Article(id=1308467945798128504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0804, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=1759939200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892668436, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892668436, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892668436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892668436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3318, endPage=3329, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467946142061434, articleId=1308467945798128504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress in targeted protein degradation for central nervous system diseases therapy, columnId=1308467818731696962, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Recent advances in targeted protein degradation therapeutics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of therapeutic interventions for central nervous system (CNS) diseases poses significant challenges. These challenges are primarily attributable to the limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the inherent complexity of protein aggregates. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology selectively removes pathogenic proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system or lysosomal pathways, offering a new strategy for CNS treatment. In comparison with conventional small molecule drugs, TPD employs an event-driven mode of action, capable of degrading β-amyloid and other "undruggable" targets, and demonstrating efficacy at sub-chemometric doses. This is anticipated to markedly reduce the complexity of CNS delivery. The disconnecting of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics further reduces the risk of off-targeting, making it particularly suitable for the CNS, a therapeutic area that requires a high degree of drug safety. Three CNS degraders have already entered clinical trials. This review comprehensively elaborates on the application progress of TPD technologies based on different degradation systems in the treatment of CNS diseases, systematically analyzes the advantages and limitations of each technology, and discusses the common challenges and general optimization strategies for TPD application in CNS disease therapy. The findings aim to provide new insights for the in-depth application of TPD technology in the treatment of CNS diseases.

, authors=Xue ZHANG1, Ya-xuan FENG1, Liu ZHANG1, Lu SUN1, *, Hui-ning HE1, 2, *, authorsList=Xue ZHANG, Ya-xuan FENG, Liu ZHANG, Lu SUN, Hui-ning HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lu SUN, Hui-ning HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467949329732479, articleId=1308467945798128504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向蛋白降解技术在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的应用进展, columnId=1308467818874303300, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS) 疾病药物研发面临血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 通透性低和以聚集状病理性蛋白为靶药物开发难度大等瓶颈。靶向蛋白降解技术(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统或溶酶体途径选择性清除致病蛋白, 为CNS疾病治疗提供了新的策略。相较于传统小分子药物, 靶向蛋白降解药物采用事件驱动型作用机制, 可降解β-淀粉样蛋白等“不可成药”靶点, 且亚化学计量浓度即可生效, 有望显著降低CNS递送难度。其药效学与药代动力学的解耦特性进一步降低了脱靶风险, 尤其适用于CNS这一对药物安全性要求极高的治疗领域。目前已有3款用于CNS疾病治疗的靶向蛋白降解药物进入临床试验阶段。本综述详细阐述了基于不同降解系统的TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗中的应用进展, 系统地分析了各自技术的优势和局限性, 并对TPD应用于CNS疾病治疗面临的共性挑战和通用优化策略展开探讨, 以期为TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗中的深入应用提供新的启示。

, authors=张雪1, 冯雅煊1, 张柳1, 孙璐1, *, 贺慧宁1, 2, *, authorsList=张雪, 冯雅煊, 张柳, 孙璐, 贺慧宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙璐, 贺慧宁, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

张雪和冯雅煊为共同负责文献调研、数据整理及初稿撰写; 张柳参与部分文献收集与图表制作; 贺慧宁和孙璐为通讯作者, 负责论文框架设计、修改及最终定稿。所有作者均对论文内容进行了审阅并同意最终版本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙璐, E-mail:
贺慧宁, E-mail:
