Article(id=1308456070955950921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1729785600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889837254, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889837254, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889837254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889837254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2324, endPage=2334, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308456071375381322, articleId=1308456070955950921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation of bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin and evaluation of its antitumor activity in vitro, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using the heterobifunctional crosslinker 3-(2-pyridinedithio) propionate N-succinimidyl ester (SPDP) as a coupling agent, doxorubicin (DOX) was coupled with pamidronate sodium via a chemical cross-linking method to prepare bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin (P-DOX). The obtained product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. To evaluate the in vitro bone targeting of the drugs, the binding amount of drugs onto calcium phosphate was measured, and the in vitro drug release behavior was measured under different pH values and in the presence of cysteine. Finally, to evaluate the effect of phosphorylated doxorubicin on the cellular activity of normal bone tissue and its inhibitory ability on the growth of tumor cells, the drug was co-cultured with osteogenic precursor cells, prostate cancer cells, and osteosarcoma cells, respectively. Infrared spectra analysis showed that DOX/bisphosphonate complex was successfully synthesized. The drug adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption rate of modified doxorubicin onto hydroxyapatite was increased by about one time, and effective release was achieved in a cysteine-rich environment and acidic environment. Cell co-culture experiments showed that compared with traditional doxorubicin, phosphorylated doxorubicin accumulated less in osteogenic precursor cells, effectively reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to normal bone tissue cells. In addition, phosphorylated doxorubicin could be effectively taken up by tumor cells, which effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, and promote apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells. Thus, the synthesis of doxorubicin-bisphosphonate conjugates provides a new solution for the treatment of malignant bone tumors and provides an important reference for the development of more targeted antitumor drugs.

, authors=Xiao-long LI1, Rui-bang TIAN1, Ze-chuang WANG1, Zhen-ju GUAN1, Li-si LI1, 2, Feng SHI2, *, Chao PU1, Xu-wei LUO1, Dong-qin XIAO1, *, authorsList=Xiao-long LI, Rui-bang TIAN, Ze-chuang WANG, Zhen-ju GUAN, Li-si LI, Feng SHI, Chao PU, Xu-wei LUO, Dong-qin XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng SHI, Dong-qin XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308456075116700513, articleId=1308456070955950921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星制备及体外抗肿瘤活性评估, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以异型双功能交联剂3-(2-吡啶二硫代) 丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯为偶联剂, 采用化学交联法将多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 与帕米膦酸钠偶联, 制备双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星(bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin, P-DOX)。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱及紫外可见光谱对药物基团进行表征, 测定磷酸钙与改性前后药物的结合量, 表征药物的体外骨靶向性, 同时评估药物在不同pH值和半胱氨酸调控下的体外释放行为。最后, 将药物与成骨前体细胞、前列腺癌细胞和骨肉瘤细胞共培养, 评价P-DOX对正常骨组织细胞活性的影响及对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制能力。红外光谱分析表明, 成功合成了DOX/双磷酸盐复合物。磷酸钙吸附实验显示, 修饰后的DOX与羟基磷灰石的吸附率增加了约1倍, 并能实现在半胱氨酸富集环境及酸性环境下的有效释放。细胞共培养实验表明, 与传统DOX相比, P-DOX在成骨前体细胞中累积较少, 有效减少了化疗药物对正常骨组织细胞的毒性。并且, P-DOX能被肿瘤细胞有效摄取, 能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力, 并促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、坏死。P-DOX的合成为治疗恶性骨肿瘤提供了一种新的方案, 为开发更具靶向性的抗肿瘤药物提供了重要参考。

, authors=李小龙1, 田睿邦1, 王泽闯1, 官振菊1, 李立斯1, 2, 匙峰2, *, 蒲超1, 罗栩伟1, 肖东琴1, *, authorsList=李小龙, 田睿邦, 王泽闯, 官振菊, 李立斯, 匙峰, 蒲超, 罗栩伟, 肖东琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=匙峰, 肖东琴, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李小龙负责实验设计、实施、文章撰写; 罗栩伟负责实验设计、文章审校; 田睿邦、王泽闯、官振菊、李立斯、蒲超负责实验实施; 匙峰负责实验评估、文章审校; 肖东琴负责实验设计、评估资料收集、文章审校。

, correspAuthorsNote=
匙峰, Tel: 17361325628, E-mail:
肖东琴, Tel: 13688391768, E-mail:
