Article(id=1308467759386481394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0494, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=1752681600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892623993, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892623993, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892623993, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892623993, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3202, endPage=3213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467759629751027, articleId=1308467759386481394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Investigations on calcination and dehydration process, optimization of calcination technique, and quality evaluation of borax, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Effect of heating rate on the dehydration process of borax was studied by using thermogravimetric analysis, and the optimal heating rate was determined. The calcined temperature, calcined time, and sample laying thickness were selected as influencing factors, with the dehydration rate, content of sodium tetraborate, fluffiness, and minimal inhibitory concentration as evaluation indices, the calcination process of borax was optimized by the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) combined with response surface test. The changes in microscopic morphology and compositional structure of borax before and after calcination were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory activity of calcined borax was investigated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model. The antioxidant capacity of calcined borax was assessed by the scavenging rate of 2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical for furtherly evaluating the quality of calcined borax. The results showed that the optimal heating rate for the calcination of borax was 10 ℃·min-1, and the optimized technical conditions were as follows: the calcined temperature was 293.31 ℃, calcined time was 47.44 min, and sample laying thickness was 0.54 cm. After calcination, the microscopic morphology and compositional structure of borax were all changed, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation capacities of calcined borax were enhanced compared to those of crude one. The established calcination technique of borax is stable and feasible, which can provide guidance for the industrial production of calcined borax.

, authors=Ya-yi DENG1, Ying WANG1, Xue-qi GE1, Hong-chang LI2, Wang-yang XIE2, Xue ZHANG2, Xiao-ning YAN2, Hao CAI1, *, Lei-lei XIE3, *, Ke PEI2, *, authorsList=Ya-yi DENG, Ying WANG, Xue-qi GE, Hong-chang LI, Wang-yang XIE, Xue ZHANG, Xiao-ning YAN, Hao CAI, Lei-lei XIE, Ke PEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao CAI, Lei-lei XIE, Ke PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467761240363776, articleId=1308467759386481394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=硼砂的煅制脱水过程及煅制工艺优化和质量评价研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用热分析技术研究升温速率对硼砂脱水过程的影响, 确定最佳升温速率。选择煅制温度、煅制时间和样品铺设厚度为影响因素, 以失水率、四硼酸钠含量、蓬松度和最低抑菌质量浓度为考察指标, 通过层次分析(AHP)-赋值(CRITIC) 法结合响应面法优选硼砂煅制工艺。利用扫描电镜、红外光谱及拉曼光谱分析硼砂煅制前后微观形态和成分结构的变化, 并通过脂多糖(LPS) 诱导的RAW264.7细胞模型研究煅硼砂的抗炎活性。以2, 2′-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS) 自由基的清除率评估煅硼砂的抗氧化能力, 进一步对煅硼砂进行质量评价。结果显示, 硼砂煅制的最佳升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 优化后的工艺条件为: 煅制温度293.31 ℃, 煅制时间47.44 min, 样品铺设厚度0.54 cm。煅制后, 硼砂的微观形态及成分结构均发生改变, 煅硼砂的体外抗炎和抗氧化能力较硼砂生品有所增强。研究所建立的硼砂煅制工艺稳定可行, 对煅硼砂的工业化生产具有一定的指导意义。

, authors=邓雅依1, 王颖1, 葛雪琪1, 李鸿昌2, 解旺洋2, 张雪2, 闫晓宁2, 蔡皓1, *, 谢磊磊3, *, 裴科2, *, authorsList=邓雅依, 王颖, 葛雪琪, 李鸿昌, 解旺洋, 张雪, 闫晓宁, 蔡皓, 谢磊磊, 裴科, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡皓, 谢磊磊, 裴科, authorNote=

作者贡献:

邓雅依负责总体实验的开展、数据分析及文章撰写; 谢磊磊负责实验的整体设计、指导及文章修改; 王颖、葛雪琪、李鸿昌、解旺洋、张雪、闫晓宁参与部分实验; 蔡皓、裴科负责文章的整体修改和校对。

, correspAuthorsNote=
蔡皓, E-mail:
谢磊磊, E-mail:
裴科, E-mail:
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A: Effects of different concentrations of crude borax treatments for 24 h on viability of RAW264.7 cells; B: Effects of different concentrations of calcined borax treatments for 24 h on viability of RAW264.7 cells; C: Effects of crude and calcined borax on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells; D: 2, 2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of crude and calcined borax. (n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs model. S1 represents crude borax and D represents calcined borax, figureFileSmall=/mlVP84nvspQUASmiMAlIA==, figureFileBig=iFjuxung2xMc5wIH065akg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498337775584087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467759386481394, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Temperature (A)/℃Time (B)/minLaying thickness (C)/cmDehydration rate/%Content of sodium tetraborate/%Fluffiness /cm3·g-1Minimal inhibitory concentration/mg·mL-1
1150201.533.8578.381.264
2275200.546.7594.284.982
3400201.547.5596.951.502
4275451.547.0195.645.892
5400701.547.5096.631.012
6275451.546.9095.635.842
7150450.542.0588.503.202
8275451.546.9095.665.512
9275702.546.8095.073.892
10400452.547.7096.661.142
11275451.546.9095.626.392
12275700.547.0595.845.802
13275451.547.1296.236.172
14150701.540.1585.131.984
15275202.541.4089.534.102
16150452.535.0079.721.384
17400450.547.5096.571.292
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Test design and results (n = 3)

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No.Temperature (A)/℃Time (B)/minLaying thickness (C)/cmDehydration rate/%Content of sodium tetraborate/%Fluffiness /cm3·g-1Minimal inhibitory concentration/mg·mL-1
1150201.533.8578.381.264
2275200.546.7594.284.982
3400201.547.5596.951.502
4275451.547.0195.645.892
5400701.547.5096.631.012
6275451.546.9095.635.842
7150450.542.0588.503.202
8275451.546.9095.665.512
9275702.546.8095.073.892
10400452.547.7096.661.142
11275451.546.9095.626.392
12275700.547.0595.845.802
13275451.547.1296.236.172
14150701.540.1585.131.984
15275202.541.4089.534.102
16150452.535.0079.721.384
17400450.547.5096.571.292
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Evaluation indexDehydration rateFluffinessContent of sodium tetraborateMinimal inhibitory concentration
Sj0.7490.9050.7530.907
Aj0.7181.7170.7010.756
Cj0.5381.5530.5280.686
Wj0.162 70.469 80.159 80.207 6
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Relevant index data of calculating weight by criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC)

