Article(id=1308456056326218443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1088, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=1740931200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889833765, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889833765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889833765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889833765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2335, endPage=2341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308456056556905164, articleId=1308456056326218443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Effect of porous silica adsorption and β-cyclodextrin inclusion on the release and pharmacokinetics of trans-cinnamaldehyde, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the effects of various curing methods on the dissolution, in vitro release, and pharmacokinetics of trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA). CA was cured and characterized using porous silica adsorption and β-cyclodextrin inclusion. The dissolution and release profiles were determined, followed by conducting comprehensive pharmacokinetic studies in SD rats. The successful preparation of the two cures was verified by analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Both curing methods significantly increased the cumulative dissolution and cumulative release of CA at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8. In comparison to free CA, the use of porous silica adsorption not only enhanced the in vitro release of CA but also significantly increased its Cmax and the AUC0-∞ in rats. β-Cyclodextrin inclusion delays CA release in vitro, decreases Cmax in vivo in rats and significantly increases AUC0-∞. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (Ethics Approval Number: AEWC-20220815-230). Our findings revealed that porous silica adsorption significantly enhanced both the in vitro release and the in vivo uptake rate of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Conversely, β-cyclodextrin inclusion of CA led to a noticeable retardation in its in vitro release and a moderate decrease in the in vivo uptake rate.

, authors=Jia-zheng LI1, 2, Xue-dan FU1, 2, Lan ZHANG1, 2, Xin LIU1, 2, Wan XIAO1, 2, Qing NING1, 2, Zhen-hai ZHANG1, 2, *, Jian-ming JU1, 2, *, authorsList=Jia-zheng LI, Xue-dan FU, Lan ZHANG, Xin LIU, Wan XIAO, Qing NING, Zhen-hai ZHANG, Jian-ming JU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhen-hai ZHANG, Jian-ming JU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308456057769059034, articleId=1308456056326218443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=多孔二氧化硅吸附和环糊精包合对桂皮醛释放和药动学的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨不同固化方式对桂皮醛(trans-cinnamaldehyde, CA) 的体外释放和药动学的影响。