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PROTACs: Proteolysis-targeting chimeras; PD: Parkinson's disease; CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy; ARV: Acid-recordering valency; LYTAC: Lysosome-targeting chimaeras; GlueTAC: Gluebody targeting chimera; AbTAC: Antibody-based PROTAC; ATTEC: Autophagosome tethering compound; AUTAC: Autophagy-targeting chimera, figureFileSmall=vEnD9vp+fFUeEncUBYeAfA==, figureFileBig=wjCPLfEr77k8lVpk5gS0fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499693190086672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hiP4KcnJSQor4QHRoDUyQg==, figureFileBig=RnC0q3gdKVsvGF04QHwRdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499693253001233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Representative compound structures for targeted protein degradation in CNS disease therapy, figureFileSmall=hiP4KcnJSQor4QHRoDUyQg==, figureFileBig=RnC0q3gdKVsvGF04QHwRdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499693315915794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MoleculePOIRoute of administrationDisease/indicationPhaseClinical trial gov ID
CFT-8919EGFR-L858RPOCNS metastasized tumorsPhase ⅠNCT06641609
NX-5948BTKPOPrimary CNS lymphomaPhase ⅠNCT05131022
ARV-102LRRK2POProgressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's diseasePhase ⅠEUCT2024-516888-84-00
ORI-113mHTTHuntington's diseasePreclinical
PRX302TauAlzheimer diseasePreclinical
PRX303α-SynucleinParkinson diseasePreclinical
APN tau degraderTauTauopathiesPreclinical
APN α-Syn degraderα-SynucleinSynucleinopathiesPreclinical
Amphista degraderMultiple CNS targetsⅣ; POMultiple CNS indicationsPreclinical
), ArticleFig(id=1308499693391413267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Central nervous system (CNS) targeted protein degradations (TPDs) in clinical and preclinical development. PO: Peros; Ⅳ: Intravenous injection; POI: Protein of interest; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; BTK: Bruton's tyrosine kinase; mHTT: Mutant Huntingtin protein

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MoleculePOIRoute of administrationDisease/indicationPhaseClinical trial gov ID
CFT-8919EGFR-L858RPOCNS metastasized tumorsPhase ⅠNCT06641609
NX-5948BTKPOPrimary CNS lymphomaPhase ⅠNCT05131022
ARV-102LRRK2POProgressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's diseasePhase ⅠEUCT2024-516888-84-00
ORI-113mHTTHuntington's diseasePreclinical
PRX302TauAlzheimer diseasePreclinical
PRX303α-SynucleinParkinson diseasePreclinical
APN tau degraderTauTauopathiesPreclinical
APN α-Syn degraderα-SynucleinSynucleinopathiesPreclinical
Amphista degraderMultiple CNS targetsⅣ; POMultiple CNS indicationsPreclinical
), ArticleFig(id=1308499693466910740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TechnologyAdvantagePotential problem
PROTACsA degrader of 'undruggable' proteins with a clear mechanism to overcome resistance, under extensive explorationHigh molecular mass, suboptimal bioavailability, restricted substrate scope (excluding intracellular soluble proteins), and limited E3 ligase ligands
Molecular glueLow molecular weight; favorable pharmacokinetics; operable via ubiquitin-proteasome or lysosomal pathways; broad degradation scopeFew available molecular glues; lack of design principles
Trim-AwayRapid action against 'undruggable' targets, broad cellular applicability, and compatibility with extensive antibody librariesIneffective against extracellular, membrane, and organelle proteins; lacking efficient delivery reagents
LYTACsUbiquitin-proteasome-independent mechanism; degrades membrane-associated and extracellular targetsElevated molecular mass, ambiguous mechanism of action, and limited LTR-dependent cell specificity
endoTACAcross BBB ability; avoid proteasome pathway dependenceDependent on endocytosis efficiency; low endocytosis activity
AbTACsTargeted degradation of membrane proteins and cell surface proteinsHigh antibody molecular weight; low penetrate BBB ability; immunogenic reaction
AUTACsDegradation of diverse substrates — polymeric proteins, non-protein biomolecules, and organellesUndefined target ubiquitination profile; premature degradation escape
ATTECsUbiquitination-independent; relatively low molecular weight; capable of targeting non-protein substratesAbsence of rational design rules; ill-defined LC3-binding pharmacophores
CMADepends on selective autophagy process and does not require vacuole formationPathologically impaired in late HD; age-dependent activity decline; elusive selective degradation mechanism