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A: MC3T3-E1 cells; B: MG-63 cells; C: RM-1 cells. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=oaTf/AF967sO1EyvkHSDNg==, figureFileBig=jRUvyMtPPAe2NsBjkcdaPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497647950984190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456070955950921, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=viEf/hz5ZMp+5U2GRnzGRA==, figureFileBig=JM8u7VooUBreYJ8uj56vcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497648039064575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456070955950921, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The results of live/dead staining in different cells. 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双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星制备及体外抗肿瘤活性评估
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李小龙 1 , 田睿邦 1 , 王泽闯 1 , 官振菊 1 , 李立斯 1, 2 , 匙峰 2, * , 蒲超 1 , 罗栩伟 1 , 肖东琴 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(7): 2324-2334
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (7) : 2324 -2334
双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星制备及体外抗肿瘤活性评估
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李小龙1, 田睿邦1, 王泽闯1, 官振菊1, 李立斯1, 2, 匙峰2, * , 蒲超1, 罗栩伟1, 肖东琴1, *
作者信息
  • 1川北医学院第二临床学院·南充市中心医院骨科, 组织工程与干细胞研究所, 四川 南充 637000
  • 2西华师范大学组织修复材料工程技术协同创新中心, 四川 南充 637001
通讯作者:
匙峰, Tel: 17361325628, E-mail:
肖东琴, Tel: 13688391768, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李小龙负责实验设计、实施、文章撰写; 罗栩伟负责实验设计、文章审校; 田睿邦、王泽闯、官振菊、李立斯、蒲超负责实验实施; 匙峰负责实验评估、文章审校; 肖东琴负责实验设计、评估资料收集、文章审校。

Preparation of bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin and evaluation of its antitumor activity in vitro
Xiao-long LI1, Rui-bang TIAN1, Ze-chuang WANG1, Zhen-ju GUAN1, Li-si LI1, 2, Feng SHI2, * , Chao PU1, Xu-wei LUO1, Dong-qin XIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell, Orthopedics, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
  • 2Collaboration Innovation Center for Tissue Repair Material Engineering Technology, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707
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本文以异型双功能交联剂3-(2-吡啶二硫代) 丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯为偶联剂, 采用化学交联法将多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 与帕米膦酸钠偶联, 制备双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星(bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin, P-DOX)。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱及紫外可见光谱对药物基团进行表征, 测定磷酸钙与改性前后药物的结合量, 表征药物的体外骨靶向性, 同时评估药物在不同pH值和半胱氨酸调控下的体外释放行为。最后, 将药物与成骨前体细胞、前列腺癌细胞和骨肉瘤细胞共培养, 评价P-DOX对正常骨组织细胞活性的影响及对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制能力。红外光谱分析表明, 成功合成了DOX/双磷酸盐复合物。磷酸钙吸附实验显示, 修饰后的DOX与羟基磷灰石的吸附率增加了约1倍, 并能实现在半胱氨酸富集环境及酸性环境下的有效释放。细胞共培养实验表明, 与传统DOX相比, P-DOX在成骨前体细胞中累积较少, 有效减少了化疗药物对正常骨组织细胞的毒性。并且, P-DOX能被肿瘤细胞有效摄取, 能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力, 并促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、坏死。P-DOX的合成为治疗恶性骨肿瘤提供了一种新的方案, 为开发更具靶向性的抗肿瘤药物提供了重要参考。

多柔比星  /  双磷酸盐  /  靶向性  /  释放  /  骨肿瘤

Using the heterobifunctional crosslinker 3-(2-pyridinedithio) propionate N-succinimidyl ester (SPDP) as a coupling agent, doxorubicin (DOX) was coupled with pamidronate sodium via a chemical cross-linking method to prepare bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin (P-DOX). The obtained product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. To evaluate the in vitro bone targeting of the drugs, the binding amount of drugs onto calcium phosphate was measured, and the in vitro drug release behavior was measured under different pH values and in the presence of cysteine. Finally, to evaluate the effect of phosphorylated doxorubicin on the cellular activity of normal bone tissue and its inhibitory ability on the growth of tumor cells, the drug was co-cultured with osteogenic precursor cells, prostate cancer cells, and osteosarcoma cells, respectively. Infrared spectra analysis showed that DOX/bisphosphonate complex was successfully synthesized. The drug adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption rate of modified doxorubicin onto hydroxyapatite was increased by about one time, and effective release was achieved in a cysteine-rich environment and acidic environment. Cell co-culture experiments showed that compared with traditional doxorubicin, phosphorylated doxorubicin accumulated less in osteogenic precursor cells, effectively reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to normal bone tissue cells. In addition, phosphorylated doxorubicin could be effectively taken up by tumor cells, which effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, and promote apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells. Thus, the synthesis of doxorubicin-bisphosphonate conjugates provides a new solution for the treatment of malignant bone tumors and provides an important reference for the development of more targeted antitumor drugs.