采用多孔二氧化硅吸附和β-环糊精包合对CA进行固化和表征, 测定释放度, 并对SD大鼠进行药动学研究。通过差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等分析技术验证了两种固化物的成功制备。在pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8的条件下, 两种固化方式均能显著提高CA的累积释放度, 多孔二氧化硅吸附加速了CA的初期体外释放, 大鼠的Cmax有所提高, AUC0-∞显著增加, β-环糊精包合可以延缓CA的初期体外释放, 大鼠体内Cmax明显降低, AUC0-∞显著增加。所有动物实验经江苏省中西医结合医院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理号: AEWC-20220815-230)。上述结果表明, 相对于CA, 多孔二氧化硅吸附可以提高CA的初期释放和AUC0-∞, β-环糊精包合CA则在一定程度上延缓了CA的初期释放, 降低了Cmax, 提高了AUC0-∞。

, authors=李家政1, 2, 富雪丹1, 2, 张兰1, 2, 刘鑫1, 2, 肖婉1, 2, 宁青1, 2, 张振海1, 2, *, 鞠建明1, 2, *, authorsList=李家政, 富雪丹, 张兰, 刘鑫, 肖婉, 宁青, 张振海, 鞠建明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张振海, 鞠建明, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李家政负责论文撰写、体外释放、溶出实验和数据处理; 富雪丹负责论文修改和药动学实验; 张兰和刘鑫负责制剂研究、药动学实验; 肖婉负责药动学实验; 宁青负责实验指导; 张振海和鞠建明负责实验设计、论文修改和审核。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张振海, Tel: 18913823932, E-mail:
鞠建明, Tel: 13951876731, E-mail:
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A: Differential scanning calorimetry curve; B: Thermogravimetric analysis curve; C: X-ray diffraction pattern; D: Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. CA: Trans-cinnamaldehyde active pharmaceutical ingredient; PM-CA-β-CD: Physical mixture of cinnamaldehyde and β-cyclodextrin; CA-β-CD: Trans-cinnamaldehyde-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex; β-CD: β-cyclodextrin; PSD: Porous silica; CA-PSD: Porous silica-adsorbed trans-cinnamaldehyde solid formulation, figureFileSmall=fbRt2co0Rt5OKfuwhuVx4g==, figureFileBig=7MM1NdjNwGi6Nzb6FQiG7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497626635535211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456056326218443, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=czd/6FJDhF6XBJILULQ98A==, figureFileBig=ko0bKt5Eq2W1ljX7nuNe7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497626711032684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456056326218443, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sample scanning electron microscopy image, figureFileSmall=czd/6FJDhF6XBJILULQ98A==, figureFileBig=ko0bKt5Eq2W1ljX7nuNe7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497626782335853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456056326218443, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CQ7RT7o6I6wVDt6I8uVNeQ==, figureFileBig=i4WGAvKXRaJqdLOR3tCn4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497626862027630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308456056326218443, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=In vitro dissolution curves for samples at different pH. 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GroupInclusion rate or adsorption rate/%Drug loading/%
