Article(id=1308467752012902742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0164, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1752249600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892622234, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892622234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892622234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892622234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3169, endPage=3180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467752310698327, articleId=1308467752012902742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characterization of the polysaccharide fraction in Rhubarb-Astragalus herb pair and their therapeutic potential in alleviating ulcerative colitis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease primarily affecting the colonic and rectal mucosa. Its complex pathogenesis, involving immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and other pathological factors, has led to the current lack of effective therapeutic agents in clinical practice. This study focused on extracting and characterizing polysaccharide components from the Rhubarb-Astragalus herb pair (GJ-2 and GJ-3) and evaluating their therapeutic effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. Crude polysaccharides were extracted from Rheum palmatum and Astragalus membranaceus via aqueous extraction-alcohol precipitation. Two polysaccharide fractions (GJ-2 and GJ-3) were isolated and purified using anion-exchange cellulose column. Structural characteristics, including total polysaccharide content (phenol-sulfuric acid method), uronic acid quantification (m-hydroxydiphenyl assay), infrared spectral features (FT-IR), and monosaccharide composition analysis 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatization coupled with HPLC were systematically characterized. In vivo, a DSS-induced UC model was established using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). After intragastric administration of different doses of polysaccharide fractions, pathological changes of the colon tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, while the levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colon tissue were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1) were analyzed via immunofluorescence, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Gut microbiota composition was evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing of cecal contents. Consequently, two weakly acidic polysaccharide fractions, GJ-2 and GJ-3, were isolated from the Rheum palmatum-Astragalus membranaceus herb pair. Monosaccharide analysis revealed GJ-2 was composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara), whereas GJ-3 predominantly contained Gal and Ara, both exhibiting carboxyl groups and pyranose configurations (FT-IR). In DSS-treated mice, GJ-2 and GJ-3 significantly ameliorated colon shortening, body weight loss, and elevated DAI scores. Histopathology demonstrated reduced mucosal damage, while ELISA and qRT-PCR showed decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in serum and colon tissues. Moreover, the polysaccharide fractions significantly upregulated the expression levels of ZO-1 and claudin-1 and restored gut microbiota diversity in DSS-induced mice, and enriched beneficial taxa, including f.__Clostridiales and g.__Vagococcus. In conclusion polysaccharide fractions from the Rheum palmatum-Astragalus membranaceus herb pair exhibit therapeutic potential against UC, likely serving as a key material basis for the efficacy of this herb pair. The animal operation was approved by the Zhejiang Center of Labortory Animals (No: ZJCLA-IACUC-20011023). All experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

