Article(id=1308467743607509641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=1750867200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892620230, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892620230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892620230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892620230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3091, endPage=3101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467743875945098, articleId=1308467743607509641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploration of the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ and its analogues on improving Parkinson's disease based on "indirect regulation", columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study is based on the "indirect regulation" strategy to explore the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ (AG) and its analogs cycloastragenol (CAG) and astragenol (HG) in regulating the gut microbiota to improve Parkinson's disease (PD). Through the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model, combined with behavioral experiments, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and 16S rRNA sequencing, the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of the three compounds were systematically evaluated (the animal experiment was approved by the Animal Medical Ethics Committee of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, the approval number is AWE202307367). The results showed that AG, CAG, and HG (30 mg·kg-1) could significantly improve the behavioral phenotypes such as gait abnormalities and bradykinesia in PD mice, and restore the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra region, and inhibit the expression of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), a marker of microglial cell activation. Among them, CAG had the best effect among the three, which was comparable to that of the positive drug levodopa (70 mg·kg-1). The analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that all three compounds could reverse the decrease in microbiota diversity induced by MPTP and adjust the abundances of PD disease-related genera Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus. AG specifically promoted the enrichment of the genus Allobaculum, while CAG and HG significantly increased the abundance of the genus Blautia, suggesting that they inhibited neuroinflammation by regulating microbiota metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids). The study demonstrates that AG, CAG, and HG can indirectly regulate the structure of the gut microbiota through the "gut-brain axis" and inhibit central neuroinflammation, thus improving the pathological process of PD. This provides a multi-target intervention strategy based on natural products for the treatment of PD.

, authors=Sheng-nan XIAO1, Lian-mei LIU1, Xue-mei QIN1, 2, *, Zhen-yu LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Sheng-nan XIAO, Lian-mei LIU, Xue-mei QIN, Zhen-yu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Zhen-yu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467746983924378, articleId=1308467743607509641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于“间接调控”探究黄芪甲苷及其类似物改善帕金森病的作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究基于“间接调控”策略, 探究黄芪甲苷(AG) 及其类似物环黄芪醇(CAG)、黄芪醇(HG) 调节肠道菌群改善帕金森病(PD) 的作用。通过1-甲基-4-苯基-1, 2, 3, 6-四氢吡啶(MPTP) 诱导PD小鼠模型, 结合行为学实验、免疫荧光染色、蛋白印迹及16S rRNA测序, 系统评价3种化合物的疗效及潜在机制(动物实验获得山西中医药大学动物医学伦理委员会的批准, 批准号: AWE202307367)。结果显示: AG、CAG和HG (30 mg·kg-1) 均能显著改善PD小鼠的步态异常、运动迟缓等行为学表型, 并恢复黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH) 阳性神经元数量, 抑制离子钙结合适配器分子1 (Iba-1) 的表达。其中, CAG的作用效果为三者中最佳, 与阳性药左旋多巴(70 mg·kg-1) 相当。肠道菌群分析表明, 三者均能逆转MPTP诱导的菌群多样性降低, 回调PD疾病相关菌属Akkermansia、Lactobacillus及Ruminococcus的丰度。AG特异性促进Allobaculum菌属富集, CAG和HG则显著增加Blautia菌属丰度, 提示其通过调节菌群代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸) 抑制神经炎症。研究表明, AG、CAG和HG可通过“肠-脑轴”间接调控肠道菌群结构, 抑制中枢神经炎症, 从而改善PD病理进程, 为PD治疗提供了基于天然产物的多靶点干预策略。