GlueTACsHigh affinity and overcoming off-target effectsLow safety profile and uncertain half life
), ArticleFig(id=1308499693554991125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Advantages and limitations of different TPD technologies. LYTACs: Lysosome-targeting chimaeras; LTR: Lysosome-targeting receptor; endoTAC: Lysosome-shuttle-like nano-chimera; BBB: Blood-brain barrier; AbTACs: Antibody-based PROTACs; AUTACs: Autophagy-targeting chimeras; ATTECs: Autophagosome tethering compounds; HD: Huntington's disease; GlueTACs: Gluebody targeting chimera

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TechnologyAdvantagePotential problem
PROTACsA degrader of 'undruggable' proteins with a clear mechanism to overcome resistance, under extensive explorationHigh molecular mass, suboptimal bioavailability, restricted substrate scope (excluding intracellular soluble proteins), and limited E3 ligase ligands
Molecular glueLow molecular weight; favorable pharmacokinetics; operable via ubiquitin-proteasome or lysosomal pathways; broad degradation scopeFew available molecular glues; lack of design principles
Trim-AwayRapid action against 'undruggable' targets, broad cellular applicability, and compatibility with extensive antibody librariesIneffective against extracellular, membrane, and organelle proteins; lacking efficient delivery reagents
LYTACsUbiquitin-proteasome-independent mechanism; degrades membrane-associated and extracellular targetsElevated molecular mass, ambiguous mechanism of action, and limited LTR-dependent cell specificity
endoTACAcross BBB ability; avoid proteasome pathway dependenceDependent on endocytosis efficiency; low endocytosis activity
AbTACsTargeted degradation of membrane proteins and cell surface proteinsHigh antibody molecular weight; low penetrate BBB ability; immunogenic reaction
AUTACsDegradation of diverse substrates — polymeric proteins, non-protein biomolecules, and organellesUndefined target ubiquitination profile; premature degradation escape
ATTECsUbiquitination-independent; relatively low molecular weight; capable of targeting non-protein substratesAbsence of rational design rules; ill-defined LC3-binding pharmacophores
CMADepends on selective autophagy process and does not require vacuole formationPathologically impaired in late HD; age-dependent activity decline; elusive selective degradation mechanism
GlueTACsHigh affinity and overcoming off-target effectsLow safety profile and uncertain half life
), ArticleFig(id=1308499693617905686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Degradation pathwayTechnologyTargetStudied in CNS disease
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayPROTACsTau protein[13]; α-syn[15]; LRRK2[16]; BTK[18]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Frontotemporal dementia; Glioblastoma
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayTrim-AwaymHTT[23], tau protein[25, 26]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
Endosome-lysosome pathwayLYTACsApoE4[35]Alzheimer's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayAUTACsTau protein[21], α-syn[43]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayATTECsmHTT[44]; non-protein cellular components[45]Huntington's disease; cerebral atherosclerosis
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayAUTOTACsTau protein[49], α-syn[51]Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayCMAsCDK5[52], PSD-95[53], DAPK1[53], α-syn[53], mHTT[55]Ischemic stroke; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or autophagy-lysosome pathwayMolecular gluemHTT[21]Huntington's disease
Ribonuclease pathwayRiboTACsG4C2 RNA[64]Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; frontotemporal dementia
), ArticleFig(id=1308499693693403159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467945798128504, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Application of targeted protein degradation technology in the treatment of CNS diseases. PSD: Postsynaptic density protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Degradation pathwayTechnologyTargetStudied in CNS disease