, authors=Qiao-ying KE1, Wang-hao ZHANG1, Jia-wei FENG1, Teng LIANG1, Hua-jian LI1, Xiao-feng YE1, Ying-hui WEI1, 2, *, authorsList=Qiao-ying KE, Wang-hao ZHANG, Jia-wei FENG, Teng LIANG, Hua-jian LI, Xiao-feng YE, Ying-hui WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying-hui WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467755708084582, articleId=1308467752012902742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=大黄-黄芪多糖组分组成及缓解溃疡性结肠炎作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 是一种累及结肠和直肠黏膜的慢性复发性炎症疾病。复杂的发病机制(涉及免疫失调、肠道屏障损伤及菌群紊乱等多重病理环节) 导致临床目前仍缺乏有效治疗药物。因此本研究聚焦于从大黄-黄芪药对中提取分离多糖组分, 探究其基本结构特征, 并评价其对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS) 诱导的小鼠UC的治疗作用。采用水提-醇沉法制备大黄-黄芪粗多糖, 通过阴离子交换纤维素柱制备多糖组分(GJ-2、GJ-3), 依次采用苯酚-硫酸法、间羟基联苯法、FT-IR、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, PMP) 衍生化-HPLC法等对多糖组分的总糖含量、糖醛酸含量、红外特征、单糖组成等结构特征进行解析。采用2.5% DSS诱导急性UC小鼠模型, 灌胃不同剂量多糖组分后, 采用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE) 染色观察结肠组织病理变化; 酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 测定小鼠血清中炎症因子水平及结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 水平; 采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR) 技术检测结肠组织TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、IL-6 (interleukin 6, IL-6) mRNA的表达水平; 采用免疫荧光法分析结肠组织紧密连接蛋白ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1, ZO-1)、claudin-1的表达。同时采用16S rDNA扩增技术分析小鼠盲肠内容物菌群多样性、肠道菌群群落组成及菌群差异。结果显示, 从大黄-黄芪药对中分离纯化得到的多糖组分GJ-2主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成; GJ-3主要由半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成。两种弱酸性多糖均含羧基及吡喃糖特征吸收峰。多糖组分可显著改善DSS诱导引起的小鼠结肠长度缩短、体质量下降及疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) 评分升高等病理表现, 同时减轻结肠组织病理损伤, 降低小鼠血清及结肠组织中炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平。此外, 多糖组分有效上调了ZO-1、claudin-1的表达水平; 恢复了DSS小鼠肠道菌群多样性, 富集了厚壁菌门毛螺菌科(f.__Clostridiales)、漫游球菌属(g.__Vagococcus) 等有益菌群。综上, 大黄-黄芪多糖组分具有缓解UC作用, 可能是大黄-黄芪重要的物质基础。动物实验经浙江省实验动物中心伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: ZJCLA-IACUC-20011023。

, authors=柯俏颖1, 张王昊1, 冯嘉惟1, 梁腾1, 李华健1, 叶小风1, 魏颖慧1, 2, *, authorsList=柯俏颖, 张王昊, 冯嘉惟, 梁腾, 李华健, 叶小风, 魏颖慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏颖慧, authorNote=

作者贡献:

柯俏颖为实验主要完成者及文章主要撰写者; 张王昊和冯嘉惟参与了实验方案设计及动物造模; 梁腾、叶小风、李华健参与了结构表征与数据处理分析; 魏颖慧提出本文研究思路并指导课题设计、实验实施、论文撰写与修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏颖慧, E-mail:
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Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 16: 1011-1031., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498023030809587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao H, Abbas S, Ren J, et al. Dextran from human feces-derived Weissella cibaria facilitates intestinal mucosal barrier function by modulating gut bacteria and propionate levels [J]. 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A: DEAE-52 chromatography of GJ polysaccharides; B-D: HPLC chromatogram of mixed standard, GJ-2 and GJ-3 sample; E: FT-IR spectra of GJ-2 and GJ-3; F: Congo red experiment. GJ polysaccharides: Gong-Jian polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=8N2pp90chHK2AJHw2QPvzQ==, figureFileBig=U6TlCKEhSSWSr0et1n6TOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018320606152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/xfzae0DSKaCakBLXgwaFQ==, figureFileBig=zf1UAZSOHfQbFoua/CW7EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018387715017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Polysaccharides mitigated DSS-induced murine colitis. A: Experiment design; B, D: Body weight changes in each group during experiment periods; C: DAI of mice in different groups; E: Terminal body weight variation at day 11 post-induction; F: DAI scores evaluated on day 11; G, H: Colon length measurement. n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1. NC: Negative control; SASP: Sulfasalazine; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; ns: No significant difference, figureFileSmall=/xfzae0DSKaCakBLXgwaFQ==, figureFileBig=zf1UAZSOHfQbFoua/CW7EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018454823882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4Mdc3k8tnDmQzb4p5rEmeQ==, figureFileBig=3Y+d2C+iChxDRX5TZXkzsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018526127051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Polysaccharides ameliorated colon damage in DSS-induced UC mice. A: Representative H & E staining: images of the colonic sections; B: Histopathological scores for colons. n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=4Mdc3k8tnDmQzb4p5rEmeQ==, figureFileBig=3Y+d2C+iChxDRX5TZXkzsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018605818828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YormaJPTeKHG/7a2cbJcLw==, figureFileBig=Y7v7anNpwG4Uc1Kjpkt/NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018672927693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=In vivo anti-flammatory effect of polysaccharides. A: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in mice colon tissue; B, C: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in mice serum. n = 6, x ± s; D, E: TNF-α and IL-6 levels in mice colon tissue. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=YormaJPTeKHG/7a2cbJcLw==, figureFileBig=Y7v7anNpwG4Uc1Kjpkt/NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018735842254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fvP5iMbX3OnT+DQRZUwxxg==, figureFileBig=wyNW0/A0H/x5sG5ImtKRAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498018798756815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Polysaccharides reduced colonic mucosal damage and maintained intestinal barrier function. A, B: Immunofluorescence staining of the tight junction proteins in the colon sections; C, D: Fluorescence area of ZO-1 and claudin-1 of colon sections after mice were treated with different formulations. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ZO-1: Zonula occludens 1; DAPI: 4′, 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, figureFileSmall=fvP5iMbX3OnT+DQRZUwxxg==, figureFileBig=wyNW0/A0H/x5sG5ImtKRAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498020476478416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2sNxA1KuZ6hcbKPHkAMYKw==, figureFileBig=m5nIW/5F2RoudGQ3oaygJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498020551975889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota composition. A: Simpson curves and α-diversity analysis using ace and shannon; B: PCoA plot analysis/NMDS of jaccrad_unifrac distance based on 16S rDNA profiling (ASVs level) in each group; C: Taxonomic distributions of bacteria at the phylum and genus level (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ASV: Amplicon sequence variants; NDMS: Non-metric multidimensional scaling, figureFileSmall=2sNxA1KuZ6hcbKPHkAMYKw==, figureFileBig=m5nIW/5F2RoudGQ3oaygJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498020635861970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/U9ZV9vvnKa4ln9qq28VpA==, figureFileBig=NsDpblQtFxnEvUZLSHRCjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498020702970835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=LefSe analysis cladogram representing the significantly different taxas among different groups (LDA > 3). n = 6, x ± s. 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ScoreBody weight loss/%Fecal propertyFecal occult blood
00NormalOccult blood (-)
11-5Between normal and semi-loose stoolsOccult blood (+)
26-10Semi-loose stoolsOccult blood (++)
310-15Between semi-loose and loose stoolsOccult blood (+++)
4> 15Loose stoolsBleeding
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The assessment of the disease activity index. DAI: Disease activity index

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ScoreBody weight loss/%Fecal propertyFecal occult blood
00NormalOccult blood (-)
11-5Between normal and semi-loose stoolsOccult blood (+)
26-10Semi-loose stoolsOccult blood (++)
310-15Between semi-loose and loose stoolsOccult blood (+++)
4> 15Loose stoolsBleeding
), ArticleFig(id=1308498020921074646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndictorJudgement standardScore
The severity of mucosal damageIntact crypt structure0
Crypt loss < 1/3 (local mild injury)1
Crypt loss > 1/3 but ≤1/2 (mild injury)2
Crypt loss > 1/2 but ≤2/3 (moderate injury)3
Complete crypt loss with intact epithelium4
Complete crypt loss with epithelial destruction5
Extent of diseaseNo damage (0%)0
1%-20%1
21%-40%2
41%-60%3
61%-80%4
81%-100%5
), ArticleFig(id=1308498021009155031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467752012902742, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pathological score of colonic mucosa

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IndictorJudgement standardScore
The severity of mucosal damageIntact crypt structure0
Crypt loss < 1/3 (local mild injury)1
Crypt loss > 1/3 but ≤1/2 (mild injury)2
Crypt loss > 1/2 but ≤2/3 (moderate injury)3
Complete crypt loss with intact epithelium4
Complete crypt loss with epithelial destruction5
Extent of diseaseNo damage (0%)0
1%-20%1
21%-40%2
41%-60%3
61%-80%4
81%-100%5
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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
TNF-αForwardAGCCTCTTCTCATTCCTGCTTGTG
ReverseGATCACCCCGAAGTTCAGTAGACA
IL-6ForwardCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCTGGT
ReverseCTCTGTGAAGTCTCCTCTCCG
GAPDHForwardTGTGTCCGTCGTGGATCTGA
ReverseTTGCTGTTGAAGTCGCAGGAG