, authors=肖圣男1, 刘连梅1, 秦雪梅1, 2, *, 李震宇1, 2, *, authorsList=肖圣男, 刘连梅, 秦雪梅, 李震宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 李震宇, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李震宇、秦雪梅和肖圣男设计实验, 提供资金支持; 肖圣男和刘连梅完成主要动物实验工作; 刘连梅参与部分数据分析; 肖圣男完成数据整理, 论文撰写及修改工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
秦雪梅, E-mail:
李震宇, E-mail:
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基于“间接调控”探究黄芪甲苷及其类似物改善帕金森病的作用
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肖圣男 1 , 刘连梅 1 , 秦雪梅 1, 2, * , 李震宇 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3091-3101
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3091 -3101
基于“间接调控”探究黄芪甲苷及其类似物改善帕金森病的作用
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肖圣男1, 刘连梅1, 秦雪梅1, 2, * , 李震宇1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1山西中医药大学太行本草研究院, 山西 晋中 030619
  • 2山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
通讯作者:
秦雪梅, E-mail:
李震宇, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李震宇、秦雪梅和肖圣男设计实验, 提供资金支持; 肖圣男和刘连梅完成主要动物实验工作; 刘连梅参与部分数据分析; 肖圣男完成数据整理, 论文撰写及修改工作。

Exploration of the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ and its analogues on improving Parkinson's disease based on "indirect regulation"
Sheng-nan XIAO1, Lian-mei LIU1, Xue-mei QIN1, 2, * , Zhen-yu LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Taihang Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
  • 2Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0457
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本研究基于“间接调控”策略, 探究黄芪甲苷(AG) 及其类似物环黄芪醇(CAG)、黄芪醇(HG) 调节肠道菌群改善帕金森病(PD) 的作用。通过1-甲基-4-苯基-1, 2, 3, 6-四氢吡啶(MPTP) 诱导PD小鼠模型, 结合行为学实验、免疫荧光染色、蛋白印迹及16S rRNA测序, 系统评价3种化合物的疗效及潜在机制(动物实验获得山西中医药大学动物医学伦理委员会的批准, 批准号: AWE202307367)。结果显示: AG、CAG和HG (30 mg·kg-1) 均能显著改善PD小鼠的步态异常、运动迟缓等行为学表型, 并恢复黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH) 阳性神经元数量, 抑制离子钙结合适配器分子1 (Iba-1) 的表达。其中, CAG的作用效果为三者中最佳, 与阳性药左旋多巴(70 mg·kg-1) 相当。肠道菌群分析表明, 三者均能逆转MPTP诱导的菌群多样性降低, 回调PD疾病相关菌属Akkermansia、Lactobacillus及Ruminococcus的丰度。AG特异性促进Allobaculum菌属富集, CAG和HG则显著增加Blautia菌属丰度, 提示其通过调节菌群代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸) 抑制神经炎症。研究表明, AG、CAG和HG可通过“肠-脑轴”间接调控肠道菌群结构, 抑制中枢神经炎症, 从而改善PD病理进程, 为PD治疗提供了基于天然产物的多靶点干预策略。

肠道菌群  /  黄芪甲苷  /  环黄芪醇  /  黄芪醇  /  帕金森病  /  神经炎症

This study is based on the "indirect regulation" strategy to explore the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ (AG) and its analogs cycloastragenol (CAG) and astragenol (HG) in regulating the gut microbiota to improve Parkinson's disease (PD). Through the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model, combined with behavioral experiments, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and 16S rRNA sequencing, the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of the three compounds were systematically evaluated (the animal experiment was approved by the Animal Medical Ethics Committee of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, the approval number is AWE202307367). The results showed that AG, CAG, and HG (30 mg·kg-1) could significantly improve the behavioral phenotypes such as gait abnormalities and bradykinesia in PD mice, and restore the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra region, and inhibit the expression of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), a marker of microglial cell activation. Among them, CAG had the best effect among the three, which was comparable to that of the positive drug levodopa (70 mg·kg-1). The analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that all three compounds could reverse the decrease in microbiota diversity induced by MPTP and adjust the abundances of PD disease-related genera Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus. AG specifically promoted the enrichment of the genus Allobaculum, while CAG and HG significantly increased the abundance of the genus Blautia, suggesting that they inhibited neuroinflammation by regulating microbiota metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids). The study demonstrates that AG, CAG, and HG can indirectly regulate the structure of the gut microbiota through the "gut-brain axis" and inhibit central neuroinflammation, thus improving the pathological process of PD. This provides a multi-target intervention strategy based on natural products for the treatment of PD.