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayPROTACsTau protein[13]; α-syn[15]; LRRK2[16]; BTK[18]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Frontotemporal dementia; Glioblastoma
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayTrim-AwaymHTT[23], tau protein[25, 26]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
Endosome-lysosome pathwayLYTACsApoE4[35]Alzheimer's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayAUTACsTau protein[21], α-syn[43]Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayATTECsmHTT[44]; non-protein cellular components[45]Huntington's disease; cerebral atherosclerosis
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayAUTOTACsTau protein[49], α-syn[51]Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease
Autophagy-lysosome pathwayCMAsCDK5[52], PSD-95[53], DAPK1[53], α-syn[53], mHTT[55]Ischemic stroke; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or autophagy-lysosome pathwayMolecular gluemHTT[21]Huntington's disease
Ribonuclease pathwayRiboTACsG4C2 RNA[64]Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; frontotemporal dementia
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靶向蛋白降解技术在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的应用进展
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张雪 1 , 冯雅煊 1 , 张柳 1 , 孙璐 1, * , 贺慧宁 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025,60(11): 3318-3329
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药学学报 |专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025 , 60 (11) : 3318 -3329
靶向蛋白降解技术在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的应用进展
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张雪1, 冯雅煊1, 张柳1, 孙璐1, * , 贺慧宁1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1天津医科大学药学院, 天津市临床药物关键技术重点实验室, 天津 300070
  • 2天津医科大学生物医学工程与技术学院, 天津 300070
通讯作者:
孙璐, E-mail:
贺慧宁, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

张雪和冯雅煊为共同负责文献调研、数据整理及初稿撰写; 张柳参与部分文献收集与图表制作; 贺慧宁和孙璐为通讯作者, 负责论文框架设计、修改及最终定稿。所有作者均对论文内容进行了审阅并同意最终版本。

Progress in targeted protein degradation for central nervous system diseases therapy
Xue ZHANG1, Ya-xuan FENG1, Liu ZHANG1, Lu SUN1, * , Hui-ning HE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
  • 2School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0804
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中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS) 疾病药物研发面临血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 通透性低和以聚集状病理性蛋白为靶药物开发难度大等瓶颈。靶向蛋白降解技术(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统或溶酶体途径选择性清除致病蛋白, 为CNS疾病治疗提供了新的策略。相较于传统小分子药物, 靶向蛋白降解药物采用事件驱动型作用机制, 可降解β-淀粉样蛋白等“不可成药”靶点, 且亚化学计量浓度即可生效, 有望显著降低CNS递送难度。其药效学与药代动力学的解耦特性进一步降低了脱靶风险, 尤其适用于CNS这一对药物安全性要求极高的治疗领域。目前已有3款用于CNS疾病治疗的靶向蛋白降解药物进入临床试验阶段。本综述详细阐述了基于不同降解系统的TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗中的应用进展, 系统地分析了各自技术的优势和局限性, 并对TPD应用于CNS疾病治疗面临的共性挑战和通用优化策略展开探讨, 以期为TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗中的深入应用提供新的启示。

中枢神经系统疾病  /  靶向蛋白降解  /  降解剂  /  泛素-蛋白酶体系统  /  溶酶体降解途径

The development of therapeutic interventions for central nervous system (CNS) diseases poses significant challenges. These challenges are primarily attributable to the limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the inherent complexity of protein aggregates. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology selectively removes pathogenic proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system or lysosomal pathways, offering a new strategy for CNS treatment. In comparison with conventional small molecule drugs, TPD employs an event-driven mode of action, capable of degrading β-amyloid and other "undruggable" targets, and demonstrating efficacy at sub-chemometric doses. This is anticipated to markedly reduce the complexity of CNS delivery. The disconnecting of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics further reduces the risk of off-targeting, making it particularly suitable for the CNS, a therapeutic area that requires a high degree of drug safety. Three CNS degraders have already entered clinical trials. This review comprehensively elaborates on the application progress of TPD technologies based on different degradation systems in the treatment of CNS diseases, systematically analyzes the advantages and limitations of each technology, and discusses the common challenges and general optimization strategies for TPD application in CNS disease therapy. The findings aim to provide new insights for the in-depth application of TPD technology in the treatment of CNS diseases.