doxorubicin  /  bisphosphonate  /  targeting  /  release  /  bone tumor
李小龙, 田睿邦, 王泽闯, 官振菊, 李立斯, 匙峰, 蒲超, 罗栩伟, 肖东琴. 双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星制备及体外抗肿瘤活性评估. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2324 -2334 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707
Xiao-long LI, Rui-bang TIAN, Ze-chuang WANG, Zhen-ju GUAN, Li-si LI, Feng SHI, Chao PU, Xu-wei LUO, Dong-qin XIAO. Preparation of bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin and evaluation of its antitumor activity in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2324 -2334 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707
骨肿瘤是一种发生在骨骼及其附属组织的肿瘤, 按病理性质可分为良性和恶性两大类。良性骨肿瘤通常具有良好的预后, 并且可以通过手术治疗来实现完全康复。然而, 近年来恶性骨肿瘤, 特别是转移性骨肿瘤的发病率不断上升, 其中以转移性前列腺癌和转移性乳腺癌最为常见[1, 2]。恶性骨肿瘤一旦发生, 常会导致一系列与骨组织相关的并发症, 如骨质疏松、骨骼溶解、肌肉萎缩及骨髓抑制等。这些并发症不仅会引起持续的疼痛, 还可能导致骨折、压迫性骨髓瘤综合征、贫血、感染及瘤栓形成等严重后果, 威胁患者健康[3]。恶性骨肿瘤的治疗一般通过手术切除外加长时间全身化疗, 但手术切除往往伴随骨骼结构受损, 并且残留的肿瘤细胞可能引起复发和二次转移[4]。另一方面, 长时间全身化疗药物的应用可能导致骨髓毒性、黏膜组织损伤、脱发和心力衰竭, 甚至可能导致多器官衰竭[5]。因此, 开发具有较低毒副作用的骨靶向抗肿瘤药物, 对实现恶性骨肿瘤的精准治疗并减轻机体损伤具有重要意义。
多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 是一种蒽环类药物, 于1960年从凯撒链霉菌中分离出来, 并获得了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 的临床批准[6]。作为一种广谱抗肿瘤药物, DOX通过捕获共价结合的拓扑异构酶II诱导DNA损伤, 并生成大量活性自由基等方式来抑制癌细胞的增殖和生存能力, 被广泛用于多种肿瘤疾病的治疗, 如骨肉瘤、血癌及淋巴癌等[7]。但长期使用DOX往往会导致心脏毒性反应, 在癌症患者尤其是晚期患者中, 这种毒性反应表现得更加明显。常见的心脏毒性反应包括心律失常、心电图紊乱、左心室射血分数降低、心室颤动、心脏重构等, 严重的并发症还可能包括充血性心力衰竭, 甚至导致患者死亡[8, 9]。因此, 提升DOX的使用效率, 减轻其全身毒副作用显得尤为关键。
在以往的研究中, 通常采用简单吸附的方法将DOX与纳米载体结合, 实现药物的局部缓释, 以减少全身毒副作用, 提高抗肿瘤能力[10]。然而, 这种方法在药物释放的初期往往会出现突释现象, 同时也难以有效地将药物集中在骨骼周围[11]。因此, 研发具有骨靶向性质的化疗药物实现药物在病灶局部的聚集, 从而有效避免药物产生的全身毒性显得愈发重要[12]。长久以来, 双磷酸盐被广泛用于临床骨科疾病治疗, 如骨质疏松症、骨髓瘤、骨转移瘤、Legg-Perthes病、恶性甲状旁腺功能亢进症等[13, 14]。另一方面, 双磷酸盐分子中含有两个磷酸基团, 可与磷酸钙中的钙离子形成络合作用, 表现出对骨组织高度亲和的特性, 使得双磷酸盐在骨靶向药物递送领域也得到了广泛应用[15]。此外, 研究表明, 双磷酸盐还能通过阻止受体活化的核因子κ配体释放, 抑制骨肿瘤细胞生长及破骨细胞活性, 从而阻断骨肿瘤的恶性循环, 有效减少骨溶解、病理性骨折、骨质疏松等骨相关事件的发生[16, 17]。因此, 本研究拟将DOX与双磷酸盐偶联, 以提高DOX与磷酸钙基质或骨组织的结合能力, 从而实现对骨肿瘤周围区域化疗药物的有效释放。
