Article(id=1308467985807602676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0515, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=1751385600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892677976, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892677976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892677976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892677976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3457, endPage=3466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467986046678005, articleId=1308467985807602676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Terpinen-4-ol ameliorates high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury by modulating SIRT1/PPARγ signaling, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Terpinen-4-ol (T4O) is a bioactive monoterpenoid with significant cardiovascular pharmacological activity. This study investigated T4O's protective effects against high glucose (HG) induced injury in rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) and its impact on silencing the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway. In the experiment, H9C2 cells were pre-incubated with different doses of T4O for 2 h, followed by co-incubation with HG for 48 h to create an injury model. Cell survival was determined using the MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Apoptosis rates were detected using flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potentials were observed using JC-1 staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, as well as SIRT1 and PPARγ. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the localization and expression of SIRT1 and PPARγ. Silencing SIRT1 expression in H9C2 cells was achieved by SIRT1 siRNA transfection. The effects of T4O on ROS content, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of the aforementioned proteins in HG-induced H9C2 cells were then observed. Compared to the HG group, T4O significantly improved HG-induced injury to H9C2 cells. It decreased ROS levels and the apoptosis rate, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and down-regulated the expression levels of the Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 proteins induced by HG. Meanwhile, it increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and SIRT1 and PPARγ expression levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After SIRT1 was silenced, compared with the negative control + HG group, the SIRT1 siRNA + HG group exhibited significantly increased intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis rates, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 protein expression. while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and expression levels of SIRT1 and PPARγ were further downregulated (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Co-treatment with SIRT1 silencing and T4O reversed the protective effect of T4O against H9C2 cells damage. In conclusion, T4O ameliorates HG-induced injury to H9C2 cells by activating the SIRT1/PPARγ signaling pathway. This provides a new idea and potential target for developing anti-myocardial injury drugs.

, authors=Li HE1, 2, Yu-ting WANG2, Jun BI2, Yong-xiang HE1, Hong XIAO1, Dong-guo LENG1, *, Yan-yan ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Li HE, Yu-ting WANG, Jun BI, Yong-xiang HE, Hong XIAO, Dong-guo LENG, Yan-yan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong-guo LENG, Yan-yan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467989565698055, articleId=1308467985807602676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=松油烯-4-醇通过调控SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路减轻高糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的实验研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