intestinal flora  /  astragaloside Ⅳ  /  cycloastragenol  /  astragenol  /  Parkinson's disease  /  neuroinflammation
肖圣男, 刘连梅, 秦雪梅, 李震宇. 基于“间接调控”探究黄芪甲苷及其类似物改善帕金森病的作用. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3091 -3101 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0457
Sheng-nan XIAO, Lian-mei LIU, Xue-mei QIN, Zhen-yu LI. Exploration of the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ and its analogues on improving Parkinson's disease based on "indirect regulation"[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3091 -3101 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0457
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 作为全球范围内第二大常见神经退行性疾病, 调查显示其在60岁以上人群中发病率达2%且呈逐年攀升态势[1]。当前临床治疗仍以化学药物为主体, 其中左旋多巴(levodopa, L-DOPA) 作为“金标准”疗法虽能有效缓解症状, 但长期使用不可避免地出现疗效衰减、运动并发症等不良反应, 且无法遏制多巴胺能神经元的渐进性退变[2]。这一治疗困境凸显了开发新型治疗药物的迫切需求。值得注意的是, 在化学药物研发遭遇瓶颈的背景下, 天然产物因其独特的多靶点作用机制和低毒副作用特征, 正逐渐成为创新药物开发的重要资源库[3]。所以, 从天然产物中筛选候选结构, 寻找治疗PD高效稳定的潜在药物对PD的研究充满挑战及现实意义。
PD的病机涉及多种机制, 如衰老、神经炎症、线粒体功能障碍和肠道微生物群失调等[4]。其中, 神经炎症是多种发病机制的共同通路, 肠道菌群失调与PD及神经炎症的发生发展密切相关[5, 6]。PD患者常出现肠道菌群多样性降低, 产短链脂肪酸菌减少, 而促炎菌群增加。这种失衡可能通过“肠-脑轴”诱发神经炎症, 促进α-突触核蛋白异常聚集[7]。肠道菌群代谢产物可调节迷走神经活性, 并影响血脑屏障通透性[8]。此外, 研究显示, 肠道菌群紊乱早于运动症状出现, 或可作为早期生物标志物。调节菌群可能成为PD防治的新方向, 益生菌干预已在动物模型中显示出神经保护作用[9]。
黄芪甲苷(astragaloside Ⅳ, AG) 是中药黄芪中的有效成分, 近年来被报道具有良好的神经炎症抑制作用, 能够有效改善神经退行性疾病的行为学和病理学指征[10]。AG的类似物即为环黄芪醇(cycloastragenol, CAG) 和黄芪醇(astragenol, HG) (图1)。在结构差异中, CAG为AG的苷元形式, 前期研究证明, CAG能够调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路抑制PD模型中神经炎症[11]。HG是CAG过度酸水解后, 环丙烷断裂的产物, 更是CAG在结构修饰及构效关系探讨中相互比较的常见结构[12]。CAG和HG较AG极性低, 脂溶性增强, 能够更容易地透过血脑屏障发挥直接调控作用。但围绕“肠-脑轴”的间接调控研究三者在PD模型中的变化差异尚未见报道。因此, 本研究基于“间接调控”的角度, 探究AG、CAG和HG改善PD的调节作用, 并对其肠道微生物的变化进行初探, 为后续深入的机制探索奠定基础。