材料  盐酸多柔比星、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、二甲基甲酰胺、3-(2-吡啶二硫代) 丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯[3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionic acid N-succinimidyl ester, SPDP]、帕米膦酸钠、2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷盐酸盐(D107159、N131907、D112003、S164298、P129944、I106793, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); Tris缓冲溶液、结晶紫染液(T1010、G1062, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 40 g·L-1多聚甲醛、CCK-8试剂盒、丙啶碘(propidium iodide, PI)、钙黄绿素(calcein acetoxymethyl ester, Calcein-AM)、细胞活性与细胞毒性检测试剂盒(P0099、C0038、C2015M, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); Matrigel基质胶(356234, 美国Corning公司); Annexin V-APC/DAPI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(E-CK-A258, 武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司); 小鼠成骨前体细胞(MC3T3-E1)、人骨肉瘤细胞(MG-63)、小鼠前列腺癌细胞(RM-1) (中国科学院上海库)。
仪器  傅里叶红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700, 美国赛默飞公司); 紫外分光光度仪(7230G, 上海精密科学仪器有限公司); 荧光倒置显微镜(DMi8, 德国徕卡公司); 流式细胞仪(FACS Calibur, 美国碧迪公司); 酶标仪(ST-360, 上海科华实验系统有限公司)。
制备偶联帕米膦酸钠的DOX药物  首先, 将N-乙基马来酰亚胺溶解于二甲基甲酰胺中, 得到浓度为100 mmol·L-1的溶液。随后, 取含有1 mg·mL-1 DOX的Tris缓冲液10 mL, 与20 mL N-乙基马来酰亚胺溶液混合反应30 min。同时, 配制50 mmol·L-1 SPDP二甲基甲酰胺溶液。DOX溶液经孵育后离心, 再加入10 mL SPDP溶液, 继续反应2 h, 之后在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 中透析, 以去除未反应的试剂。另一方面, 将帕米膦酸钠(20 mmol·L-1) 的Tris缓冲液与等体积的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷盐酸盐(100 mmol·L-1) 的Tris缓冲液混合, 并反应2 h, 进行硫醇化处理。最后, 将经过SPDP处理的DOX溶液与硫醇化的帕米膦酸钠溶液等体积混合反应1 h, 之后用去离子水透析去除未反应的试剂。收集透析后的溶液, 经过离心和冷冻干燥, 最终得到双磷酸盐修饰多柔比星(bisphosphonate-modified doxorubicin, P-DOX)。上述所有反应均在室温下进行(合成路线1)。利用傅里叶红外光谱和紫外可见光谱对药物修饰前后进行表征。
P-DOX骨靶向性及体外释放表征
P-DOX和DOX的标准曲线  用电子天平称取P-DOX和DOX各1 mg, 溶解于pH 8.8的Tris缓冲液中, 再将母液按一定比例进行稀释。利用紫外分光光度计对药物修饰前后进行全谱扫描。再根据扫描结果, 分别测量P-DOX在500 nm和DOX在536 nm处的吸光度值, 计算药物浓度。
药物与羟基磷灰石结合能力表征  为验证P-DOX在体外的骨靶向性, 首先, 按照文献[18]的方法制备了10 mg的羟基磷灰石微球; 接着, 将这些微球分别加入到装有5 mL P-DOX和5 mL DOX (质量浓度均为100 µg·mL-1) 的离心管中, 在100 r·min-1的震荡速率下, 持续震荡3 h; 随后, 使用高速离心(7 000 r·min-1、10 min) 的方法将微球与溶液分离, 并对微球进行洗涤; 最后, 采用多功能酶标仪测定溶液上清液吸光度值并用标准曲线换算为浓度, 根据公式(1) 计算药物浓度。
$ C_\text{drug} = [(C_{1} - C_{0})/C_{1}] × 100\% $
其中, Cdrug为药物浓度; C1为不含羟基磷灰石的药物浓度; C0为含羟基磷灰石的上清液药物浓度。
药物释放  配制10 mL含有10 mmol·L-1半胱氨酸的pH 7.4的Tris缓冲液及pH 7.4、pH 6.5的不含半胱氨酸的Tris缓冲液, 模拟人体正常生理环境及肿瘤组织微环境[19]。在缓冲液中加入10 mg的药物负载磷酸钙, 置于37 ℃下进行恒温振荡。于预定时间取样上清液, 并测定药物的浓度。
P-DOX的细胞生物学性能评价  小鼠成骨前体细胞系MC3T3-E1使用含有1%双抗和10%胎牛血清的α-MEM培养基进行培养。人骨肉瘤细胞系MG-63使用含有1%双抗和10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基进行培养。小鼠前列腺癌细胞系RM-1使用含有1%双抗和10%胎牛血清的1640培养基进行培养。当细胞密度达到培养皿容积的70%~80%时, 使用0.25%胰酶进行消化, 并进行细胞计数。