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Evaluation indexDehydration rateFluffinessContent of sodium tetraborateMinimal inhibitory concentration
Sj0.7490.9050.7530.907
Aj0.7181.7170.7010.756
Cj0.5381.5530.5280.686
Wj0.162 70.469 80.159 80.207 6
), ArticleFig(id=1308498338085962587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467759386481394, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Evaluation indexDehydration rateFluffinessContent of sodium tetraborateMinimal inhibitory concentration
Dehydration rate10.33310.2
Fluffiness311.251
Content of sodium tetraborate10.810.833
Minimal inhibitory concentration511.21
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Judgment matrix of evaluation index of calcined borax

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Evaluation indexDehydration rateFluffinessContent of sodium tetraborateMinimal inhibitory concentration
Dehydration rate10.33310.2
Fluffiness311.251
Content of sodium tetraborate10.810.833
Minimal inhibitory concentration511.21
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No.CRITICAnalytic hierarchy process (AHP)CRITIC + AHP
188.5892.1987.49
295.5496.9195.20
361.2974.6456.33
479.5685.5578.80
573.0481.2071.35
695.1396.6494.77
794.9396.5394.49
852.5657.8847.07
944.0449.8439.29
1092.7395.0792.05
1145.5351.0140.63
1262.3075.2857.52
1399.1499.2699.29
1460.2673.9655.22
1597.7198.4097.59
1663.9177.6759.31
1780.7887.1878.62
), ArticleFig(id=1308498338341815134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467759386481394, language=CN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comprehensive scoring results

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No.CRITICAnalytic hierarchy process (AHP)CRITIC + AHP
188.5892.1987.49
295.5496.9195.20
361.2974.6456.33
479.5685.5578.80
573.0481.2071.35
695.1396.6494.77
794.9396.5394.49
852.5657.8847.07
944.0449.8439.29
1092.7395.0792.05
1145.5351.0140.63
1262.3075.2857.52
1399.1499.2699.29
1460.2673.9655.22
1597.7198.4097.59
1663.9177.6759.31
1780.7887.1878.62
), ArticleFig(id=1308498338425701215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467759386481394, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squareDegree of freedomMean squareF valueP value
Model7 116.599790.7344.17< 0.000 1
A112.81112.86.30.040 4
B13.81113.810.770.408 9
C398.611398.6122.270.002 2
AB35.22135.221.970.203 4
AC218.011218.0112.180.010 1
BC12.89112.890.720.424 2
A25 756.4215756.42321.58< 0.000 1
B2310.141310.1417.330.004 2
C223.2123.21.30.292 4
Residual125.3717.9
Lack of fit94.44331.484.080.103 9
Pure error30.8747.72
Cor total7 241.8916
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Variance analysis

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SourceSum of squareDegree of freedomMean squareF valueP value
Model7 116.599790.7344.17< 0.000 1
A112.81112.86.30.040 4
B13.81113.810.770.408 9
C398.611398.6122.270.002 2
AB35.22135.221.970.203 4
AC218.011218.0112.180.010 1
BC12.89112.890.720.424 2
A25 756.4215756.42321.58< 0.000 1
B2310.141310.1417.330.004 2
C223.2123.21.30.292 4
Residual125.3717.9
Lack of fit94.44331.484.080.103 9
Pure error30.8747.72
Cor total7 241.8916
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硼砂的煅制脱水过程及煅制工艺优化和质量评价研究
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邓雅依 1 , 王颖 1 , 葛雪琪 1 , 李鸿昌 2 , 解旺洋 2 , 张雪 2 , 闫晓宁 2 , 蔡皓 1, * , 谢磊磊 3, * , 裴科 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3202-3213
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3202 -3213
硼砂的煅制脱水过程及煅制工艺优化和质量评价研究
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邓雅依1, 王颖1, 葛雪琪1, 李鸿昌2, 解旺洋2, 张雪2, 闫晓宁2, 蔡皓1, * , 谢磊磊3, * , 裴科2, *
作者信息
  • 1南京中医药大学药学院/国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619
  • 3山西中医药大学实验管理中心, 山西 晋中 030619
通讯作者:
蔡皓, E-mail:
谢磊磊, E-mail:
裴科, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

邓雅依负责总体实验的开展、数据分析及文章撰写; 谢磊磊负责实验的整体设计、指导及文章修改; 王颖、葛雪琪、李鸿昌、解旺洋、张雪、闫晓宁参与部分实验; 蔡皓、裴科负责文章的整体修改和校对。

Investigations on calcination and dehydration process, optimization of calcination technique, and quality evaluation of borax
Ya-yi DENG1, Ying WANG1, Xue-qi GE1, Hong-chang LI2, Wang-yang XIE2, Xue ZHANG2, Xiao-ning YAN2, Hao CAI1, * , Lei-lei XIE3, * , Ke PEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy / Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2School of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
  • 3Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0494
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利用热分析技术研究升温速率对硼砂脱水过程的影响, 确定最佳升温速率。选择煅制温度、煅制时间和样品铺设厚度为影响因素, 以失水率、四硼酸钠含量、蓬松度和最低抑菌质量浓度为考察指标, 通过层次分析(AHP)-赋值(CRITIC) 法结合响应面法优选硼砂煅制工艺。利用扫描电镜、红外光谱及拉曼光谱分析硼砂煅制前后微观形态和成分结构的变化, 并通过脂多糖(LPS) 诱导的RAW264.7细胞模型研究煅硼砂的抗炎活性。以2, 2′-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS) 自由基的清除率评估煅硼砂的抗氧化能力, 进一步对煅硼砂进行质量评价。结果显示, 硼砂煅制的最佳升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 优化后的工艺条件为: 煅制温度293.31 ℃, 煅制时间47.44 min, 样品铺设厚度0.54 cm。煅制后, 硼砂的微观形态及成分结构均发生改变, 煅硼砂的体外抗炎和抗氧化能力较硼砂生品有所增强。研究所建立的硼砂煅制工艺稳定可行, 对煅硼砂的工业化生产具有一定的指导意义。

