Article(id=1308467692994851793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=1751644800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892608164, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892608164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892608164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892608164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3060, endPage=3073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467693225538514, articleId=1308467692994851793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Hua Chan Su activates PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling to induce apoptosis and inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Hua Chan Su (HCS) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) both in vitro and in vivo, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which it induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Firstly, using the CCK-8 assay to assess the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, it was found that HCS significantly inhibited cell proliferation and reduced migratory capacity. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that HCS down-regulated anti-apoptotic genes such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) and was enriched in signaling pathways related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and ER stress. Further studies demonstrated that HCS enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress, increased the expression of Bcl2 associated X, decreased the expression of Bcl2, and induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that HCS significantly activated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)- activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) signaling pathway in vitro. Combined with a PERK inhibitor, it was confirmed that HCS could trigger apoptosis through the ER stress pathway. In animal experiments, oral administration of HCS (2 and 4 g·kg-1) for 14 consecutive days significantly inhibited the growth of NSCLC xenografts, with no observed toxicity in major organs. TUNEL staining and Western blot analysis further confirmed that HCS induced tumor cell apoptosis in vivo (all animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, approval number: ACU240307). Serum biochemical results suggested that HCS improved liver function and oxidative stress status. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed that HCS down-regulated mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblast activation protein 1 (FAP1), while up-regulating E-cadherin levels, significantly inhibiting the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, HCS can activate the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway to induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit EMT, indicating its potential application value in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

, authors=Yi-chen LIU1, Qiu-ying YAN1, Dan DONG1, Hua-ying ZHU2, Li-hui-ping TAO1, Min-min FAN1, Wei-xing SHEN1, Hai-bo CHENG1, 3, Dong-dong SUN1, *, authorsList=Yi-chen LIU, Qiu-ying YAN, Dan DONG, Hua-ying ZHU, Li-hui-ping TAO, Min-min FAN, Wei-xing SHEN, Hai-bo CHENG, Dong-dong SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong-dong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467697025577959, articleId=1308467692994851793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=华蟾素激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号诱导非小细胞肺癌凋亡并抑制上皮间质转化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨华蟾素(Hua Chan Su, HCS) 在体内外对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 的抑制作用及其诱导内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER stress) 的分子机制。首先, 通过CCK-8法检测华蟾素对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖的影响, 发现华蟾素可明显抑制A549细胞增殖并降低迁移能力; 转录组测序显示华蟾素下调B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl2) 等抗凋亡基因, 同时富集于细胞周期、凋亡及内质网应激相关信号通路。进一步研究表明, 华蟾素可增强线粒体氧化应激, 促进Bcl2相关X蛋白(Bcl2 associated X, Bax) 表达、抑制Bcl2蛋白表达, 并诱导细胞凋亡。Western blot检测发现, 华蟾素在体外显著激活蛋白激酶RNA样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK)-真核起始因子2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, eIF2α)-激活转录因子4 (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4) 信号, 结合PERK抑制剂, 证实其可通过内质网应激途径触发细胞凋亡。动物实验中, 华蟾素(2和4 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃14天显著抑制肺癌异种移植瘤的生长, 未见主要器官毒性; TUNEL荧光和Western blot分析证实华蟾素在体内诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用(实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: ACU240307)。血清生化结果提示, 华蟾素可改善肝功能和氧化应激状态。另外, 免疫组化检测显示华蟾素能够下调vimentin、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、成纤维细胞活化蛋白1 (fibroblast activation protein 1, FAP1) 等间质标志蛋白, 同时上调E-cadherin水平, 显著抑制肺癌细胞的上皮间质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition, EMT) 过程。综上所述, 华蟾素可通过激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡并抑制EMT, 在非小细胞肺癌的治疗中具有潜在应用价值。