松油烯-4-醇(terpinen-4-ol, T4O) 是具有显著的心血管药理活性的单萜化合物。本研究旨在探讨松油烯-4-醇对高糖(high glucose, HG) 诱导的大鼠心肌细胞(H9C2) 损伤的保护作用及其对沉默调节蛋白1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ) 信号通路的影响。实验预先以不同剂量的松油烯-4-醇预孵育H9C2细胞2 h后, 加入高糖共同孵育48 h以构建细胞损伤模型。采用MTT法测定细胞存活率; 采用荧光探针DCFH-DA检测细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平; 采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率; JC-1染色观察线粒体膜电位变化; 采用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-9和Caspase-3以及SIRT1和PPARγ的表达水平; 免疫荧光观察SIRT1和PPARγ的定位及表达情况。通过SIRT1 siRNA转染实现SIRT1在H9C2细胞中的沉默表达, 进一步观察松油烯-4-醇对高糖诱导的H9C2细胞内ROS含量、细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位水平及上述蛋白表达水平的影响。结果显示, 与高糖组相比, 松油烯-4-醇干预可显著改善高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤, 降低ROS水平和细胞凋亡率, 增加线粒体膜电位, 下调高糖诱导的Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平, 同时上调Bcl-2/Bax比值及SIRT1、PPARγ的表达水平(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。沉默SIRT1后, 与negative control + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组细胞内ROS含量和细胞凋亡率显著增加, 线粒体膜电位降低, Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平上调, Bcl-2/Bax比值以及SIRT1、PPARγ的表达水平进一步下调(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 而沉默SIRT1与松油烯-4-醇共处理后, 可逆转松油烯-4-醇对H9C2细胞损伤的保护作用。综上所述, 松油烯-4-醇可减轻高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤, 其作用机制可能与激活SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路相关, 本研究为抗心肌损伤药物的研发提供了新的思路和潜在靶点。

, authors=何丽1, 2, 王宇庭2, 毕俊2, 何永祥1, 肖红1, 冷栋国1, *, 张彦燕2, *, authorsList=何丽, 王宇庭, 毕俊, 何永祥, 肖红, 冷栋国, 张彦燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冷栋国, 张彦燕, authorNote=

作者贡献:

何丽进行实验操作、实验结果分析与图表制作、论文撰写; 王宇庭和毕俊参与实验设计和部分实验结果的统计分析; 冷栋国负责实验指导和技术支持; 何永祥和肖红监督和协助实验方案设计、实验进行及实验数据分析; 张彦燕提供研究思路、指导和监督实验过程并协助论文撰写。

, correspAuthorsNote=
冷栋国, E-mail:
张彦燕, E-mail:
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A: MTT detection of the effect of T4O (0-80 μmol·L-1) on the viability of H9C2 cells; B: H9C2 cells were cultured with, or without, 35 mmol·L-1 HG medium in the presence or absence of T4O (0-20 μmol·L-1) and 100 μmol·L-1 Met for 48 h, the cell viability was measured by MTT. n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs HG group. T4O: Terpinen-4-ol; Met: Metformin; HG: High glucose, figureFileSmall=Jzg0WQ11QcCG2S2kuE9A/w==, figureFileBig=7p3VfNd2QAX3+zy884pLYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839569531478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0invvEVaTnn0ppHJaXqO5g==, figureFileBig=woTpcDJhIrZJ3dfmto4+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839645028951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of T4O on HG-induced apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential level in H9C2 cells. A: Combined flow detection of apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC and PI. H9C2 cells were cultured with, or without, 35 mmol·L-1 HG medium in the presence or absence of T4O and 100 μmol·L-1 Met for 48 h, followed by flow cytometry examination; B: JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential (scale bars: 50 μm); C, D: The quantification of figure A and B. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs HG group, figureFileSmall=0invvEVaTnn0ppHJaXqO5g==, figureFileBig=woTpcDJhIrZJ3dfmto4+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839724720728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AbtbtBOyqhDAvTi/bYI0jw==, figureFileBig=Gcz3VDPCb0Vsl7q3LQpf8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839783440985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effect of T4O on HG-induced ROS levels in H9C2 cells. A: DCFH-DA probe detection of ROS levels in H9C2 cells. DCFH-DA (green fluorescence), scale bars: 100 μm; B: Detection of intracellular ROS in H9C2 cells using flow cytometry; C, D: The quantification of figure A and B. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs control group; ##P < 0.01 vs HG group. ROS: Reactive oxygen species, figureFileSmall=AbtbtBOyqhDAvTi/bYI0jw==, figureFileBig=Gcz3VDPCb0Vsl7q3LQpf8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839850549850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uOlEhWTXKgM+OxkwHDwlYw==, figureFileBig=iNFFGE8GUXPxL+n1bDiqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839909270107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of T4O on the expression of apoptosis related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 in H9C2 cells induced by HG. Western blot analysis of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 in H9C2 cells, the data were normalized to that of β-actin levels and presented as fold changes relative to those in the control cells. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs HG group. Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: BCL-2 associated X protein; Caspase-9: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9; Caspase-3: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, figureFileSmall=uOlEhWTXKgM+OxkwHDwlYw==, figureFileBig=iNFFGE8GUXPxL+n1bDiqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498839976378972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=S6F2Q/pEZ61X7fzAo3acxQ==, figureFileBig=4ZHd8OqsDVXHV/hCh9CMvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840056070749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of T4O on the expression of SIRT1, PPARγ protein in H9C2 cells induced by HG. A: Western blot analysis of SIRT1 and PPARγ in H9C2 cells. The data represent densitometric quantification of protein normalized to that of β-actin. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs HG group; B: Representative immunofluorescence microscopy images of SIRT1 and PPARγ in H9C2 cells. SIRT1 (green fluorescence), PPARγ (red fluorescence), and cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue fluorescence) (scale bars: 50 μm). SIRT1: Sirtuin1; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, figureFileSmall=S6F2Q/pEZ61X7fzAo3acxQ==, figureFileBig=4ZHd8OqsDVXHV/hCh9CMvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840127373918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NLtfnC6wbLqFKWRBFgdC7g==, figureFileBig=3pjMKRqXRbIrxlibQlEvRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840198677087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of knockdown of SIRT1 and T4O on apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential in HG-induced H9C2 cells. A: H9C2 cells were transfected with SIRT1 siRNA or negative control and then incubated with HG (35 mmol·L-1) in the presence, or absence, of T4O (20 μmol·L-1) for 48 h. Combined flow detection of apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC and PI; B: JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential (scale bars: 50 μm); C, D: The quantification of figure A and B. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs negative control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs negative control + HG group; nsP > 0.05 vs SIRT1 siRNA + HG group. ns: No significance, figureFileSmall=NLtfnC6wbLqFKWRBFgdC7g==, figureFileBig=3pjMKRqXRbIrxlibQlEvRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840265785952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OpIAD7VQ7YHg+1f6XsmHhQ==, figureFileBig=r5mqbienztZ9elWQdAflvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840332894817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of knockdown of SIRT1 and T4O on HG induced ROS levels in H9C2 cells. Detection of intracellular ROS in H9C2 cells using flow cytometry. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs negative control; ##P < 0.01 vs negative control + HG group; nsP > 0.05 vs SIRT1 siRNA + HG group, figureFileSmall=OpIAD7VQ7YHg+1f6XsmHhQ==, figureFileBig=r5mqbienztZ9elWQdAflvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840395809378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PpvPw67HBmNeu0DkhQtZsg==, figureFileBig=lUIbGYLobrO9R05wUAuACg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498840479695459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467985807602676, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of knocking down SIRT1 and T4O on the expression of SIRT1, PPARγ, and apoptosis related proteins in H9C2 cells induced by HG. A: Western blot was used to analyze the protein levels of SIRT1; B: Western blot results of SIRT1, PPARγ, Bcl-2/Bax, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in H9C2 cells, with β-actin as a loading control. 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松油烯-4-醇通过调控SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路减轻高糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的实验研究
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何丽 1, 2 , 王宇庭 2 , 毕俊 2 , 何永祥 1 , 肖红 1 , 冷栋国 1, * , 张彦燕 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(11): 3457-3466
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (11) : 3457 -3466
松油烯-4-醇通过调控SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路减轻高糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的实验研究
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何丽1, 2, 王宇庭2, 毕俊2, 何永祥1, 肖红1, 冷栋国1, * , 张彦燕2, *
作者信息
  • 1黔西市人民医院, 贵州 黔西 551500
  • 2贵州医科大学天然药物资源优效利用重点实验室, 贵州 贵安新区 561113
通讯作者:
冷栋国, E-mail:
张彦燕, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

何丽进行实验操作、实验结果分析与图表制作、论文撰写; 王宇庭和毕俊参与实验设计和部分实验结果的统计分析; 冷栋国负责实验指导和技术支持; 何永祥和肖红监督和协助实验方案设计、实验进行及实验数据分析; 张彦燕提供研究思路、指导和监督实验过程并协助论文撰写。

Terpinen-4-ol ameliorates high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury by modulating SIRT1/PPARγ signaling
Li HE1, 2, Yu-ting WANG2, Jun BI2, Yong-xiang HE1, Hong XIAO1, Dong-guo LENG1, * , Yan-yan ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1People's Hospital of Qianxi, Qianxi 551500, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Gui′an New Area 561113, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0515
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松油烯-4-醇(terpinen-4-ol, T4O) 是具有显著的心血管药理活性的单萜化合物。本研究旨在探讨松油烯-4-醇对高糖(high glucose, HG) 诱导的大鼠心肌细胞(H9C2) 损伤的保护作用及其对沉默调节蛋白1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ) 信号通路的影响。实验预先以不同剂量的松油烯-4-醇预孵育H9C2细胞2 h后, 加入高糖共同孵育48 h以构建细胞损伤模型。采用MTT法测定细胞存活率; 采用荧光探针DCFH-DA检测细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平; 采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率; JC-1染色观察线粒体膜电位变化; 采用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-9和Caspase-3以及SIRT1和PPARγ的表达水平; 免疫荧光观察SIRT1和PPARγ的定位及表达情况。通过SIRT1 siRNA转染实现SIRT1在H9C2细胞中的沉默表达, 进一步观察松油烯-4-醇对高糖诱导的H9C2细胞内ROS含量、细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位水平及上述蛋白表达水平的影响。结果显示, 与高糖组相比, 松油烯-4-醇干预可显著改善高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤, 降低ROS水平和细胞凋亡率, 增加线粒体膜电位, 下调高糖诱导的Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平, 同时上调Bcl-2/Bax比值及SIRT1、PPARγ的表达水平(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。沉默SIRT1后, 与negative control + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组细胞内ROS含量和细胞凋亡率显著增加, 线粒体膜电位降低, Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平上调, Bcl-2/Bax比值以及SIRT1、PPARγ的表达水平进一步下调(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 而沉默SIRT1与松油烯-4-醇共处理后, 可逆转松油烯-4-醇对H9C2细胞损伤的保护作用。综上所述, 松油烯-4-醇可减轻高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤, 其作用机制可能与激活SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路相关, 本研究为抗心肌损伤药物的研发提供了新的思路和潜在靶点。