药品和实验动物  AG、CAG和HG (HPLC > 98%, 货号: AB0162、AB0236和AB3089) 购于成都埃法生物科技有限公司。L-DOPA (货号: 115511) 购自百灵威科技有限公司。1-甲基-4-苯基-1, 2, 3, 6-四氢吡啶(MPTP, 货号: ST1020) 和4', 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI, 货号: C1006) 购自碧云天生物科技有限公司。酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) (货号: GB11181)、离子钙结合适配器分子1 (ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1, Iba-1) (货号: GB114490)、occludin (货号GB11401)、claudin-5 (货号: GB11290) 和β-actin (货号: 11001) 抗体购于武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。白介素-1β (IL-1β, 货号: MU30369)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α, 货号: MU30030) 和白介素-6 (IL-6, 货号: MU30044) ELISA试剂盒购于武汉贝茵莱生物科技有限公司。6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠60只(20~22 g) 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司[实验动物许可证号SCXK (京) 2024-0003]。动物实验获得山西中医药大学动物医学伦理委员会的批准(批准号: AWE202307367)。
PD小鼠模型和动物分组  6~8周龄的60只C57BL/6J小鼠被随机分为6组, 分别为空白组、模型组、AG组(30 mg·kg-1)、CAG组(30 mg·kg-1)、HG组(30 mg·kg-1)、阳性药组(L-DOPA, 70 mg·kg-1), 每组10只。空白组灌胃给予0.5% CMC-Na, 模型组腹腔注射MPTP建立PD模型, 每天一次, 持续7天, 第一天浓度为15 mg·kg-1, 第二天浓度为20 mg·kg-1, 第3~7天浓度为30 mg·kg-1。给药组和阳性药组为模型组制备的第一天开始给予AG、CAG、HG和L-DOPA治疗, 每天一次, 持续14天。在实验过程中, 小鼠保持饮水、进食和活动自由。
行为学实验
步态实验  DigiGait动物步态检测系统用于评估小鼠的步态行为指标。将速度设置为15 cm·s-1, 连续10 s记录不同组小鼠爪子的步幅和频率。
爬杆实验  将鼠标放在实验棒(直径1 cm, 长度60 cm) 上, 记录鼠标停留在棒上的时间和下降到底部的时间。实验重复3次, 每次间隔5 min。
悬挂实验  将小鼠的前爪挂在水平钢丝上, 并根据最后挂在钢丝上小鼠后爪的数量进行评分。规则如下: 两只后爪(3分); 一只后爪(2分); 后爪为零(1分); 小鼠落地(0分)。所有实验重复3次, 每次实验间隔10 min。
免疫荧光染色  使用蔗糖溶液对3个小鼠脑组织进行梯度脱水, 并用OCT试剂包埋。在液氮中冷冻脑组织, 并使用低温恒温切片机切割冠状切片(10 μm)。切片并干燥24 h, 然后在-80 ℃下储存。用PBS清洗切片并去除OCT包埋剂。将切片浸入含有0.3% Triton X-100的PBS中, 在室温下孵育30 min。将一抗(TH和Iba-1) 均匀地加入切片上, 孵育过夜。然后, 用二抗荧光抗体孵育。最后, 滴加DAPI并孵育5~10 min。使用共聚焦激光显微镜观察和捕获图像, 并使用Image-J软件分析荧光强度, 分析统计实验数据。
蛋白印迹实验(Western blot)  收集不同组的脑组织和结肠组织, 加入RIPA裂解液中, 提取总蛋白。通过SDS-PAGE分离蛋白质, 转膜至PVDF膜。5%脱脂奶粉封闭过夜。随后, 将膜分别与抗TH、抗Iba-1、抗occludin、抗claudin-5和抗β-actin (1∶1 000) 在4 ℃下孵育过夜。TBST清洗膜3次。用对应二抗(1∶5 000) 孵育PVDF膜。最后, 凝胶成像系统捕获显影信号, 分析统计实验数据。
肠道菌群16S rRNA测序  为了进一步探究AG、CAG和HG治疗后肠道菌群结构的变化, 在小鼠处死后, 将盲肠中的肠道内容物取出, 置于液氮中迅速冷却。肠道菌群16S rRNA测序工作委托上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司完成。实验分析过程选择连续V区的V3-V4区, 通过Illumina平台对群落DNA片段进行双端测序和多样性分析。通过DADA2和Vsearch两种方法完成序列去噪或聚类分析。最终实验结果通过派森诺云平台完成报告分析。
统计学分析  实验数据采用GraphPad Prim 8软件, 使用单因素方差分析进行组间统计比较, 然后进行Tukey后检验。数据以独立进行的3次重复实验的平均值±标准差表示。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