硼砂  /  煅制脱水  /  煅制工艺  /  质量评价

Effect of heating rate on the dehydration process of borax was studied by using thermogravimetric analysis, and the optimal heating rate was determined. The calcined temperature, calcined time, and sample laying thickness were selected as influencing factors, with the dehydration rate, content of sodium tetraborate, fluffiness, and minimal inhibitory concentration as evaluation indices, the calcination process of borax was optimized by the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) combined with response surface test. The changes in microscopic morphology and compositional structure of borax before and after calcination were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory activity of calcined borax was investigated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model. The antioxidant capacity of calcined borax was assessed by the scavenging rate of 2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical for furtherly evaluating the quality of calcined borax. The results showed that the optimal heating rate for the calcination of borax was 10 ℃·min-1, and the optimized technical conditions were as follows: the calcined temperature was 293.31 ℃, calcined time was 47.44 min, and sample laying thickness was 0.54 cm. After calcination, the microscopic morphology and compositional structure of borax were all changed, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation capacities of calcined borax were enhanced compared to those of crude one. The established calcination technique of borax is stable and feasible, which can provide guidance for the industrial production of calcined borax.

borax  /  calcination and dehydration  /  calcination technique  /  quality evaluation
邓雅依, 王颖, 葛雪琪, 李鸿昌, 解旺洋, 张雪, 闫晓宁, 蔡皓, 谢磊磊, 裴科. 硼砂的煅制脱水过程及煅制工艺优化和质量评价研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3202 -3213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0494
Ya-yi DENG, Ying WANG, Xue-qi GE, Hong-chang LI, Wang-yang XIE, Xue ZHANG, Xiao-ning YAN, Hao CAI, Lei-lei XIE, Ke PEI. Investigations on calcination and dehydration process, optimization of calcination technique, and quality evaluation of borax[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3202 -3213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0494
硼砂原名蓬砂, 又称月石, 始载于五代《日华子本草》[1], 为硼酸盐类矿物硼砂经精制而成的结晶, 主含十水四硼酸钠[Na2B4O7·10H2O], 又写作Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O, 具有清热解毒、清肺化痰、消炎敛疮等功效。传统上认为, 硼砂“生则化腐, 煅枯则生肌”[2], 即硼砂生品主要用于消肿防腐, 煅制后可缓和其咸凉之性, 降低其毒性及刺激性, 并增强燥湿收敛的作用, 主要用于治疗咽喉口舌肿痛、糜烂[3]以及皮肤创伤等。硼砂在历代有研制、煅制、熬制、药汁制、水飞法等多种炮制方法, 其中研制法和煅制法沿用至今。目前各地主要根据炮制规范对硼砂原药材进行炮制, 但不同地区的具体方法和终点判断存在差异, 如浙江[4]“炒至发泡”, 湖南[5]“炒至鼓起小泡成雪白酥松块状”, 江苏[6]“煅至结晶水消失, 呈白色”等。硼砂传统炒法靠手工翻动, 容易出现受热不均的问题, 得到的炮制品易出现“僵粒”, 且目前各地炮制规范对于硼砂炒制、煅制的温度无量化标准, 炮制终点判断粗糙, 仅依赖操作者的个人经验, 在实际生产过程中无法建立标准化生产流程, 不利于生产及临床疗效的提高。因此, 开展硼砂煅制工艺研究, 建立科学可控的工艺参数标准十分必要。
本研究首先利用热分析技术研究硼砂的煅制脱水过程, 然后以煅制温度、煅制时间和铺设厚度为考察因素, 以失水率、蓬松度、四硼酸钠含量、最低抑菌质量浓度为考察指标, 采用层次分析-赋值法(analytic hierarchy process - criteria importance through intercriteria correlation, AHP-CRITIC) 混合加权法对多指标进行综合评分, 并结合Box-Behnken响应面优选硼砂的最佳煅制工艺。最后运用扫描电镜、红外光谱及拉曼光谱对硼砂煅制前后的微观性状、成分结构进行比较,
同时通过脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞模型及体外抗氧化实验, 对硼砂煅制前后的抗炎、抗氧化活性进行评价, 旨在为煅硼砂的工业化生产提供数据支持, 最终实现炮制品临床疗效的稳定可控。