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The primer sequences of real-time quantitative PCR. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6: Interleukin 6; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
TNF-αForwardAGCCTCTTCTCATTCCTGCTTGTG
ReverseGATCACCCCGAAGTTCAGTAGACA
IL-6ForwardCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCTGGT
ReverseCTCTGTGAAGTCTCCTCTCCG
GAPDHForwardTGTGTCCGTCGTGGATCTGA
ReverseTTGCTGTTGAAGTCGCAGGAG
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大黄-黄芪多糖组分组成及缓解溃疡性结肠炎作用研究
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柯俏颖 1 , 张王昊 1 , 冯嘉惟 1 , 梁腾 1 , 李华健 1 , 叶小风 1 , 魏颖慧 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3169-3180
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3169 -3180
大黄-黄芪多糖组分组成及缓解溃疡性结肠炎作用研究
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柯俏颖1, 张王昊1, 冯嘉惟1, 梁腾1, 李华健1, 叶小风1, 魏颖慧1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
  • 2浙江中医药大学金华研究院, 浙江 金华 321015
通讯作者:
魏颖慧, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

柯俏颖为实验主要完成者及文章主要撰写者; 张王昊和冯嘉惟参与了实验方案设计及动物造模; 梁腾、叶小风、李华健参与了结构表征与数据处理分析; 魏颖慧提出本文研究思路并指导课题设计、实验实施、论文撰写与修改。

Characterization of the polysaccharide fraction in Rhubarb-Astragalus herb pair and their therapeutic potential in alleviating ulcerative colitis
Qiao-ying KE1, Wang-hao ZHANG1, Jia-wei FENG1, Teng LIANG1, Hua-jian LI1, Xiao-feng YE1, Ying-hui WEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 2Jinhua Academy of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua 321015, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0164
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溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 是一种累及结肠和直肠黏膜的慢性复发性炎症疾病。复杂的发病机制(涉及免疫失调、肠道屏障损伤及菌群紊乱等多重病理环节) 导致临床目前仍缺乏有效治疗药物。因此本研究聚焦于从大黄-黄芪药对中提取分离多糖组分, 探究其基本结构特征, 并评价其对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS) 诱导的小鼠UC的治疗作用。采用水提-醇沉法制备大黄-黄芪粗多糖, 通过阴离子交换纤维素柱制备多糖组分(GJ-2、GJ-3), 依次采用苯酚-硫酸法、间羟基联苯法、FT-IR、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, PMP) 衍生化-HPLC法等对多糖组分的总糖含量、糖醛酸含量、红外特征、单糖组成等结构特征进行解析。采用2.5% DSS诱导急性UC小鼠模型, 灌胃不同剂量多糖组分后, 采用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE) 染色观察结肠组织病理变化; 酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 测定小鼠血清中炎症因子水平及结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 水平; 采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR) 技术检测结肠组织TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、IL-6 (interleukin 6, IL-6) mRNA的表达水平; 采用免疫荧光法分析结肠组织紧密连接蛋白ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1, ZO-1)、claudin-1的表达。同时采用16S rDNA扩增技术分析小鼠盲肠内容物菌群多样性、肠道菌群群落组成及菌群差异。结果显示, 从大黄-黄芪药对中分离纯化得到的多糖组分GJ-2主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成; GJ-3主要由半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成。两种弱酸性多糖均含羧基及吡喃糖特征吸收峰。多糖组分可显著改善DSS诱导引起的小鼠结肠长度缩短、体质量下降及疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) 评分升高等病理表现, 同时减轻结肠组织病理损伤, 降低小鼠血清及结肠组织中炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平。此外, 多糖组分有效上调了ZO-1、claudin-1的表达水平; 恢复了DSS小鼠肠道菌群多样性, 富集了厚壁菌门毛螺菌科(f.__Clostridiales)、漫游球菌属(g.__Vagococcus) 等有益菌群。综上, 大黄-黄芪多糖组分具有缓解UC作用, 可能是大黄-黄芪重要的物质基础。动物实验经浙江省实验动物中心伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: ZJCLA-IACUC-20011023。

大黄  /  黄芪  /  中药多糖  /  结构特征  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  肠道菌群

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease primarily affecting the colonic and rectal mucosa. Its complex pathogenesis, involving immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and other pathological factors, has led to the current lack of effective therapeutic agents in clinical practice. This study focused on extracting and characterizing polysaccharide components from the Rhubarb-Astragalus herb pair (GJ-2 and GJ-3) and evaluating their therapeutic effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. Crude polysaccharides were extracted from Rheum palmatum and Astragalus membranaceus via aqueous extraction-alcohol precipitation. Two polysaccharide fractions (GJ-2 and GJ-3) were isolated and purified using anion-exchange cellulose column. Structural characteristics, including total polysaccharide content (phenol-sulfuric acid method), uronic acid quantification (m-hydroxydiphenyl assay), infrared spectral features (FT-IR), and monosaccharide composition analysis 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatization coupled with HPLC were systematically characterized. In vivo, a DSS-induced UC