松油烯-4-醇  /  糖尿病心肌病  /  心肌细胞损伤  /  凋亡  /  沉默调节蛋白1  /  过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ

Terpinen-4-ol (T4O) is a bioactive monoterpenoid with significant cardiovascular pharmacological activity. This study investigated T4O's protective effects against high glucose (HG) induced injury in rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) and its impact on silencing the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway. In the experiment, H9C2 cells were pre-incubated with different doses of T4O for 2 h, followed by co-incubation with HG for 48 h to create an injury model. Cell survival was determined using the MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Apoptosis rates were detected using flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potentials were observed using JC-1 staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, as well as SIRT1 and PPARγ. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the localization and expression of SIRT1 and PPARγ. Silencing SIRT1 expression in H9C2 cells was achieved by SIRT1 siRNA transfection. The effects of T4O on ROS content, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of the aforementioned proteins in HG-induced H9C2 cells were then observed. Compared to the HG group, T4O significantly improved HG-induced injury to H9C2 cells. It decreased ROS levels and the apoptosis rate, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and down-regulated the expression levels of the Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 proteins induced by HG. Meanwhile, it increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and SIRT1 and PPARγ expression levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After SIRT1 was silenced, compared with the negative control + HG group, the SIRT1 siRNA + HG group exhibited significantly increased intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis rates, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 protein expression. while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and expression levels of SIRT1 and PPARγ were further downregulated (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Co-treatment with SIRT1 silencing and T4O reversed the protective effect of T4O against H9C2 cells damage. In conclusion, T4O ameliorates HG-induced injury to H9C2 cells by activating the SIRT1/PPARγ signaling pathway. This provides a new idea and potential target for developing anti-myocardial injury drugs.

terpinen-4-ol  /  diabetic cardiomyopathy  /  myocardial cell injury  /  apoptosis  /  silencing the sirtuin 1  /  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
何丽, 王宇庭, 毕俊, 何永祥, 肖红, 冷栋国, 张彦燕. 松油烯-4-醇通过调控SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路减轻高糖诱导心肌细胞损伤的实验研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3457 -3466 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0515
Li HE, Yu-ting WANG, Jun BI, Yong-xiang HE, Hong XIAO, Dong-guo LENG, Yan-yan ZHANG. Terpinen-4-ol ameliorates high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury by modulating SIRT1/PPARγ signaling[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3457 -3466 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0515