菌种  金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923), 购于上海鲁微科技有限公司。将金黄色葡萄球菌接种于营养琼脂平板上, 于37 ℃条件下复苏24 h, 营养肉汤培养基传代, 备用。
细胞  小鼠单核巨噬细胞株RAW264.7由武汉博士德生物工程有限公司提供(货号: CX0022), 培养于含10%胎牛血清的Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) 高糖培养液中, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中, 每天换液, 待细胞密度长到80%时进行传代。
试药与培养基  硼砂, 批号230501, 产地山东, 购自河北安国振宇药业有限公司, 经南京中医药大学中药鉴定教研室陈建伟教授鉴定, 为硼酸盐类矿物硼砂经精制而成的结晶。甲基红(分析纯, 批号: 170303486D, 南京化学试剂股份有限公司); 盐酸滴定液(分析纯, 批号: 20240718A, 以达科技有限公司); MHB培养基、营养肉汤(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司); 营养琼脂、麦氏比浊管(湖南比克曼控股有限责任公司); CCK-8细胞增殖及细胞毒性检测试剂盒(博士德生物工程有限公司, 货号: EK0527); 脂多糖(北京索莱宝科技有限公司, 货号: L8880); NO检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司, 货号: S0021S); 2, 2′-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS, 批号: C14565258, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司)。
仪器  AX124ZH电子天平(奥豪斯仪器有限公司); MF-5-14TP箱式电阻炉(南京博蕴通仪器科技有限公司); SW-CJ-1D超净工作台(上海沪净医疗器械有限公司); STA 449 F5 Jupiter型热重分析仪(德国Netzsch公司); D8 advance A25型X射线粉末衍射仪、INVENIO红外光谱仪(德国Bruker公司); JSM-7900F电子扫描电镜(日本JEOL公司); 拉曼光谱仪(日本Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution公司); New Brunswick Galaxy 170 S CO2培养箱(德国Eppendorf公司); Multiskan SkyHigh酶标仪(美国Thermo公司)。
硼砂的综合热分析图谱  称取硼砂粉末(过5号筛) 约10 ± 0.1 mg, 置于三氧化二铝坩埚内。测试条件: 空气气氛、参比物为α-Al2O3、升温速度10 ℃·min-1, 升温范围为20~800 ℃。重复2次测试, 记录硼砂的热重-差示扫描量热(thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, TG-DSC) 曲线。
不同升温速率下硼砂的热重曲线  取适量硼砂粉末, 在热重分析仪上进行测试。设置升温速率5、10、20 ℃·min-1, 升温区间20~800 ℃, 在不同升温速率下分别进行两次热谱扫描。
硼砂热解动力学相关分析  根据非等温反应动力学理论, 在线性升温条件下硼砂的分解动力学方程见式(1):
$ G\left(\alpha \right)\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }={\int }_{0}^{\alpha }\frac{\mathrm{d}\alpha }{f\left(\alpha \right)}=\frac{A}{\beta }{\int }_{0}^{T}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{ }\left(\frac{-E}{\mathrm{R}T}\right)\mathrm{ }\mathrm{d}T $
式(1) 中: β为升温速率, K·min-1; A为指前因子, min-1; E为活化能, kJ·mol-1; f (α) 为反应机理函数; α为反应转化率, %; T为温度, K; R为气体常数, 8.314 J·K-1·mol-1。
在脱水过程中, α也称脱水率。
$ \alpha =\frac{{m}_{0}-{m}_{\alpha }}{{m}_{0}-{m}_{1}} $
式(2) 中: m0和m1分别为样品初始和脱水结束的质量, mα为样品在加热过程中不同温度下的质量。
选取Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) 法[7], 对方程进行解析, 即得:
$ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\beta =\mathrm{ }\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\frac{AE}{\mathrm{R}G\left(\alpha \right)}-\mathrm{ }2.315\mathrm{ }-\mathrm{ }0.4567\frac{E}{\mathrm{R}T} $
反应转化率一定时, 式(3) 可以简化为:
$ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\beta =\mathrm{ }\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{ }-\frac{0.4567E}{\mathrm{R}T} $
活化能E可通过式(4) 由相同反应转化率下的lgβ和1000/T构成的直线斜率计算而得, 见式(5) :
$ E=\mathrm{ }-k\mathrm{R}/0.4567 $
X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction, XRD)  采用马弗炉对硼砂进行煅制, 设置升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 通过感温元件及温控器对马弗炉进行温度调控。取硼砂生品(S1) 分别于50、90、150、275、400 ℃温度下煅制30 min, 取出放凉, 碾成粉末过200目筛备用, 编号为D1~D5。取S1、D1~D5粉末适量, 在X射线衍射仪样品板上压平检测。检测条件: 入射光源为CuKα辐射, Ni片滤波, X管工作电压为40 kV, 电流为40 mA, 连续扫描方式, 扫描速度为6 (°)·min-1, 扫描范围为5°~70°。将结果谱图导入JADE 9.0分析软件, 进行平滑、背景扣除、寻峰等数据处理, 并将所得数据与PDF标准卡片进行匹配。
煅制工艺优化  硼砂煅制受温度、时间和物料铺设的影响较大。在预实验基础上, 选择煅制温度(A)、煅制时间(B) 和铺设厚度(C) 为考察因素, 以失水率、四硼酸钠含量、蓬松度和最低抑菌质量浓度作为评价指标, 进行试验设计。
