年来, 越来越多的研究表明, 非编码RNA在生物钟基因的表观遗传调控中扮演着关键角色, 进而影响抑郁症的发生和发展。
微小RNA是一类长度为20~24个核苷酸的单链非编码RNA, 通过与靶mRNA的3'非翻译区(3' untranslated region, 3'UTR) 结合, 抑制其翻译或促进其降解, 从而调控基因表达。在生物钟基因的调控中, miRNA的作用机制逐渐被揭示。如miR-204-3p和miR-430a-3p被发现能够靶向斑马鱼的CRY基因(CRY1a和CRY1b), 进而调节生物钟基因的表达和行为节律[40]。在哺乳动物中, miR-142-3p和miR-494能够直接靶向BMAL1, 调控其在视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN) 中的节律性表达[41]。同时, 已有研究证明, SCN作为昼夜节律的主要调控中枢, 可激活纹状体的BDNF-酪氨酸激酶B (tyrosine kinase B, TrkB) 通路, 从而诱导抑郁样行为[42]。此外, miR-17-5p可靶向CLOCK基因, 形成负反馈调节环路, 影响生物钟的稳定性[43], 而腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area, VTA) 中CLOCK的表达可调节情绪、焦虑和运动行为, 实验结果表明, 在VTA中敲减CLOCK可加剧类似抑郁的行为[44]。以上研究表明, miRNA可精细调控生物钟基因的表达, 维持生物钟的正常节律; 一旦其表达失调, 可破坏生物钟的稳定性, 从而诱发抑郁样行为。
长非编码RNA是一类长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA, 广泛参与基因表达调控, 包括染色质修饰、mRNA剪接、蛋白质翻译等多个层面。在生物钟基因的调控中, lncRNA的作用机制也逐渐被揭示。如高度上调的肝癌(highly up-regulated in liver cancer, HULC) 非编码RNA能够通过上调CLOCK及其下游靶基因(如PER1和CRY1) 的表达, 影响肝癌细胞的增殖和细胞周期[45]。在神经胶质细胞中, 尿路上皮癌胚抗原1 (urothelial carcinoma antigen 1, UCA1) 非编码RNA可调控miR-206/CLOCK轴, 影响胶质细胞的功能和生物钟基因的表达[46]。此外, 核富集转录本1 (nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1, NEAT1) 非编码RNA在血管平滑肌细胞中通过调控CLOCK/BMAL1的表达, 影响血管内皮细胞的增殖和动脉粥样硬化的发展[47]。以上研究表明, lncRNA通过多种机制调控生物钟基因的表达, 维持生物钟的正常功能, 其失调可能导致生物钟紊乱, 进而与抑郁症的发生密切相关。
小核仁RNA是一类长度为60~300个核苷酸的非编码RNA, 主要参与rRNA的修饰和加工。近年来的研究发现, snoRNA在生物钟基因的调控中也发挥着重要作用。如snoRNA42在肺癌中被发现与生物钟基因的表达相关[48]。此外, Prader-Willi综合征相关的snoRNA SNORD116通过调控BMAL1和CLOCK基因的表达, 影响生物钟的节律[49]。以上研究表明, snoRNA通过影响rRNA的修饰和加工过程, 间接调节生物钟基因表达, 有助于维持生物钟正常功能。snoRNA的异常表达可能扰乱生物节律, 增加抑郁症发病风险。
非编码RNA通过多种机制参与调控生物钟基因的表达, 对维持生物钟正常节律具有关键作用。这些RNA的失调可能引起生物钟紊乱, 进而参与抑郁症的发病过程。因此, 深入研究非编码RNA在生物钟基因调控中的作用机制, 对于理解抑郁症的发病机制和开发新的治疗策略具有重要意义。
生物钟基因的正常表达和功能对于维持生理和行为的昼夜节律至关重要。表观遗传调控机制, 如DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA的作用, 能够精细调控生物钟基因的表达。当这些表观遗传调控机制发生紊乱时, 生物钟基因的表达也会受到影响, 进而导致生物钟紊乱。近年来的研究表明, 生物钟紊乱与抑郁症的发生和发展密切相关, 主要体现在神经递质系统失调、HPA轴过度激活、神经炎症与胶质细胞节律几个方面。