CA-PSD83.71 ± 0.3620.93 ± 0.09
CA-β-CD72.47 ± 0.879.06 ± 0.11
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Inclusion or encapsulation rates and drug loading rates of different solidified products of CA.CA: trans-Cinnamaldehyde; PSD: Porous silica; β-CD: β-Cyclodextrin. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s

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GroupInclusion rate or adsorption rate/%Drug loading/%
CA-PSD83.71 ± 0.3620.93 ± 0.09
CA-β-CD72.47 ± 0.879.06 ± 0.11
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ParameterCACA-β-CDCA-PSD
t1/2/h0.591 ± 0.1662.013 ± 0.606**1.803 ± 1.125**
tmax/h0.111 ± 0.0680.208 ± 0.1650.319 ± 0.261*
Cmax/μg·mL-11.379 ± 0.2030.808 ± 0.120**1.430 ± 0.590
AUC0-t/μg·h·mL-10.797 ± 0.1441.08 ± 0.2251.128 ± 0.400*
AUC0-∞/μg·h·mL-11.120 ± 0.2801.963 ± 0.400**1.995 ± 0.665**
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Main pharmacokinetic parameters of cinnamic acid in rat plasma. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs CA

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ParameterCACA-β-CDCA-PSD
t1/2/h0.591 ± 0.1662.013 ± 0.606**1.803 ± 1.125**
tmax/h0.111 ± 0.0680.208 ± 0.1650.319 ± 0.261*
Cmax/μg·mL-11.379 ± 0.2030.808 ± 0.120**1.430 ± 0.590
AUC0-t/μg·h·mL-10.797 ± 0.1441.08 ± 0.2251.128 ± 0.400*
AUC0-∞/μg·h·mL-11.120 ± 0.2801.963 ± 0.400**1.995 ± 0.665**
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多孔二氧化硅吸附和环糊精包合对桂皮醛释放和药动学的影响
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李家政 1, 2 , 富雪丹 1, 2 , 张兰 1, 2 , 刘鑫 1, 2 , 肖婉 1, 2 , 宁青 1, 2 , 张振海 1, 2, * , 鞠建明 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(7): 2335-2341
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (7) : 2335 -2341
多孔二氧化硅吸附和环糊精包合对桂皮醛释放和药动学的影响
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李家政1, 2, 富雪丹1, 2, 张兰1, 2, 刘鑫1, 2, 肖婉1, 2, 宁青1, 2, 张振海1, 2, * , 鞠建明1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028
  • 2江苏省中医药研究院中药制剂工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210028
通讯作者:
张振海, Tel: 18913823932, E-mail:
鞠建明, Tel: 13951876731, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李家政负责论文撰写、体外释放、溶出实验和数据处理; 富雪丹负责论文修改和药动学实验; 张兰和刘鑫负责制剂研究、药动学实验; 肖婉负责药动学实验; 宁青负责实验指导; 张振海和鞠建明负责实验设计、论文修改和审核。

Effect of porous silica adsorption and β-cyclodextrin inclusion on the release and pharmacokinetics of trans-cinnamaldehyde
Jia-zheng LI1, 2, Xue-dan FU1, 2, Lan ZHANG1, 2, Xin LIU1, 2, Wan XIAO1, 2, Qing NING1, 2, Zhen-hai ZHANG1, 2, * , Jian-ming JU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Preparation, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1088