central nervous system disease  /  targeted protein degradation  /  degrader  /  ubiquitin-proteasome system  /  lysosomal degradation pathway
张雪, 冯雅煊, 张柳, 孙璐, 贺慧宁. 靶向蛋白降解技术在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的应用进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3318 -3329 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0804
Xue ZHANG, Ya-xuan FENG, Liu ZHANG, Lu SUN, Hui-ning HE. Progress in targeted protein degradation for central nervous system diseases therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3318 -3329 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0804
中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS) 疾病涵盖神经退行性疾病, 神经发育障碍、脑肿瘤和脑卒中等多种类型[1]。随着全球人口结构变化和老龄化加剧, 该类疾病已成为各国急需面对的重大卫生和社会问题。针对CNS疾病的药物研发因此成为关注的热点。然而当前CNS疾病药物研发面临显著挑战, 相较于其他治疗领域, 进入临床开发阶段的CNS疾病药物更少, 且Ⅲ期临床试验失败率远高于非CNS疾病药物[2]。目前针对CNS疾病的治疗策略, 包括能够穿透血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 的小分子药物及靶向致病蛋白的免疫疗法, 主要发挥症状缓解作用, 尚无法有效阻断或逆转疾病的病理进程[3]。CNS疾病药物研发面临两大核心难题: 其一是BBB的低通透性导致的药物递送效率低下, 其二是病理性蛋白质聚集体(如β-淀粉样蛋白、α-突触核蛋白等) 作为神经退行性疾病的特征性病理标志物, 其靶向干预存在显著的成药性障碍[4]。近年发展起来的靶向蛋白降解技术(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 为CNS疾病的药物研发, 开辟了全新的路径。目前已有3款候选药物进入临床试验阶段, 多个在研分子处于临床前研究阶段(表1)[5]。其中在临床前阶段, 基于小分子的靶向蛋白降解技术已在阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 和亨廷顿病(Huntington's disease, HD) 的细胞和动物模型中完成概念验证, 同时, 基于肽类或抗体的大分子靶向蛋白降解药物也已应用于神经退行性疾病相关蛋白的清除[5]。这些突破性进展显示了TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗领域的巨大应用潜力(图1)。本综述将就近年来靶向蛋白降解技术在CNS疾病的应用开展讨论, 以期为该类药物的开发研究提供参考和启示。
靶向蛋白降解技术利用人体细胞内天然存在的两大蛋白质降解系统——泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 和溶酶体降解系统(lysosomal pathway), 对导致疾病的关键蛋白质进行降解和回收, 从而达到治疗疾病的目的[6]。基于这两个降解系统, 靶向蛋白降解技术衍生了两类技术路径: ①基于泛素-蛋白酶体系统UPS的靶向蛋白降解技术, 主要包括蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras, PROTACs) 技术和分子胶技术等; ②基于溶酶体降解系统的靶向蛋白降解技术, 主要包括溶酶体靶向嵌合体(lysosome-targeting chimeras, LYTACs) 技术、自噬靶向嵌合体(autophagy-targeting chimeras, AUTACs) 技术、自噬体绑定化合物(autophagy-tethering compounds, ATTECs) 技术等。这些技术具有其各自不同的特点和应用范围(表2)[3]。
不同于传统小分子药物的占据驱动型(occupancy-driven) 药理模式, 靶向蛋白降解药物通过事件驱动型(event-driven) 药理学机制发挥作用, 其核心在于不可逆地清除功能性靶蛋白。这使得该技术可用于破坏靶蛋白除活性外的支架功能(非酶活性依赖机制), 降解缺乏明确催化口袋的“不可成药”靶点, 例如神经退行性疾病中异常聚集的蛋白这些缺乏功能性结合位点的靶点[4]。得益于靶向蛋白降解药物的催化作用模式(mode of action, MOA), 该类分子可在亚化学计量给药方案下实现高效降解[7]。由于中枢神经系统疾病药物常受限于BBB而达不到相应的作用浓度, 这一定程度上大大降低了CNS靶向蛋白降解药物开发的难度。同时, 靶向蛋白降解药物的药代动力学与药效学的显著解耦效应可有效降低脱靶毒性[8], 这一特性显著优于传统小分子抑制剂, 尤其适用于CNS这一对药物安全性要求极高的治疗领域。此外, 靶向蛋白降解药物的降解效率与三元复合物稳定性密切相关, 其中蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein and protein interaction, PPI) 介导的协同效应至关重要, 基于此机制, 靶向蛋白降解药物对靶蛋白结合位点的亲和力要求相对较低, 使得针对缺乏功能性结合位点的蛋白质(如神经退行性疾病中异常聚集的蛋白) 成为可能[9]。因此, TPD技术在CNS药物研发领域显示出巨大潜力。
TPD技术的核心在于利用细胞自身的UPS系统或溶酶体降解途径, 将特异性的致病蛋白“标记”并降解, 从而从根本上清除异常蛋白, 阻止疾病的进展。本部分将围绕TPD技术在CNS疾病治疗中的应用, 深入探讨基于不同降解途径的创新策略及其潜在的临床前景。
UPS由泛素、3种关键酶、26S蛋白酶体和蛋白质底物组成, 是细胞内80%以上蛋白质降解的主要途径。天然状态下, 胞内的蛋白质先被泛素标记, 然后被蛋白酶体识别和降解[10]。基于该系统的工作原理, 靶向蛋白降解药物化身为“垃圾分拣员”, 其主要工作是给致病蛋白“贴标签”。在药物帮助下, 一连串的泛素连接到致病蛋白上, 该蛋白质就被贴上了泛素化标签, 随后会被运到负责降解蛋白质的细胞器——蛋白酶体内进行分解。因此该类靶向降解蛋白药物主要用于胞内蛋白的降解, 如激酶、核受体、转录因子等。
在基于UPS降解途径的靶向蛋白降解药物中, 蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(PROTACs) 是研究最为成熟的一种。PROTAC是一种双功能分子, 它包含三部分: 用于结合靶蛋白(protein of interest, POI) 的配体、募集E3泛素连接酶的配体及连接两个配体的连接子[11]。PROTAC可同时与E3连接酶和POI结合, 形成三元复合物(E3连接酶-PROTACs-靶蛋白), 诱导POI被泛素标记, 并通过蛋白酶体靶向降解发挥作用。
与小分子抑制剂相比, PROTAC分子的优势首先体现在对靶点的作用模式上: 传统小分子需高浓度持续占据靶点活性位点才能发挥抑制作用, 而PROTAC无需依赖持续占据, 而是通过介导靶蛋白降解实现功能阻断, 这种特性从根本上减少了因长期占据靶点引发的耐药性问题; 其次, PROTAC具有独特的催化降解功能, 单个分子可循环降解多个靶蛋白[12], 因此仅需低剂量即可达到高效治疗效果。此外, PROTACs技术还消除了对结合受体或酶发挥作用的活性位点的需求, 重新定义了不可成药的靶点[7]。