神经递质系统的节律性对于维持正常的情绪和行为至关重要。生物钟基因通过调控神经递质合成和释放相关酶的表达, 影响神经递质的昼夜节律。如生物钟基因调控色氨酸羟化酶2 (tryptophan hydroxylase 2, TPH2) 的表达, 进而影响5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 的合成[50], TPH2作为5-HT合成的限速酶, 其表达受到生物钟基因的调控[51, 52], 表现出昼夜节律性。当生物钟基因表达失调时, TPH2的节律性表达也会受到影响[53], 从而导致5-HT合成和释放的节律紊乱, 最终影响情绪调节[54]。此外, 表观遗传调控还通过影响miRNA的表达来调节神经递质系统的功能。在抑郁症中, 特定的miRNA如miR-16、miR-1202等参与调控5-HT及其受体基因的表达[55]。这些miRNA的异常表达可能导致5-HT系统的功能失调, 进而影响情绪调节和认知功能。
表观遗传介导的生物钟紊乱还可影响多巴胺(dopamine, DA) 系统的节律性。DA是一种重要的神经递质, 与快感缺失、认知功能障碍等抑郁症症状密切相关。研究发现, 生物钟基因的异常表达可以通过影响组蛋白单胺化修饰来调控DA的释放[16, 55]。如组蛋白H3的单胺化修饰可动态调节生物钟基因的表达模式, 进而影响DA的节律性释放。这种节律性失调会导致前额叶皮质DA水平异常, 进而与抑郁症的快感缺失症状相关。
动物研究表明, 生物钟基因与单胺代谢的共调控机制被进一步揭示: ①单胺氧化酶A (monoamine oxidase A, MAOA) 表观-节律共调控: MAOA启动子区甲基化水平与CLOCK表达呈负相关, 应激小鼠下丘脑CLOCK过表达通过募集TET1介导MAOA启动子去甲基化, 导致MAOA转录上调及5-HT能信号耗竭; ② DA节律性释放失调: BMAL1条件性敲除小鼠伏隔核酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) 基因呈现高甲基化, 其DA浓度的昼夜波动幅度减小60%, 伴随快感缺失行为[56]。临床表观基因组学表明, 抑郁症患者前额叶皮层PER2基因呈现低甲基化, 导致其节律性表达紊乱, 进而增强5-羟色胺转运体(serotonin transporter, SERT) 的转录活性, 从而加速突触间隙5-HT再摄取, 最终降低5-HT神经传递效率[57]。研究发现, 组织谷氨酰胺转移酶2 (transglutaminase 2, TG2) 是组蛋白单胺化修饰的关键酶, 能够催化组蛋白H3的Q5残基与单胺类神经递质(如DA、5-HT、组胺等) 发生共价结合, 形成单胺化修饰[55]。
HPA轴的过度激活是抑郁症的重要病理生理特征之一。HPA轴是机体应激反应的主要调节系统, 其功能紊乱与抑郁症的发生密切相关。在正常情况下, HPA轴通过释放促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH)、促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) 和糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid, GC) 来调节机体的应激反应。然而, 在抑郁症患者中, HPA轴的过度激活表现为CRH、ACTH和GC的分泌增加, 导致皮质醇水平异常升高[58]。
近年来的研究表明, 表观遗传机制在HPA轴过度激活中扮演了重要角色。抑郁症患者中糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GR) DNA甲基化水平与HPA轴功能紊乱相关[59], 组蛋白修饰如HDAC通过调节组蛋白的乙酰化状态, 影响基因表达, 进而影响HPA轴的活性[60]。此外, miRNA也通过调节基因表达参与HPA轴的调控。如miR-212通过靶向CRH基因, 抑制其表达, 从而调节HPA轴的活性[61]。这种调控机制在应激反应和抑郁症的发病中具有重要意义。生物钟基因通过多种机制维持HPA轴稳态, 包括对HPA轴关键激素的节律性调控以及对糖皮质激素受体的调节。生物钟基因可通过调节CRH和ACTH的分泌, 维持皮质醇的昼夜节律。例如, 生物钟基因CLOCK/BMAL1复合体能够直接与CRH基因的启动子结合, 抑制其表达, 从而调节CRH的分泌。这种节律性调控确保了皮质醇在清晨达到峰值, 而在夜间降至最低水平, 这对于维持机体的稳态至关重要[62]。生物钟基因还通过调节GR的活性来维持HPA轴的稳态。CLOCK/BMAL1复合体能够与GR的配体结合域相互作用, 抑制GR诱导的糖皮质激素反应基因的转录[63]。此外, 生物钟基因CRY1和CRY2能够与GR的C末端结构域相互作用, 抑制GR的转录激活功能[64]。这种相互作用有助于调节GR的活性, 从而维持HPA轴的负反馈机制, 防止皮质醇水平的过度升高。