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探讨不同固化方式对桂皮醛(trans-cinnamaldehyde, CA) 的体外释放和药动学的影响。采用多孔二氧化硅吸附和β-环糊精包合对CA进行固化和表征, 测定释放度, 并对SD大鼠进行药动学研究。通过差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等分析技术验证了两种固化物的成功制备。在pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8的条件下, 两种固化方式均能显著提高CA的累积释放度, 多孔二氧化硅吸附加速了CA的初期体外释放, 大鼠的Cmax有所提高, AUC0-∞显著增加, β-环糊精包合可以延缓CA的初期体外释放, 大鼠体内Cmax明显降低, AUC0-∞显著增加。所有动物实验经江苏省中西医结合医院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理号: AEWC-20220815-230)。上述结果表明, 相对于CA, 多孔二氧化硅吸附可以提高CA的初期释放和AUC0-∞, β-环糊精包合CA则在一定程度上延缓了CA的初期释放, 降低了Cmax, 提高了AUC0-∞。

桂皮醛  /  多孔二氧化硅  /  β-环糊精  /  溶出  /  释放  /  药动学

This study investigates the effects of various curing methods on the dissolution, in vitro release, and pharmacokinetics of trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA). CA was cured and characterized using porous silica adsorption and β-cyclodextrin inclusion. The dissolution and release profiles were determined, followed by conducting comprehensive pharmacokinetic studies in SD rats. The successful preparation of the two cures was verified by analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Both curing methods significantly increased the cumulative dissolution and cumulative release of CA at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8. In comparison to free CA, the use of porous silica adsorption not only enhanced the in vitro release of CA but also significantly increased its Cmax and the AUC0-∞ in rats. β-Cyclodextrin inclusion delays CA release in vitro, decreases Cmax in vivo in rats and significantly increases AUC0-∞. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (Ethics Approval Number: AEWC-20220815-230). Our findings revealed that porous silica adsorption significantly enhanced both the in vitro release and the in vivo uptake rate of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Conversely, β-cyclodextrin inclusion of CA led to a noticeable retardation in its in vitro release and a moderate decrease in the in vivo uptake rate.

trans-cinnamaldehyde  /  porous silica  /  beta-cyclodextrin  /  dissolution  /  release  /  pharmacokinetics
李家政, 富雪丹, 张兰, 刘鑫, 肖婉, 宁青, 张振海, 鞠建明. 多孔二氧化硅吸附和环糊精包合对桂皮醛释放和药动学的影响. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2335 -2341 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1088
Jia-zheng LI, Xue-dan FU, Lan ZHANG, Xin LIU, Wan XIAO, Qing NING, Zhen-hai ZHANG, Jian-ming JU. Effect of porous silica adsorption and β-cyclodextrin inclusion on the release and pharmacokinetics of trans-cinnamaldehyde[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2335 -2341 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1088