, authors=刘熠晨1, 闫秋莹1, 董丹1, 祝华英2, 陶李蕙苹1, 范旻旻1, 沈卫星1, 程海波1, 3, 孙东东1, *, authorsList=刘熠晨, 闫秋莹, 董丹, 祝华英, 陶李蕙苹, 范旻旻, 沈卫星, 程海波, 孙东东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙东东, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘熠晨负责实验设计、数据分析和文章撰写; 闫秋莹和董丹参与实验操作、数据整理及图表绘制; 祝华英和陶李蕙苹负责指导实验方案及数据分析; 范旻旻和沈卫星协助完成实验操作和实验数据记录; 孙东东和程海波负责研究的整体指导、文章审阅及修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙东东, E-mail:
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Med Oncol, 2023, 40: 358., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308498000851337335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498000863920248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498000851337335, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498000872308857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498000851337335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京中医药大学, 江苏省中医药防治肿瘤协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308498000947806330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498000956194939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498000947806330, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498000964583548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498000947806330, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2华润三九医药股份有限公司, 广东 深圳 518000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308498001023303805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498001031692414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498001023303805, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498001040081023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, companyId=1308498001023303805, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京中医药大学, 第一临床医学院, 江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308498004315832506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1miB3PMmjUHVl5vQHR0VQw==, figureFileBig=xGejgzH9QSG0iO6Z3RnJjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004387135675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=The effect of bufotalin on proliferation and migration of A549 cells. A: CCK-8 assay showing the viability of A549 cells after 24 h treatment with different concentrations of bufotalin (1.562 5, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 nmol·L-1) (n = 6); B: Wound healing assay evaluating the migration distance of A549 cells at 12 and 24 h after bufotalin treatment (12.5 nmol·L-1). Magnification = 4×, scale bar = 200 μm (n = 3); Quantitative analysis of the degree of wound healing. x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs DMSO group, figureFileSmall=1miB3PMmjUHVl5vQHR0VQw==, figureFileBig=xGejgzH9QSG0iO6Z3RnJjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004491993276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n9jCdzVlp0b1hQr18szQ6w==, figureFileBig=cVDPh8MA2p2yl5wCJ6SBAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004554907837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Transcriptomic analysis of A549 cells treated with or without bufotalin. A: FPKM density distribution in control (n = 3) and bufotalin-treated (n = 3) A549 cells, showing global gene expression density; B: Principal component analysis (PCA) illustrating the distinct clustering of gene expression profiles between two groups; C: Volcano plot indicating differentially expressed genes, with up-regulated genes in red and down-regulated genes in blue (1 008 up-regulated and 1 801 down-regulated), including the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2; D: Hierarchical clustering heatmap of DEGs, showing similarities within groups and differences between groups; E: KEGG pathway enrichment (top 15), highlighting cell cycle, apoptosis, p53 signaling, and other tumor-related pathways; F: GO enrichment (top 15), highlighting intracellular, protein binding, cytoskeleton organization, along with other terms across the three categories; G: GO functional analysis focusing on ER stress-related terms (18 items) relevant to the eIF2α phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes; all transcriptome analyses were performed on three biological replicates in each group (control vs bufotalin 12.5 nmol·L-1). DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; FPKM: Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; GO: Gene