动物实验和细胞实验均显示, 应激会降低海马区的GR水平, 同时会伴有核受体亚家族3组C成员1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1, NR3C1) 基因的甲基化改变。这表明慢性应激可通过影响NR3C1的甲基化状态, 进而改变GR的表达, 导致HPA轴的过度激活和应激反应的失调。具体来说, 慢性应激导致NR3C1基因启动子区域的甲基化水平升高, 抑制了GR的表达, 从而削弱了HPA轴的负反馈调节机制, 使得皮质醇水平持续升高, 进一步加重了抑郁样行为[65, 66]。临床研究也为这一结论提供了证据, 抑郁症患者的唾液皮质醇节律存在异常, 且这种异常与NR3C1基因的甲基化水平密切相关。NR3C1编码糖皮质激素受体, 该受体在糖皮质激素信号传导中起关键作用。抑郁症患者的NR3C1基因启动子区域的甲基化水平较高, 这会抑制糖皮质激素受体的表达和功能, 导致糖皮质激素信号通路的敏感性降低。这种信号通路的异常可能导致HPA轴的负反馈调节失效, 从而使HPA轴处于过度激活状态, 进一步加重抑郁症患者的临床症状[67, 68]。
神经炎症是抑郁症的重要病理生理机制之一。胶质细胞的生物钟基因可通过表观遗传修饰动态调控神经炎症, 进而影响神经炎症的发生发展, 最终导致抑郁样症状加剧。
研究表明, 小胶质细胞中PER1基因启动子低甲基化可解除甲基化依赖的转录抑制, 导致PER1蛋白异常累积, 进而通过磷酸化核因子κB抑制因子α (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha, IκBα) 激活核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 通路, 驱动IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子释放[69]。如在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的神经炎症模型中, 小胶质细胞的PER1基因启动子低甲基化显著增加了促炎因子的释放, 而通过shRNA技术敲低PER1的表达可降低LPS诱导的炎症反应, 表明PER1在小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症中起关键作用[70]。此外, 星形胶质细胞中CLOCK蛋白也可通过招募组蛋白乙酰转移酶p300, 增强环氧化酶2 (cyclooxygenase 2, COX2) 基因启动子区H3K27ac乙酰化水平, 使其表达呈现昼夜振荡, 而抑郁症患者前额叶星形胶质细胞CLOCK表达下调与COX2节律性消失显著相关[71]。昼夜节律紊乱可通过影响星形胶质细胞的COX2表达, 导致神经炎症加剧, 促进抑郁症的发生发展[72]。
特别指出, Bmal1缺失的小胶质细胞可表现出过度增强的吞噬功能, 从而造成突触功能障碍[73]。BMAL1基因的缺失可通过表观重塑, 如招募HDAC3, 促进促炎因子的释放[74-76], 从而损害海马神经发生, 最终干扰情绪调节。动物研究表明, Bmal1缺失的小鼠表现出明显的抑郁样行为, 这与海马神经发生受损密切相关[8]。在LPS诱导的抑郁大鼠模型中, 小胶质细胞BMAL1表达受抑制导致DNA甲基化酶(DNA methyltransferase, DNMT) 3b依赖性PER2高甲基化, 进而通过减弱BMAL1/PER2异二聚体对NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体的抑制作用, 使海马白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β) 水平升高, 并诱发快感缺失[77]。
生物钟基因的表观遗传失调可通过多系统交互形成驱动抑郁症的恶性循环。在分子层面, PER2低甲基化可上调SERT表达, 加速突触5-HT再摄取, 导致5-HT信号减弱; 这一过程解除对下丘脑CRH神经元的抑制, 引发HPA轴过度激活及皮质醇节律紊乱[9, 78]。慢性糖皮质激素暴露进一步促进小胶质细胞NF-κB通路活化, 释放IL-6等促炎因子, 抑制TPH2等单胺合成酶表达, 形成“5-HT耗竭-HPA轴激活-炎症加剧”的正反馈环路[79, 80]。关键表观节点如BMAL1低甲基化[81]、miR-132/CRY1轴失调[9]及TG2介导的组蛋白单胺化修饰(如H3Q5-5HT) 在其中发挥枢纽作用, 其中TG2催化组蛋白-单胺共价结合, 直接阻碍CLOCK/BMAL1复合体功能, 加剧5-HT合成抑制, 导致5-HT水平降低, 从而进一步激活TG2表达, 加剧表观遗传抑制, 形成恶性循环[82]。这种恶性循环在抑郁症患者中普遍存在, 且与生物钟基因的表观遗传调控密切相关。