构建经典的MPTP诱导的PD动物模型, 如图2A所示。在步态分析中, 本研究检查了不同组别小鼠的步频和步幅。结果表明, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠的步幅减小, 步态频率增加, 这与PD小鼠模型的行为状态一致[13]。给药治疗后, 各项指标均有显著改善(图2B、C); 在悬挂实验中, 模型组小鼠表现出明显的无力感, 动作迟缓, 给药治疗后, 各组别均能有效改善小鼠的悬挂能力, 评分显著增加(图2D); 在爬杆实验中, 模型组小鼠在顶部的停留时间显著增加, 表现出明显的犹豫或迟疑。给药治疗后, 各组别小鼠在顶部的停留时间缩短, 攀爬时间加快(图2E)。综合评判不同实验结果得出, 在行为学实验中, AG和CAG的药效作用稍强于HG。
黑质区TH阳性细胞数量减少是PD典型的病理学指征, 神经元的渐进性损失加剧PD疾病的进展[14]。所以, 本研究通过免疫荧光染色的方式观察黑质区TH表达情况。结果得出, MPTP造模后, TH阳性表达细胞数量显著减少, 经给药组治疗后, 均有不同程度的恢复, 说明3种化合物能够有效改善PD的病理学状态。同时, 基于前期研究的结果, 3种化合物均具有神经炎症的抑制作用, 而小胶质细胞是神经炎症的主要功能细胞。所以, 本研究对黑质区小胶质细胞的活化情况进行观察。Iba-1是小胶质细胞活化的标志性成分, 通过荧光强度分析, MPTP造模后, 小胶质细胞发生明显的激活, Iba-1的表达量显著增加, 而经给药组治疗后, Iba-1的表达发生明显的回调, 更确证3种化合物对神经炎症的抑制作用(图3)。同样的, 本研究通过蛋白印迹实验检验不同蛋白的表达情况, 与免疫荧光实验得出的结果趋势相同(图4A)。三者相互比较, 在相同剂量下, CAG表现出最佳活性, 与阳性药L-DOPA展现的治疗效果相当。
肠-脑轴理论主要由于肠屏障的破坏导致细胞毒素或神经毒素物质通过肠道进入血液循环, 进而影响大脑中枢系统。所以, 本研究验证不同组之间肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达。结果显示, MPTP诱导后, 紧密连接蛋白(occludin和claudin-5) 的表达显著下调, 说明肠道屏障出现明显的破坏。AG及类似物的给药治疗后, 蛋白表达有明显的恢复, 说明3种化合物均能有效修复肠屏障的通透性(图4B)。进一步, 脑组织中炎症因子水平检测结果显示, 3种化合物能够改善MPTP造成的神经炎症(图4C)。以上结果说明, 三者通过修复肠道屏障, 进而抑制毒性物质对大脑炎症水平的影响。
PD与肠道菌群的组成结构密切相关, 通过16S rRNA测序能够分析不同组别对PD小鼠肠道菌群的调控作用, 进而影响PD的进展。在α多样性分析中, Chao1指数表征丰富度, 相比较对照组, PD小鼠的菌群丰富度明显降低, 给药组能够不同程度地改变物种丰富度。Simpson指数表征多样性, 随着给药组的介入, 能够明显逆转MPTP造成的多样性降低(图5A、6A、7A)。在β多样性分析中, PCoA分析显示, 对照组与模型组的菌群结构显著分离, 而不同给药组与模型组的差异不同, AG组能够明显分离, CAG和HG组均与模型组有轻微交集, 但能分析得出给药治疗后, 均有效改善了PD小鼠的肠道菌群结构(图5B、6B、7B)。
在肠道菌群组成影响中, 本研究分别在科和属水平归纳总结不同组别之间的菌群组成。在属水平分析中, 本研究重点观察与PD疾病相关的菌种变化。阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) 和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus) 均与PD的发生发展有着密切联系, 在PD患者中Akkermansia和Lactobacillus显著富集, Ruminococcus明显减低, 在给药治疗后, 3类菌属均发生显著回调, 并逐步趋近于正常组。在总结分析中发现, 虽然3种化合物对菌属类别的调节中, 大部分变化的菌属是相同的, 但不同化合物之间也有特征性差异(图5C、5D、6C、6D、7C、7D)。在AG组中, AG的治疗使得异杆菌属(Allobaculum) 明显富集; CAG组和HG组中, 经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia) 显著增加, Blautia与炎症等密切关联, 更印证CAG与HG对神经炎症的间接调控作用(图5E、6E、7E)。为了进一步评估不同组别小鼠肠道微生物群的组成和显著变化, 本研究采用了线性判别分析(LDA) 进化分支图, LDA > 2作为统计标准, 分析不同给药组之间的差异, 更直观地观察不同组别之间的菌群组成差异(图5F、6F、7F)。总之, 与对照组相比, PD小鼠肠道微生物群的相对丰度发生了变化。AG、CAG和HG已被证明积极地恢复各种微生物群落的丰度和菌种组成, 进而调节PD疾病的进展。