PROTACs技术在CNS疾病治疗中展现出广泛的应用潜力, 其通过UPS选择性降解致病蛋白的机制, 为多种难治性神经退行性疾病提供了新策略。基于PROTAC原理研发的C004019由tau配体、连接子和VHL配体组成, 同时招募tau蛋白和E3泛素连接酶VHL, 实现了对tau蛋白的选择性、高效泛素化和降解, 在AD小鼠模型中显著降解病理tau并改善了认知[13]。Silva等[14]开发的QC-01-175由与病理tau蛋白结合的正电子发射断层扫描示踪剂T807和招募E3连接酶CRBN的配体连接而成, 凭借T807核心骨架对病理tau蛋白中过度磷酸化或异常折叠产生的β-片层结构的特异性识别能力, 通过构象差异优先结合病理tau并招募CRBN-E3连接酶复合物使其泛素化降解, 在额颞叶痴呆(frontotemporal dementia, FTD) 患者来源的神经元中, 优先靶向tau蛋白进行降解, 而对野生型tau无显著影响。Kargbo[15]开发的PROTAC化合物由α-突触核蛋白(α-syn) 结合配体与VHL、CRBN等E3泛素连接酶配体连接而成, 凭借配体对α-syn的淀粉样纤维等病理构象的特异性识别能力, 优先结合致病α-syn并招募E3连接酶复合物使其泛素化降解, 显著降低了突变α-syn水平(蛋白剩余量 < 35%), 为治疗帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD)、AD等提供了精准降解异常蛋白的新方法。
PROTACs技术在PD和进行性核上性麻痹中也展现出潜在治疗价值。其作用机制是通过降解过度激活的LRRK2蛋白, 阻断该激酶介导的支架功能(该功能与神经元死亡相关), 并抑制神经免疫小胶质细胞中的LRRK2异常高表达。其中, 口服PROTAC靶向蛋白降解药物如XL01126和ARV-102都通过此机制发挥作用, 该机制凸显了TPD破坏靶蛋白除活性外的支架功能(非酶活性依赖机制) 的技术优势。XL01126由LRRK2蛋白配体、连接子和VHL配体组成, 其可跨越BBB并靶向LRRK2的G2019S突变体, 介导其泛素化降解。在该药物的研究中, 研究人员选择VHL配体VH101作为起始结构, 通过引入甲基取代或氟代基团增强与VHL蛋白的结合亲和力。此外, 去除非必需基团降低分子质量并引入金刚烷基疏水标签模拟错误折叠蛋白的疏水区域平衡脂溶性与水溶性, 提高该药物的血脑屏障穿透效率[16]。ARV-102已于2024年2月正式进入Ⅰ期临床试验[16]。
PROTACs技术也被应用于脑肿瘤如脑胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma, GBM) 治疗中。研究发现, 吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1, IDO1) 在GBM的免疫抑制微环境中扮演着关键角色, 其通过代谢色氨酸生成免疫抑制性代谢物, 从而抑制T细胞的免疫应答, 以促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。基于此, Monsen等[17]开发了一种高效靶向降解IDO1的PROTAC分子NU227326, 以进行脑肿瘤免疫治疗。该团队通过合理优化先导系列结构, 将IDO1靶向配体与CRBN配体通过(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 连接子偶联, 形成双功能PROTAC, 通过招募CRBN-E3连接酶复合物诱导IDO1的泛素化降解。在人GBM细胞U87中, 该分子展示了卓越的降解效率, 其降解IDO1的DC50低至5 nmol·L-1。NU227326通过显著降低IDO1蛋白水平, 恢复了T细胞抗肿瘤活性, 为IDO1相关脑部癌症提供了一种创新的、基于靶向蛋白降解的治疗策略。
此外, 靶向布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(Bruton's tyrosine kinase, BTK) 的PROTACs也被应用于脑淋巴瘤等CNS疾病中。其中, NX-5948是一种基于PROTAC技术的BTK靶向蛋白降解药物, 其在体外能够诱导野生型和突变型BTK的亚纳摩尔级降解, 并可高效穿透血脑屏障, 在临床前研究中显著降解脑淋巴瘤细胞的BTK蛋白[18]。BTK-PROTACs通过E3泛素连接酶CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体系统实现BTK的特异性降解, 其降解活性和抗肿瘤效果呈剂量依赖性, 为原发性脑淋巴瘤的治疗提供了新策略[19]。
PROTACs在抑郁症等应激相关精神类疾病的治疗中也展现出巨大的潜力。研究表明, KH-103和SelDeg51等PROTAC分子可通过降解糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GR) 及相关蛋白, 缓解应激诱导的神经功能异常。KH-103作为选择性GR靶向蛋白降解药物, 可在神经元模型中缓解应激诱导的转录异常; SelDeg51作为FKBP51-PROTAC, 通过增强GR信号通路, 可显著改善小鼠抑郁样行为[20]。
尽管PROTAC在CNS疾病治疗领域显示出巨大潜力, 其分子设计需进行多维度的综合优化[21]。首先, 必须克服BBB的渗透性难题, PROTAC因分子质量大、极性表面积高而天然受限, 但XL01126等成功案例表明, 突破传统理化性质的限制是可能的; 其次, 溶解度是确保药物在CNS有效分布和细胞渗透的关键。PROTAC的大分子特性常导致溶解度不佳, 设计时可通过引入极性官能团或调整连接子类型(如从烷基链转向PEG或更刚性的结构) 来平衡亲脂性与亲水性, 从而优化其溶解度。在确定POI和E3链接酶配体的情况下, 连接子的设计成为调节整体ADME性质的核心杠杆。最后, E3连接酶的选择是实现组织特异性治疗的关键策略。不同于在脑内广泛表达的VHL和CRBN, 选择并开发针对脑区特异性E3连接酶的配体, 能够将蛋白降解作用精确地限制在CNS, 从而极大降低全身性脱靶效应, 这对于治疗神经退行性疾病具有决定性优势。未来, 结合新型递送技术与分子设计策略, 有望进一步提升PROTACs在CNS疾病中的治疗窗口和临床转化效率。
Trim-Away是一种新型的蛋白质降解技术, 该技术以抗体作为降解剂, 快速、特异性地降解目标蛋白质, 其核心在于TRIM21蛋白, 该蛋白同时具有Fc受体和E3泛素连接酶两种功能, 能够识别细胞内与靶蛋白结合的抗体的Fc段, 进而介导靶蛋白的蛋白酶体降解[22]。
鲁伯埙团队[23]基于Trim-Away技术, 利用抗多聚谷氨酰胺抗体(3B5H10) 特异性识别出突变亨廷顿蛋白(mutant Huntingtin protein, mHTT) 中过长且具有特定构象的谷氨酰胺重复(polyQ) 片段, 募集TRIM21形成分子簇集, 诱导mHTT的泛素化降解。结果显示, 该技术可选择性清除含≥ 39 Q的致病型mHTT, 而对正常HTT (≤ 26 Q) 无影响。这种“构象特异性降解”机制为治疗神经退行性疾病中异常聚集蛋白提供了新策略, 避免了传统基因编辑对正常等位基因的潜在风险。
在发展Trim-Away靶向降解系统的基础上, 剑桥医学研究委员(Medical research council, MRC) 分子生物学实验室James团队[24]进一步揭示了TRIM21介导的靶蛋白降解机制, 该研究结果表明, TRIM21的激活需要自身RING结构的二聚或多聚化, 与多聚靶蛋白的结合能够促进其E3泛素连接酶活性的激活, 因此基于TRIM21的靶向降解技术可望实现病理性蛋白聚集体的选择性清除, 同时保留功能性单体蛋白。这一特性使其在阿尔茨海默症、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的治疗中具有独特优势, 因为这些疾病的核心病理特征正是由tau蛋白、α-突触核蛋白等错误折叠形成的不可溶性聚集体。
2024年, 由McEwan[25]和James[26]领衔的团队在《Science》和《Cell》上连续发表了两篇论文, 展示了选择性清除tau蛋白聚集体的新方法, 动物实验的结果显示, 该疗法能够改善老年小鼠的神经变性症状。这两种清除tau蛋白的潜在疗法均显示出了两个引人注目的优势: 一是只破坏与疾病有关的tau蛋白聚集体, 而正常的tau蛋白保持完好; 其次, 既可以清除小鼠体内已经形成的tau蛋白聚集体, 还可以阻止新的聚集体形成。在发表于《Science》的工作中, 该团队用靶向tau蛋白的纳米抗体与TRIM21的RING结构域进行融合表达, 作为靶向蛋白降解药物, 当相邻的tau蛋白形成病理性聚集体时, 上面的RING也会被激活, 从而给tau蛋白聚集体打上降解标签, 但正常的tau蛋白几乎不受影响[25]。在另一个工作中, 该团队将TRIM21的RING结构域与tau蛋白的一个拷贝融合表达, 以这个tau蛋白作为“诱饵”, 诱导tau蛋白聚集, 进而借助这种聚集结构激活RING, 最终导致整个聚集体泛素化降解, 而不破坏正常的tau蛋白单体[26]。这种基于TRIM21的策略不仅为治疗阿尔茨海默症提供了富有前景的新方法, 还有望应用于其他由细胞内错误折叠的蛋白聚集而引起的疾病, 使其成为神经退行性疾病治疗领域的通用型技术平台。然而, 由于该策略所开发的降解剂属于生物大分子形式, 因此解决这类靶向蛋白降解药物的胞内递送困难及体内稳定性差的问题, 成为该技术向临床转化和推广过程中亟待攻克的关键技术难题。
疏水标签(hydrophobic tags, HyTs) 是一类双功能分子, 由疏水基团和目标蛋白的小分子配体组成, 因其能够介导靶蛋白发生不依赖于E3连接酶的蛋白酶体降解而备受关注。真核细胞会通过蛋白质量控制系统降解错误折叠的蛋白质及其聚集体, 此过程的关键参与者为热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs), HSP可以识别错误折叠蛋白表面暴露的疏水基团, 并通过UPS将其降解[27]。HyTs技术正是基于此原理发展而来。