桂皮醛(trans-cinnamaldehyde, CA) 是肉桂油的主要成分, 具有多种药理活性, 包括抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节活性[1-5]。研究发现, CA可通过调节肠道有益菌群、抑制促炎细胞因子的释放和减少氧化应激来治疗葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎[6-8]。此外, CA还具有治疗类风湿性关节炎的潜力[9]。但CA具有较强的挥发性, 且末端醛基导致其容易氧化, 化学稳定性差, 限制了其应用[10]。
多孔二氧化硅(porous silica, PSD) 吸附和β-环糊精(β-cyclodextrin, β-CD) 包合是提高挥发油稳定性的有效方法。多孔二氧化硅具有粒径小、比表面积大、生物相容性好、吸附性强等优点, 已被广泛用作口服药用辅料[11, 12]。使用多孔二氧化硅固化挥发油可以显著提高其稳定性, 减少挥发。然而, 目前还没有关于多孔二氧化硅固化CA及其体内外特性研究的报道。β-环糊精具有疏水空腔和亲水外部结构, 可以与挥发油形成包合物[13, 14]。CA环糊精包合物可以有效提高CA的稳定性和水溶性[15], 但对其体外释放特性以及体内药动学特性的研究尚无报道。
本研究分别采用多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精对桂皮醛进行固化, 系统研究了多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精固化CA的体内外特性, 为探索适合CA的固化方式提供实验依据。
仪器  百万分之一天平(MT5型, 瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司); 高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); 数控超声波清洗器(KQ-600DE, 昆山超声仪器有限公司); 旋转蒸发仪(RV10, 德国IKA公司); 控温震荡培养箱(KS 3000i control, 德国IKA公司)。
试剂与药物  肉桂醛原料药(批号: FY240F0219, 南通飞宇生物科技有限公司); 多孔二氧化硅(凝胶二氧化硅SYLOID 244FP, 批号: 1000373199, 北京凤礼精求医药股份有限公司); β-环糊精(批号: 20200503, 山东滨州智源科技有限公司); 桂皮醛(批号: 710200011)、肉桂酸(批号: 110786-201604) 购自中国食品药品研究院; 羧甲基纤维素钠(批号: 150701, 安徽山河药用辅料股份有限公司); 甲醇(批号: 20210603266, 山东禹王实业有限公司); 丙酮(批号: 220712375F, 南京化学试剂股份有限公司); 乙醇(批号: 202000319, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
动物  SPF级SD大鼠24只, 雄性, 体质量150~200 g, 由斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司提供, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010。饲养于江苏省中医药研究院动物实验中心。所有动物实验均按照《南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院实验动物饲养与使用指导原则》进行, 并经江苏省中西医结合医院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理号: AEWC-20220815-230)。
CA固化物制备  按照2∶1的质量比, 室温下, 将适量的二氧化硅和CA加入研钵中并均匀研磨, 得到质量比2∶1 (CA-PSD) 的固化粉末。
采用饱和水溶液法制备CA-β-环糊精(CA-β-CD) 包合物。按照1∶1的摩尔比准确称取适量的CA和β-CD, 然后将β-CD加入60 ℃的纯水中, 制备环糊精溶液。将CA溶解在无水乙醇中, 然后缓慢滴入恒温搅拌的环糊精溶液中并搅拌1.5 h, 然后移除热量, 使溶液冷却至室温。将溶液在4 ℃下冷藏12 h, 得到CA-β-CD包合物。当包合物完全沉淀后, 过滤溶液, 滤饼用丙酮洗涤3次, 在40 ℃下干燥, 得到CA-β-CD。
准确称取CA和β-CD, 以1∶1的摩尔比加入研钵中, 室温下充分研磨混合, 得到CA和β-CD的物理混合物(PM-CA-β-CD)。
桂皮醛含量测定  色谱条件: CA含量采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 测定。色谱条件如下Agilent C18色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为乙腈水溶液(45∶55), 流速为1.0 mL·min-1, 检测波长为290 nm, 柱温为30 ℃, 进样量为10 μL。
CA-PSD和CA-β-CD的表征
吸附率、包合率和药物负载量的测定  在10 mL量瓶中加入适量二氧化硅固化物或β-环糊精包合物, 加甲醇近刻度线, 将混合物超声15 min, 然后冷却至室温。再次将甲醇加至刻度线, 混匀, 以13 000 r·min-1的转速离心10 min。取出上清液进行高效液相色谱分析, 根据公式(1) 计算吸附率、公式(2) 计算包合率、公式(3) 计算载药量。
$ 吸附率 = (M_{吸} / M_{总}) × 100\% $
$ 包合率 = (M_{包} / M_{总}) × 100\% $
$ 载药量 = [M_{包/吸} / (M_{β-\text{CD/PSD}} + M_\text{CA})] × 100\% $
其中, M吸为多孔二氧化硅固化物中CA的质量; M包为β-环糊精包合物中CA的质量; MCA为加入CA的质量。
差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)  在氮气流下准确称取PSD、CA-PSD、PM-CA-β-CD、CA-β-CD和β-CD样品各约10 mg, 在DSC仪器根据结果绘制DSC曲线。