近年来, 2型糖尿病及其并发症的高发已成为全球公共卫生领域的严峻挑战。糖尿病心肌病(diabetic cardiomyopathy, DCM) 作为糖尿病患者致死与致残的首要病因[1], 其病理机制复杂且尚未完全阐明。研究表明, DCM的发生发展涉及线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激、代谢紊乱、胰岛素信号异常、微血管病变、心肌纤维化及钙离子稳态失衡等多种机制的协同作用[2, 3]。在这些病理变化进程中, 线粒体功能障碍在心肌细胞损伤的过程中起关键作用, 具体表现为线粒体膜电位降低、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 增加、心肌细胞凋亡等[4, 5]。进一步研究表明, 线粒体功能障碍会扰乱心肌细胞的能量代谢, 导致ATP生成减少, 影响心肌的正常收缩与舒张功能。同时, ROS的过度产生会进一步损伤线粒体DNA、蛋白质和脂质, 形成恶性循环, 加剧心肌细胞的损伤。
沉默调节蛋白1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1) /过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ) 信号通路在心肌代谢和线粒体稳态中发挥着核心作用。SIRT1作为一种去乙酰化酶, 可通过调节多种代谢相关蛋白的活性影响细胞代谢[6]。PPARγ是一种核受体, 在脂肪酸氧化、葡萄糖代谢及脂质合成等过程中起着关键的调控作用[7]。二者相互作用不仅能够促进脂肪酸氧化, 增加能量供应, 减少葡萄糖的利用, 从而缓解代谢紊乱, 还能通过调节线粒体生物合成相关基因的表达, 增强线粒体的功能, 提升心肌细胞的能量代谢水平, 维持心肌代谢的稳定[8, 9]。此外, 在线粒体稳态方面, SIRT1能够调节线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达, 促进受损线粒体的清除。PPARγ则通过调控线粒体生物合成和动态平衡相关基因, 促进线粒体的生成和融合, 增强线粒体的稳定性。SIRT1与PPARγ的相互作用对于维持线粒体的正常数量、形态和功能至关重要, 有助于减少线粒体功能障碍的发生, 从而减轻心肌细胞损伤[10, 11]。
松油烯-4-醇为大多数植物精油中所含的单萜类化合物, 研究发现其具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等药理活性[12, 13]。课题组前期主要聚焦其在糖尿病血管病变防治中的潜在作用[14-16], 但对其在高糖诱导的心肌细胞损伤中的保护作用尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨松油烯-4-醇对高糖诱导H9C2细胞损伤及SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路的作用, 为防治DCM的创新药物研制提供实验基础。通过深入研究松油烯-4-醇对SIRT1/PPARγ通路的调控机制, 以及该通路在DCM心肌代谢和线粒体稳态中的作用, 有望为DCM的治疗提供新的思路和方法。
药品与试剂  松油烯-4-醇(山东西亚化学工业有限公司, 纯度≥ 98%, 货号: 562-74-3); SIRT1抗体(Cell Signaling Technology公司, #9475); PPARγ抗体(81490-5-RR)、Caspase-3抗体(25128-1-AP)、Caspase-9抗体(10380-1-AP), Proteintech公司; Bcl-2抗体(bs-0032R)、Bax抗体(bsm-52316R), Bioss公司; goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L Alexa Fluor® 488 (ab150077)、goat anti-mouse IgG H&L Alexa Fluor® 647 (ab150115), Abcam公司; Annexin V-FITC/PI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(上海YEASEN生物科技有限公司, 40313ES50); 活性氧检测试剂盒(Beyotime公司, S0033-1); 四甲基偶氮唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT, 804W059]、线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(M8650)、DAPI (C0066)、BCA试剂盒(PC0020)、BSA试剂盒(A8020), Solarbio公司; PMSF (G2008)、RIPA (G2002)、β-actin抗体(GB15001), Servicebio公司; ECL试剂(Abbkine公司, BMU102); Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent (美国Invitrogen公司, 2004957); siRNA由上海吉玛基因科技有限公司提供, SIRT1 siRNA正义: 5'-UUGUUUCUGGUAAUAAAUCTT-3', 反义: 5'-GAUUUAUUACCAGAAACAATT-3'。阴性对照siRNA (negative control) 正义: 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3', 反义: 5'-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3'。
SIRT1 siRNA干扰实验  当细胞密度达到50%~60%时, 即可进行SIRT1 siRNA转染。将稀释后的SIRT1 siRNA与Lipofectamine 2000试剂混合后在室温下孵育20 min, 形成siRNA-Lipofectamine复合物。转染6 h后, 将培养基更换为含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基。12 h后, 根据实验分组给予相应的药物处理。通过Western blot验证SIRT1 siRNA转染效率。
细胞培养及分组  将复苏的H9C2细胞转入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2饱和湿度的培养箱中。根据实验目的, 实验分为两个部分, 第一部分实验分为5个组: ①正常组(5.5 mmol·L-1葡萄糖)、②模型组(高糖, 35 mmol·L-1葡萄糖)、③松油烯-4-醇低剂量组(高糖35 mmol·L-1 + 松油烯-4-醇5 μmol·L-1)、④松油烯-4-醇高剂量组(高糖35 mmol·L-1 + 松油烯-4-醇20 μmol·L-1)、⑤二甲双胍组(高糖35 mmol·L-1 + 二甲双胍100 μmol·L-1)。各实验组以松油烯-4-醇、二甲双胍预孵育2 h, 再给予高糖共孵育48 h诱导建立H9C2细胞损伤模型。第二部分实验分为6个组: ① negative control组、② negative control + 高糖组(35 mmol·L-1葡萄糖)、③ negative control + 高糖(35 mmol·L-1葡萄糖) + 松油烯-4-醇高剂量组(20 μmol·L-1)、④ SIRT1 siRNA组、⑤ SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组(35 mmol·L-1葡萄糖)、⑥SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖(35 mmol·L-1葡萄糖) + 松油烯-4-醇高剂量组(20 μmol·L-1)。
MTT法检测H9C2细胞存活率  将H9C2细胞以每毫升2×104个的密度接种于96孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育。按照第一部分实验分组进行药物处理, 继续培养48 h。随后, 每孔加入20 μL MTT溶液(5 mg·mL-1), 在37 ℃下孵育4 h。孵育结束后, 小心弃去上清液, 每孔加入150 μL二甲基亚砜, 震荡10 min以充分溶解甲瓒晶体, 随后使用多功能酶标仪在490 nm波长处测定各孔的吸光度值。
流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡  用0.25%胰酶(不含EDTA) 覆盖H9C2细胞表面于37 ℃消化, 然后收集细胞悬液, 调整每毫升细胞数为1×106个, 按照细胞凋亡试剂盒说明书, 加入Annexin V-FITC/PI探针避光室温孵育15 min, 在流式细胞仪进行细胞上机检测。