2019年, 李艳梅、赵玉芬团队[28]设计了靶向TDP-43蛋白的HyT分子, 用于治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)。该分子包括3个功能部分: HyTs、TDP-43蛋白配体和细胞穿膜肽。体内外实验均表明它可以诱导TDP-43的降解。
2022年, Hirai等[29]通过分析聚集物结合剂与富含β-折叠结构聚集物之间的相互作用, 基于HyT技术设计出一系列具有不同疏水基团的mHTT降解剂。其中, 以金刚烷为疏水基团的HyT3'表现出优异的降解效果, 且无细胞毒性。固定化人工膜柱分析表明, HyT3'能够有效穿透BBB, 对mHTT具有显著的靶向降解活性, 是首个针对易聚集蛋白的小分子HyT降解剂。
作为一种新兴TPD技术, HyT技术能够兼具PROTACs (可设计性) 和分子胶(成药性) 的双重优势。相较于PROTACs, 该技术还具有独特优势: 其可通过肿瘤组织中特异性表达分子伴侣实现更高选择性, 并能规避特定泛素E3连接酶突变介导的耐药性, 从而增强肿瘤药效学作用。值得注意的是, 金刚烷已成功应用于突变亨廷顿蛋白mHTT的降解, 表明减少氢键供受体数量可能有利于中枢神经系统药物的开发[29], HyT技术在CNS疾病治疗领域显示出巨大潜力。
然而, HyT技术仍存在两个亟待深入研究的关键问题。首先, 不同HyT分子虽作用机制各异, 但其降解效能与功能表现存在显著差异。目前尚需明确HyT介导的降解作用究竟依赖于分子伴侣的直接识别, 还是通过诱导蛋白质结构失稳实现, 前者可能因HyT与天然蛋白(普遍存在疏水口袋) 的非特异性结合而降低疗效并引发脱靶毒性; 后者则因对高稳定性蛋白的降解效率受限, 导致潜在靶标范围缩小; 其次, 虽然HyT较小的分子尺寸相较于PROTACs更有利于提升细胞渗透性、组织分布及代谢特性, 但其连接区分子结构与疏水标签类型的优化仍需系统探索[27]。
总体而言, 构建高效HyT平台面临两大核心挑战: 一是发现可与小分子配体结合的新型靶蛋白; 二是筛选具有类药特性的新型疏水标签结构。可以预见, 随着HyT技术的成熟发展, 其在CNS疾病治疗领域将展现出突破性治疗潜力。
溶酶体是细胞中的降解中心, 通过内吞、吞噬和自噬途径介导细胞外和细胞内物质的降解。内吞是细胞从外部环境中吸收物质的过程[30]。吞噬与内吞密切相关, 该过程首先以受体依赖的方式摄入直径 > 0.5 μm的颗粒, 然后将其消除[31]。自噬是一个动态的自降解过程, 它能将细胞质成分(如蛋白质、细胞器和病原体) 在溶酶体内进行降解[32]。
现今已有许多基于溶酶体途径降解失调蛋白的TPD策略被开发, 如LYTACs、AbTACs、ATTECs、AUT ACs、靶向自噬的嵌合体(autophagy-targeting chimera, AUTOTACs) 及双特异性适配体嵌合体等。相比基于UPS系统的TPD技术, 基于溶酶体途径的TPD技术更适用于降解细胞表面或胞外蛋白, 而泛素-蛋白酶体途径则更适用于胞内蛋白的降解, 这两类技术在一定程度上呈现互补性[33]。
LYTACs是一类介导内体-溶酶体降解的双功能蛋白降解物, 主要通过将靶蛋白招募到细胞表面的溶酶体穿梭受体, 实现对细胞外蛋白和膜蛋白的靶向降解[34]。Banik等[35]报道了首个LYTAC, 其由结合靶蛋白的单克隆抗体和用作阳离子非依赖性甘露糖-6-磷酸受体(CI-M6PR) 配体的寡糖肽片段(polyM6Pn) 组成。他们首次在体外实验中证明, LYTAC能够降解与AD相关的细胞外蛋白载脂蛋白E4 (ApoE4), 而基于UPS途径的PROTACs和其他技术未能实现这一目标[35]。此外, LYTAC技术被认为有可能降解HD中的mHTT蛋白[36]。作为主要靶向胞内蛋白的PROTACs的补充策略, LYTACs扩展了TPD技术的应用范围。
近年来, LYTAC技术得到了持续地优化和拓展, 在CNS疾病的治疗研究中涌现出大量的应用实例。2025年, 高艳锋、周秀曼团队[37]合作开发了一种基于共价嵌合多肽的靶向蛋白降解平台——Pep-TAC (peptide-based targeted degradation chimera)。该平台创新性地引入了一个具有长链柔性结构的芳基磺酰氟基团, 该基团能够与靶蛋白特异性结合并诱导邻近依赖性共价交联, 进而通过循环转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor, TFRC) 介导的溶酶体靶向内吞途径实现目标蛋白的高效降解。值得注意的是, 由于TFRC在BBB和肿瘤细胞中均高表达, 且在中枢神经系统脉管系统中负责组成型、配体非依赖性的受体介导的细胞转运(receptor-mediated transcytosis, RMT), 实验结果表明, 该技术可通过TFRC介导的跨屏障转运机制实现脑部靶向递送, 并在胶质瘤模型中展现出显著的治疗效果, 为中枢神经系统疾病治疗提供了新型策略。
同年, 曲晓刚团队[38]设计、合成并筛选了Pittsburgh compound B衍生的嵌合分子, 进而构建了具有BBB穿透性和可激活Aβ降解功能的多功能聚多巴胺基LYTACs, 用于AD的治疗。在AD病灶区域, 通过Aβ-Cu催化的生物正交反应原位合成Aβ降解型cli-LYTACs。激活后的cli-LYTACs可诱导Aβ与溶酶体穿梭受体CD206产生空间邻近效应, 从而实现Aβ聚集体向溶酶体的转运与降解。此外, 生物相容性聚多巴胺能有效清除活性氧、抑制炎症反应并促进小胶质细胞向M2型极化。因此, 该LYTACs通过双重机制增强LYTACs疗效: 一方面上调细胞表面CD206表达; 另一方面恢复溶酶体蛋白水解功能。
将LYTAC技术应用于CNS疾病治疗前景广阔, 然而, 在具体的分子设计阶段, 研究者必须直面并攻克以下几大核心难题: 首先, LYTAC作为大分子嵌合体, 其穿越BBB的能力有限, 如何有效实现脑内递送是一个核心挑战; 其次, 为了提高治疗的精准性和安全性, 理想的分子设计应能使LYTAC降解剂在脑部被特异性地局部激活, 从而避免在其他组织器官产生脱靶效应; 最后, 必须考虑疾病状态下CNS的病理环境。例如, AD患者大脑中存在的低溶酶体转运体表达水平和受损的溶酶体功能可能会直接影响LYTAC分子的降解效率, 因此, 需要考虑如何克服这些内在的细胞功能障碍[38, 39]。
相较于内体-溶酶体途径的TPD技术, 基于自噬-溶酶体途径(autophagy-lysosome pathway, ALP) 途径的TPD策略在CNS疾病治疗中展现出更为显著的优势, 目前, 以AUTACs、ATTECs、AUTOTACs和基于CMA的降解物等为代表的技术, 因其在清除错误折叠蛋白和异常聚集物方面的独特效能, 已成为CNS疾病治疗领域的重要研究方向。
AUTACs是首个利用自噬机制的TPD策略, 其分子由细胞内靶蛋白特异性结合剂和模拟S-鸟嘌呤基化的标签组成, 可诱导靶蛋白发生K63-多聚泛素化, 进而被自噬受体识别并通过选择性自噬途径降解。2019年, Takahashi等[40-42]首次报道并开发了一系列AUTACs, 其中AUTAC4作为线粒体靶向降解物, 含有2-苯基吲哚衍生物和FBnG标签, 能减轻线粒体凋亡、维持ATP水平, 并通过促进线粒体自噬挽救损伤细胞, 在癌症、神经退行性疾病等领域展现出巨大潜力。
研究报道, PBA-1105作为AUTACs分子, 可激活自噬途径, 在SH-SY5Y细胞中诱导突变tau蛋白降解, 其DC50值约为1~10 nmol·L-1, 且能有效清除AD小鼠模型脑中的聚集tau[21]。尽管AUTACs技术面临BBB穿透能力不足和潜在脱靶效应等挑战, 该技术仍为AD治疗提供了新方向, 有望突破传统抑制剂的局限性, 推动疾病修正疗法的发展。此外, ATC161可靶向α-syn聚集体并与p62蛋白结合, 促进其自噬降解[43]。
相较于基于UPS的降解技术, AUTACs可降解细胞质蛋白及线粒体碎片, 在降解特异性和降解对象的范围上具有独特优势, 但其作用机制较为复杂, 对全细胞蛋白的安全性、有效性及体内作用机制仍需进一步研究。
与AUTACs类似, ATTECs通过直接结合自噬受体LC3触发致病蛋白的自噬降解, 其核心机制是以小分子化合物作为“桥梁”, 一端结合LC3, 另一端结合POI, 绕过泛素化过程, 直接将靶蛋白递送至自噬溶酶体降解。
ATTECs如10O5和AN2可作为连接LC3和mHTT的双功能分子, 一端识别LC3的特定结构域, 另一端结合mHTT的多谷氨酰胺序列, 选择性清除mHTT而不影响野生型蛋白, 在HD小鼠模型中改善运动功能[44]。类似机制下, ATTECs通过结合LC3与突变Ataxin-3的异常结构域, 诱导其自噬降解, 减少神经细胞内毒性聚集体的积累, 为脊髓小脑性共济失调的治疗提供了新方向。Fu等[45]开发的LD-ATTEC, 能连接LC3和脂滴(lipid droplet, LDs), 诱导脂滴自噬, 几乎完全清除细胞和小鼠模型中的LDs, 为脑动脉粥样硬化等多种疾病提供了新治疗策略[46]。
ATTECs具有低分子质量、脑穿透性强、直接作用于自噬通路、目标谱广(可降解蛋白聚集体、受损细胞器甚至核酸分子) 等特点[47], 有望在未来得到进一步应用, 为非蛋白细胞组分降解提供新途径。然而, 其对LC3的非特异性结合可能引发潜在脱靶效应, 且不同组织中LC3的表达差异可能影响疗效, 需进一步优化化合物结构以提升安全性和组织选择性。
自噬受体p62通过自噬途径清除错误折叠蛋白, 其结构兼具泛素结合域和LC3相互作用区, 可作为桥接分子诱导自噬体形成[48]。Ji等[49, 50]基于p62依赖性自噬系统开发了AUTOTAC平台, 其核心为双功能分子, 由靶蛋白结合配体(target protein binding ligand, TBL) 与自噬靶向配体(autophagy targeting ligand, ATL) 通过重复PEG片段连接, 通过以下机制发挥作用: ATL与p62的ZZ结构域结合, 诱导p62自聚合并转化为“自噬兼容形式”, 同时TBL识别靶蛋白, 形成“靶蛋白-TBL-ATL-p62-LC3”复合物, 触发自噬体包裹靶蛋白并递送溶酶体降解。