ontology; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma-2, figureFileSmall=n9jCdzVlp0b1hQr18szQ6w==, figureFileBig=cVDPh8MA2p2yl5wCJ6SBAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004622016702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gndghBOoBDx54T94zjxh7Q==, figureFileBig=6akkcPpndABuEsRcBq8bSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004701708479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effect of Hua Chan Su (HCS) on cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells. A: CCK-8 assay showing the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of HCS (125-32 000 mg·L-1) on A549 cell viability (n = 5); B: Wound healing assay detecting the scratch closure in control, 125 and 250 mg·L-1 groups at 0, 12, and 24 h. Magnification = 4×, scale bar = 200 μm. Quantitative analysis of the degree of wound healing (n = 3); C: Western blot analysis of EMT-related proteins, including N-cadherin, E-cadherin, FAP1, vimentin, and α-SMA (n = 3); D: Quantification of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, FAP1, vimentin, and α-SMA expression (n = 3). x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs HCS 0 mg·L-1 group. α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin; FAP1: Fibroblast activation protein 1, figureFileSmall=gndghBOoBDx54T94zjxh7Q==, figureFileBig=6akkcPpndABuEsRcBq8bSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004773011648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RT4YeFZdV8NUZ01P7uYA3w==, figureFileBig=gG198PQqx+DuZUCfm36LyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004844314817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The effect of HCS on mitochondrial function and apoptosis in A549 cells. A: ROS measurement showing the increased oxidative stress in A549 cells treated with HCS (125 and 250 mg·L-1). Magnification = 20×, scale bar = 25 μm. Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity; B: YP1/PI double-staining indicating cell apoptosis and necrosis rates under different concentrations of HCS. Magnification = 10×, scale bar = 100 μm. Quantitative analysis of the YP1 and PI fluorescence intensity; C: Western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein expression; D: Quantitative analysis of Bax and Bcl2 expression. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs HCS 0 mg·L-1 group. Bax: Bcl2 associated X, figureFileSmall=RT4YeFZdV8NUZ01P7uYA3w==, figureFileBig=gG198PQqx+DuZUCfm36LyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498004932395202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=825IOsO1U/Xjs1+r1Oa5dg==, figureFileBig=5/mGfdDrWOPfmQChMG7L+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498005020475587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=HCS-induced ER stress activation in A549 cells. A: Western blot analysis of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α) in A549 cells treated with HCS (125 and 250 mg·L-1); B: Quantitative analysis of ER stress-related proteins. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs HCS 0 mg·L-1 group, figureFileSmall=825IOsO1U/Xjs1+r1Oa5dg==, figureFileBig=5/mGfdDrWOPfmQChMG7L+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498005100167364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ao/mg00d8Bc0vtcnojvZ/Q==, figureFileBig=WxR33RYlWulzEdSeKE89Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498005192442053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Inhibition of the PERK signaling pathway reverses HCS induced apoptosis and migration suppression in A549 cells. A: CCK-8 assay showing the inhibitory effect of HCS (250 mg·L-1) with or without GSK2656157 (1 μmol·L-1) on A549 cell viability (n = 8); B: Western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein expression (n = 3); C: Quantitative analysis of Bax and Bcl2 expression (n = 3); D: Wound healing assay evaluating the migration distance of A549 cells at 12 and 24 h after HCS (250 mg·L-1) with or without GSK2656157 (1 μmol·L-1) treatment on A549 cell. Magnification = 4×, scale bar = 100 μm. Quantitative analysis of the degree of wound healing (n = 3). x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs HCS 0 mg·L-1 group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs HCS 250 mg·L-1 group, figureFileSmall=ao/mg00d8Bc0vtcnojvZ/Q==, figureFileBig=WxR33RYlWulzEdSeKE89Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498005272133830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=v8kTunaJKhzRG/ZACi3NYQ==, figureFileBig=Z0+6FvHtyEEX6mbqZpt/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498006966632647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=The anti-tumor effect of HCS in a lung cancer xenograft model. A: Representative images of tumor tissues at the end of the experiment; B: Tumor volume changes during a 14-day intervention with HCS (2 and 4 g·kg-1). Measurements were taken every 2 days; C: Body weight