失水率  硼砂煅制的主要目的是除去结晶水, 失水率是指在一定煅制条件下, 硼砂失去的水分占原始质量的百分比。采用重量法测定硼砂失水率, 硼砂煅制前质量为M1, 煅制后质量为M2, 失水率表达式为[(M1-M2)/M1] × 100%。
四硼酸钠含量  四硼酸钠作为煅硼砂中的主要成分, 其含量会直接影响药效。测定方法[8]: 取本品约0.4 g, 精密称定, 置于250 mL锥形瓶中, 加入25 mL水溶解后, 加入0.05%甲基红指示剂1滴, 盐酸滴定液(0.100 4 mol·L-1) 滴至溶液变为橙红色, 30 s内不褪色, 每毫升盐酸滴定液相当于10.09 mg的四硼酸钠。
蓬松度  硼砂经煅制后质地变酥松, 引入蓬松度作为外观性状量化指标。蓬松度以煅制后的硼砂反复振实至体积不再下降时的单位质量体积表示[9]。测定方法: 取一定质量(M) 的煅硼砂(过4号筛) 装于量筒内, 将量筒提起高度100 mm左右, 并自由落下在橡皮垫上, 反复振实至煅硼砂体积(V) 不再下降, 记录体积, 表达式为V/M。
最低抑菌浓度[10]  现代药理研究表明, 硼砂对金黄色葡萄球菌等常见细菌有抑制作用[11], 最低抑菌浓度是指完全抑制微生物可见生长的最低药物浓度, 选择其作为药效评价指标。测定方法: 复苏后的金黄色葡萄球菌, 使用营养肉汤培养基进行培养, Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB) 液体培养基调整菌液浓度为1×108 cfu·mL-1, 临用时使用MHB液体培养基稀释至1×106 cfu·mL-1用于抑菌实验。各组药物采用MHB液体培养基溶解, 并制成浓度为128 mg·mL-1的储备溶液, 于96孔板中进行抑菌实验, 参照文献[12]方法, 具体操作如下: 96孔板中每两排一个样品, 在各排的第一个孔中加入200 μL该样品的储备溶液, 其余每个孔加入MHB培养基100 μL, 用移液枪从第一个孔吸取100 μL样品储备溶液至第二个孔并充分吹打混匀, 即得到二倍稀释浓度的样品溶液, 重复此操作对药物浓度进行等倍稀释, 依次得到不同浓度药物溶液, 最后一个孔不加药物溶液作为空白对照。最后, 在每孔中加入稀释好的菌液100 μL, 将96孔板置于37℃恒温培养箱培养16~20 h后, 目视观察结果, 将样品孔与对照孔对比, 确定药物最低抑菌浓度。
CRITIC是一种客观赋权法, 它基于指标数据信息来计算权重[13]。通过对原始数据进行标准化(Xij)、冲突性(Aj) 等计算, 最终得到各指标权重(Wj)。AHP是一种主观确定权重的方法, 它以综合评分作为决策目标, 对同一层次的因素进行两两比较, 形成判断矩阵, 并根据判断矩阵计算各因素的权重[14]。本实验将失水率、蓬松度、四硼酸钠含量、最低抑菌质量浓度的优先顺序作为权重指标予以量化, 各指标的优先顺序为: 最低抑菌质量浓度 > 蓬松度 > 四硼酸钠含量 > 失水率, 4种指标构建成对比较的优先矩阵。将两者结合计算权重可提高判断的科学性和准确性[15]。按照式(6) 计算复合权重(ωi):
$ {\omega }_{i}=\omega \mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}\omega \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{\Sigma }\omega \mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}\omega \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C} $
分别采用经CRITIC法、AHP法及AHP-CRITIC复合加权法得到的权重系数对试验结果进行综合评分, 综合评分= [ (失水率/ 失水率最大值) ×失水率权重系数+ (四硼酸钠含量/ 四硼酸钠含量最大值) ×四硼酸钠含量权重系数+ (蓬松度/ 蓬松度最大值) ×蓬松度权重系数+ (最低抑菌浓度最小值/ 最低抑菌浓度) ×最低抑菌浓度权重系数] × 100。最后选择煅制温度、煅制时间和铺设厚度为自变量, 以综合评分作为响应值, 使用Design-Expert V8.0.6软件进行Box-Behnken设计, 优化硼砂的煅制工艺。
扫描电镜分析  蘸取少量硼砂生品(S1)、中间品(D1、D2) 以及最佳煅制工艺条件下的煅制品(D) 粉末, 均匀洒在金属柱面的导电胶带上, 吹去多余粉末。设置加速电压为3.0 kV, 样品工作距离为12 mm左右, 放大倍数50、600、2 000、5 000倍, 收集图像。
红外光谱分析  分别取S1、D1、D2、D样品粉末适量, 放置在样品台上, 确保与光束完全接触, 在4 000~400 cm-1进行扫描测定, 每个样品累计扫描32次。
拉曼光谱分析  分别取S1、D1、D2、D样品粉末(过60目筛) 适量, 置于样品槽中, 压实, 枪头轻抵样品表面进行光谱采集, 设置扫描参数: 激发光源为785 nm, 光谱测量范围设为2 000~40 cm-1, 激光功率设为300 mV, 1.5 m光纤探头, 采用激光强度100%, 扫描时间100~1 000 ms, 平均次数为3次。
CCK-8细胞增殖实验  取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞, 设置细胞密度为每毫升5×105个, 每孔100 μL接种于96孔板中, 并置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养, 待细胞贴壁后, 弃去旧培养基, 分别加入硼砂及煅硼砂(最佳工艺条件下炮制) 质量浓度为12.5、25、50、100、200、400、800 μg·mL-1的DMEM培养液100 μL, 同时设置空白组和对照组, 继续培养24 h, 并采用CCK-8法检测RAW264.7细胞存活率。每组设置4个复孔, 实验重复3次。根据式(7) 计算细胞存活率:
$ \mathrm{细}\mathrm{胞}\mathrm{存}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{率}/\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{ }=\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{\mathrm{空}\mathrm{白}}}{{A}_{2}-{A}_{\mathrm{空}\mathrm{白}}}\times \mathrm{ }100 $
式(7) 中: A1为实验组的吸光度; A2为对照组(不给药) 的吸光度; A空白为空白组(不加RAW264.7细胞) 的吸光度。
NO检测  取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞, 设置细胞密度为每毫升5×105个, 每孔100 μL接种于96孔板中, 并置于37℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育24 h, 待细胞贴壁后, 吸弃上清, 加入各药物浓度的DMEM培养液100 μL, 空白对照组及模型组加入100 μL完全培养基, 每组设置3个复孔, 培养20 h。除空白对照组外, 各组每孔加入终浓度为1 μg·mL-1的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导RAW264.7细胞16 h, 吸取50 μL上清培养液于96孔培养板, 按照Griess试剂盒说明书进行操作, 于酶标仪540 nm处测定吸光度, 并根据标准曲线计算NO浓度。