AUTOTACs分子ATC161可通过靶向α-syn聚集体与p62蛋白结合, 诱导其通过溶酶体途径降解。PD模型小鼠通过口服ATC161可减少脑内α-syn聚集体积累, 并改善运动功能[51]。AUTOTAC分子PBA-1105可特异性识别P301L突变体tau, 通过激活p62诱导其自噬降解, 改善突触功能障碍和神经元死亡, 在AD小鼠模型中展现神经保护作用[49]。
AUTOTAC分子设计无需依赖靶蛋白泛素化修饰或特定连接物长度, 即可实现多种细胞内蛋白的选择性降解, 但其临床转化仍需进一步优化组织选择性并评估脱靶效应。
分子伴侣介导自噬(chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) 是一种基于溶酶体降解途径的细胞内蛋白质选择性降解模式。基于CMA的降解分子是由细胞膜肽、CMA靶向基序(CMA-targetingmotif, CTM) 和靶蛋白结合域组成的双功能分子。机制上, 分子伴侣Hsc70c识别底物蛋白中存在的KFERQ样基序, 并将其引导到溶酶体相关膜蛋白2A (LAMP2A), LAMP2A可将胞质蛋白转运到溶酶体膜上。随后, 底物蛋白通过多聚体LAMP2A复合物进入溶酶体进行降解[52]。
Fan等[53]开发的分子TAT47-57, 通过结合PSD-95、DAPK1、α-syn等靶蛋白, 可剂量依赖性地降低其蛋白水平; Zhu等[54]设计的Tat-CDK5-CTM肽, 可阻断CDK5与NR2B的相互作用, 并在小鼠缺血性卒中模型中诱导CDK5降解; 此外, 相关报道表明基于CMA的降解分子可靶向降解突变型(Huntingtin, HTT) 蛋白[55], 为神经退行性疾病治疗提供新方向。
基于CMA的降解为目前的TPD提供了一种补充方法, 并促进了疾病治疗有效疗法的发展。但CMA机制尚不完全明确, 且其肽类靶向蛋白降解药物存在稳定性和递送效率问题, 需进一步研究优化。
分子胶是一种简单的分子, 能够通过促进蛋白质之间的二聚化或共定位, 使它们靠近彼此, 从而调节不同的生物过程[56]。由于这些特性, 分子胶可通过两种机制诱导POI降解[57]: ①与E3泛素连接酶和底物蛋白相互作用, 通过UPS途径介导泛素化降解; ②直接诱导底物蛋白与自噬溶酶体途径相关受体结合, 通过自噬-溶酶体途径降解。
2019年, Thomas等[21]开发的分子胶, 可特异性结合mHTT的polyQ区域, 精准黏连致病蛋白与自噬小体蛋白LC3, 将致病蛋白带入自噬小体降解, 成功实现了对mHTT蛋白的特异性降解, 缓解HD疾病进程。该研究中, 分子胶通过ALP途径降解mHTT蛋白。与PROTAC技术所依赖的UPS途径相比, ALP途径在降解蛋白质聚集体方面表现更为出色。分子胶诱导的降解具有选择性, 不会导致野生型HTT的降解。
14-3-3蛋白是一种具有神经保护作用的蛋白质, 促进神经元生长, 14-3-3的失调可导致PD。大多数14-3-3蛋白能够与α-核素相互作用, 并参与PD的发病机制。14-3-3蛋白的过表达会破坏tau蛋白与微管的结合, 从而降低微管的稳定性[58-60]。研究表明, 14-3-3与tau蛋白的结合能促进其磷酸化和聚集, 这表明抑制PPI可能有治疗效果。目前, 14-3-3分子胶稳定剂已经开发出来。尽管分子胶靶向蛋白降解药物在PD和AD治疗中的应用还需进一步探索, 但分子胶在CNS疾病研究中展现出巨大的发展潜力[61, 62]。
与PROTAC等异双功能分子不同, 分子胶作为单体降解剂通常直接或通过诱导方式与POI结合, 促进其降解。分子胶的显著特点是分子质量较小, 这使得它们更容易穿透BBB, 并具有更好的药理特性。然而, 此类单体降解剂多属偶然发现, 而非经过理性设计, 因此, 其相关机制仍有待深入研究。
核糖核酸酶靶向嵌合体(ribonuclease targeting chimeras, RiboTACs) 是通过促进RNA和核糖核酸酶之间的相互作用来诱导靶标RNA降解的。单个RIBOTAC分子可参与多轮催化降解反应, 因此与寡核苷酸处理相比, RIBOTAC具有较高的催化性能, 并能在低浓度下触发RNA降解[63]。目前已被用于治疗ALS和FTD。C9orf72染色体上的G4C2RNA重复扩展是ALS/FTD的常见遗传原因之一。2021年, Disney团队[64]研发了一种针对G4C2的RIBOTAC分子重复并招募核酶以消除天然RNA的扩展, 从而在体外实现ALS/FTD典型细胞特征的消除, 并缓解ALS/FTD小鼠模型中的病理特征。但与PROTAC技术类似, 由于其分子质量较高, RIBOTACs仍面临细胞摄取效率低和生物利用度低等问题, 有待研究者们进一步对其性能进行完善, 以提高其应用转化的潜力。
综上, 本部分围绕TPD技术治疗CNS疾病的创新应用展开了深入探讨, 介绍了基于不同降解途径的靶向蛋白降解策略(表3) 及相关代表性化合物(具体结构如图2所示), 系统性地展示了其临床转化潜力, 并揭示了该技术在超越传统疗法局限方面的重要价值。
TPD技术通过利用UPS和溶酶体途径降解致病蛋白, 为CNS疾病治疗和药物研发提供了突破性思路。PROTACs等策略已在神经退行性疾病、脑肿瘤及精神疾病模型中展现降解致病蛋白的潜力, 但其临床转化仍面临如血脑屏障穿透性不足、脱靶效应及作用机制不完全明确等挑战, 亟待通过优化配体设计、解决递送难题及引入新的技术等方面的创新来克服这些局限性。
当前基于UPS系统设计的靶向蛋白降解药物, 主要利用CRBN与VHL两种核心E3泛素连接酶, 而且这两种E3连接酶的泛组织表达特性可能导致靶向必需蛋白时引发多器官毒性[65]。人类蛋白质组中的E3泛素连接酶种类超过600种, 拓展E3的工具箱, 开发具有CNS组织特异性的E3连接酶, 以增强靶向蛋白降解的特异性, 进而提高药物作用的安全性, 具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。近年来, 阿尔茨海默症患者脑内上调的RNF182、Kelch家族成员(如ENC1、KLHL32等) 及神经元特异性TRIM家族E3连接酶, 均逐渐受到关注, 有望实现中枢靶点精准降解并规避外周毒性。
由于靶向蛋白降解药物通常具有超出传统类药性五规则(Lipinski规则) 的物理化学性质, 加之BBB的阻碍作用, 该类药物在CNS中的递送面临重大挑战[66]。如何通过优化药物结构设计、改进递送系统等多维度创新手段, 以提高靶向蛋白降解药物的CNS递送效率是一个值得关注的问题。
近年来, 多个研究小组开发基于纳米平台的靶向蛋白降解药物系统, 以提高靶向蛋白降解药物的降解效率和中枢神经系统递送效率。例如, 孙涛团队[67]开发的PROTACs-纳米载体系统通过靶向降解BRD4蛋白, 阻断DNA损伤修复通路, 增强替莫唑胺放疗和化疗的敏感性, 在小鼠GBM模型中显著抑制肿瘤生长并延长生存期。高会乐团队[68]开发的endoTAC纳米嵌合体通过多价结合RAGE受体穿透BBB, 搭载辛伐他汀上调LRP1, 在AD模型中降解Aβ。此外, 尹又团队[69]开发的NT-lipid-PROTAC-DNA纳米复合物利用DNA插层技术锚定tau靶向PROTAC, 通过NT-lipid穿透BBB, 在AD小鼠中诱导tau降解并改善认知功能。这些新型TPD技术通过载体功能化与降解机制协同作用, 突破BBB限制, 为CNS疾病的精准治疗提供了新策略。
在蛋白降解药物研发中, 人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI) 和计算机辅助设计(computer aided design, CADD) 发挥着关键作用。CADD能通过虚拟筛选从庞大的化合物库中快速识别潜在药物分子, 加速药物发现进程[70]。同时, 机器学习作为AI的分支, 可通过对大量分子结构与跨BBB能力、降解效率关系的数据学习, 预测并优化分子结构, 提高其跨BBB能力和降解效率[70]。
利用AI预测药物的药代动力学和药效学特性也可促进TPD技术开发。已报道的EquiScore方法, 借助AI技术整合相关知识和数据, 可在一定程度上预测药物与靶点相互作用, 进而为药代动力学和药效学特性预测提供参考, 助力TPD药物研发中的药物优化[71]。
综上, TPD技术作为生物医学领域的新兴热点, 凭借其独特优势和巨大应用潜力成为当前研究焦点。尽管面临诸多挑战, 但随着科研人员的持续探索、技术创新及转化医学的推进, TPD有望突破CNS疾病“不可成药”瓶颈, 为AD、PD等难治性疾病的治疗带来变革。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0804
  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
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    1天津医科大学药学院, 天津市临床药物关键技术重点实验室, 天津 300070
    2天津医科大学生物医学工程与技术学院, 天津 300070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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