changes over 14 days of HCS treatment; D: Tumor weight at the endpoint, showing dose-dependent inhibitory effects of HCS on tumor growth; E: HE staining of tumor sections (upper panel, magnification = 10×, scale bar = 200 μm; lower panel, magnification = 20×, scale bar = 100 μm) indicating reduced cell density and increased necrotic areas in HCS-treated groups; F: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels reflecting changes in liver function; G: Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels indicating the extent of cellular damage; H: Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels showing reduced antioxidant capacity in HCS-treated mice. n = 5 (A-D), n = 3 (E-H), x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=v8kTunaJKhzRG/ZACi3NYQ==, figureFileBig=Z0+6FvHtyEEX6mbqZpt/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007046324424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4OaNU8wKlBvMNueHf4rbVw==, figureFileBig=balonPa4EUCd74ABPaGcrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007113433289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=HCS-induced pro-apoptotic effect in a lung cancer xenograft model. A: HE staining of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney) indicating no notable toxicity after HCS treatment. Magnification = 10×, scale bar = 100 μm; B: TUNEL fluorescence staining showing significantly elevated apoptosis in tumor tissues from HCS-treated mice (green indicates apoptotic cells). And quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity; Magnification = 10×, scale bar = 100 μm; C: Western blot analysis of EMT-related proteins, including N-cadherin, E-cadherin, FAP1, vimentin, and α-SMA in tumor tissues; D: Quantification of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, FAP1, vimentin, and α-SMA expression; E: Western blot analysis of Bax and Bcl2 in tumor tissues; F: Quantitative analysis of Bax and Bcl2 protein levels demonstrating enhanced apoptosis in HCS-treated groups. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=4OaNU8wKlBvMNueHf4rbVw==, figureFileBig=balonPa4EUCd74ABPaGcrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007193125066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cIDg7Ob0guJLsj3oQohOGA==, figureFileBig=60ZrZ0zKoYSgZXOv/xi9WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007260233931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=HCS-induced ER stress in a lung cancer xenograft model. A: qPCR analysis showing increased mRNA levels of CHOP, Hsp5a, Erdj4, Edme1, PERK, ATF4, and ATF6 in HCS-treated tumor tissues; B: CHOP immunofluorescence staining indicating enhanced ER stress in HCS-treated groups (red fluorescence). Magnification = 10×, scale bar = 100 μm; C: Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity; D: Western blot analysis of PERK, ATF4, total eIF2α, and phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α); E: Quantitative data showing elevated ER stress-related protein expression in HCS-treated groups; n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=cIDg7Ob0guJLsj3oQohOGA==, figureFileBig=60ZrZ0zKoYSgZXOv/xi9WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007323148492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wPBDLqNfv5c66f7RxuP/2Q==, figureFileBig=93BvoenTUI4t0MVJogivgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498007402840269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467692994851793, language=CN, label=Fig.10, caption=HCS-mediated inhibition of EMT in a lung cancer xenograft model. A: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of α-SMA, vimentin, FAP1, and E-cadherin in tumor tissues. 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华蟾素激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号诱导非小细胞肺癌凋亡并抑制上皮间质转化
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刘熠晨 1 , 闫秋莹 1 , 董丹 1 , 祝华英 2 , 陶李蕙苹 1 , 范旻旻 1 , 沈卫星 1 , 程海波 1, 3 , 孙东东 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3060-3073
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3060 -3073
华蟾素激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号诱导非小细胞肺癌凋亡并抑制上皮间质转化
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刘熠晨1, 闫秋莹1, 董丹1, 祝华英2, 陶李蕙苹1, 范旻旻1, 沈卫星1, 程海波1, 3, 孙东东1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京中医药大学, 江苏省中医药防治肿瘤协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2华润三九医药股份有限公司, 广东 深圳 518000
  • 3南京中医药大学, 第一临床医学院, 江苏 南京 210023
通讯作者:
孙东东, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘熠晨负责实验设计、数据分析和文章撰写; 闫秋莹和董丹参与实验操作、数据整理及图表绘制; 祝华英和陶李蕙苹负责指导实验方案及数据分析; 范旻旻和沈卫星协助完成实验操作和实验数据记录; 孙东东和程海波负责研究的整体指导、文章审阅及修改。

Hua Chan Su activates PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling to induce apoptosis and inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer
Yi-chen LIU1, Qiu-ying YAN1, Dan DONG1, Hua-ying ZHU2, Li-hui-ping TAO1, Min-min FAN1, Wei-xing SHEN1, Hai-bo CHENG1, 3, Dong-dong SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
  • 3The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0081
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本研究旨在探讨华蟾素(Hua Chan Su, HCS) 在体内外对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 的抑制作用及其诱导内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER stress) 的分子机制。首先, 通过CCK-8法检测华蟾素对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖的影响, 发现华蟾素可明显抑制A549细胞增殖并降低迁移能力; 转录组测序显示华蟾素下调B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl2) 等抗凋亡基因, 同时富集于细胞周期、凋亡及内质网应激相关信号通路。进一步研究表明, 华蟾素可增强线粒体氧化应激, 促进Bcl2相关X蛋白(Bcl2 associated X, Bax) 表达、抑制Bcl2蛋白表达, 并诱导细胞凋亡。Western blot检测发现, 华蟾素在体外显著激活蛋白激酶RNA样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK)-真核起始因子2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, eIF2α)-激活转录因子4 (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4) 信号, 结合PERK抑制剂, 证实其可通过内质网应激途径触发细胞凋亡。动物实验中, 华蟾素(2和4 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃14天显著抑制肺癌异种移植瘤的生长, 未见主要器官毒性; TUNEL荧光和Western blot分析证实华蟾素在体内诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用(实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: ACU240307)。血清生化结果提示, 华蟾素可改善肝功能和氧化应激状态。另外, 免疫组化检测显示华蟾素能够下调vimentin、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、成纤维细胞活化蛋白1 (fibroblast activation protein 1, FAP1) 等间质标志蛋白, 同时上调E-cadherin水平, 显著抑制肺癌细胞的上皮间质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition, EMT) 过程。综上所述, 华蟾素可通过激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡并抑制EMT, 在非小细胞肺癌的治疗中具有潜在应用价值。

华蟾素  /  非小细胞肺癌  /  转录组学  /  凋亡  /  内质网应激  /  上皮间质转化

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Hua Chan Su (HCS) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) both in vitro and in vivo, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which it induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Firstly, using the CCK-8 assay to assess the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, it was found that HCS significantly inhibited cell proliferation and reduced migratory capacity. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that HCS down-regulated anti-apoptotic genes such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) and was enriched in signaling pathways related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and ER stress. Further studies demonstrated that HCS enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress, increased the expression of Bcl2 associated X, decreased the expression of Bcl2, and induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that HCS significantly activated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)- activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) signaling pathway in vitro. Combined with a PERK inhibitor, it was confirmed that HCS could trigger apoptosis through the ER stress pathway. In animal experiments, oral administration of HCS (2 and 4 g·kg-1) for 14 consecutive days significantly inhibited the growth of NSCLC xenografts, with no observed toxicity in major organs. TUNEL staining and Western blot analysis further confirmed that HCS induced tumor cell apoptosis in vivo (all animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, approval number: ACU240307). Serum biochemical results suggested that HCS improved liver function and oxidative stress status. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed that HCS down-regulated mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblast activation protein 1 (FAP1), while up-regulating E-cadherin levels, significantly inhibiting the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, HCS can activate the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway to induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit EMT, indicating its potential application value in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Hua Chan Su  /  non-small cell lung cancer  /  transcriptomics  /  apoptosis  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  epithelial mesenchymal transition
刘熠晨, 闫秋莹, 董丹, 祝华英, 陶李蕙苹, 范旻旻, 沈卫星, 程海波, 孙东东. 华蟾素激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号诱导非小细胞肺癌凋亡并抑制上皮间质转化. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3060 -3073 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0081
Yi-chen LIU, Qiu-ying YAN, Dan DONG, Hua-ying ZHU, Li-hui-ping TAO, Min-min FAN, Wei-xing SHEN, Hai-bo CHENG, Dong-dong SUN. Hua Chan Su activates PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling to induce apoptosis and inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3060 -3073 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0081