在神经环路层面, SCN作为核心起搏器的节律输出紊乱, 进而使其血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP)/精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin, AVP) 能神经投射功能异常, 最终导致依赖于此的下丘脑-海马-前额叶环路功能失同步化[83, 84]。特别指出, SCN与下丘脑、海马和前额叶之间的功能紊乱在抑郁症中起关键作用[85]。下丘脑调控HPA轴的活动, 海马参与情绪和记忆的调节, 前额叶则在决策和情绪控制中发挥重要作用。生物钟基因的表观失调会导致这些脑区的功能异常, 进而引发抑郁症的相关症状[42, 86, 87]。SCN中PER1高甲基化削弱节律振幅, 减少对海马神经发生的调控[88], 而前额叶CLOCK高甲基化则损害谷氨酸能突触可塑性, 共同导致认知与情绪调控障碍[89]。同时, 杏仁核CRY1去乙酰化引发γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 能抑制减弱, 引起突触可塑性损伤, 从而加重抑郁样行为[90, 91]。这种跨脑区的表观遗传-节律紊乱, 最终通过“SCN节律失稳-边缘系统代偿失效-皮层认知功能损伤”的级联效应, 构成抑郁症的多维度病理基础。
上述整合机制表明, 生物钟基因的表观遗传失调并非孤立事件, 而是通过多系统交互(神经递质-HPA轴-炎症) 和关键脑区网络(SCN-海马-前额叶) 的动态失衡, 共同驱动抑郁症的复杂表型。深入研究这些机制, 对于理解抑郁症的病理生理学和开发新的治疗策略具有重要意义。未来研究需结合空间表观组学与神经环路操控技术, 解析特定脑区及细胞类型中的表观遗传调控-昼夜节律耦合机制(图1)。
目前研究显示, 生物钟基因的表观遗传调控对抑郁症核心症状及共病有一定影响, 但暂无确凿证据表明其影响存在明显差异。以情绪低落为例, 生物钟基因如CLOCK、BMAL1等异常表达及表观遗传调控会使昼夜节律紊乱, 干扰神经内分泌系统和神经递质分泌[92], 如导致皮质醇分泌失调, 使个体长期应激而情绪低落[93, 94], 其DNA甲基化水平改变也会影响情绪相关通路[95]; 生物钟基因表观遗传调控异常可能影响奖赏系统功能, 干扰神经递质的合成、释放和代谢, 从而造成快感缺失[96]。动物实验也证实敲除生物钟基因的小鼠会出现快感缺失样行为, 给予表观遗传调控药物后可改善[56]; 在抑郁症伴发焦虑的情况下, 生物钟紊乱会激活HPA轴, 增加应激激素分泌, 从而加重焦虑样行为, 同时影响神经可塑性和突触传递, 损害大脑对恐惧反应的调节和应激应对机制, 从而增加焦虑风险[97, 98]。从作用机制来看, 该处理对情绪低落的改善多是通过干扰神经内分泌和神经递质的昼夜节律而间接实现的; 对快感缺失的影响, 则更侧重于直接调节奖赏系统相关的神经递质通路; 而在应对焦虑共病方面, 其机制涉及HPA轴过度激活、神经可塑性改变及突触传递调节等多重因素; 从基因表达调控角度来看, 不同生物钟基因在抑郁症核心症状和共病焦虑中作用不同, 如CLOCK基因在核心症状中更显关键, PER1、PER2等在焦虑中更为重要, 同一基因在不同脑区的表达调控异常也会导致不同的症状表现; 从临床表现来看, 情绪低落和快感缺失作为抑郁症核心症状有一定关联和相似发生机制, 而焦虑作为共病虽与抑郁症相关, 但有相对独立的特征, 生物钟基因表观遗传调控异常可能使抑郁症患者易出现焦虑共病, 但对核心症状影响则更直接显著。
抑郁症、癫痫和痴呆等神经精神疾病所涉及的核心生物钟基因及转录-翻译反馈环路失调, 其背后普遍存在表观遗传调控这一环境-基因交互关键环节的参与。在抑郁症患者中, 慢性应激促使如PER2等基因启动子高甲基化, 同时BDNF基因的高甲基化和miRNA介导的转录抑制, 共同造成核心节律基因表达失调, 从而出现“晨重夜轻”的节律表型[99, 100]; 癫痫的反复发作和神经兴奋/损伤易诱导病灶局部出现特定的组蛋白修饰改变, 如PER2突变和发作期组蛋白乙酰化的急性激增, 推动神经元超兴奋性, 并与夜间发作高峰相关[101], 且患者大脑皮质和海马组织中组蛋白乙酰化水平显著升高, 组蛋白甲基化也在其中发挥作用[102, 103]; 痴呆特别是阿尔茨海默病中, BMAL1表达降低与β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ) 和Tau蛋白(tau) 病理相关的独特表观调控尤为常见, 如去乙酰化改变, 其核心特征是BMAL1、PER1的持续性下调, 叠加沉默信息调节因子1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1) 基因的甲基化失活和氧化损伤, 加速β淀粉样蛋白沉积与“日落综合征”的发生[104], 患者大脑皮质和海马等区域生物钟基因BMAL1、PER1等表达水平显著降低[105]。这些差异表明生物钟紊乱虽是共性病理基础, 但表观调控靶点具有疾病特异性。