热重分析(thermogravimetry analysis, TG)  在铝坩埚中加入适量PSD、CA-PSD、PM-CA-β-CD、CA-β-CD和β-CD样品, 以10 ℃·min-1的速率加热。参比材料为α-氧化铝, 氮气流速为100 mL·min-1, 温度范围为20~800 ℃, 并对每个样品都进行了重复实验。
X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction, XRD)  将PSD、CA-PSD、PM-CA-β-CD、CA-β-CD和β-CD各100 mg的样品加入仪器的石英槽中, 从顶部将仪器安装在X射线固定器中, 使用X射线衍射仪对样品进行扫描。扫描速度为10°·min-1, 扫描范围为5°~90°, 目标材料为Cu靶(40 kV, 40 mA)。
傅立叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)  将约2 mg PSD、CA-PSD、PM-CA-β-CD、CA-β-CD、β-CD和CA样品与约200 mg溴化钾干粉在玛瑙研钵中混合并充分研磨。在压片机中加入适量的压片模。在400~4 000 cm-1波长范围内进行红外吸收光谱扫描, 每个样品平行扫描3次。
扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)  将适量的PSD、CA-PSD、CA-β-CD和β-CD样品固定在铝制短棒上的一小块双面胶带上。将样品粉末分散到铝棒表面。20 kV电压下, 使用SEM测量并拍摄样品的颗粒形状和表面特征。
体外溶出度研究  采用桨法考察CA-PSD、CA-β-CD和CA的体外溶出度。分别在0.9 L pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8的缓冲溶液中加入100 mg CA样品、相当于CA 100 mg的β-CD包合物或固化的CA粉末[16]。搅拌速度为50 r·min-1, 温度为37.0 ℃。5、10、15、20、30、45、60、90和120 min后, 取出2 mL样品, 并在溶解杯中补充等量缓冲液。使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤样品, 使用HPLC测定CA含量, 并计算累积溶出度。
体外释放度研究  采用振动台法研究了CA-PSD、CA-β-CD和CA在pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8的缓冲溶液中的体外释放行为。分别将10 mg CA、相当于10 mg CA的β-CD包合物或固化的CA粉末加入处理过的透析袋(分子质量截止值为1 000 Da) 中, 并加入少量溶解介质, 将密封好的透析袋分别置于200 mL溶解介质中[17]。温度控制在37 ± 0.5 ℃, 转速设定为140 r·min-1。分别在10、20、30 min, 以及1、2、4、6、8、10和12 h后取出2 mL样品, 并补充等量释放介质。使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤样品, 使用HPLC测定CA含量, 并计算累积释放率。
药动学研究
血浆样本采集  将24只无特定病原体的SD大鼠随机分为CA组、CA-β-CD包合物组、CA-PSD组, 每组6只。实验前大鼠禁食12 h, 灌胃给药相当于50 mg·kg-1 CA的剂量。在给药后5、15、30、45 min, 以及1、2、4、6、8、10和12 h后采集眼眶血样。将采集的血液样本置于含肝素钠的1.5 mL抗凝管中, 在4 ℃下以4 000 r·min-1的速度离心10 min。离心后, 收集上层血浆并保存在-80 ℃冰箱中。
血浆样本的处理  将血浆样品在室温下解冻, 然后将100 μL血浆样品精确测量到装有35 μL水杨酸内标溶液的1.5 mL离心管中。加入等量的365 μL甲醇, 在4 ℃下以13 000 r·min-1离心后得到上清液。由于CA进入体内会被快速代谢为肉桂酸, 故采用高效液相色谱法检测血浆中肉桂酸的含量。
统计学方法  使用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数, 实验结果采用平均值±标准偏差表示, 统计学分析采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 进行多组间比较, P < 0.05说明具有显著性差异。
结果如表1所示, CA-PSD的平均吸附率为83.71%, 平均载药量为20.93%。CA-β-CD的平均吸附率为72.47%, 平均载药量为9.06%。与β-CD相比, 用PSD固化CA吸附率更高, 并能够显著提高药物载量, 减少辅料用量。
DSC结果如图1A所示, CA-PSD与PSD的DSC曲线相似, 可能是由于CA被包埋在PSD的多孔结构后缓慢损失, 因此没有明显的吸热峰。由于结合到β-CD上的内部和外部水分子的蒸发, β-CD在约123.5 ℃处有一个明显的吸热峰。PM-CA-β-CD与β-CD存在相似的DSC曲线, 而CA-β-CD的DSC曲线中无特征峰, 异于PM-CA-β-CD与β-CD, 这可能是由于CA被包合在β-CD的疏水空腔, 取代了空腔中的水分子, 导致β-CD的特征吸热峰消失[18]。
TG结果如图1B所示, PSD在高温下并没有明显的质量损失, CA-PSD在约77~200 ℃时有明显的质量损失, 应为CA的损失。β-CD的质量损失主要分为两个阶段, 50~107 ℃时的质量损失, 约占总重量的10%, 这一阶段主要的损失可能是由于β-CD表面水分和空腔内部水分子的蒸发; 280~400 ℃时的质量损失, 为总重量的74%, 这部分的损失主要是由于β-CD的热分解[19]。由于CA的挥发性, PM-CA-β-CD的质量损失分为55~107、118~221.1和255~400 ℃ 3个阶段, 分别占总重量的10%、12%和60%。可能是由于水分的蒸发、CA的缓慢损失和β-CD的热分解。而在同样的温度范围内, CA-β-CD的质量损失只有50~110和254~424 ℃两个阶段, 是由于水分的损失和CA-β-CD持续缓慢的重量损失, 证明CA被β-CD包合成功, 且在300 ℃范围内CA-β-CD的损失较PM-CA-β-CD较少。