中国国家统计数据显示每年约有631 000人死于肺癌[1]。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 是肺癌的主要亚型, 其高侵袭性和易转移性导致患者的治疗选择和生存率受限[2]。尽管靶向治疗和免疫疗法为NSCLC的治疗提供了新的希望, 靶向检查点抑制剂的免疫疗法已显著提高总生存期, 并改变了晚期NSCLC的治疗模式[3], 但药物耐受和治疗效果的不确定性仍是当前研究和临床实践的重大挑战[4]。中国正加速开展针对肺癌的创新药物研发, 包括免疫治疗药物等, 以提升肺癌治疗水平。
华蟾素作为一种天然提取物, 来源于中华大蟾蜍, 近年来在NSCLC治疗中的应用逐渐引起关注。多项研究已初步验证了华蟾素在NSCLC治疗中的有效性及其潜在机制。一项荟萃分析评估了17项使用华蟾素治疗NSCLC的试验, 显示出华蟾素治疗后患者的肿瘤反应、一年生存率、体能状态、疼痛缓解和严重不良反应有改善[5]。此外, 华蟾素不仅可增强人肺癌细胞的放疗敏感性[6], 其与铂类化疗药物联用能够减轻中性粒细胞减少、恶心、呕吐等不良反应, 提高晚期NSCLC患者的临床疗效[7]。在基础研究中, 有体外研究发现华蟾素能通过microRNA及血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA) 通路调控肺癌细胞的增殖、凋亡及血管生成[8]。尽管上述研究已揭示了华蟾素在NSCLC中的部分作用机制, 但针对其具体分子机制的研究, 尤其基础研究方面仍较为有限。
蟾毒它灵(bufotalin) 是华蟾素的核心单体成分之一, 有综述系统性探讨了华蟾素的单体蟾毒它灵在诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中的分子机制, 覆盖线粒体途径、死亡受体途径及内质网应激3个主要方面。蟾毒它灵通过同时作用于线粒体、死亡受体和内质网应激通路对多种肿瘤(肝癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、成骨细胞瘤等) 表现出广谱抗癌活性[9]。
近年研究发现蛋白激酶RNA样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK)-真核起始因子2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, eIF2α)-激活转录因子4 (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4) 信号轴通过调控肿瘤微环境、代谢重编程及表观遗传修饰参与上皮-间质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition, EMT) 调控[10]。相比已有单成分研究, 本研究揭示了华蟾素多成分通过抑制PERK-ATF4轴调控肺癌EMT, 为肺癌治疗提供新策略。同时, 从单体出发探索华蟾素的作用机制具有重要的科学意义。一方面, 单体化合物的研究有助于揭示华蟾素的核心活性成分及其靶点, 避免复杂提取物研究中的组分干扰; 另一方面, 结合组学技术, 可系统解析其作用的分子网络, 为后续机制研究和靶点开发奠定基础。鉴此, 本研究基于华蟾素单体, 通过细胞实验结合转录组学分析, 初步明确其在内质网应激和EMT中的潜在调控作用; 之后使用华蟾素验证了这些发现, 并在异种移植瘤模型中验证了其抗肿瘤效应及相关机制, 为华蟾素在NSCLC的基础研究和临床治疗中提供进一步支持。
细胞   本研究使用人肺癌细胞系A549 (诺唯赞生命科技有限公司), 经STR鉴定确认基因型和来源真实性。细胞培养采用含非必需氨基酸(NEAA) 的MEM培养基(普诺赛生命科技有限公司, 货号: PM150410), 补充10%胎牛血清(Gibco公司, 货号: 16000044) 和1%青霉素-链霉素混合液(Solarbio公司, 货号: P1400), 维持在37 ℃、5% CO2环境中进行培养, 用于后续的功能实验与分子检测。
动物   实验使用裸小鼠(雄性, 6~8周龄, 体重18~22 g), 由杭州医学院动物中心提供[生产许可证号: SCXK (浙) 2024-0002]。小鼠饲养于SPF级屏障环境, 条件控制为22 ± 2 ℃、湿度50% ± 10%, 光照周期12 h昼夜交替。标准饲料和无菌水由实验动物中心统一供应。所有动物实验操作均经南京中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: ACU240307), 并严格遵循实验动物伦理规范以减少动物痛苦。
试剂   华蟾素购自安徽金蟾生化股份有限公司(国药准字: Z34020644); 蟾毒它灵购自成都植标化纯生物公司(货号: 471-95-4); PERK抑制剂GSK2656157购自美国MedChemExpress公司(货号: HY-13820)。MEM培养基购自普诺赛生命科技有限公司(货号: PM150410); 胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司(货号: 16000044); PBS缓冲液和HE染色试剂盒购自Solarbio生命科学公司(货号: P1020, G1120)。CCK-8试剂盒购自日本Dojindo Laboratories (货号: CK04)。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 试剂(货号: KGA155) 和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 试剂(货号: KGA198) 购自凯基生物科技有限公司。Trizol试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司(货号: 15596018)。cDNA合成试剂盒(货号: RR047A) 及SYBR Green实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒(货号: RR820A) 购自日本Takara Bio Inc.。RIPA裂解液(货号: P0013B)、BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒(货号: P0010)、ECL显影液(货号: P0018S) 和TUNEL试剂盒(货号: C1088) 购自Beyotime Biotechnology公司。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 检测试剂盒(货号: S0101) 及YP1/PI细胞凋亡与坏死检测试剂盒(货号: C1075S) 购自上海碧云天生物试剂公司。主要抗体包括: Bcl2相关X蛋白(Bcl2 associated X, Bax) (货号: ab32503)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl2) (货号: ab32124)、PERK (货号: ab79483)、ATF4 (货号: ab207434) 均购自英国Abcam公司; caspase-8 (货号: 9746S) 和E-cadherin (货号: 3195T) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。Alexa Fluor 488 (货号: A11001) 和Alexa Fluor 594 (货号: A11005) 购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
仪器    CO2培养箱(MCO-170AICUV-PE型, 日本PHC Corporation); 倒置显微镜(CKX53型, 日本Olympus Corporation); 实时荧光定量PCR仪(QuantStudio 5型, 美国Applied Biosystems公司); Illumina高通量测序仪(NextSeq 550型, 美国Illumina Inc.); 冷冻离心机(5810R型, 德国Eppendorf AG公司); 化学发光凝胶成像系统(ChemiDoc XRS+型)、酶标仪(iMark型), 美国Bio-Rad Laboratories; 免疫荧光显微镜(DMi8型)、组织切片机(RM2235型), 德国Leica Microsystems公司; 电子天平(ME204型, 瑞士Mettler-Toledo International Inc.); 超声波细胞破碎仪(VCX 130型, 美国Sonics & Materials Inc.); 小动物实验电子天平(PA214型, 美国OHAUS Corporation)。
细胞和动物模型的建立与处理   使用人肺癌A549细胞系进行所有体外实验。细胞在含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基中培养, 于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下保持增殖。实验中根据设计分为对照组和不同浓度的华蟾素或蟾毒它灵处理组, 分别使用125和250 mg·L-1华蟾素或12.5 nmol·L-1蟾毒它灵进行干预, 作用时间视具体实验需求而定(12或24 h)。
雄性裸鼠(6~8周, 体重18~22 g) 适应性饲养7天后, 在无菌环境下, 将1×106个A549细胞混悬于100 μL PBS中, 并接种至小鼠右侧背部皮下。肿瘤体积按公式V = (L × W²)/2计算, 每隔2~3天测量一次肿瘤的长径(L) 和短径(W)。根据产品说明书和文献研究调查, 华蟾素3 g·kg-1对小鼠S180肉瘤抑瘤率达63.7%, 确定低剂量组(华蟾素2 g·kg-1) 和高剂量组(华蟾素4 g·kg-1)[11]。当肿瘤体积达到约100 mm3时, 将小鼠随机分为对照组(PBS处理)、低剂量组(华蟾素2 g·kg-1) 和高剂量组(华蟾素4 g·kg-1), 每日腹腔注射一次, 连续14天。实验期间定期记录小鼠体重和肿瘤体积变化, 实验终点处死小鼠, 采集肿瘤组织和主要脏器(心、肝、脾、肺、肾), 称重后保存于-80 ℃或4%多聚甲醛中, 用于后续检测。
细胞活性与细胞划痕   细胞活性采用CCK-8法进行检测。将细胞接种于96孔板中, 贴壁后加入不同浓度的蟾毒它灵或华蟾素处理, 按说明书加入CCK-8工作液, 孵育2 h后于450 nm波长下测定吸光度(A) 值。细胞迁移能力通过划痕实验评估。将细胞接种于孔板至单层融合, 用无菌枪头垂直划痕, PBS清洗后加入无血清培养基, 并给予药物处理。分别在0、12和24 h拍摄划痕区域图像, 使用ImageJ软件测量划痕面积, 计算愈合率。愈合率公式如下: 12 h愈合率=(0 h面积-12 h面积)/0 h面积; 24 h愈合率=(0 h面积-24 h面积)/0 h面积。