在抑郁症相关的动物模型研究中, 敲除CLOCK基因的小鼠有类似躁狂的行为, 如过度活动、睡眠减少等[106]; 在慢性应激模型中, 抑郁样状态的小鼠基底外侧杏仁核中CLOCK等基因的昼夜表达振荡紊乱[107], 慢性不可预测应激模型中大鼠SCN和海马中的CLOCK基因表达也出现异常[18]; 在神经元细胞培养中, 氯胺酮可改变BMAL1、PER2和CRY1转录的振幅, 且其对PER2和CRY1转录的影响可被E-box元件阻断, 表明氯胺酮可能通过表观调控生物钟基因的表达来发挥作用[9, 81]。在临床患者中, 携带降低糖原合成酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β, GSK-3β) 激活基因启动子多态性的抑郁症患者对睡眠剥夺疗法反应率更高, GSK-3β是生物钟基因表达调控关键蛋白[9, 81], 同时抑郁症患者大脑多区域生物钟基因昼夜表达模式紊乱, 外周血部分生物钟基因表达水平与健康人有差异, 如PER3基因在抑郁症患者的白细胞中表达显著降低[108], 且前额叶皮层中CLOCK基因启动子区呈现高甲基化, 进而抑制其转录活性[109]。此外, 昼夜节律转录因子BMAL1对于抗抑郁基因Homer1a的诱导至关重要, 这凸显了生物钟基因在调节神经活动、抑郁行为及抗抑郁药物作用中共同的分子机制[110, 111]。DNA甲基化研究也发现, 在抑郁症大鼠模型中, 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs) 治疗可降低前脑神经元中DNMT1和DNMT3a的mRNA水平及整体DNA甲基化水平, 部分逆转促抑郁行为, 且血清素转运体基因的低甲基化会影响患者对SSRIs治疗的反应性[112], 异常GABA能传递及GABA相关基因甲基化异常亦与重度抑郁症和自杀有关[113]。这些证据表明, 生物钟基因表观调控紊乱在抑郁症致病和治疗中具有重要作用, 为抑郁症治疗提供了新视角和潜在治疗靶点(图2)。
已上市的抗抑郁药物可通过调节生物钟基因表达和表观遗传修饰, 修复抑郁症相关的昼夜节律紊乱。这种机制被认为是其改善抑郁症状(尤其睡眠障碍) 和延迟起效的关键因素之一。
在生物钟基因表达方面, 选择性SSRIs如氟西汀、舍曲林, 可显著上调核心生物钟基因(如PER、BMAL1、CLOCK) 的表达, 逆转慢性应激导致的基因表达抑制[114]; Agomelatine作为褪黑素受体激动剂, 能直接同步化PER和CLOCK的昼夜节律性表达[115]; 三环类抗抑郁药(如丙米嗪) 长期给药可恢复PER的节律振幅[116]。这些药物通过增强PER (维持节律相位)、BMAL1 (驱动节律输出) 和CLOCK (转录激活) 等基因的功能, 重建生物钟的振荡稳定性, 从而改善睡眠-觉醒周期及情绪调节。在表观遗传影响方面, 氟西汀等药物可降低抑郁模型海马中BDNF启动子的甲基化水平, 间接调节节律相关通路; 丙米嗪通过增加组蛋白乙酰化激活生物钟关联基因, 而SSRIs可能抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶, 促进染色质开放和基因转录[30, 117, 118]。从临床意义来看, 生物钟基因的重新同步解释了药物的起效延迟性, 并为时序给药策略提供依据。但目前研究也存在局限, 如人类数据多基于外周血细胞, 与脑组织可能存在差异, 表观遗传调控的直接证据较少, 不同药物机制差异显著等。未来开发靶向生物钟核受体的新型药物, 结合时序治疗学优化用药时间, 并利用生物钟基因多态性指导个体化用药, 是提升抗抑郁疗效的重要路径。抗抑郁药物通过基因表达重编程和表观遗传修饰, 双向调节生物钟功能, 这一机制不仅阐明其治疗作用, 也为攻克耐药性及个体化治疗开辟新思路。
小分子抑制剂是一类能够特异性靶向表观遗传调控酶的化合物, 通过抑制这些酶的活性, 调控生物钟基因的表达。近年来研究表明, DNMT和HDAC的抑制剂在动物模型中显示出显著的抗抑郁效果[119-121]。
DNA甲基化是调控基因表达的重要表观遗传机制之一。研究表明, 抑郁症患者中生物钟基因的异常甲基化与抑郁症状密切相关[122, 123]。5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-Aza-CdR) 是一种经典的DNMT抑制剂, 能够通过抑制DNMT的活性, 减少CLOCK基因启动子区域的甲基化水平, 恢复其正常表达, 从而显著改善抑郁样行为。此外, 动物研究表明, DNMT介导的GABA能中间神经元的表观遗传变化是导致产前应激(prenatal stress, PS) 小鼠海马区神经发生异常和抑郁样行为的关键因素。在研究中使用5-Aza-CdR进行治疗, 能够通过改善GABA能系统, 显著恢复PRS小鼠中BrdU+/NeuN+细胞的减少和抑郁样行为[124]。
组蛋白乙酰化是调控基因表达的另一重要表观遗传机制。HDAC可通过去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团, 抑制基因表达。伏立诺他是一种HDAC抑制剂, 能够通过抑制HDAC的活性, 增加生物钟基因启动子区域的乙酰化水平, 恢复其正常表达。临床试验表明, 伏立诺他能够显著增强抗抑郁药的疗效[17, 125]。