model was established using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). After intragastric administration of different doses of polysaccharide fractions, pathological changes of the colon tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, while the levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colon tissue were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1) were analyzed via immunofluorescence, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Gut microbiota composition was evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing of cecal contents. Consequently, two weakly acidic polysaccharide fractions, GJ-2 and GJ-3, were isolated from the Rheum palmatum-Astragalus membranaceus herb pair. Monosaccharide analysis revealed GJ-2 was composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara), whereas GJ-3 predominantly contained Gal and Ara, both exhibiting carboxyl groups and pyranose configurations (FT-IR). In DSS-treated mice, GJ-2 and GJ-3 significantly ameliorated colon shortening, body weight loss, and elevated DAI scores. Histopathology demonstrated reduced mucosal damage, while ELISA and qRT-PCR showed decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in serum and colon tissues. Moreover, the polysaccharide fractions significantly upregulated the expression levels of ZO-1 and claudin-1 and restored gut microbiota diversity in DSS-induced mice, and enriched beneficial taxa, including f.__Clostridiales and g.__Vagococcus. In conclusion polysaccharide fractions from the Rheum palmatum-Astragalus membranaceus herb pair exhibit therapeutic potential against UC, likely serving as a key material basis for the efficacy of this herb pair. The animal operation was approved by the Zhejiang Center of Labortory Animals (No: ZJCLA-IACUC-20011023). All experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Rhubarb  /  Astragalus  /  traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide  /  structural characteristics  /  ulcerative colitis  /  gut microbiota
柯俏颖, 张王昊, 冯嘉惟, 梁腾, 李华健, 叶小风, 魏颖慧. 大黄-黄芪多糖组分组成及缓解溃疡性结肠炎作用研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3169 -3180 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0164
Qiao-ying KE, Wang-hao ZHANG, Jia-wei FENG, Teng LIANG, Hua-jian LI, Xiao-feng YE, Ying-hui WEI. Characterization of the polysaccharide fraction in Rhubarb-Astragalus herb pair and their therapeutic potential in alleviating ulcerative colitis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3169 -3180 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0164
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 是一种慢性非特异性炎症性肠病, 临床表现为持续或反复发作的腹痛、腹泻、黏液脓血便、里急后重或不同程度的全身症状, 病情迁延难愈, 且具有较高的癌变风险[1]。近年来, 临床UC的患者数量在全球范围内不断增加, 已成为消化系统的常见病和难治病。UC病因和发病机制尚未完全清楚, 越来越多的研究表明遗传因素、肠道菌群紊乱、肠道屏障损伤和炎症损伤、免疫功能障碍可能是其主要影响因素[2]。目前临床上用于治疗UC的药物包括抗炎药(如氨基水杨酸盐、糖皮质激素)、免疫抑制剂(如甲氨蝶呤) 和生物制剂(如抗TNF-α单克隆抗体) 等[3]。这些药物虽能在一定程度上缓解UC症状, 但存在治愈率低、治疗周期长、易发生胃肠道不适、肝功能损伤、耐药性等问题。因此, 进一步寻求低成本、高效且安全的治疗药物具有重要意义。
近年来大量临床实践表明, 中医药可通过多种方式缓解和治疗UC, 临床疗效明显, 且可长期缓解, 减少复发[4]。中医学将UC归属为“休息痢”“久痢”和“肠澼”等范畴, 病机为本虚标实, 以脾胃虚弱为本, 湿邪(热)、瘀热、热毒、痰浊、气滞、瘀血等为标, 发病是由虚致实, 最后导致虚实夹杂的过程。主要治疗原则为活动期清热化湿、调气和血、敛疡生肌, 缓解期则主健脾益气、补肾固本、清热化湿[5]。中药大黄(苦、寒, 归脾、胃、大肠、肝、心包经) 为治疗UC常用中药之一, 针对“湿热蕴肠”病机, 可通过荡涤积滞、推陈致新直接缓解UC急性期的湿热壅滞症状[6]。中药黄芪(甘、微温, 归脾、肺经) 作为治疗UC的高频次中药可通过健脾益气以固护中焦、补血生血以荣养肠络而修复肠黏膜屏障, 改善UC慢性期的脾虚失运状态[7]。大黄和黄芪配伍作为治疗炎症性疾病的经典组合, 可通调内外、平衡阴阳[8]。现代药理学研究表明, 大黄黄芪配伍较单用具有更显著的抗炎作用并能抑制氧化应激[9, 10]。此外, 近年来研究表明, 中药多糖具有抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节、修复受损组织等作用, 且可有效改善黏膜免疫并调节微生物菌群结构[11], 减轻肠道黏膜的炎症和损伤, 促进肠道免疫系统的平衡和调节, 从而在UC治疗中显示出潜在的应用价值[12]。课题组前期研究中亦发现大黄-黄芪配伍具有显著的抗炎及菌群调节作用, 其中多糖组分可能发挥了重要作用[13], 由此推测大黄-黄芪多糖组分可能是治疗UC的效应组分。因此, 本研究拟从大黄-黄芪中提取多糖组分, 并对其组成及缓解UC作用进行研究, 以阐明多糖组分对大黄-黄芪治疗UC的重要贡献, 并为中药药效物质基础研究及中药多糖的开发利用提供科学实践依据。
药品与试剂  大黄饮片(批号23070) 购自浙江中医药大学中药材饮片厂, 黄芪饮片(批号23011201) 购自杭州康仑中药饮片有限公司, 经浙江中医药大学刘考铧老师鉴定合格。单糖对照品D-无水葡萄糖(批号13950, 质量分数 > 98%)、D-半乳糖(批号15075, 质量分数 > 98%)、D-阿拉伯糖(批号18234, 质量分数 > 98%)、L-鼠李糖(批号15151, 质量分数 > 98%)、D(+) 岩藻糖(批号18235, 质量分数 > 98%)、D-甘露糖(批号13641, 质量分数 > 98%)、D-半乳糖醛酸(批号16068, 质量分数 > 98%)、D-葡萄糖醛酸(批号16235, 质量分数 > 98%) 均购自上海诗丹德标准技术服务有限公司; DEAE-52纤维素(批号52L2401S) 购自北京瑞达恒辉科技发展有限公司; 葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS, 批号YD11024) 购自MP Biomedicals公司; 柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片(sulfasalazine, SASP, 批号09230808) 购自上海信谊天平药业有限公司; 小鼠髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) ELISA试剂盒(批号2025010899902)、小鼠白细胞介素6 (interleukin 6, IL-6) ELISA试剂盒(批号2025010799903)、小鼠肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) ELISA试剂盒(批号2025010799903) 购自泉州睿信生物技术有限公司; PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix (批号AO20424A) 购自宝生物工程大连有限公司; Pro Taq HS预混型qPCR试剂盒(批号A5A4003) 购自湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司; 透析袋(3500 Da, 批号JM317814) 购自上海源叶生物有限公司; 考马斯亮蓝(批号B2303046) 购自阿拉丁控股集团有限公司; 乙腈为色谱纯, 无水乙醇、氯化钠、硫酸、苯酚等其他试剂均为分析纯。