CCK-8法检测各组细胞毒性  将MC3T3-E1、MG-63和RM-1细胞分别以每孔8×103、5×103和5×103个的密度接种于96孔板中, 于恒温培养箱中进行孵育(37 ℃、5% CO2)。培养12 h后, 更换不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基。
MC3T3-E1细胞接种1、3和5天, 采用CCK-8法测定MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖情况。MG-63和RM-1细胞接种1、2和3天, 采用CCK-8法测定MG-63和RM-1细胞的增殖情况。具体方法如下: 弃去旧培养基, 用无菌PBS对每孔进行3次洗涤; 然后, 将200 µL的CCK-8试剂与培养基混合(体积比1∶9), 加入每孔中, 在37 ℃、5% CO₂条件下孵育1 h, 孵育后, 取每孔的100 µL待测液, 使用酶标仪在450 nm波长下测量其吸光度值。根据公式(2) 计算细胞活力。
$ 细胞活力 = [(A_\text{a} - A_\text{b}) / (A_\text{c} - A_\text{b})] × 100\% $
其中, Aa为实验组的吸光度值; Ab为空白组的吸光度值; Ac为对照组的吸光度值。
活\死细胞染色表征细胞活性  将MC3T3-E1、MG-63和RM-1细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种入24孔板中, 培养12 h后, 更换不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基。细胞接种第3天, 根据PI和Calcein-AM细胞活性与细胞毒性检测试剂盒的说明进行染色操作, 去除培养基, 并用PBS溶液清洗3次, 加入PI和Calcein-AM溶液染色, 染色15 min, 去除染液并用PBS溶液清洗3次, 置于倒置荧光显微镜下进行观察。
药物被细胞摄取的情况  将MG-63和RM-1细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种到24孔板中, 孵育12 h后, 更换不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基。继续培养6 h后, 去除培养基, 并用PBS溶液清洗3次。加入4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 染色溶液, 染色15 min, 去除染液并用PBS溶液清洗3次, 将孔板放置于荧光显微镜下观察。
划痕实验评估药物对MG-63和RM-1细胞迁移能力的影响  将MG-63和RM-1细胞以每孔3×105个的密度种植于6孔板中, 培养24 h后, 垂直于孔板平面, 在细胞层用1 mL枪头作宽为0.5 cm的细胞划痕。划痕完成后用PBS清洗3次, 去除脱落细胞。更换不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基, 分别于0和48 h在显微镜下观察拍照记录, 运用Image J软件分析结果。
Transwell实验评估药物对MG-63和RM-1细胞侵袭能力的影响  首先, 将基质胶与无血清培养基按照1∶5体积比于冰面混合, 取50 μL混合液加入上室平铺, 置于37 ℃培养箱中孵育1 h, 使基质胶成膜。将MG-63和RM-1细胞置于不含药物的无血清培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的无血清培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的无血清培养基中, 以每孔5×104个的密度种植于上室。向每个处理组的下室中加入600 μL含30%血清的培养基, 培养48 h后取出上室, 去除原培养液, 用棉签擦净上室表面的细胞, 浸入40 g·L-1多聚甲醛中固定0.5 h, 再用0.1%结晶紫染色。用PBS清洗后, 在显微镜下观察并拍照记录, 运用Image J软件分析结果。
利用流式细胞术检测MG-63和RM-1细胞凋亡  将MG-63和RM-1细胞以每孔3×105个的密度种植于6孔板中, 培养箱中孵育12 h后, 更换不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基。继续培养48 h后, 用无EDTA的胰酶消化离心(1 000 r·min-1、10 min), 收集约1×106个细胞。按照Annexin V-APC/DAPI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒说明书操作评估各组细胞凋亡, 应用Flow Jo软件分析结果。