XRD结果如图1C所示, PSD、CA-PSD的XRD图谱基本相同, 均在15°~30°存在非晶峰, 表明CA以非晶态负载在PSD的孔结构中, 且并没有破坏孔结构。β-CD和PM-CA-β-CD在13°~30°存在较多的特征衍射峰, 而CA-β-CD在2θ为20°、22°、26°、34°附近的衍射峰强度减弱或基本消失, 这表明β-CD成功包合CA[17]。
FT-IR结果如图1D所示, CA在红外光谱中的特征吸收峰分别位于1 625、747和687 cm-1 (苯环中C=C、C-H和单取代伸缩振动)、1 669 cm-1 (C=O的伸缩振动)、2 814和2 743 cm-1 (醛基的C-H伸缩振动)。与PSD和CA的红外光谱相比, CA-PSD显示CA的特征吸收峰减弱, 表明CA成功吸附在PSD的孔隙中。β-CD的特征吸收峰在3 387 cm-1 (O-H的伸缩振动)、2 926 cm-1 (C-H的伸缩振动) 和1 029 cm-1 (C-O-C的伸缩振动) 处[11]。CA-β-CD的红外光谱与β-CD相似, CA-β-CD的CA特征吸收峰减小或消失, 进一步表明CA包合成功, CA进入了β-CD的疏水空腔[20]。
SEM图像如图2所示, PSD外观不规则, 呈颗粒状。PSD以2∶1的比例固化CA后, 形态大小没有发生明显变化。β-CD呈现为碎片状, 表面较为粗糙, 而CA-β-CD不同于β-CD, 大小、形貌发生了明显变化, 为表面较光滑的不规则块状, 表明CA与β-CD之间形成包合物, 物相结构发生改变。
体外溶出度测定结果如图3所示, 在pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8条件下, 采用PSD吸附和β-CD固化均可显著提高CA的溶出度。15 min内CA-PSD的溶出速率相较于其他两组更快, 说明使用PSD吸附CA可以加速CA的溶出。在pH值为4.5和6.8的溶出介质中, CA-PSD的累积溶出率低于CA-β-CD。由于二氧化硅在水溶液中的吸附行为在很大程度上取决于其电离和表面电荷, 当介质的pH值不同时, PSD表面所带的电荷种类和数量不同, 导致其吸附性能可能随着pH的变化而发生了改变[21]。
CA、CA-PSD与CA-β-CD在不同pH值的释放介质中的释放过程如图4所示, 采用两种不同方式对CA进行固化, 在不同pH值的释放介质中均可以提高CA的累积释放率。且2 h内CA-PSD的释放速率较CA与CA-β-CD更快, 表明使用PSD吸附CA可以加速CA的初期释放。
血药浓度曲线与主要药动学参数结果如表2、图5所示, 与CA组相比, CA-PSD组的t1/2和tmax明显延长, Cmax值无明显差异, 但AUC0-t和AUC0-∞明显增加, 说明CA-PSD进入大鼠体内后吸收速度较慢, 但口服生物利用度更高。与CA组相比, CA-β-CD组的半衰期显著延长, Cmax值显著降低, 曲线下面积AUC0-∞显著增加。CA-β-CD组的AUC0-t约为CA组的1.36倍, 这表明CA在形成包合物后具有缓释效应。
CA具有广泛的药理活性, 但挥发性导致其固体制剂制备难度大。多孔二氧化硅吸附性强, 辅料用量少。β-CD具有疏水空腔, 可以在不改变药物自身结构的条件下对药物进行包封[22]。本实验对多孔二氧化硅固化和β-CD包合技术进行了对比研究, 结果表明, 使用多孔二氧化硅吸附和β-环糊精包合都可以有效对CA进行固化。通过药物负载研究, 发现多孔二氧化硅的药物负载能力明显高于β-环糊精。XRD、FT-IR、DSC、TG和SEM结果表明, 多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精均能成功固化CA, 并提高了其热稳定性。体外溶出和体外释放可用于模拟药物在体内的溶解和释放。已有研究表明, 多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精可以改善药物的溶解和释放[11, 23]。作者考察了两种固化物在pH值为1.2、4.5和6.8时的体外溶出度和释放度。结果表明, 两种固化方式均显著提高了CA的累积溶出和释放度。CA-PSD可以快速释放CA并提高了溶出度和释放度, 这可能是由于多孔二氧化硅与水之间的相互作用强于多孔二氧化硅与CA之间的相互作用, 多孔二氧化硅巨大的表面积有助于CA的释放[11]。CA-β-CD的累积溶出度和释放度达到最大值的时间较CA-PSD更长, 但累积溶出度与释放度较CA-PSD更高, 表明β-环糊精在与CA形成包合物后具有一定的缓释作用。药动学研究结果表明, 多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精均能提高固化后CA的AUC0-∞。CA-β-CD组CA的Cmax值相对于原料药组显著降低, 半衰期延长, 说明CA从β-CD空腔中游离出来需要一个释放过程。
综上, 采用多孔二氧化硅吸附辅料用量较小, 固化物中CA的初期溶出和释放速率较快, 口服后药物的t1/2和tmax延长, AUC0-∞明显增加。β-环糊精包合辅料用量大, 具有一定的缓释作用, 口服后药物的半衰期显著延长, Cmax值显著降低, AUC0-t增加。多孔二氧化硅和β-环糊精固化CA各有特点, 需要根据CA的制剂要求选择合适的固化方式。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1088
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
  • 修回日期:2025-03-03
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    1南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028
    2江苏省中医药研究院中药制剂工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210028

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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