实验动物  雄性C57Bl/6小鼠(SPF级, 6~8周龄), 体质量20 ± 2 g, 购自杭州医学院[许可证号SYXK (浙) 2024-0008], 饲养于浙江省实验动物中心, 室温20~25 ℃, 相对湿度45%~60%, 适应性喂养1周, 给药前禁食不禁水12 h。本研究中动物实验经过浙江省实验动物中心实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号ZJCLA-IACUC-20011023)。
仪器  紫外分光光度计(UV-3600, 日本岛津制作所); 傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(Spectrum 100, 美国PerkinElmer股份有限公司); Waters高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); 高速冷冻离心机(Avanti JXN-26, 美国Beckman Coulter有限公司); 电子分析天平(德国Sartorius公司); 超纯水仪(Cascada 3.1, 美国Pall公司); 旋转蒸发仪(R-220 Pro, 上海申胜生物技术有限公司); 真空干燥箱(DZF-6050, 上海精宏实验设备有限公司)。
大黄-黄芪多糖组分的制备  取大黄饮片、黄芪饮片适量, 按质量比1∶1比例混合后加入6倍量95%乙醇, 加热回流脱脂2 h, 待饮片完全干燥后按料液比1∶20加入适量纯水, 100 ℃提取2次, 每次2 h, 合并提取液并浓缩至适当体积后加入95%乙醇至乙醇体积分数为80%。冷藏过夜后收集沉淀, 待室温挥干无醇味后加入少量纯水溶解, 真空干燥得大黄-黄芪粗多糖提取物。
称取适量粗多糖提取物溶于适量纯水中, 离心(10 000 r·min-1, 10 min) 后取上清, 加入1/5体积Sevage试剂(氯仿∶正丁醇= 4∶1) 以除去蛋白类杂质, 收集上清液, 旋蒸除去有机溶剂后, 冷冻干燥得大黄-黄芪粗多糖。称取粗多糖50 mg溶于10 mL纯水中, 10 000 r·min-1离心10 min后, 取上清上样至DEAE-52阴离子交换柱(DEAE-52, 16 mm × 400 mm), 依次用0、0.2、0.3 mol·L-1 NaCl溶液进行洗脱, 分别收集各洗脱液, 使用苯酚-硫酸法跟踪洗脱峰。各洗脱部位合并、减压浓缩至一定体积后透析三天, 透析内液经冷冻干燥后分别得中性多糖及两种酸性多糖。
大黄-黄芪多糖组分的结构特征解析
含量测定  采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖样品中总糖含量; 采用考马斯亮蓝法(2020版中国药典四部通则0731) 测定多糖样品中蛋白质含量; 采用间羟基联苯法测定多糖样品中糖醛酸含量[14]。
紫外光谱扫描分析  将多糖样品用纯水溶解制成1 mg·mL-1的溶液, 采用紫外-可见分光光度计在200~400 nm波长内进行全波长扫描。
单糖组成分析  采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, PMP) 衍生化法[15]对多糖样品进行单糖组成分析。
对照品溶液的制备  分别取甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖对照品适量, 精密称定, 加适量水制成一定质量浓度的各单糖对照品储备液(甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸及岩藻糖浓度均为1 mg·mL-1; 阿拉伯糖浓度为3.5 mg·mL-1; 葡萄糖浓度为10 mg·mL-1)。
对照品溶液的PMP衍生化  精密量取上述各单糖对照品溶液400 μL, 分别加入PMP-甲醇溶液(0.5 mol·L-1) 400 μL及NaOH溶液(0.3 mol·L-1) 400 μL, 混匀后于70 ℃水浴中反应90 min, 冷至室温后加入HCl溶液(0.3 mol·L-1) 400 μL至中性, 混匀后加入2 mL三氯甲烷萃取3次, 取上清液过0.22 μm的滤膜, 即得。
色谱条件  色谱柱为Venusil XBP C18 (5 µm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm) 柱; 柱温为30 ℃; 检测波长为250 nm; 流速为1.0 mL·min-1; 流动相为乙腈: 0.025 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.4) 15:85; 进样量为10 μL。
标准曲线的制备  分别精密移取上述各单糖对照品储备液适量配制成一定浓度的混合对照品溶液(其中甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、岩藻糖及半乳糖的浓度均为100 μg·mL-1; 葡萄糖浓度为960 μg·mL-1; 阿拉伯糖浓度为350 μg·mL-1)。分别精密移取混合对照品溶液0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mL至2 mL量瓶中, 加水稀释至刻度, 按照上述方法进行衍生化后进样测定。以峰面积(A) 为纵坐标, 质量浓度(C) 为横坐标进行线性回归, 计算回归方程。
供试品溶液的制备及PMP衍生化  将多糖样品(5.0 mg) 置于预充氮的安瓿瓶中, 加入2 mL三氟乙酸并再次充氮后封口, 随后在120 ℃下加热水解4 h。冷至室温后, 加入2 mL甲醇, 氮气流吹干, 重复5次除去多余的三氟乙酸, 最后加入1 mL纯水溶解, 精密量取400 μL, 按上述方法进行衍生化, 即得多糖供试品溶液。
FT-IR分析  取适量多糖样品与干燥KBr以适当比例研磨混匀后压片, 在400~4 000 cm-1进行红外扫描。
刚果红实验  称取适量多糖加纯水配制成1 mg·mL-1的多糖溶液, 取适量与刚果红溶液(80 μmol·L-1) 以等体积比混合均匀, 加入适量NaOH溶液(1 mol·L-1), 使NaOH终浓度分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mol·L-1, 室温静置10 min后, 以刚果红溶液作为对照, 采用紫外-可见分光光度计在400~600 nm波长内进行扫描。
多糖组分缓解UC作用研究
造模及给药方法  C57Bl/6小鼠适应性喂养7 d后随机分为正常对照组(negative control, NC)、模型组(DSS)、柳氮磺吡啶组(SASP, 100 mg·kg-1·d-1)、多糖组分低剂量组(GJ-L, 80 mg·kg-1·d-1)、多糖组分高剂量组(GJ-H, 200 mg·kg-1·d-1)。整个实验过程中, SASP、GJ-L组及GJ-H组小鼠分别灌胃给予相应药物, 持续给药11 d; NC组及DSS组灌胃等体积生理盐水。各组小鼠前四天自由饮用水, 其余各组(除NC组外) 小鼠均自第5天开始自由饮用2.5% DSS水, 连续7天。
小鼠一般状态观察和疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI)  每日定时观察并记录各组小鼠精神、进食、饮水、体质量、粪便状况(形态隐血)、存活等情况。同时根据评分标准(表1), 进行DAI评分(DAI =体重评分+ 粪便性状评分+ 便血情况评分)。
组织样本的收集及处理  从造模后第四天开始, 按照无菌方法收集各组小鼠粪便。实验第12天, 各组小鼠摘眼球取血, 分离血清用于血清炎症因子检测。选择离肛门1 cm处直肠段到盲肠末端的结肠段, 取出完整的结肠组织, 测量其长度, 并拍照记录。将肠道组织样本截断为4部分, 靠近肛门处约1 cm用10%中性福尔马林固定, 用于病理切片及免疫荧光染色; 剩余组织分成三部分置于-80 ℃冰箱保存分别留待组织MPO水平测定及qRT-PCR等后续实验。
结肠组织苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE) 染色  取各小鼠相同部位结肠组织, 用10%中性福尔马林固定后, 常规石蜡包埋切片。切片处理后, HE染色, 于光镜下观察结肠组织病理学变化, 同时根据评分标准(表2), 进行组织病理学评分。
血清及结肠组织炎症因子测定  采用ELISA试剂盒检测小鼠血清中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的含量。采用qRT-PCR法检测结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6的mRNA的表达(引物序列见表3)。
结肠组织MPO活性测定  结肠组织匀浆后, 取上清, 采用MPO比色分析试剂盒检测结肠组织中MPO水平。