环境与行为干预可通过调节生物钟基因的表达改善抑郁症状。这些干预方法具有非侵入性、易于实施的特点, 且在临床应用中显示出良好的效果。
光疗是一种通过调节光照强度和时间来影响生物钟基因表达的干预方法。研究表明, 蓝光能够通过抑制PER2基因的甲基化, 重置生物钟的相位, 改善抑郁样行为。这种方法特别适用于季节性抑郁症患者, 通过调节光照环境, 能够显著改善其情绪和行为症状[126, 127]。
时间营养学是一种通过调节饮食时间和内容来影响生物钟基因表达的干预方法。限时进食是一种常见的实践方式, 限制进食时间, 能够通过SIRT1去乙酰化作用增强肝脏与大脑生物钟的同步性。研究表明, 限时进食不仅能够改善生物钟基因的表达, 还能够调节代谢节律, 进而改善抑郁症症状[128-131]。
基因编辑与RNA疗法通过直接调控生物钟基因的表达, 恢复其正常功能。这些方法具有高度的特异性和高效性, 为抑郁症的治疗提供了新的可能性。
CRISPR/dCas9系统是一种基因编辑工具, 通过靶向特定基因的启动子区域, 能够实现基因表达的精准调控。在抑郁症研究中, 该技术可用于靶向生物钟基因的启动子区域, 通过去甲基化或乙酰化等表观遗传修饰, 恢复其正常的转录活性[132]。通过dCas9与去甲基化酶(如TET1) 融合, 可特异性地去除生物钟基因启动子区域的甲基化修饰, 从而恢复其在抑郁症模型中的转录活性。研究表明, 靶向BMAL1启动子的去甲基化能够恢复其转录活性, 改善抑郁样行为[16]。此外, CRISPR/dCas9系统还可结合光控或化学诱导开关, 实现对基因表达的时空特异性调控, 为研究生物钟基因在抑郁症中的动态作用提供了有力工具[133]。
RNA编辑技术通过改变RNA序列, 进而影响基因表达和功能。近年来, 基于CRISPR系统的RNA编辑工具(如PA-rABE) 取得了显著进展。PA-rABE通过光控激活, 能够精准地靶向并编辑目标RNA, 实现腺嘌呤到肌苷的转换, 进而影响基因表达。这种技术可用于调控生物钟基因的mRNA稳定性或翻译效率, 从而纠正因表观遗传失调导致的生物钟紊乱。此外, miRNA在生物钟基因调控中也发挥重要作用, 通过RNA编辑技术靶向miRNA结合位点, 可调节其对生物钟基因的抑制作用, 进而改善抑郁症相关的生物钟紊乱[134]。值得注意的是, miRNA拮抗剂是一类能够特异性抑制miRNA活性的化合物。锁核酸(locked nucleic acid, LNA) 是一种常见的miRNA拮抗剂, 能够通过抑制miR-134的活性, 恢复海马CRY1基因的表达。研究表明, LNA-antimiR-134能够显著改善抑郁样行为, 为抑郁症的治疗提供了新的策略[135]。
表观遗传调控生物钟基因在抑郁症治疗中展现出巨大的潜力。小分子抑制剂如5-氮杂胞苷和伏立诺他, 通过调节生物钟基因的表达, 显示出良好的抗抑郁效果。环境与行为干预, 包括光疗和时间营养学, 能通过影响生物钟基因表达改善抑郁症状。基因编辑与RNA疗法, 如CRISPR/dCas9表观编辑和RNA编辑技术, 能精准调控生物钟基因, 为抑郁症治疗带来了新的希望。这些研究推动了抑郁症治疗策略的发展, 为未来抑郁症的精准医疗提供了理论基础和实践指导。
随着对抑郁症发病机制研究的不断深入, 基于表观遗传特征的生物标志物开发为抑郁症的个性化医疗带来了新的契机。
研究表明, 抑郁症患者体内生物钟基因的表达及表观遗传修饰存在异常, 这些修饰可作为潜在生物标志物。如PER3基因多态性与睡眠节律及抑郁症发病风险相关, 其甲基化水平可作为抑郁症发病的潜在生物标志物, 且与季节性情感障碍的发病机制密切相关, 季节变化通过影响生物钟基因表达的正常节律, 进而影响抑郁症的发病风险和临床表现[136]。
通过检测患者生物钟基因的表观遗传修饰状态和表达水平, 有望实现抑郁症的早期诊断和个性化治疗。如利用唾液样本检测生物钟基因甲基化水平, 具有降低诊断成本和提高患者依从性的潜力[137]。此外, 根据生物钟基因的表达节律, 确定药物治疗的最佳给药时间, 以提高疗效并减少不良反应, 实现时间治疗学在抑郁症治疗中的应用[138]。
结合基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等技术, 全面分析抑郁症患者生物钟基因的表观遗传信息, 可筛选出更准确的生物标志物, 为个性化医疗提供依据[139]。如通过整合分析基因表达谱和DNA甲基化谱, 可揭示生物钟基因相关的表观遗传调控网络, 进而筛选出关键生物标志物[140]。