DCFH-DA荧光探针检测H9C2细胞ROS水平  将H9C2细胞接种于6孔板中, 按实验分组处理给药后, 加入DCFH-DA荧光探针于37 ℃培养20 min, 用无血清DMEM洗涤细胞2~3次后, 于倒置荧光显微镜下观察并拍照。采用流式细胞术检测细胞ROS水平, 先将细胞用0.25%胰酶(不含EDTA) 消化收集, 各分组中加入DCFH-DA荧光探针孵育20 min, 用无血清DMEM洗涤细胞2~3次后上机检测。
JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位水平  将H9C2细胞接种于6孔板, 按实验分组给药处理后, 用PBS洗涤2~3次。每孔加入1 mL DMEM培养基, 随后加入1 mL预先配制的JC-1染色工作液, 充分混匀。将细胞置于37 ℃细胞培养箱中避光孵育20 min。孵育结束后, 吸除上清, 用预先配制的JC-1染色缓冲液洗涤2、3次。采用荧光显微镜观察细胞内荧光信号, JC-1在高线粒体膜电位时形成红色荧光聚合物, 低膜电位时以绿色荧光单体形式存在。
免疫荧光  将生长状态良好的H9C2细胞接种在含盖玻片的6孔板中。各给药组处理48 h后, 将细胞用预冷PBS轻轻洗涤3次, 用4%多聚甲醛固定20 min, 并用0.2% Triton-X100透化15 min, PBS洗涤3次; 山羊血清封闭40 min后, 稀释一抗SIRT1 (1∶100) 和PPARγ (1∶200), 将细胞一抗置于湿盒中孵育1 h, 4 ℃孵育过夜; PBS洗涤后, 按抗体说明书比例稀释荧光二抗(1∶200), 置于湿盒中室温下孵育1 h, PBS洗涤3次; 然后与DAPI (1∶1 000) 孵育30 min以染核, 最后使用Leica DMi8显微镜和Leica X软件(德国韦茨拉尔) 以200倍的放大倍数捕获免疫荧光图像。
Western blot检测  收集各处理组H9C2细胞, 采用含PMSF的RIPA裂解液(PMSF∶RIPA=1∶99) 提取总蛋白, 采用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。将蛋白样品(20 μg) 经SDS-PAGE电泳分离后, 用湿转法转至PVDF膜。使用5% BSA溶液于室温下封闭2 h。随后, 分别加入特异性一抗: 抗SIRT1 (1∶1 000)、抗PPARγ (1∶1 000)、抗Bax (1∶1 000)、抗Bcl-2 (1∶1 000)、抗Caspase-9 (1∶500)、抗Caspase-3 (1∶500) 及内参β-actin (1∶10 000), 4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, TBST洗涤3次后, 加入相应二抗(1∶10 000) 于室温孵育1.5 h。再次用TBST洗涤3次后, 采用增强型ECL试剂显影。运用Image Lab图像分析软件对目标条带进行光密度值分析。
统计学方法  实验数据采用SPSS 20.0软件进行分析, 数据以均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 7.0软件制图, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
MTT检测结果表明, 用不同浓度松油烯-4-醇(1.25、2.5、5、10、20 μmol·L-1) 处理H9C2心肌细胞48 h后, 对细胞活性无明显影响, 差异不具有统计学意义; 浓度超过40 μmol·L-1时, 心肌细胞活力显著降低(P < 0.01, 图1A)。与正常对照组比较, 高糖干预后心肌细胞活性明显降低(P < 0.01); 与高糖组比较, 1.25、2.5 μmol·L-1松油烯-4-醇不能改善高糖处理后的心肌细胞活性, 差异不具有统计学意义, 5~20 μmol·L-1松油烯-4-醇干预给药后能够显著改善高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图1B), 故选用5和20 μmol·L-1作为后续实验研究的松油烯-4-醇低、高药物浓度。近年研究发现, 降糖药物二甲双胍(metformin, Met) 是防治2型糖尿病等心血管代谢疾病的重要手段, 故将二甲双胍作为阳性药。Wu等[17, 18]研究表明, 二甲双胍(100 μmol·L-1) 对H9C2细胞损伤具有良好的保护作用。与本研究一致, 100 μmol·L-1二甲双胍显著改善高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤(P < 0.01)。
采用流式细胞术检测H9C2细胞凋亡率, 实验结果表明, 与对照组相比, 高糖作用48 h后, 细胞凋亡率显著升高, 差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, 松油烯-4-醇低、高剂量组及二甲双胍组细胞凋亡率显著降低(P < 0.05) (图2A、C)。JC-1荧光结果显示, 与对照组比较, 模型组绿色荧光增强, 红色荧光减弱, 此时线粒体膜电位显著降低(P < 0.01), 给予不同剂量的松油烯-4-醇和二甲双胍后可显著恢复线粒体膜电位(P < 0.01), 表现为绿色荧光减弱, 红色荧光增强(图2B、D)。
采用DCFH-DA探针检测H9C2细胞ROS水平, 结果表明, 高糖诱导H9C2细胞内ROS荧光强度显著增加(P < 0.01), 而松油烯-4-醇不同剂量组及二甲双胍组均能够不同程度地显著降低细胞内ROS水平(P < 0.01) (图3A、C)。进一步采用流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS含量, 结果显示, 与正常对照组比较, 模型组细胞内ROS含量显著增加(P < 0.01), 与模型组相比, 松油烯-4-醇处理及二甲双胍组细胞内ROS含量显著下降(P < 0.01) (图3B、D)。
Western blot结果表明(图4), 与正常对照组比较, 模型组Bcl-2/Bax的比值显著下调(P < 0.01), Caspase-9和Caspase-3的表达上调(P < 0.01), 给予松油烯-4-醇低、高剂量可上调Bcl-2/Bax的比值(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 下调Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白的表达(P < 0.01)。
Western blot结果表明, 与正常对照组比较, 模型组SIRT1、PPARγ显著下调(P < 0.01), 不同剂量松油烯-4-醇组及二甲双胍组可显著上调SIRT1、PPARγ的蛋白表达(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (图5A)。进一步采用免疫荧光染色检测各组细胞中SIRT1、PPARγ表达情况, 结果与Western blot相同, 重要的是, SIRT1 (绿色) 和PPARγ (红色) 在H9C2细胞中存在共定位(图5B)。
流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率结果显示, 与negative control + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组显著增加H9C2细胞凋亡率(P < 0.05), SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组与SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖+ 松油烯-4-醇组细胞凋亡率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (图6A、C)。JC-1荧光结果显示, 与negative control + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组绿色荧光增强, 红色荧光减弱(P < 0.01), SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组与SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖+ 松油烯-4-醇组相比线粒体膜电位水平差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (图6B、D)。采用流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS含量, 结果显示, 与negative control + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组ROS含量显著增加(P < 0.01), SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组与SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖+ 松油烯-4-醇组细胞ROS含量差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (图7)。