免疫荧光染色分析  结肠组织切片脱石蜡后水化, 将切片放入抗原修复液中加热以暴露抗原, 使用10%山羊血清在室温下封闭切片30 min, 以减少非特异性结合, 加入ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1)、claudin-1抗体后于4 ℃下孵育过夜, 使用PBS清洗切片, 以去除未结合的一抗。将切片与配好的二抗孵育30 min, 采用4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 进行细胞核染色, 封片后使用荧光显微镜观察切片, 染色结果使用Image J软件量化荧光面积。
小鼠肠道菌群的检测与分析  采用16S rDNA扩增技术分析小鼠盲肠内容物中菌群多样性、肠道菌群群落组成及菌群差异, 测序由杭州联川生物有限公司完成。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism (GraphPad software, 美国) 软件进行统计分析, 数据表示为x ± s; 并使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 和t检验进行组间比较, 随后进行Tukey's多重比较检验以确定显著性差异, P < 0.05为具有统计学差异。
大黄、黄芪饮片(1∶1) 经煎煮、醇沉后得粗多糖提取物, 计算其得率为13.6%。该粗多糖采用DEAE-52离子交换层析柱初步纯化后获得了三个部位(GJ-0、GJ-0.2、GJ-0.3, 图1A), 得率分别为5.6%、22.4%和11.8%。表明GJ-0.2和GJ-0.3是GJ多糖的主要部位, 分别记为GJ-2、GJ-3。根据葡萄糖标准曲线方程(A = 7.380 6C - 0.029, R2 = 0.999 5)、糖醛酸标准曲线方程(A = 0.907 2C + 0.088 8, R2 = 0.999 2) 及牛血清白蛋白标准曲线方程(A = 7.658 5C + 0.054 4, R2 = 0.999) 计算得GJ-2及GJ-3总糖含量分别为70.8%、66.54%; 糖醛酸含量分别为12.25%、15.79%; 蛋白质含量分别为1.67%、1.35%。结果表明, GJ-2、GJ-3均为弱酸性多糖, 几乎不含蛋白, 纯度较高。
紫外光谱GJ-2、GJ-3在260和280 nm处均无明显吸收峰, 说明二者均几乎不含游离蛋白质(与蛋白含量测定结果一致) 和核酸。
多糖样品经水解、PMP衍生化法后采用HPLC法对其单糖组成进行了测定。结果表明GJ-2主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成, 其次含有少量的甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸及半乳糖醛酸(图1C), 其中各单糖摩尔比为9.57∶13.43∶14.18∶1.76∶2.84∶1.00∶2.86; GJ-3主要由半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成(图1D), 其次含有少量的甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖, 各单糖的摩尔比为15.98∶19.09∶1.00∶3.63∶1.32∶2.14∶5.12。单糖组成测定结果再次证明GJ-2、GJ-3是一种弱酸性杂多糖, 与糖醛酸测定结果相一致。
FT-IR图谱显示, 多糖GJ-2和GJ-3均表现出典型的多糖特征吸收峰(图1E), 且二者结构极其相似(3 439、3 443 cm-1处) 和2 929、2 939 cm-1处的吸收峰分别为O-H和C-H伸缩振动峰; 1 742、1 749 cm-1处的吸收峰表明GJ-2和GJ-3均含有COOH官能团, 存在糖醛酸, 为酸性多糖[11], 与单糖组成分析结果一致。1 616、1 632 cm-1处的吸收峰为O-H的弯曲振动峰; 1 356、1 387 cm-1处的吸收峰则为两种多糖的C-O的弯曲振动峰。在1 200~1 000 cm-1内的三个吸收峰表明两种多糖均存在吡喃糖结构[16]。
由图1F可知, 含有GJ-2、GJ-3的刚果红溶液其最大吸收波长在不同浓度氢氧化钠溶液中的变化趋势与刚果红溶液本身趋势相似, 均未发生先红移后蓝移现象, 表明两种多糖均不具有三螺旋结构, 是以随机线团形式存在[17]。
本研究建立了DSS诱导的急性结肠炎小鼠模型, 定期监测了各组小鼠的行为和体质量变化(图2), 发现正常对照组小鼠毛发有光泽, 饮水摄食量均正常, 精神状态良好, 体质量逐渐上升。实验第11天, 与正常对照组相比, DSS模型组小鼠体质量显著下降; 多糖组分各剂量干预均显著降低了DSS引起的体质量下降速率(图2E)。实验第一天, 各组小鼠的粪便均为颗粒状; 实验结束时, 模型组粪便呈现水样糖稀状并出现隐血; 多糖组分各剂量组小鼠粪便保持相对正常形态, 且隐血现象明显改善。处死当天对各组小鼠进行了DAI评分, 结果显示, 与正常对照组相比, 模型组DAI评分极显著上升; 与模型组相比, 多糖组分各剂量组小鼠DAI评分显著下降(图2F)。此外, 正常对照组小鼠结肠细长无水肿充血等症状, 肠道内容物饱满呈现颗粒状; DSS诱导后各组小鼠不同程度地出现了结肠变短的现象(结肠炎患者典型的临床症状之一), 表明小鼠急性结肠炎模型成功建立。其中模型组小鼠结肠缩短最为严重。给予不同剂量的多糖组分后UC小鼠结肠长度显著变长(图2G、H)。上述结果表明, 多糖组分有效改善了DSS诱导的UC症状。
如图3A所示, 正常对照组小鼠结肠黏膜结构正常, 肠腺排列紧密, 上皮细胞正常, 无溃疡, 杯状细胞较多隐窝呈规律性指状分布, 形态清晰, 未见破坏或消失的现象。模型组小鼠结肠表现为严重的急性炎症反应, 具体表现为上皮细胞出现糜烂或脱落; 杯状细胞数量大大减少, 隐窝显示出不同程度的破坏甚至消失; 切片右侧可见较密集的蓝紫色核。黏膜层组织紊乱, 局部表现为溃疡或糜烂, 黏膜损伤严重。各给药组小鼠结肠组织病理学损伤均有不同程度改善, 其中多糖组分高剂量组对结肠病理损伤的保护作用与SASP相似, 杯状细胞较模型组明显增多, 局部隐窝脓肿显减轻结。结肠上皮屏障损伤严重程度评分(图3B) 亦表明, 多糖组分高剂量组评分显著低于模型组。
MPO是中性粒细胞的活性标志物之一, 外界刺激可使中性粒细胞聚集后释放MPO, 故其水平与中性粒细胞数量以及肠道炎症损伤程度成正相关。结果显示, 与正常对照组相比, 模型组小鼠结肠组织中MPO水平显著升高, 表明摄入DSS后可能引起了中性粒细胞的聚集从而激发了炎症反应。与模型组相比, 多糖组分各剂量组小鼠结肠组织中MPO水平均显著降低(图4A), 表明多糖组分可降低DSS诱导的炎症反应。
采用酶联免疫吸附法检测了各组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6的含量。结果显示, 与正常对照组相比, 模型组小鼠血清中TNF-α及IL-6水平均显著升高; 不同剂量多糖组分干预后小鼠血清中TNF-α水平均较模型组显著降低; 低剂量多糖组分干预后小鼠血清中IL-6水平显著降低(图4B、C)。小鼠结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量测定(qRT-PCR) 结果与血清测定结果基本一致(图4D、E)。
采用免疫荧光法分析了结肠组织ZO-1、claudin-1的表达水平。结果显示, 正常对照组小鼠结肠组织细胞核(蓝色荧光) 清晰可见, 细胞结构完整, 无明显损伤或炎症迹象; 两种紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、claudin-1 (绿色荧光) 线条均匀连续分布在细胞边界, 表明紧密连接完好无损, 肠道屏障功能正常。模型组小鼠结肠组织细胞核排列紊乱, 黏膜层结构呈现不同程度的破坏, 绿色荧光信号明显减弱, 且呈现不连续点状或斑片状分布, 严重损伤区域细胞间隙异常增宽(图5A、B)。多糖干预后, 细胞核形态趋于规则, 碎片化现象减少, 细胞核排列密度接近正常组水平。Image J量化分析显示多糖组分各剂量组均显著上调了ZO-1、claudin-1的表达水平(图5C、D)。
通过对小鼠肠道内容物样本进行16S rDNA扩增子测序分析, 评价多糖组分对肠道菌群的调控作用。经质控后, 共获得1 953 427条有效序列(平均每样本65 114条), 测序覆盖率较高。基于扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASV) 分析, 计算了各样本α多样性指数及β多样性参数。结果显示, 与正常对照组相比, 模型组小组肠道菌群α多样性显著降低。经不同剂量多糖组分干预后, α多样性指数显著回升(图6A), 提示多糖组分可部分恢复DSS小鼠肠道微生物多样性。基于加权UniFrac距离的主坐标分析(PCoA) 和Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS) 表明, 模型组小鼠菌群的β多样性显著偏离正常对照组, 表明DSS诱导使小鼠肠道菌群结构呈现明显紊乱; 而不同剂量多糖组分干预后样本分布更接近正常对照, 表明多糖组分干预部分逆转了DSS诱导的菌群失调。