单相抑郁与双相抑郁在生物钟基因表观谱上存在明显差异, 如重度抑郁障碍(major depressive disorder, MDD) 患者外周血中PER3基因第5外显子区CpG簇高甲基化, 与5-HT1A受体表达下调相关, 而在双相情感障碍(bipolardisorder, BD) 患者中, 锂盐治疗可能通过引起CRY2启动子的低甲基化, 从而稳定昼夜节律。单细胞表观组学也揭示了BD患者前额叶星形胶质细胞中CLOCK基因H3K27ac修饰丢失, MDD患者呈现小胶质细胞PER1低甲基化的特征[140, 141]。此外, 抑郁症还可分为炎症型和节律紊乱型, 炎症亚型表现为外周血同种异体移植炎症因子1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1, AIF1) 高甲基化, 与IL-6水平正相关, 节律紊乱亚型以SCN核心基因ARNTL的相位延迟为标志[142, 143]。
不同亚型的抑郁症患者对治疗的反应存在差异, 基于生物钟基因表观遗传特征进行的亚型分型, 可为个性化干预提供依据。如携带BMAL1 rs2278749 T等位基因的患者对清晨强光疗法反应更佳[144]。此外, 溶质载体家族6成员4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4, SLC6A4) (SERT) 基因第1外显子甲基化水平可预测SSRIs疗效, 甲基化水平 > 40%的患者对舍曲林的应答率提高, 联合检测CLOCK基因甲基化与miR-124能提升预测特异性[145]。此外, 靶向生物钟的个性化干预包括时间疗法结合表观遗传调控及性别特异性治疗, 如光疗联合HDAC抑制剂(如伏立诺他) 可协同激活PER3表达, 从而改善昼夜节律同步性, 以及基于个体DNA甲基化时钟的干预方案能降低抑郁症复发风险; 女性患者需考虑CLOCK基因的X染色体逃逸现象与雌激素受体α的甲基化互作, 提示需差异化用药[146]。
抑郁症治疗需遵循共性基础, 其核心在于重建生物节律稳定性, 为患者提供安全有效的治疗基石。首要方向是大力推广强化昼夜节律的非药物干预, 如严格规律作息、个体化时机的光照疗法、优化睡眠卫生, 必要时使用褪黑素, 这些方法对所有患者而言都是安全有效的。同时, 系统应用“时间疗法”, 依据生物钟规律优化现有药物(抗抑郁药、抗癫痫药等) 的服用时间以提升疗效。特别是抑郁症治疗, 共性基础在于节律同步化, 所有患者需优先重建生物节律稳定性, 可通过光照疗法、褪黑素受体激动剂(如阿戈美拉汀) 以及规律行为干预(固定作息、日间运动、社交活动) 等矫正睡眠相位延迟、稳定内在节律[148], 表观层面补充甲基供体(叶酸、维生素B12) 可部分逆转BDNF等基因的致病性高甲基化[149], 而HDAC抑制剂(如丙戊酸钠) 在临床前研究中展现出了修复表观标记的潜力[150]。
在共性基础治疗之上, 需根据患者个体特征, 制定个性化进阶治疗方案, 以提高治疗的精准性和有效性。个性化进阶方向应聚焦于: 一方面, 利用生物钟表型分型(晨型/夜型) 精细调整非药物干预时机, 如晨光治夜型抑郁、傍晚光控痴呆日落症状; 另一方面, 结合疾病特异性病理机制(如抑郁的HPA轴失调、癫痫的发作节律、痴呆的行为亚型) 与新兴分子标志物(如时钟基因特定表观遗传标签、多态性), 指导更精准的干预靶点(如选择性表观调节剂) 和时机。抑郁症个性化治疗还应考虑基因检测与靶向治疗, 依据患者特定的生物钟基因变异和表观遗传修饰模式制定方案, 结合个体生活节奏、环境因素以及基于生物标志物的监测与调整。在生物标志物分层方面, 基因分型指导如PER3长等位基因携带者对晨间光照联合SSRIs (如舍曲林) 反应更佳, 携带CLOCK 3111T/C突变的患者使用褪黑素增效剂可显著提升疗效; 表观标志物应用如外周血BDNF高甲基化者联用去甲基化药物(如S-腺苷甲硫氨酸) 可显著恢复BDNF的正常表达, miR-132低表达患者可能对光疗敏感性更高; 共病节律管理如抑郁合并癫痫时, 优先选择拉莫三嗪, 抑郁伴痴呆者需避免苯二氮䓬类药物, 改用强光联合低剂量褪黑素以改善认知节律。
未来突破方向包括多组学整合, 结合基因组、表观组和代谢组数据构建“节律-表观”预测模型, 实现治疗前疗效评估; 靶向表观遗传, 开发CRISPR/dCas9介导的BMAL1、PER基因启动子去甲基化工具; 动态节律监测, 利用可穿戴设备实时追踪体温、活动节律相位, 个性化调整光疗/药物干预时机。抑郁症的生物钟紊乱以CLOCK/PER3异常及BDNF甲基化为核心特征, 与癫痫的急性组蛋白修饰和痴呆的氧化损伤有明显区别, 临床治疗需共性节律重建(光疗/褪黑素) 与个性化分层(基因分型+表观标志物) 并重, 尤其关注共病患者的节律交互影响, 通过动态监测与靶向表观编辑有望实现“校正生物钟-逆转病理进程”的精准干预。当前应以夯实共性节律管理为临床优先, 逐步迈向基于精准机制的个性化治疗, 最终目标是重建稳健的生物钟功能以改善神经精神疾病整体预后。