细胞转录组测序   对对照组和蟾毒它灵处理组(12.5 nmol·L-1, 24 h) 的A549细胞进行总RNA提取。使用核酸定量仪检测RNA浓度和纯度, 确保样本质量符合建库要求。RNA文库构建采用聚A富集法, 随后进行双端测序(PE150)。基因表达量通过FPKM值计算, 差异基因筛选标准为P < 0.05和|log2fold change| ≥ 1。对筛选出的差异基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路分析探索蟾毒它灵治疗肺癌的潜在分子机制。
PCR检测  肿瘤组织和细胞经裂解和总RNA提取后, 使用逆转录试剂合成cDNA, 采用实时荧光定量PCR检测目标基因C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein, CHOP)、热休克蛋白70家族A成员5 [heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5, Hsp5a]、内质网定位DnaJ同源蛋白4 (ER-localized DnaJ homolog 4, Erdj4) 及内质网降解增强α-甘露糖苷酶样蛋白1 (ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 1, Edem1) 的mRNA表达水平。反应体系总量20 μL, 反应程序包括95 ℃预变性3 min, 随后40个循环的95 ℃变性10 s和60 ℃退火延伸30 s。β-Actin作为内参基因, 基因表达量通过2-ΔΔCt法计算。β-Actin引物订购于生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司(货号为B661102), 其余引物由该公司合成, 引物序如下: CHOP-F: GAAAGCAGAAACCGGTCCAAT; CHOP-R: GGATGAGATATAGGTGCCCCC; Hspa5-F: TGGGTACATTTGATCTGACTGGA; Hspa5-R: CTC-AAAGGTGACTTCAATCTGGG; Erdj4-F: AACAGGACGAAGGTTGCTCG; Erdj4-R: TTTCTAATAACC-CGTGCGCC; Edem1-F: ATCCCCTATCCTCGGGTGAA; Edem1-R: CGAAGGTTCCAGAGGGCTTT; PERK-F: AGTCCCTGCTCGAATCTTCCT; PERK-R: TCCCAA-GGCAGAACAGATATACC; ATF4-F: ATGGCGCTCT-TCACGAAATC; ATF4-R: ACTGGTCGAAGGGGTCATCAA; ATF6-F: GACTCACCCATCCGAGTTGTG; ATF6-R: CTCCCAGTCTTCATCTGGTCC。
Western blot检测  肿瘤组织和细胞经RIPA裂解液提取总蛋白, 用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。每孔加入30~50 μg蛋白样品, 经SDS-PAGE分离后转膜至PVDF膜。膜在5%脱脂奶粉溶液中封闭1 h, 随后分别孵育凋亡相关抗体(Bax和Bcl2)、内质网应激相关抗体(PERK、ATF4、eIF2α和p-eIF2α) 以及EMT相关标志抗体[N-cadherin、E-cadherin、vimentin、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、成纤维细胞活化蛋白1 (fibroblast activation protein 1, FAP1)], 每种抗体孵育条件按照试剂说明书执行。用化学发光法显色, 图像通过软件进行条带灰度值定量分析。
ROS检测及YP1/PI染色  细胞经华蟾素处理后加入ROS荧光探针, 置于37 ℃避光孵育30 min, 随后PBS洗涤两次, 采用荧光显微镜观察并记录ROS信号强度。细胞凋亡通过YP1/PI双染色法检测, 按照试剂盒说明书进行染色, 随后在荧光显微镜下观察并记录荧光强度。
试剂盒检测   血清样本用于检测ALT、LDH和SOD等酶的活性水平。严格按照试剂盒说明操作, ALT和LDH的酶活性通过比色法测定, SOD活性以抑制自由基形成的能力为评价标准。
TUNEL检测  取肿瘤组织石蜡切片, 用TUNEL试剂检测细胞凋亡。切片脱蜡至水后经蛋白酶K处理, 加入TUNEL工作液孵育, 并用DAPI复染细胞核。使用荧光显微镜观察, 随机选取多个视野记录凋亡细胞的分布和比例。
HE染色  肿瘤组织和主要脏器固定于4%多聚甲醛, 依次脱水、透明、石蜡包埋, 切片后用苏木精-伊红染色。显微镜下观察肿瘤细胞密度、坏死区域及脏器病理学变化, 拍摄照片用于分析。
IHC和免疫荧光染色  肿瘤组织IHC用于检测E-cadherin、FAP1、vimentin、α-SMA等EMT相关蛋白的表达。切片经抗原修复和过氧化物酶阻断后加入一抗, 孵育后用DAB显色, 记录染色信号强度。免疫荧光染色检测CHOP蛋白表达, 切片经封闭后加入抗体, 二抗标记荧光素。用激光共聚焦显微镜观察并记录荧光信号。
统计学分析   所有实验数据用统计学软件分析, 计量数据以均值±标准差表示。组间差异采用单因素方差分析和LSD多重比较检验, 相关性分析采用Pearson相关性检验, 显著性水平设为P < 0.05。
为系统评估蟾毒它灵在肺癌细胞增殖及迁移过程中的作用, 本研究首先采用CCK-8实验检测其对A549细胞活性的影响。结果显示, 随着蟾毒它灵浓度由1.562 5 nmol·L-1逐步增至400 nmol·L-1, A549细胞的增殖能力逐渐下降, 并在24 h时呈现明显的浓度依赖性抑制效应(图1A)。经计算可知, 蟾毒它灵对A549细胞的半抑制浓度(IC50) 约为12.5 nmol·L-1。为进一步研究蟾毒它灵是否影响肺癌细胞的迁移能力, 本研究使用细胞划痕实验进行验证。在处理12和24 h后, 与对照组相比, 蟾毒它灵处理组细胞在划痕区域的覆盖程度显著减少, 且抑制效果随时间延长而加强(图1B)。
为了进一步阐明蟾毒它灵在肺癌细胞中的深层调控作用, 本研究对对照组与蟾毒它灵处理组(A549, 12.5 nmol·L-1) 的细胞进行高通量测序。FPKM密度分布图可见, 蟾毒它灵处理组与对照组的整体基因表达密度曲线无差异(图2A); 主成分分析(PCA) 显示两组细胞在基因表达空间上明显分离, 提示蟾毒它灵诱导A549细胞转录组水平的较大改变(图2B)。火山图显示有1 008个基因在蟾毒它灵处理后显著上调, 另有1 801个基因显著下调, 其中抗凋亡基因Bcl2在治疗组降低显著, 提示蟾毒它灵影响A549的凋亡信号(图2C)。对差异基因进行聚类热图分析显示, 蟾毒它灵处理可使A549细胞与对照组在整体基因表达层面明显区分, 且组内生物学重复性良好(图2D)。
对上述差异基因进行了KEGG和GO功能富集分析, 以从通路和功能水平进一步阐明蟾毒它灵的潜在作用方式。KEGG分析前15个通路覆盖细胞周期(cell cycle)、凋亡(apoptosis)、p53信号通路(p53 signaling pathway)、细胞衰老(cellular senescence) 等多个与肿瘤发生发展密切相关的生物过程(图2E)。其中, “AGE-RAGE signaling pathway”“MAPK signaling pathway”以及“pathways in cancer”等都与肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭相关, 提示蟾毒它灵可能多靶点干预肺癌细胞。GO富集分析显示, 差异基因主要与细胞内蛋白结合(protein binding)、细胞骨架(cytoskeleton) 及细胞周期检查点(cell cycle checkpoint) 等过程密切相关, 说明蟾毒它灵可通过重塑细胞骨架、调控周期进程和EMT等机制抑制肿瘤(图2F)。
值得关注的是, 在对GO功能富集的进一步分层分析中, 发现18个与内质网应激密切相关的信号, 包括“response to endoplasmic reticulum stress”、“intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress”、“eIF2α phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress”等, 这些过程均指向“内质网应激-凋亡-eIF2α”的重要联系。尤其是多个富集条目中均包含了凋亡及eIF2α的关键词, 提示内质网应激和eIF2α途径在蟾毒它灵的抗肺癌机制中或许扮演至关重要的角色(图2G)。
通过CCK-8实验检测华蟾素在8个浓度梯度(125~32 000 mg·L-1, 按2倍浓度递增) 对A549细胞增殖的影响。从125 mg·L-1开始, 细胞活性开始显著降低, 该浓度已达到对细胞增殖的半抑制作用(图3A)。划痕实验评估了两个关键浓度(125和250 mg·L-1) 对细胞迁移能力的影响, 实验设置对照组和两个处理组, 分别记录0、12和24 h后的划痕闭合情况。结果表明, 两个处理组均抑制了细胞迁移, 且250 mg·L-1组作用更为显著(图3B)。Western blot检测EMT相关蛋白的表达变化, 包括上皮标志物N-cadherin、E-cadherin和间质标志物vimentin、FAP1及α-SMA。结果显示, 华蟾素显著提高E-cadherin的表达水平, 同时显著下调N-cadherin、vimentin、FAP1和α-SMA的表达(图3C)。定量分析确认了上述蛋白表达的变化趋势(图3D)。
为探究华蟾素对肺癌细胞氧化应激及凋亡的作用, 分别检测ROS水平、细胞凋亡标志以及Bax/Bcl2蛋白表达。通过荧光探针法检测发现, 与对照组相比, 125和250 mg·L-1华蟾素增强A549细胞内的ROS信号(图4A)。采用YP1/PI双染实验对细胞凋亡率进行评估, 结果显示, 不同浓度的华蟾素处理可引起显著的A549细胞凋亡(图4B)。Western blot分析显示促凋亡蛋白Bax表达在华蟾素孵育的A549细胞中升高而增强, 而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2则显著下降, 且在250 mg·L-1时差异显著(图4C)。定量分析确认了上述蛋白表达的变化趋势(图4D)。