为明确SIRT1与PPARγ的潜在信号机制, 采用siRNA技术实现SIRT1的沉默, 并通过蛋白免疫印迹法分析沉默SIRT1及松油烯-4-醇对HG诱导H9C2细胞内PPARγ信号及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。与negative control组比较, SIRT1 siRNA组SIRT1蛋白表达明显下调(P < 0.01), 证明siRNA转染实现SIRT1的敲低表达(图8A)。与negative control + HG组相比, SIRT1 siRNA + HG组显著下调PPARγ、Bcl-2/Bax的比值, 进一步上调Caspase-9、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平(P < 0.01)。与SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖组比较, SIRT1 siRNA + 高糖+ 松油烯-4-醇组中SIRT1、PPARγ、Bcl-2/Bax、Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (图8B)。
当前, DCM的研究主要聚焦于心肌细胞损伤等关键病理环节[19]。研究发现[20, 21], 线粒体功能障碍是导致心肌细胞损伤的核心因素之一, 其会促使ROS生成增加, ROS水平的升高可进一步诱导线粒体膜通透性转换孔的开放, 并促进细胞色素C从线粒体向细胞质的释放, 最终触发细胞凋亡途径, 这一系列复杂连锁反应均与DCM的发生发展密切相关, 深入剖析这些机制对于攻克DCM难题有着关键意义。尽管诸多因素可导致DCM的发生, 但高血糖仍是心肌损伤的主要驱动因素[22]。本研究显示, H9C2细胞经高糖处理后线粒体膜电位显著降低、ROS水平增加, 促使H9C2细胞发生凋亡。
筛选有效的天然活性物质一直是防治DCM的研究热点。课题组前期研究表明松油烯-4-醇可防治糖尿病中的血管病变及抑制棕榈酸诱导的胰岛β细胞凋亡[16, 23]。研究表明, 大量生成的ROS诱导心肌细胞氧化应激是DCM发生发展的主要原因。在高糖环境下, ROS过度生成破坏线粒体膜电位的稳定, 促进心肌细胞的胰岛素抵抗及细胞凋亡[24]。其中, Bcl-2家族蛋白中抗凋亡和促凋亡蛋白间的平衡对线粒体凋亡途径的调控起着至关重要的作用。Bcl-2和Bax分别是该家族中的抗凋亡和促凋亡关键成员, 它们在线粒体外膜通透性中扮演着重要角色。Bax与促凋亡蛋白Bid在线粒体表面形成通道, 增加膜通透性, 促进细胞色素C释放, 激活下游Caspase级联反应, 如Caspase-9和Caspase-3的表达, 进而导致细胞凋亡。而Bcl-2通过与Bax结合使其失活, 阻断细胞色素C释放, 抑制凋亡[25]。在心肌细胞损伤过程中, Bcl-2表达降低、Bax表达升高, 激活线粒体凋亡途径。本实验结果显示, 给予松油烯-4-醇干预可明显改善高糖诱导的H9C2细胞损伤, 降低ROS水平和细胞凋亡率, 改善线粒体膜电位水平, 并下调Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达, 同时上调Bcl-2/Bax比值, 揭示其对DCM中心肌细胞损伤的保护作用。
PPARγ是一种配体依赖性转录因子, 其在心肌细胞中的表达对维持心肌正常功能至关重要。研究发现, PPARγ的激活可显著降低线粒体内的ROS生成, 抑制线粒体通透性转换孔的开放, 减少细胞色素C的释放, 从而减轻线粒体介导的细胞凋亡, 对心肌细胞起到保护作用[26]。SIRT1是一种NAD+依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶, 在多种细胞过程中起关键作用, 包括调控衰老、细胞周期、线粒体稳态、自噬和氧化应激等。其被认为是DCM心肌细胞凋亡和氧化应激的重要调节因子, 抑制SIRT1活性可诱导心肌细胞凋亡和ROS的增加, 并伴有Caspase-3激活, 而激活SIRT1可抑制心肌细胞凋亡和氧化应激[27]。本研究结果表明, 高糖可下调H9C2细胞中SIRT1、PPARγ蛋白表达水平, 松油烯-4-醇预处理后可上调SIRT1、PPARγ蛋白表达水平。本研究与多数[28, 29]结果一致, SIRT1在心肌细胞损伤及细胞凋亡方面有极大的探索意义。有研究[30, 31]报道激活SIRT1的表达促使PPARγ的表达增加, 以保护DCM心肌。为了进一步分析SIRT1与PPARγ的潜在信号机制, 研究者采用siRNA干扰技术实现SIRT1的敲低表达, 结果表明敲低SIRT1可增加ROS水平和细胞凋亡率, 降低线粒体膜电位。同时, 敲低SIRT1降低PPARγ和Bcl-2/Bax的蛋白表达水平, 并上调Caspase-9和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。当敲低SIRT1并给予高剂量松油烯-4-醇干预H9C2细胞后, 发现能逆转松油烯-4-醇对H9C2细胞损伤的改善作用。这些结果提示, 松油烯-4-醇改善H9C2细胞损伤与其激活SIRT1, 促进PPARγ信号激活有关, 且SIRT1可能作为PPARγ信号的上游调控分子。
在本研究中, 作者深入探讨了松油烯-4-醇对高糖诱导的心肌细胞损伤的保护作用, 并揭示了其潜在的分子机制。研究结果表明, 松油烯-4-醇能够显著提高心肌细胞的存活率, 降低细胞凋亡率, 减少ROS的生成, 并且这种保护作用与SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路的调控密切相关(图9)。具体而言, 松油烯-4-醇通过激活SIRT1, 进而增强PPARγ的活性, 从而保护心肌细胞。与其他心肌保护通路如PI3K/AKT或NF-κB通路相比, SIRT1/PPARγ通路的独特性在于其对代谢和抗氧化应激的综合调节能力。如PI3K/AKT通路主要通过促进细胞存活和抑制凋亡来发挥作用, 但在调节细胞代谢和抗氧化应激方面的作用相对较弱[32]。而NF-κB通路主要参与炎症反应的调节, 虽然在某些情况下也能影响氧化应激, 但其主要功能并非直接针对线粒体损伤[33]。综上所述, SIRT1/PPARγ信号通路在心肌保护中具有独特的优势和特异性, 特别是其在调节线粒体功能、减少ROS生成和抑制细胞凋亡方面的作用, 使其成为防治DCM等心肌损伤疾病的潜在靶点。松油烯-4-醇通过调控SIRT1/PPARγ通路改善心肌细胞损伤, 为开发新型心肌保护药物提供了新的思路和实验依据。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0515
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
  • 修回日期:2025-07-02
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    1黔西市人民医院, 贵州 黔西 551500
    2贵州医科大学天然药物资源优效利用重点实验室, 贵州 贵安新区 561113

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冷栋国, E-mail:
张彦燕, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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