抑郁症精准诊疗在机制研究、技术转化及伦理社会层面面临诸多挑战与争议。在机制研究方面, 因果关系存在争议, 生物钟基因甲基化改变可能由糖皮质激素受体信号异常触发[63], 而非直接驱动抑郁发生, 动物模型中PER2敲除与人类全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS) 结果也不一致。此外, 表观遗传的时空特异性使得现有静态检测方法难以捕捉关键时间窗口。在技术转化方面, 外周血中CLOCK甲基化水平易受光照周期和饮食节律干扰, 标志物稳定性存在问题, 需开发标准化采样流程[126]。伦理与社会层面, 基于生物钟基因甲基化的“衰老时钟”检测可能加剧患者心理负担, 生物钟基因的表观遗传信息属于个人敏感信息, 其检测和应用涉及数据隐私与公平性问题, 亚洲人群PER3基因独有的甲基化位点未被纳入欧美表观遗传时钟模型, 影响诊疗公平性。
样本获取与疾病异质性方面, 抑郁症的病理生理过程主要在大脑, 但获取大脑组织样本困难, 多使用外周样本检测, 然而外周样本的表观遗传修饰情况与大脑内存在差异, 影响研究结果准确性。抑郁症具有高度异质性, 不同患者生物钟基因的表观遗传修饰模式和临床表现存在差异, 寻找特异性和敏感性高的生物标志物困难, 目前一些生物标志物可能仅适用于特定亚型或部分患者, 难以普遍应用[140]。临床应用的可行性方面, 将生物钟基因研究成果转化为临床应用, 需投入大量资金和资源进行技术开发、临床试验和质量控制, 检测生物钟基因和实施个性化治疗方案成本较高, 尤其经济条件差的患者难以承担, 影响其广泛应用。此外, 还存在脑区与细胞类型异质性问题, 如前额叶CLOCK低甲基化与伏隔核CLOCK高甲基化共存, DNMT抑制剂可逆转神经元SLC6A4高甲基化, 但加剧小胶质细胞AIF1甲基化[142]。发育与时间窗口效应方面, 早年应激诱导的GR基因甲基化在成年后仅部分可逆, SCN中PER2甲基化呈昼夜动态调控, 外周血PER2甲基化节律振幅较脑组织低[89]。动物模型与人类研究的可转化性也存在限制, 如跨物种表观调控保守性差异和表观动态性模拟困境, 人类抑郁症患者SLC6A4甲基化年增长率为1.2%[145], 而慢性应激动物模型仅能模拟单次改变, 脑类器官中CLOCK甲基化节律振幅仅为活体组织的20%, 且缺乏神经-胶质交互微环境。
表观遗传调控生物钟基因为抑郁症的精准分型与治疗提供了全新视角, 但需突破时空异质性、转化模型局限及技术瓶颈。通过整合多组学数据、开发脑区特异性干预工具及创新动态监测技术, 有望实现“生物钟-表观”双靶向的个体化抗抑郁策略, 推动抑郁症诊疗进入“时空调控”新纪元(图3)。
表观遗传调控生物钟基因的异常是抑郁症病理机制的关键枢纽, 其通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA等机制协同, 驱动神经递质紊乱(如PER3高甲基化抑制5-HT1A受体)、HPA轴失调(BMAL1表观沉默加剧皮质醇节律异常) 及神经炎症(小胶质细胞PER1低甲基化激活NF-κB通路) 的恶性循环。与癫痫、痴呆等疾病相比, 抑郁症展现出独特的生物钟表观特征, 凸显了其病理机制的特异性, 为精准诊疗提供了关键依据。临床研究中, 外周生物标志物(如SLC6A4甲基化、外泌体circRNA_0001203) 和亚型分型体系(炎症型/节律紊乱型) 的建立, 为抑郁症精准诊疗提供了新范式, 而靶向干预策略(光疗-HDAC抑制剂协同、性别特异性用药) 已初步展现个性化治疗潜力。
未来研究需聚焦四大方向: ①深化机制研究, 解析生物钟基因表观调控的脑区特异性及环境互作网络(如季节性光照通过miR-132调控PER3甲基化); ②突破临床转化瓶颈, 开发脑-外周表观一致性校正技术及多组学整合标志物(如ARNTL相位延迟指数); ③创新干预手段, 探索表观遗传编辑工具修复CLOCK等基因修饰, 并优化“时间-表观”联合治疗时序; ④应对人群异质性, 建立跨种族、性别的生物钟表观数据库, 阐明CLOCK基因X染色体逃逸对女性用药的调控机制。随着表观生物钟动态监测技术与人工智能预测模型的融合, 抑郁症治疗有望从“一刀切”迈入“个体化机制干预”的新纪元, 为抑郁症患者带来更加精准、有效的治疗方案, 推动抑郁症诊疗领域迈向新高度, 助力患者重拾心理健康与生活质量。
作者贡献:
戴佳程负责文章的整体思路提出和撰写; 邹蔓姝、贺海霞负责指导文章及修改; 王宇红负责文章监督及基金获得。
利益冲突: 所有作者无任何利益冲突。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0589
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-18
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    1湖南中医药大学中医药科学院, 湖南 长沙 410208
    2湖南中医药大学第一附属医院, 湖南 长沙 410007
    3抑郁类疾病中医药防治湖南省重点实验室, 湖南 长沙 410208

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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