在A549细胞中, Western blot结果表明, 经过125和250 mg·L-1华蟾素处理后, PERK和ATF4的蛋白表达增加, 同时磷酸化eIF2α (p-eIF2α) 水平升高。相比对照组, 250 mg·L-1浓度处理组的信号分子表达增加得更为明显(图5A)。蛋白定量分析进一步确认了内质网应激通路中关键因子的变化趋势。处理后, PERK、ATF4和p-eIF2α的表达与未处理组相比具有显著性差异(图5B)。表明华蟾素可以在A549细胞中通过激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4促进内质网应激。
为了进一步验证华蟾素通过PERK-eIF2α-ATF4通路诱导肺癌细胞凋亡的作用机制, 使用PERK抑制剂GSK2656157, 检测其对HCS作用的影响。细胞活力检测结果显示, 与HCS组相比, 联合PERK抑制剂后细胞活力显著上升(图6A), 提示HCS诱导的细胞增殖抑制部分依赖于PERK信号。Western blot结果显示, 在加入华蟾素后, 促凋亡蛋白Bax上调、抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2下调, 而联合PERK抑制剂处理后, Bax表达明显降低, Bcl2水平有所回升(图6B、C)。划痕实验进一步证实HCS对细胞迁移的抑制也在阻断PERK通路后部分逆转(图6D)。表明华蟾素通过激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4通路发挥诱导细胞凋亡与抑制迁移的功能。
在异种移植瘤模型中, 评估不同剂量的华蟾素(2和4 g·kg-1) 对小鼠肿瘤生长的影响。华蟾素干预14天后, 小鼠肿瘤组织外观明显减小(图7A)。连续14天测量肿瘤体积的变化, 结果显示不同剂量的华蟾素(2和4 g·kg-1) 均显著抑制肿瘤生长, 且高剂量组(4 g·kg-1) 抑制效果更为明显(图7B)。实验过程中, 小鼠的体重无显著变化(图7C)。实验终点时, 移植瘤的重量在华蟾素处理组中降低, 且4 g·kg-1组的降低显著(图7D)。HE染色显示, 华蟾素处理后肿瘤组织中细胞密度降低、坏死区域增大(图7E)。血清生化指标分析验证了华蟾素对肿瘤模型的系统性影响。血清ALT和LDH水平在华蟾素干预后降低, 提示华蟾素对肝功能和细胞损伤可能具有保护作用(图7F、G)。此外, 抗氧化酶SOD水平在华蟾素干预后降低, 进一步支持了华蟾素对氧化应激的调控作用(图7H)。
HE染色结果显示, 华蟾素(2和4 g·kg-1) 对肺癌移植瘤小鼠的主要脏器(心、肝、脾、肺、肾) 未产生明显的病理性损伤特征, 表明华蟾素在当前剂量下(2和4 g·kg-1) 具有较好的安全性(图8A)。TUNEL荧光检测显示, 与模型组相比, 华蟾素处理组的肿瘤组织中凋亡细胞数量显著增加, 且4 g·kg-1组中肿瘤细胞的凋亡水平更高(图8B), 定量分析也确定了干预效果显著。Western blot分析验证了EMT相关蛋白的激活, 结果表明E-cadherin的表达水平在华蟾素处理组显著上升, N-cadherin、FAP1、vimentin和α-SMA等的表达降低, 定量分析确定华蟾素4 g·kg-1干预效果明显(图8C、D)。Western blot分析进一步验证凋亡信号通路的激活, 结果表明促凋亡因子Bax的表达水平在华蟾素处理组显著上升, 而抗凋亡因子Bcl2的表达降低, 定量分析确认上述蛋白的表达被华蟾素4 g·kg-1的干预显著改变(图8E、F)。
为阐明华蟾素在体内对内质网应激通路的影响, 本研究检测了与内质网应激相关的基因表达水平。qPCR结果显示, CHOP、Hsp5a、Erdj4、Edme1、PERK、ATF4、ATF6等关键基因在华蟾素处理后显著升高(图9A)。免疫荧光检测结果确认CHOP在小鼠肿瘤组织中的表达可被华蟾素的干预上调, 并进行定量分析(图9B、C)。Western blot检测则进一步表明, PERK、ATF6、eIF2α及p-eIF2α的表达在华蟾素治疗后显著升高(图9D、E)。上述结果说明, 华蟾素在肺癌移植瘤模型中可激活PERK-ATF4-eIF2α关键通路抑制肿瘤生长。
在肺癌异种移植瘤模型中, 评估华蟾素对EMT的调控作用。通过免疫组织化学染色检测EMT相关蛋白在移植瘤组织中的表达水平。结果表明, E-cadherin的表达在华蟾素处理组中明显增强, 而FAP1、vimentin及α-SMA的表达显著减弱(图10A)。IHC定量分析显示, 4 g·kg-1组的E-cadherin信号显著高于对照组, 而FAP1、vimentin和α-SMA的表达在不同剂量的华蟾素作用下均显著低于对照组(图10B)。
本研究围绕蟾毒它灵及华蟾素在体内外抑制肺癌细胞增殖与转移, 并诱导内质网应激及凋亡的作用展开。基于前期对蟾毒它灵药理学特征的认识[12-14], 本研究首先在A549细胞中证实其对于增殖与迁移过程具有显著的抑制作用, 且表现出一定的时间和剂量依赖性。随后, 转录组学分析提示蟾毒它灵在细胞周期、凋亡信号通路等多条与肿瘤发生发展密切相关的分子通路中发挥多靶点干预作用, 尤其在内质网应激与eIF2α信号方面呈现显著富集。这些结果为进一步阐明蟾毒它灵在肺癌中的作用机制奠定了基础, 与既往关于蟾毒类成分在细胞周期阻滞及诱导细胞凋亡方面的研究相一致[15, 16]。
由于华蟾素的主要药效物质成分亦来自蟾蜍毒素及其衍生物[17, 18], 本研究在后续实验中观察到华蟾素同样能够在体外抑制A549细胞增殖与迁移, 且显著下调间质标志蛋白(vimentin、FAP1、α-SMA), 上调上皮标志蛋白E-cadherin, 从而阻断EMT。肺癌细胞的EMT过程与肿瘤侵袭转移密切相关, 阻断这一过程可有效抑制肿瘤恶性进展[19, 20]。本研究结果支持华蟾素在EMT调控方面可能存在多水平、多靶点的干预机制, 与既有文献提示的华蟾素在抗肿瘤转移中的临床应用价值相呼应[5, 21, 22]。
值得注意的是, 本研究对华蟾素和蟾毒它灵分别进行转录组测序和蛋白水平分析, 都提示内质网应激在其抗肺癌过程中的重要作用。转录组学分析发现, 多条“内质网应激-凋亡-eIF2α”相关信号通路受到显著调控; 在蛋白水平, 华蟾素能够显著上调PERK、ATF4及p-eIF2α等关键节点分子的表达。在内质网应激失衡时, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4轴的激活可迅速启动凋亡相关通路, 从而引发肿瘤细胞的死亡[23, 24]。先前针对心血管和神经退行性疾病的研究也曾表明, 适度激活内质网应激途径有助于维持细胞稳态或触发病理细胞的凋亡[25, 26]; 在癌症领域, 利用小分子药物诱导肿瘤细胞发生内质网应激而进行精准杀伤一直是药物筛选与研发的方向[27]。因此, 本研究从分子水平支持“华蟾素/蟾毒它灵-内质网应激通路-肺癌抑制”这一干预链条, 为后续深入研究其与其他信号网络(MAPK[28]、p53[6]等) 的互作奠定基础。
除了细胞内分子通路外, 氧化应激与线粒体功能紊乱亦是影响肿瘤细胞生存的重要因素[29]。当前研究结果显示, 华蟾素处理后A549细胞内ROS水平显著上升, 同时促进Bax上调、Bcl2下调, 最终诱导细胞凋亡。相关血清学和组织学检测也表明, 华蟾素处理组模型小鼠肿瘤组织中坏死区域增大, TUNEL荧光实验印证了诱导凋亡的增强, 这与既往对蟾酥类药物可活化线粒体凋亡通路及破坏肿瘤氧化还原平衡的报道相吻合[30-32]。这一机制可能与华蟾素所含的多种蟾毒甾类成分共同作用相关[33]。有趣的是, 在本研究动物实验中, 华蟾素干预后小鼠体重并未出现显著下降, 主要器官也未见明显组织学病变, 提示其在一定剂量范围内安全性较高, 为其潜在临床应用提供了支持。但仍需进一步拓展毒理学研究, 如延长观察时间、采用不同给药途径等, 以全面评估华蟾素对其他组织功能的长期影响[34, 35]。
本研究还关注到EMT在体内模型中的变化。多项证据指出, EMT过程的核心分子(vimentin、α-SMA) 与肿瘤细胞增殖活性及转移能力密切关联[36]。本研究在A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型中证实, 华蟾素可下调vimentin、FAP1和α-SMA, 显著上调E-cadherin蛋白表达, 从而抑制EMT。IHC定量分析结果也显示, 高剂量华蟾素对EMT相关蛋白表达的抑制作用更为突出, 这与体外实验的趋势保持一致。以上发现提示, 华蟾素一方面通过上调E-cadherin阻断细胞间连接松解, 另一方面下调vimentin等间质标志物, 从根本上抑制肺癌细胞的侵袭转移能力[37, 38]。
综上所述, 本研究从体内外实验、分子检测与转录组学分析等多个层面系统地揭示蟾毒它灵与华蟾素对肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和EMT的阻断作用, 并重点阐明了内质网应激通路在此过程中的关键地位。其主要机制包括: 抑制细胞周期与增殖相关基因表达, 诱导细胞凋亡并促进Bax/Bcl2失衡; 通过激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路, 触发内质网应激导致肿瘤细胞死亡; 阻断EMT进程, 下调vimentin、FAP1、α-SMA等间质蛋白, 提升E-cadherin水平, 进而抑制肿瘤细胞迁移与转移; 在体内实验中, 华蟾素抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长, 且未见明显组织毒性, 兼具较好的安全性与有效性。
基于上述成果, 后续研究可从以下几方面深入展开: 首先, 鉴于内质网应激与多条肿瘤信号通路(MAPK和p53等) 的互作关系尚未完全阐明, 可对各通路间的串扰机制进行更为精细的研究; 其次, 可进一步探讨华蟾素在抗肿瘤免疫微环境中的调控潜能, 如是否影响肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞的亚型分布以及肿瘤血管生成等[11]; 最后, 可尝试与标准化疗药物或小分子抑制剂进行联用实验, 评估是否存在协同增效效果, 这对于拓展华蟾素在临床上与其他药物联合应用具有重要意义[39]。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0081
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
  • 修回日期:2025-07-05
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    1南京中医药大学, 江苏省中医药防治肿瘤协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    2华润三九医药股份有限公司, 广东 深圳 518000
    3南京中医药大学, 第一临床医学院, 江苏 南京 210023

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