PD的致病机制至今尚未完全阐明, 当前临床治疗策略及药物研发主要聚焦于提升脑内多巴胺浓度或延缓多巴胺代谢[15, 16]。然而, 长期临床观察显示, 传统多巴胺能药物虽能暂时改善运动症状, 但无法逆转神经元持续丢失的病理进程, 且伴随药物疗效减退和运动并发症等治疗瓶颈。值得注意的是, 神经炎症作为神经退行性疾病的共同病理特征, 在PD病程中显示出显著的调控作用, 凸显神经炎症在PD药物开发中的潜在应用价值[17]。
近年来, 肠道菌群与PD的相互作用机制成为研究热点, 基于肠-脑轴理论的“间接调控”策略为PD治疗提供了全新视角[18]。研究发现, PD患者普遍存在肠道菌群组成失调, 其特征表现为产短链脂肪酸菌群减少、促炎菌群丰度升高, 这种生态失衡可能通过多重途径影响PD进程: 其一, 菌群代谢产物如丁酸盐等可通过调节小胶质细胞活化状态, 抑制中枢神经炎症反应[19]; 其二, 肠道通透性增加导致内毒素入血, 触发外周-中枢系统性炎症级联反应[20]; 其三, 异常折叠的α-突触核蛋白可能经迷走神经从肠道逆向传输至中枢神经系统[21]。目前动物实验显示, 特定菌株组合可显著改善PD模型小鼠的运动障碍并减少多巴胺能神经元丢失[22]。该领域研究虽面临菌群-宿主互作网络复杂、因果关联性难以确证等挑战, 但为开发兼具中枢调控与肠道微环境调节功能的创新疗法开辟了重要路径。
AG、CAG和HG作为黄芪中的主要成分, 已经被证明能够有效改善PD症状, 保护神经元的损伤。在结构上, 三者之间存在着结构的同源性, 但由于结构上的差异, 会造成活性上的不同。如CAG和HG与AG比较, 极性降低, 能够更容易透过血脑屏障发挥直接调控作用; 在前期体外PD模型细胞活力评价中, HG的活性稍差于CAG, 但CAG一直以来的高剂量细胞毒性问题是制约CAG发展的潜在因素, HG能够有效遏制高剂量毒性的问题, 说明环丙烷可能作为CAG中的警惕结构[23]。因此, 对比同源结构之间的活性差异, 总结构效关系, 能够更好地寻找AG结构类似物用于PD药物研究。
前期研究重点关注AG、CAG和HG的直接调控作用。本研究围绕肠道菌群结构的不同, 说明三者之间潜在作用机制。本研究综合不同药效实验的评判, 在相同剂量下, 三者均对MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠具有有效改善作用, 其中CAG的活性更为优异。在分析肠道菌群结构和组成中, Akkermansia、Lactobacillus和Ruminococcus是调节PD疾病的共性菌属, 同时, 各自又存在特异性菌属与自身活性差异潜在相关。
在肠道菌群与PD疾病之间的探讨中, 争议性和不确定性是一直存在的[24]。在不同的研究中, 肠道菌群的变化存在差异, 这也与样本的个体差异息息相关。本研究重点关注到共性菌属Akkermansia、Lactobacillus和Ruminococcus。Akkermansia菌属是肠道菌群中具有黏液层降解功能的核心共生菌, 近年来其与PD的关联逐渐受到关注。有研究指出, 晚期PD患者中该菌属丰度异常升高, 可能与黏液层过度消耗引发的代偿性增殖有关。其过度增殖可能降解黏液层, 促进肠道通透性增加, 这与本研究检测肠屏障的实验结果吻合。Akkermansia增多可能通过激活TLR4通路加剧神经炎症, 促进α-突触核蛋白病理, 更与本课题组的前期研究相呼应, CAG能够抑制TLR4的激活, 改善神经炎症作用; HG抑制α-突触核蛋白的异常聚集[25-27]。Lactobacillus菌属可能通过调节肠屏障功能、神经免疫稳态及神经递质代谢等途径影响PD病理进程, 大量的研究证实PD患者Lactobacillus丰度异常升高, 可能与长期便秘导致的肠道微环境改变或药物代谢干扰有关[27]。不过争议性报道, Lactobacillus菌属作为肠道益生菌, 能够分泌短链脂肪酸(如乙酸、乳酸) 抑制促炎细胞因子的释放[28]。Ruminococcus菌属是肠道菌群中的关键功能菌群, 研究揭示, 该菌属丰度变化可能通过肠屏障功能、神经炎症及α-突触核蛋白病理传播等途径影响PD发展。Ruminococcus菌属(如R. bromii) 通过发酵膳食纤维生成丁酸等, 可通过激活肠上皮细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ信号, 增强肠道屏障完整性, 减少LPS等内毒素渗漏[29]。同样的, 部分临床样本中发现PD患者的Ruminococcus菌属丰度明显高于健康群体, 水平与运动症状严重度呈正相关[25]。在本研究中, 3个化合物对上述菌属的调节趋势相同, 说明三者在体内改善肠道菌群的结构组成是类似的, 通过不同共性菌属的富集和消弱改善病理特征。