ABTS自由基清除率  配制不同浓度的硼砂生品和煅制品水溶液, 分别为0.156、0.312、0.625、1.25、2.5 mg·mL-1。根据文献[16]方法, 配制7 mmol·L-1 ABTS溶液, 2.45 mmol·L-1过硫酸钾溶液, 等体积混匀, 避光反应16 h, 制得ABTS自由基储备液。用水稀释ABTS自由基储备液使其吸光度达到0.70 ± 0.02。于96孔板中分别加入100 μL不同浓度的硼砂生品和煅制品水溶液, 再向孔中加入100 μL ABTS工作液, 室温下避光反应10 min。在734 nm下测定吸光度值(A), 根据式(8) 进行计算。
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}/\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{ }=\mathrm{ }(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}})\mathrm{ }\times \mathrm{ }100 $
式(8) 中, A0为超纯水+ ABTS工作液的吸光度; A1为样品溶液+ ABTS工作液的吸光度; A2为超纯水+ 样品溶液的吸光度。
硼砂的TG-DSC曲线见图1A。结果显示, 热重曲线存在两个失重阶段, 在DSC曲线中存在两个吸热峰。第1个失重阶段反应温度为40~130 ℃, 对应的失重比例为32.74%, 失去7个结晶水的理论失重值为33.07%。因此, 该阶段为硼砂原药材失去7个结晶水, 与DSC曲线第1个吸热峰相对应。随后, 硼砂在135 ℃开始发生第2次失重, 失重过程的峰值温度为146 ℃, 反应温度为135~173 ℃, 对应的失重比例为4.41%, 失去1个结晶水(理论失重为4.72%), 与DSC曲线第2个吸热峰相对应。升温至173 ℃后呈缓慢质量丢失现象, 随后到500 ℃时曲线平滑, 失重结束, 对应的失重为9.24%, 此部分失重来自硼砂的硼氧骨架结构中整合的羟基, 其在高温脱水时可转化为2个水分子。在整个过程中, 硼砂原药材失重比例为46.39%, 与失去10个水的理论失重值47.24%近似。因此, 可以认为在500 ℃时, 硼砂原药材脱去全部水分子。根据硼砂原药材在热重分析中的脱水情况, 本品煅制温度应选择在146 ℃以上为宜。
不同升温速率下硼砂的热重曲线见图1B。由图可知, 升温速率不同, 硼砂的脱水速率亦不同。升温速率越快, 其热重曲线越平缓。硼砂的热解开始温度和结束温度随着升温速率的增大而提高, 是由于在程序升温过程中的热滞效应所致。矿物本身存在一定气孔, 煅制时若升温速率过高, 会使硼砂内部迅速蒸发的水分无法及时排出, 导致局部高压和高温环境, 而造成粉化或崩裂。根据前期预实验, 硼砂煅制最佳升温速率选择10 ℃·min-1, 此速率下脱水反应较为缓和, 相对反应时间充足。
由硼砂的热重曲线可知, 在313.15~446.15 K温度内, 硼砂逐渐脱去约8个结晶水, 该脱水过程分为两步反应进行, 通过Ozawa方程研究其详细脱水机制。通过热重数据计算得到硼砂在不同的升温速率下反应转化率与温度的关系, 结果见图1C, 选取转化率为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%的值, 在一定转化率下, 以lg β-1 000/T作图, 结果见图1D。硼砂活化能与脱水率关系曲线见图1E。
通过查阅文献[17], 如果脱水过程是一级反应, 则反应的活化能值应不随脱水率的变化而变化。由图1E可知, 在脱水率较小时, 反应活化能较大, 说明在反应初期硼砂结构中参加反应的水分子由常态转变为容易发生化学反应的活跃态所需能量较高。在脱水率0.1 < α < 0.6时, 活化能值由104.561 2 kJ·mol-1降到44.672 0 kJ·mol-1, 活化能随着脱水率的升高而降低且下降速率较快, 可以得出在该过程中, 首先是1个不可逆反应过程, 随后是可逆反应过程。在脱水率0.6 < α < 0.9时, 活化能值由44.672 0 kJ·mol-1下降到26.123 4 kJ·mol-1, 下降速度较慢, 推测该过程可能是连续的多步反应。
通过X射线衍射技术检测硼砂炮制各阶段的物相组成, 考察煅制温度对煅硼砂物相的影响, 结果见图2。硼砂生品主要成分为Na2B4O7·10H2O, 其特征强峰分别在2θ 15.637°、18.378°、22.657°、30.082°、31.472°、34.389°、35.195°、38.463°处, 其对应晶面间距(相对峰强) 分别为0.566 (100.0)、0.482 (6.0)、0.392 (7.5)、0.297 (4.6)、0.284 (81.9)、0.256 (10.8)、0.255 (8.2)、0.234 (6.5), 与标准卡片PDF 012-0258 (borax) 相匹配, 表明它为正品。D1在2θ 15.646°、31.474°处仍存在十水四硼酸钠两个强特征峰, 其对应晶面间距(相对峰强) 分别为0.566 (100.0)、0.284 (50.4); D2的特征强峰分别在2θ 10.174°、18.971°、20.324°、25.067°、29.835°、30.631°、41.350°、50.869°处, 其对应晶面间距(相对峰强) 分别为0.874 (53.6)、0.467 (40.3)、0.437 (84.0)、0.344 (16.3)、0.299 (56.6)、0.292 (100.0)、0.218 (23.7)、0.179 (30.0), 与标准卡片PDF 007-0277 (borax) 相匹配, 表明硼砂生品在90 ℃下煅制30 min其主要物相转化为五水四硼酸钠(Na2B4O7·5H2O); D3的XRD图谱仍保留Na2B4O7·5H2O主要衍射峰, 表明硼砂在150 ℃下煅制30 min后, 其含水量进一步降低, 但仍保留部分晶体结构; D4的XRD图谱中五水硼砂特征线完全消失, 没有晶体衍射峰出现, 表明硼砂在275 ℃下煅制30 min后, 其结构由晶态转化为无定形状态。
综上所述, 硼砂在150 ℃以下炮制失去结晶水过程中仍保持一定晶体结构, 在继续升温脱去结构水的过程中, 其结构由晶态转化为无定形状态, 且该无定形状态在高温炮制中不再恢复成晶体状态。
采用马弗炉对硼砂进行煅制, 设置升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 每组实验选用同一批次硼砂样品, 每组实验重复3次。实验结果见表1。
CRITIC法计算权重相关指标数据见表2, 计算得到失水率、蓬松度、四硼酸钠含量、最低抑菌浓度4项指标权重系数分别为0.162 7、0.469 8、0.159 8、0.207 6。
根据AHP理论构建判断矩阵(表3), 并对矩阵进行一致性检验, 一致性指标(randomization index, RI) = 0.882, 一致性比例因子(consistency ratio, CR) < 0.10, 表明构建的判断优先矩阵具有良好的一致性, 得到的权重系数有效。AHP法得到失水率、蓬松度、四硼酸钠含量、最低抑菌浓度4项指标权重系数分别为0.124 3、0.307 4、0.214 0、0.354 5。