统计学方法  所有实验中数据分析均设置3个独立平行样, 采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件分析实验数据和作图, 组间两两比较采用Tukey检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 结果以$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示, P < 0.05则认为差异有显著性意义。
通过红外光谱分析发现, 与DOX相比, P-DOX的红外光谱中出现了新的峰值, 分别位于1 089和968 cm-1, 这两个峰对应于磷酸根(PO43-) 的不对称伸缩振动[20], 表明P-DOX中含有磷酸根基团(图1A); 500 cm-1则为二硫键的特征吸收峰[21], 表明双磷酸盐与DOX以二硫键的形式连接, 说明成功制备了P-DOX。
通过对药物进行紫外光谱全谱扫描可知, P-DOX在270、500、535 nm有吸收峰, 而DOX在268、502、536 nm有吸收峰。P-DOX相比于DOX的各吸收峰位置基本一致但吸收强度有所降低(图1B)。这表明双磷酸盐修饰前后DOX的分子结构整体一致, 但因双磷酸盐修饰, 导致其特征吸收峰强度变弱。
以药物浓度为横坐标, 以P-DOX在500 nm和DOX在536 nm处的吸光度值作为纵坐标, 在Excel中绘制出吸光度-浓度标准曲线, 得到方程ADOX = 1.571 55 x + 0.066 54 (R2 = 0.996 2), AP-DOX = 0.896 54 x + 0.065 32 (R2 = 0.999 2) (图1C、D)。
P-DOX与磷酸钙微球的结合率为(77.4 ± 0.7)%, 而DOX与磷酸钙的结合率仅为(42.5 ± 0.1)% (图2A)。P-DOX对骨矿物的亲和力提升近1倍。此外, 作者还研究了P-DOX在不同pH的Tris缓冲液和含有半胱氨酸的Tris缓冲液中的释放情况。药物释放实验结果显示, 当溶液中不含半胱氨酸时, 在pH 7.4的环境中药物释放缓慢, 24 h内药物释放率波动小, 7天仅仅释放了(11.36 ± 1.56)%; 在pH 6.5的环境中药物释放较中性环境加快, 24 h内药物释放率缓步提升, 7天共释放(30.95 ± 0.94)%; 在添加半胱氨酸的pH 7.4的溶液中, 药物释放速度显著提高, 24 h内药物释放率明显加快, 24 h即释放(23.82 ± 1.19)%, 7天累计释放量高达(64.52 ± 0.78)%, 是中性条件的5倍多(图2B~D)。
使用不含药物、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基与MC3T3-E1、MG-63和RM-1细胞进行共培养, 并利用CCK-8对细胞增殖情况进行检测并计算细胞活力(图3)。
根据结果显示, 随着时间的延长, 3种细胞对照组均表现出良好的增殖行为。在P-DOX组中MC3T3-E1细胞共培养第5天的细胞活力为65%、MG-63和RM-1细胞共培养第3天的细胞活力分别为47%、20%; 在DOX组中MC3T3-E1细胞共培养第5天的细胞活力为10%, MG-63和RM-1细胞共培养第3天的细胞活力分别为18%、1%。MC3T3-E1细胞中P-DOX组的细胞活力明显高于DOX组(P < 0.000 1); 随着时间的延长, P-DOX和DOX两组的肿瘤细胞的细胞活力均逐渐降低。综上所述, 相比于DOX, P-DOX显著降低了对正常骨组织细胞的细胞毒性。同时, 尽管其对肿瘤细胞的抑制效率略有下降, 但依然能够有效地抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。
药物细胞共培养第3天, 采用PI和Calcein-AM进行染色, 并在荧光显微镜下观察(图4)。MC3T3-E1细胞染色为扁平的多角形细胞, 对照组中细胞呈现出良好的生长状态, 染色后显示大片绿色, 偶尔出现零星的红色荧光; P-DOX组中细胞生长状态较好, 染色后显示大片绿色, 红色荧光较少呈散点状分布。DOX组中细胞数明显少于对照组, 细胞生长状态较差, 染色后绿色荧光散点状分布, 红色荧光较多。
MG-63细胞染色后细胞呈梭形, RM-1细胞染色后细胞呈念珠状。两种细胞对照组中细胞均呈现出良好的生长状态, 染色后显示大片绿色, 偶尔出现零星的红色荧光; 两种肿瘤细胞DOX组中活细胞数显著少于对照组, 染色后绿色荧光呈散点状分布, 而红色荧光与Calcein-AM染色的绿色活细胞荧光相重合; 两种肿瘤细胞P-DOX组中肿瘤细胞明显少于对照组, 染色后绿色荧光散在分布, 而红色荧光与Calcein-AM染色的绿色活细胞荧光相重合。分析实验结果可知, 所观察到的红色荧光可能源自两个方面: 一部分是PI标记的细胞核发出的红色荧光; 另一部分则是化疗药物被细胞吸收并分布于细胞内, 从而产生的红色荧光。
为了解P-DOX和DOX在肿瘤细胞内的吸收情况, 本文采用DAPI染色来标记细胞核。同时, 由于P-DOX和DOX能自发红色荧光, 因此可直接观察它们在细胞内的存在。高倍镜下, 对照组中未观察到带有DOX特征的红色荧光, 仅存在DAPI标记的蓝色细胞核; 在P-DOX组与DOX组中, 同时观察到了红色和蓝色两种荧光信号(图5)。红色荧光与蓝色荧光分布无明显差异, 红色荧光部分显示出细胞的形态, 环绕着中间的蓝色细胞核, 这说明P-DOX与DOX都能被肿瘤细胞成功摄取, 并主要分布在细胞质中。