在特异性菌属的探索中, AG能显著改善Allobaculum菌属富集, 该菌属能够通过丁酸介导的神经保护、肠屏障完整性的维护等方式抑制小胶质细胞NLRP3炎症小体活化, 减少LPS等内毒素入血, 从而抑制外周-中枢炎症级联反应, 这也为AG间接调控提供了潜在作用机制[30]。CAG和HG增加Blautia菌属富集。Blautia菌属是肠道菌群中具有重要代谢功能的核心共生菌, Blautia丰度变化可能与PD的神经炎症、肠屏障功能及神经毒素等传播存在关联。通过发酵膳食纤维生成乙酸和丙酸, 这些脂肪酸可穿透血脑屏障, 通过激活小胶质细胞G蛋白偶联受体, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化, 减轻黑质区神经炎症反应[31]。临床研究显示, PD患者粪便中Blautia丰度与血清LPS浓度呈显著负相关[32]。所以, 本研究中, CAG和HG在神经炎症抑制作用上可能与Blautia菌属丰度的显著提高密切相关, 进一步阐释CAG和HG调控肠道菌群的潜在作用。
针对结构差异所造成的肠道菌群结构的不同, 更是本研究讨论的创新之处。AG含有糖基, 极性较高, 水溶性较强, 可能更易与肠道黏液层或菌群表面受体直接作用。糖基的存在可能使AG在肠道中优先被特定菌群(如产糖苷酶的细菌) 代谢, 释放活性苷元或直接通过糖基介导的黏附作用, 选择性促进Allobaculum的增殖。Allobaculum以产丁酸著称, 丁酸通过增强肠屏障完整性及抑制小胶质细胞炎症反应间接改善PD (AG-Allobaculum-丁酸轴)。CAG是AG的苷元形式, 去糖基化后极性降低, 脂溶性增强, 更易穿透肠黏膜或血脑屏障, 直接作用于中枢或特定菌群。HG又是CAG经酸水解后环丙烷断裂, 结构改变可能影响其与微生物酶的相互作用位点, 进一步降低极性, 增强脂溶性。去糖基化后, CAG和HG的脂溶性增强, 可能更易穿透肠上皮细胞或直接与Blautia菌属的代谢通路(如短链脂肪酸合成) 相互作用。Blautia通过产乙酸和丙酸激活肠上皮或中枢的GPCR信号通路, 抑制神经炎症[33]。HG因环丙烷断裂, 可能暴露出新的疏水基团, 进一步增强与Blautia的代谢酶结合效率, 进而抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路, 减轻黑质区炎症反应(CAG/HG-Blautia-乙酸/丙酸轴)。
综上所述, 在前期研究的基础上, 本研究进一步探究AG、CAG和HG之间与PD的改善效果, 并通过“间接调控”的视角探究三者之间的微妙差异。三种化合物的结构差异(糖基、环丙烷完整性) 通过影响其理化性质、代谢途径及与菌群的相互作用模式, 导致对特定菌属的选择性调控, 进而通过不同短链脂肪酸介导的机制抑制神经炎症。这一发现为基于天然产物的结构优化提供了重要依据, 如通过修饰糖基或环丙烷结构, 可定向增强对特定菌群及代谢通路的调控能力, 从而提升PD治疗的多靶点效应。基于不同角度完善化合物的药理学网络, 有利于推动AG及其类似物在PD药物探索中的应用, 更为后期深入的研究开辟道路和奠定基础。

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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0457
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
  • 修回日期:2025-06-26
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    1山西中医药大学太行本草研究院, 山西 晋中 030619
    2山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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