进一步分别在门水平和属水平评价了多糖组分干预后DSS小鼠肠道菌群的整体结构(图6C)。在门水平上, 厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes) 是正常对照组中的优势细菌门, 其次是疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)。DSS诱导后厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes) 及疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota) 的相对丰度分别较正常对照组显著降低, 而变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 丰度显著增加, 与文献[18]报道的UC小鼠菌群失调模式相一致。多糖组分干预后, 厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes) 丰度增加, 疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota) 的丰度几乎回调到正常对照组水平, 同时变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 的丰度呈不同程度的降低。属水平分析显示, 阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia)、乳杆菌属(Ligalactobacillus)是正常对照组中的优势细菌属, DSS诱导后促炎菌属大肠埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella) 丰度显著增加, 阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia) 丰度显著降低, 而多糖组分干预后Escherichia-Shigella丰度降低, Akkermansia丰度显著增加。此外, 多糖干预后乳酸杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium) 及拟杆菌属(Bacteroides) 等益生菌属丰度分别较模型组增加。LEfSe多级物种判别可分析出各组独有生物标志物, 设置线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA) 阈值大于3, 进一步鉴定到模型组特异性富集了肠杆菌科(f.__Enterobacteriaceae)、消化链球菌科(f.__Peptostreptococcaceae), 多糖组分特异性富集了厚壁菌门梭菌科(f.__ Clostridiaceae)、Rikenellaceae科未分类属(g.__Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group) 及漫游球菌属(g.__Vagococcus) 等多种生物标志物(图7), 提示多糖组分可能通过选择性促进有益菌群增殖并抑制条件致病菌定植的双向调控机制, 协同维护肠道微生态平衡及屏障稳态[19]。
多糖是一类广泛存在于中药中的高分子聚合物, 以往制剂过程中通常认为多糖为“无效组分”而将其作为杂质去除。近年来大量研究已证明多糖具有广泛的药理活性, 如抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、调血脂、抗凝血、调节肠道菌群等, 是中药的重要物质基础[20]。与单味药多糖相比, 药对及复方多糖可结合各单味药多糖的生物活性, 起到协同增效的作用, 因此有效、充分地分离纯化药对及中药复方多糖, 并阐明其结构基础和作用机制, 已成为近年来中药药效物质研究的热点与难点之一[21, 22]。本研究从整体观出发, 从大黄-黄芪共煎液中提取了粗多糖, 并经阴离子交换柱分离后得到了两种主要的部位糖GJ-2、GJ-3, 得率分别为22.4%和11.8%; 糖醛酸含量测定及单糖组成分析初步表明, 两种多糖均主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖等单糖组成, 并含有少量的糖醛酸; 同时FT-IR光谱显示了典型的羧基振动峰, 表明二者均为弱酸性杂多糖。尽管两种多糖均主要由8种相同单糖组成, 但不同的比例和连接方式可能会影响多糖的结构和功能, 进而影响其在体内的生物活性。此外, 糖醛酸的存在亦可能影响多糖的溶解性、荷电性及其抗炎活性[23]。由于两种多糖在结构特征上极为相似, 故制备动物给药样品时进行合并收集, 以增加得率。鉴于本研究在提取、纯化多糖组分过程中涉及高温加热、有机试剂使用等操作, 可能会增加多糖的安全隐患, 课题组采用MTT法初步评价了所制备的两种主要酸性多糖的细胞毒性。结果表明, GJ-2、GJ-3在0~500 μg·mL-1内均不影响RAW264.7细胞的活力。后续研究将进一步采用体内外方法评价两种酸性多糖的安全性。此外, 课题组也对大黄和黄芪中的多糖分别进行了单独提取分离, 结果显示, 大黄多糖以酸性多糖为主, 对其中得率最高的酸性多糖进行了单糖组成分析, 显示其主要由半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、岩藻糖、半乳糖组成; 黄芪多糖以中性多糖为主, 主要是由葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成。因此, 作者推测大黄-黄芪共煎多糖中的糖醛酸类主要来源于大黄多糖, 半乳糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖等则来源于大黄和黄芪两种多糖, 但两种多糖配伍共煎过程中是否有多糖成分的变化还需要进一步深入研究。
本研究采用DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型, 研究了大黄–黄芪多糖组分对UC的缓解作用及其潜在作用机制。结果显示, 实验过程中模型组小鼠体质量逐天降低、变化率大、饮食饮水量减少, 且伴随着大便糖稀并出血, DAI评分也逐渐上升, 同时结肠长度与对照组相比也显著缩短。炎症因子测定结果表明模型组鼠血清及结肠组织炎症因子失衡; 组织切片HE染色结果显示, 模型组小鼠结肠组织出现了明显病理改变, 包括肠黏膜层严重损伤、上皮细胞脱落、隐窝结构破坏以及大量炎性细胞浸润。这些病理变化表明肠道屏障功能受到了严重破坏, 导致肠道通透性增加, 进一步加剧了炎症反应; 免疫荧光分析进一步证实了模型组小鼠结肠上皮紧密连接蛋白表达量显著降低, 表明屏障功能严重受损。与模型组相比, 多糖组分干预后小鼠结肠长度和体重均明显回调; 结肠组织病理损伤有效缓解; 结肠组织中MPO水平及TNF-α、IL-6的mRNA的相对表达量显著降低。免疫荧光显示, 多糖组分各剂量组均显著上调了紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、claudin-1的表达。这些结果表明, 大黄-黄芪多糖组分可通过修复肠道屏障、减轻炎症细胞浸润从而缓解UC病理症状。
本研究采用16S rDNA扩增子测序技术, 多维度分析了大黄-黄芪多糖组分对DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠肠道菌群结构与功能的调控作用。结果显示, DSS模型组小鼠肠道菌群α多样性降低, β多样性分析显示微生物群落结构异质性显著增加, 样本间组成差异模式发生明显改变, 而多糖组分干预可有效恢复菌群多样性并重塑群落结构, 促使菌群分布趋近正常组。关键菌群分析发现: 在门水平上, 多糖组分可逆转DSS诱导的Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值下降并抑制Proteobacteria异常增殖; 在属水平上, 多糖组分干预使促炎菌属(Escherichia-Shigella) 丰度降低, 同时富集Ligilactobacillus、Bifidobacterium等益生菌属, 这些变化可能与肠道黏液层增厚及Treg/Th17平衡调节密切相关[24]。LEFSe分析表明, 模型组小鼠肠道中富集了变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 及大肠埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)。变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 的富集通常与肠道屏障损伤和炎症反应的加剧相关[25]; 大肠埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella) 的异常增殖可能进一步加剧肠道炎症, 导致肠道屏障功能的破坏[26]。多糖组分干预后小鼠肠道富集了厚壁菌门毛螺菌科(f.__Clostridiales)、Rikenellaceae科未分类属(g.__Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)、漫游球菌属(g.__ Vagococcus) 等多种生物标志物。厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是肠道中的优势菌群之一, 能够分解复杂多糖, 产生有益的代谢产物, 如短链脂肪酸, 从而有助于维持肠道健康[27]。综上, GJ多糖组分可通过以下机制缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎: ①显著恢复α多样性, 改善菌群结构异质性; ②抑制促炎菌属(如Escherichia-Shigella) 增殖; ③恢复肠道黏膜屏障, 减少炎症反应, 间接促进益生菌定植。本研究主要探讨了多糖组分对UC小鼠肠道菌群的调控作用, 但肠道菌群的变化与宿主代谢(如短链脂肪酸SCFAs、胆汁酸) 或免疫标志物(如细胞因子、紧密连接蛋白) 之间的具体关联、多糖组分干预后菌群功能基因(如KEGG通路) 的变化及其相关代谢途径等仍有待进一步深入研究。

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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0164
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
  • 修回日期:2025-07-12
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    1浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
    2浙江中医药大学金华研究院, 浙江 金华 321015

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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