更换培养基后, 分别于0和48 h在显微镜下观察拍照记录(图6)。48 h时MG-63细胞对照组的划痕部分已被完全填充; 而P-DOX组细胞划痕部分细胞较少(图6A), 且相对迁移距离明显小于对照组(P < 0.000 1, 图6B); DOX组细胞划痕部分细胞少(图6A), 相对迁移距离明显小于对照组(P < 0.000 1, 图6B); DOX组细胞相对迁移距离小于P-DOX组(P < 0.000 1, 图6B)。48 h后RM-1细胞对照组的划痕部分已被完全填充; 而P-DOX组细胞仍未完成迁移(图6C), 相对迁移距离小于对照组(P < 0.05, 图6D); DOX组划痕部分迁移细胞少(图6C), 相对迁移距离小于对照组(P < 0.000 1, 图6D); DOX组细胞相对迁移距离小于P-DOX组(P < 0.000 1, 图6D)。
48 h染色处理后可见, MG-63细胞对照组已有大量细胞穿过基质胶, 细胞呈现为梭形(图7A); P-DOX组细胞侵袭数量少, 相对侵袭细胞数量仅为对照组的54% (P < 0.000 1, 图7B); DOX组细胞侵袭数量少, 相对侵袭细胞数量仅为对照组的15% (P < 0.000 1, 图7B)。RM-1细胞对照组细胞大量侵袭至小室下方, 细胞呈扁平的多角形(图7C); P-DOX组细胞侵袭数量少, 相对侵袭细胞数量仅为对照组的51% (P < 0.000 1, 图7D); DOX组细胞侵袭数量少, 相对侵袭细胞数量仅为对照组的10% (P < 0.000 1, 图7D)。
将不含药物的完全培养基、含有10 µg·mL-1 P-DOX的完全培养基和含有10 µg·mL-1 DOX的完全培养基与MG-63细胞和RM-1细胞进行共培养。共培养48 h后使用Annexin V-APC/DAPI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒进行检测, 并运用Flow Jo软件进行结果分析(图8)。结果显示, 不论是MG-63还是RM-1细胞, 对照组中细胞凋亡均较少, 细胞主要为正常活细胞群; 而在P-DOX组中均有明显的早期凋亡细胞群和晚期凋亡细胞群。且P-DOX组凋亡细胞明显多于对照组(P < 0.000 1); 在DOX组中肿瘤细胞大量凋亡, 细胞凋亡率最高(P < 0.000 1)。
近年来, 恶性骨肿瘤的发病率不断上升, 而传统的手术切除和全身化疗则存在着骨骼结构受损和全身毒性大等问题。为了减轻患者的痛苦并提升抗肿瘤治疗效果, 本文使用异型双功能交联剂SPDP, 将DOX与帕米膦酸钠相偶联, 成功制备出了一种对骨矿物有良好亲和力的抗肿瘤药物——P-DOX。通过红外光谱和紫外可见光光谱确认了磷酸根基团的成功接枝。P-DOX与磷酸钙的结合显示出了高骨矿化物亲和力, 同时实现了在还原态及酸性环境下的药物有效释放。细胞共培养实验表明, 与传统DOX相比, P-DOX在成骨前体细胞中累积较少, 有效减少了化疗药物对正常骨组织细胞的毒性。此外, 两种形式的DOX都能被前列腺癌细胞和骨肉瘤细胞有效摄取, 能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力, 并促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、坏死。P-DOX减少了对正常骨组织细胞的毒性, 同时有效抑制了肿瘤细胞生长, 展现出对改善癌症治疗策略的显著潜力。
在最近的研究中, 为实现局部输送高浓度的抗肿瘤药物, 避免全身不良反应, 同时使骨骼再生, 从根本上改善骨肿瘤的治疗, 各种生物材料已被测试用于递送抗肿瘤药物, 尤其是DOX。Liu等[22]将DOX通过静电相互作用与nHA结合, 24 h结合率最高为42%; Qiu等[23]通过氨基酸的开环聚合反应制备出了一种VATANST多肽(STP) 修饰、负载DOX的纳米颗粒, 通过STP与肿瘤表面高表达的vimentin特异性结合实现肿瘤靶向性。此外, 许多临床和临床前研究表明双磷酸盐不仅对骨吸收过度的疾病如佩吉特骨病、骨质疏松症等展现出良好的抗骨吸收作用, 并且BPs的使用, 如氯屈膦酸盐、帕米膦酸钠、伊班膦酸钠和唑来膦, 可以对抗非转移性(早期) 癌症(主要是乳腺癌、前列腺癌和肺癌) 患者的骨转移, 而在转移性(晚期) 癌症患者中, 它可以显著预防和推迟SREs, 降低死亡率, 已成为治疗肿瘤引起的高钙血症的首选药物[24, 25]。本文将双磷酸盐与DOX相偶联, 通过磷酸基团与钙离子的络合反应有效提升了药物与骨矿物的结合率。相比改性之前提升了1倍, 结合更加稳固高效, 同时实现了针对酸性、还原态微环境下的有效释放(图9)[26]。
P-DOX的合成过程包括以下几个步骤: 首先, 将DOX侧链上的伯胺基与SPDP反应, 引入吡啶二硫基; 然后, 通过2-亚氨基硫烷与帕米膦酸钠上的氨基反应生成巯基; 最后, 通过巯基与DOX的二硫键进行交换, 完成P-DOX的合成[27]。对P-DOX进行傅里叶红外光谱检测, 观察到P-DOX中含有磷酸根、二硫键的形成, 表明成功制备了由二硫键偶联的P-DOX。接着, 利用药物与羟基磷灰石的结合作为骨亲和力测试模型评估了其骨靶向性。在磷酸根基团与钙离子的螯合作用下, P-DOX与骨矿物的结合率相比于改性之前提升了1倍。