通过公式计算得到失水率、四硼酸钠含量、蓬松度、最低抑菌质量浓度4项指标的综合权重系数分别为0.074 2、0.125 3、0.530 2、0.270 3。综合评分结果见表4。
利用Design-Expert V8.0.6软件对综合评分结果进行多元回归拟合, 得到综合评分对A、B和C的二次多项式回归方程模型: Y = 95.78 + 3.76A + 1.31B - 7.06C - 2.97AB - 1.79BC + 7.38AC - 36.98A2 - 8.58B2 - 2.35C2, 方差分析(表5) 结果显示, 该模型P < 0.000 1, 极为显著; 失拟项P = 0.103 9 > 0.05, 无显著性, 说明响应值与预测值之间有较好的拟合度和可信度。因此, 该模型可用来作为硼砂最佳煅制工艺参数的预测模型。根据分析结果, 因素中铺设厚度的P = 0.002 2 < 0.01, 具有极显著性差异, 说明铺设厚度对硼砂煅制工艺具有极显著影响; 煅制温度的P = 0.040 4 < 0.05, 具有显著性差异, 说明煅制温度对硼砂煅制工艺具有显著影响。二次项A2的P < 0.01, 煅制温度与铺设厚度的交互效应与煅制时间的2次效应均P < 0.05, 有显著影响。
利用Design-Expert V8.0.6软件作出各因素交互作用的3D响应面和等高线, 结果见图3。由三维曲面图可知, 煅制温度的曲面变化幅度大于煅制时间与铺设厚度曲面变化幅度; 由等高线图可知, AC交互等高线图为椭圆形, 表明煅制温度与铺设厚度的交互作用较显著。根据回归模型方程, 确定煅制硼砂的最佳制备工艺为: 煅制温度293.31 ℃, 煅制时间47.44 min, 铺设厚度0.54 cm。
根据实际情况调整工艺参数为煅制温度293 ℃, 煅制时间48 min, 铺设厚度0.6 cm, 按照以上工艺进行3批验证试验, 测得失水率平均值为47.01%, 四硼酸钠含量平均值为95.68%, 蓬松度平均值为6.04 cm3·g-1, 最低抑菌浓度平均值为2 mg·mL-1, 且RSD均小于5%, 三批综合评分值分别为96.93、96.36、95.93, 重复性良好, 说明该工艺稳定、可行。
硼砂生品、中间品及最佳煅制品的扫描电镜结果见图4。由图可知, 硼砂生品呈不规则块状, 表面致密光滑, 偶见不规则凹陷和纹丝状裂纹。D1炮制品呈不规则块状, 表面出现凹凸不平的气孔, 纹丝状裂纹增多。D2炮制品呈不规则碎块及少量片状立体碎片, 表面孔隙数目多且孔隙四周布满褶皱状结构。最佳煅制工艺下的煅制品呈不规则片状及不规则团块状, 表面多孔, 其片状结构大大增加了其内部微观表面积。
综上所述, 随着脱水过程的进行, 硼砂表面逐渐变得粗糙, 出现了较多的孔洞和裂纹, 粒子体积逐渐减小, 比表面积增大, 其结构更有利于吸收细胞炎症渗出物, 增强收湿敛疮的作用, 可作为煅制终点判断的依据。
硼砂的红外吸收主要取决于硼酸根、OH键、[B4O5(OH)4]2-等[18]。硼砂生品、中间品及最佳煅制品的红外光谱见图5A。S1、D1、D2样品在3 510~3 000 cm-1处出现宽缓的吸收峰, 该处吸收峰由[B4O5(OH)4]2-阴离子中OH的伸缩振动引起, 样品含水量越高, 该处吸收峰越宽缓。最佳煅制工艺下的煅硼砂在该处无吸收峰出现, 表明该煅制品含水量低。1 500~1 300 cm-1出现的吸收峰来自BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $的非对称伸缩振动, S1和D1样品含水量大, 氢键的存在会使BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $对称性降低, 故在此处出现两个分裂的吸收峰, 最佳煅制品在此处表现为一个大而宽的峰。在1 150~950 cm-1处的峰来自BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $的非对称伸缩振动, 由图可见, 样品含水量越高, 吸收带分裂数目越多, 这是由于含水量高的样品氢键作用更强, BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $的非对称伸缩振动解除简并, 分裂成几个谱带。S1、D1、D2样品中BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $的对称伸缩振动在940 cm-1, BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $对称伸缩振动在820 cm-1, 而最佳煅制品由于含水量低, 其BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $对称伸缩振动与BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $对称伸缩振动及BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $非对称伸缩振动的吸收峰连在一起, 难以分辨, 其709 cm-1处峰属于BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $的平面外弯曲振动。
综上所述, 通过红外光谱可较好地评价煅硼砂的质量, 最佳煅制工艺下得到的煅硼砂含水量低, 质量较好。
硼砂生品、中间品及最佳煅制品的拉曼光谱见图5B。由图可知, 硼砂生品拉曼位移在351.03和384.14 cm-1处的峰为四面体硼(BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $) 弯曲振动的中强吸收峰, 在578.25 cm-1处的强吸收为BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $振动最强特征峰, 在766.48 cm-1处的弱吸收为BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $的对称伸缩振动, 951.38 cm-1处吸收峰为平面三角形硼(BO$ {}_{3}^{3-} $) 的对称伸缩振动, 1 037.15 cm-1处的吸收为BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $的反对称伸缩振动。中间品(D1、D2) 拉曼位移在467、400和344 cm-1的特征峰为BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $对称弯曲振动峰, 在581.39 cm-1处的BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $振动特征峰较硼砂生品在此处的吸收峰呈现蓝移。最佳煅制品在767.60 cm-1存在四面体硼(BO$ {}_{4}^{5-} $) 对称伸缩振动的特征峰, 但相比于D1、D2有一定的增宽, 这是由于D1、D2炮制品仍存在一定的晶体结构, 而最佳煅制工艺下的煅制品晶格排列无序, 使得它们在分子振动和晶格振动方面有所不同, 进一步显示硼砂经煅制后, 在主成分不变的基础上, 失去部分结晶水, 晶态转化为无定形状态, 从而提高其药效。
CCK-8测定结果如图6A、B所示。与对照组(Control) 相比, 加药24 h后, 硼砂的生品及煅制品在12.5~400 μg·mL-1浓度内, 对RAW264.7细胞无细胞毒性, 高浓度(800 μg·mL-1) 的硼砂生品及煅制品对RAW264.7的增殖具有显著的抑制作用, 根据细胞存活率实验确定硼砂及煅硼砂(50、100、200 μg·mL-1) 的处理质量浓度, 用于开展NO浓度的测定。