在肿瘤微环境中, 存在着高水平的谷胱甘肽, 而半胱氨酸是合成谷胱甘肽的重要原料之一, 参与维持氧化还原平衡[28, 29]。此外, 肿瘤组织的一个主要特征是细胞外的酸性环境。这种酸化主要是由于肿瘤细胞通过无氧糖酵解产生乳酸并释放到细胞外所致[30]。本实验中, 当缓冲液中无半胱氨酸存在时, 中性溶液中药物释放缓慢, 7天共释放(11.36 ± 1.56)%, 而酸性溶液中药物释放量明显提高, 7天共释放(30.95 ± 0.94)%, 这可能是由于酸性环境增加了羟基磷灰石的溶解度从而促进了P-DOX的解离。而溶液中存在半胱氨酸时, 药物的释放量较中性溶液增加5倍, 7天释放量高达(64.52 ± 0.78)%。在半胱氨酸的存在下, 由于其巯基会使P-DOX中的二硫键断裂, 导致DOX与双磷酸盐发生解离[31]。P-DOX这种针对肿瘤微环境的释药行为在P-DOX结合支架植入人体后, 有望在骨肿瘤微环境中能够保持有效释放并有效减轻对正常组织细胞的毒性。
CCK-8实验结果显示, 相较于DOX, P-DOX对正常组织的成骨前体细胞的毒性更小, 共培养至第5天时, 细胞活力高达65%, 而同期DOX处理组的细胞活力仅为10%。此外, 虽然双磷酸盐修饰处理使DOX对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果略有降低, 但它仍显著抑制了肿瘤细胞的增长。第3天的共培养中, MG-63和RM-1细胞的细胞活力仅为47%和20%。通过活/死细胞染色和DAPI染色实验, 发现无论是P-DOX还是DOX, 被细胞吸收后都主要分布于细胞质中, 呈现红色荧光。两者均能有效被肿瘤细胞摄取, 从而影响肿瘤细胞增殖。特别地, 在MC3T3-E1细胞中, P-DOX的内部积累较少, 细胞生长状态良好, 红色荧光呈散点状分布; 而DOX大量累积于细胞内, 细胞生长状态较差, 红色荧光呈片状分布。在肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭及凋亡实验中, 尽管P-DOX对肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭能力的抑制作用有所减弱, 但仍能有效抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭, 并促使癌细胞凋亡。分析实验结果显示, P-DOX表现出了优良的生物相容性和抗肿瘤活性。这种优异特性可能源于以下几个因素: 首先, 二硫键作为桥梁将双磷酸盐与DOX连接起来, 形成的P-DOX既保留了DOX的抗肿瘤活性, 又具有磷酸根基团的靶向性; 此外, 研究表明, 磷酸根基团对成骨前体细胞具有保护作用, P-DOX在成骨前体细胞内的累积较少[32]; 另外, 由于肿瘤细胞具有独特的代谢特性, 导致其更容易摄取化疗药物。在转移性癌组织中, 化疗药物的摄取率甚至可以达到正常骨组织细胞的数十倍[33]。
本研究利用交联剂SPDP成功制备了P-DOX, 在增强化疗药物骨靶向性的同时, 实现了针对酸性和还原态环境的有效释放。细胞实验结果表明, P-DOX对正常细胞具有低毒性特征, 同时还可实现对肿瘤细胞的有效抑制, 为治疗骨肿瘤提供了一种具有靶向性和低毒性的新策略。然而, 仍有较多问题有待解决, 首先, 将DOX进行双磷酸盐修饰后, 虽然使药物具有了靶向性, 降低了对正常细胞的毒性, 但相应的肿瘤细胞抑制作用也有所降低, 这可能是因为磷酸化修饰消耗了DOX分子结构上的碱性氨基, 导致其抗癌作用减弱; 其次, 磷酸化修饰后DOX分子质量增加, 而使在相同质量浓度下的相对摩尔浓度降低, 在未来研究中, 可以考虑提升P-DOX浓度或将其与具有抗肿瘤活性的纳米粒子结合, 以进一步增强其治疗效果; 另外, 本研究的局限性在于尚未深入探讨P-DOX在体内的骨靶向性及其体内活性, 在未来的研究中将继续对这些方面进行探索。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
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    1川北医学院第二临床学院·南充市中心医院骨科, 组织工程与干细胞研究所, 四川 南充 637000
    2西华师范大学组织修复材料工程技术协同创新中心, 四川 南充 637001

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匙峰, Tel: 17361325628, E-mail:
肖东琴, Tel: 13688391768, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0707
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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