采用Griess法检测药物对细胞分泌NO的作用[19, 20]。结果显示, 与空白对照组相比, 模型组NO的含量升高(P < 0.01), 表明细胞造模成功, 与模型组相比, 生品硼砂的100 μg·mL-1和200 μg·mL-1组以及煅硼砂的各浓度含药培养基的NO分泌量均有降低。各药物组表现为不同程度的抗炎作用, 且在相同剂量浓度下, 煅制品下调NO的能力更强, 表明硼砂经煅制后, 其体外抗炎能力增强(图6C)。
通过ABTS自由基清除率比较硼砂炮制前后的抗氧化能力。硼砂生品和最佳煅制品对ABTS自由基的清除能力均随着质量浓度的增大而呈现增强趋势(图6D), 硼砂经煅制后, 其ABTS自由基清除能力增强。
硼砂作为临床常用矿物药, 具有清热消痰、解毒防腐的功能。硼砂经煅制后, 能增强收湿敛疮的作用, 同时利于粉碎, 避免对黏膜的刺激。煅硼砂作为治疗咽喉、口舌等部位急性炎症及溃疡的常用药物, 历版《中国药典》对硼砂的炮制工艺和炮制品的质量标准均未收录, 不同地区硼砂炮制规范也存在差异, 这在一定程度上影响了硼砂炮制品临床使用的安全性和有效性。硼砂主要成分为十水四硼酸钠, 目前有关硼砂脱水过程的研究较少, 煅制温度会影响到硼砂的结晶水和物相结构的变化, 因此, 探究硼砂的脱水过程对硼砂的煅制工艺优化具有一定的指导意义。
本研究首先利用TG-DSC、XRD等技术手段探究了硼砂的煅制脱水过程, 并对其进行了动力学相关分析。得到如下结论: 硼砂的热解是一个复杂的多步反应, 包括结晶水脱除过程及羟基脱除过程, Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O在第一脱水阶段(40~130 ℃) 失去7个结晶水, 在第二脱水阶段(135~173 ℃) 失去1个结晶水。羟基的脱去需要更高的能量并伴随结构的破坏, 其结构由晶态转变为无定形状态, 在500℃时失重结束。升温速率对硼砂脱水过程影响显著, 升温速率越快, 其热重曲线越平缓。升温速率为10 ℃·min-1时, 脱水反应较为缓和, 相对反应时间充足。通过Ozawa方程计算硼砂脱水过程的活化能值, 在脱水率0.1 < α < 0.6时, 活化能值由104.561 2 kJ·mol-1降到44.672 0 kJ·mol-1, 活化能随着脱水率的升高而降低且下降速率较快, 是一个连续的两步反应过程。在脱水率0.6 < α < 0.9时, 活化能值由44.672 0 kJ·mol-1下降到26.123 4 kJ·mol-1, 下降速度较慢, 该过程可能是连续的多步反应, 且其反应过程由最初的动力学控制转变为随后的扩散控制。X射线衍射技术的结果表明, 煅制温度对硼砂物相结构的影响很大, 硼砂在煅制升温的过程中, 其主要物相由十水四硼酸钠转变为五水四硼酸钠, 最终失去所有结晶水变为无定形结构。
硼砂的主要成分为Na2B4O7·10H2O, 其生品因含有大量的结晶水, 外用对皮肤及黏膜的刺激性较强。煅制的主要目的是除去结晶水, 故失水率成为衡量硼砂煅制工艺的关键指标之一。传统炮制方法常以性状作为炮制终点的判断依据, 而外观性状评价易受主观感知的影响, 故引入蓬松度对该指标进行量化。硼砂作为消毒防腐药, 具有抗细菌、抗真菌及抗病毒作用[21]。根据前期资料的搜集和药效实验, 发现硼砂对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著的抑制作用, 且煅制后抑菌作用更强, 故本研究在传统工艺评价指标四硼酸钠含量、失水率的基础上, 增加了蓬松度和最低抑菌浓度两个指标用于衡量硼砂的煅制工艺。进一步以煅制温度、煅制时间和铺设厚度为考察因素, 以失水率、四硼酸钠含量、蓬松度和最低抑菌浓度为评价指标, 采用AHP-CRITIC法结合响应面法进一步对硼砂的煅制工艺参数进行了系统的优化。研究发现, 三个考察因素对四指标的综合评分均有一定的影响, 尤其是煅制温度和铺设厚度对综合评分具有显著的影响。最终优选出的硼砂最佳煅制工艺参数为: 煅制温度293.31 ℃, 煅制时间47.44 min, 铺设厚度0.54 cm。验证试验结果表明, 该工艺简便可行, 重复性好, 但目前尚缺乏中试实验, 后续将对该工艺进行中试验证, 旨在确认其是否满足工业化生产的需求。
通过扫描电镜发现硼砂经煅制后, 粒子体积减小, 表面出现了较多的孔洞和裂纹, 其片状结构大大增加了比表面积, 更有利于吸收细胞炎症的渗出物, 增强收湿敛疮的作用, 今后有必要进一步对该结构与硼砂的药效作用间的相关性进行研究。同时红外光谱和拉曼光谱显示, 最佳煅制工艺条件下的硼砂煅制品含水量极低, 晶格排列无序, 可作为煅制终点判断的依据。
传统应用表明, 硼砂常用于外用缓解皮肤炎症(如湿疹、疮疡)、口腔黏膜炎症(如口腔溃疡、口腔炎)、咽喉炎症等。这些病症的病理过程普遍存在巨噬细胞的浸润和活化。活化的巨噬细胞通过释放促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6) 和介质(如NO), 在介导皮肤组织炎症中发挥核心作用[22]。本文采用的LPS刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞模型, 是研究巨噬细胞介导的急性炎症反应及其调控机制的经典体外模型[23]。实验结果表明, LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后, 模型组NO的含量显著升高, 生、煅硼砂各给药组可不同程度抑制细胞的NO分泌, 减轻细胞的炎症反应, 且在相同剂量浓度下, 煅制品下调NO的能力更强, 表明硼砂经煅制后, 其体外抗炎能力增强。为了更全面地比较硼砂煅制前后的抗炎能力, 后续的研究将进一步检测生、煅硼砂对巨噬细胞释放关键促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平的影响。抗氧化实验的结果显示, 硼砂经煅制后, 其ABTS自由基清除能力增强。今后将进一步在细胞水平评估煅硼砂的抗氧化能力, 检测其对细胞内活性氧(ROS) 水平的清除或抑制作用。
综上所述, 本文在研究硼砂煅制脱水过程的基础上, 进一步对硼砂的煅制工艺进行了优化, 并从微观形态和成分结构的角度对硼砂煅制前后的变化进行了评价, 同时开展了体外抗炎和抗氧化药效实验, 研究结果进一步证明了所优化的硼砂最佳煅制工艺的合理性。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0494
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
  • 修回日期:2025-07-17
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    1南京中医药大学药学院/国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    2山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619
    3山西中医药大学实验管理中心, 山西 晋中 030619

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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