Article(id=1308455948700381568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0224, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740758400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-01, revisedDate=1745337600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889808106, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889808106, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889808106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889808106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1901, endPage=1910, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455949048508801, articleId=1308455948700381568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Effects of colloidal silicon dioxide on intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity in childhood mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of colloidal silica nanoparticles Aerosil 200 (A200) on intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity in childhood mice. Three-week-old BALB/c mice were administered A200 (20, 50, 200 mg·kg-1) via gavage for 7 days. Intestinal morphology, barrier function, immune cell phenotypes, and oral tolerance were systematically evaluated. Histopathological analysis of intestinal morphology revealed that no obvious pathological damage in the intestine. However, 200 mg·kg-1 A200 increased ileal villus length, reduced crypt depth. Functional assessments of the intestinal barrier demonstrated that 200 mg·kg-1 A200 upregulated ZO-1 in the ileum but downregulated it in the colon; The intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5 remained unchanged, while Mucin-2 increased and lysozyme decreased in the ileum. Analysis of immune cell phenotypes revealed that the 200 mg·kg-1 group exhibited elevated proportions of Treg and Th2 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, while serum and intestinal levels of TNF-α and IL-6 remained unaffected. Oral tolerance assays revealed no alteration in OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, or IgG2a antibody levels. Animal welfare and the animal experimental protocols were strictly consistent with related ethics regulations of Peking University Health Science Center (Approval No.: BCJB0076). In conclusion, A200 is generally safe for childhood mice but may modulate epithelial barrier proteins and immune cell phenotypes at high doses, which may provide insights into its pediatric application.

, authors=Cheng-ning ZHANG1, Si-yu YAO1, Long YANG1, Chun-yu WAN1, Ying CHEN2, *, Qiang ZHANG1, Xue-qing WANG1, *, authorsList=Cheng-ning ZHANG, Si-yu YAO, Long YANG, Chun-yu WAN, Ying CHEN, Qiang ZHANG, Xue-qing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying CHEN, Xue-qing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455952538169743, articleId=1308455948700381568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=胶体二氧化硅对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究胶体二氧化硅纳米颗粒Aerosil 200 (A200) 对幼年小鼠肠道屏障及黏膜免疫的影响。3周龄BALB/c小鼠持续1周灌胃给予不同剂量(20、50、200 mg·kg-1) 的A200, 综合评估其肠道形态、屏障功能、免疫细胞表型及口服耐受能力。肠道形态研究结果显示, 不同剂量A200未引起明显肠道病理损伤, 但200 mg·kg-1剂量组导致回肠绒毛长度增加、隐窝深度降低。屏障功能研究结果表明, 200 mg·kg-1剂量组导致回肠ZO-1蛋白表达上调而结肠ZO-1下调; 不同剂量组肠道干细胞标志物Lgr5无显著变化, 200 mg·kg-1组回肠Mucin-2升高、lysozyme减少。免疫细胞表型研究结果表明, 20、50 mg·kg-1组的肠系膜淋巴结的Treg、Th2细胞表型占比无明显变化, 200 mg·kg-1组Treg和Th2细胞比例增加, 但血清及回肠炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6) 水平未受影响。口服耐受实验结果表明, 不同剂量A200未改变OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平。所有动物实验经北京大学医学部实验动物科研伦理委员会审查(批准号: BCJB0076), 符合实验动物伦理相关规范。综上, 3种剂量A200对幼年小鼠肠道屏障及黏膜免疫总体安全, 但高剂量可能通过调节上皮屏障相关蛋白及免疫细胞表型产生潜在影响。这些结果为儿童用药安全性评估提供参考。

, authors=张成宁1, 姚思妤1, 杨龙1, 万淳钰1, 陈英2, *, 张强1, 王学清1, *, authorsList=张成宁, 姚思妤, 杨龙, 万淳钰, 陈英, 张强, 王学清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈英, 王学清, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张成宁负责文献查阅、实验设计、实验操作、数据分析及论文撰写; 姚思妤、杨龙、万淳钰负责部分实验操作和样品采集; 王学清、陈英和张强负责课题设计、指导、论文修改审阅及研究经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈英, E-mail:
王学清, E-mail:
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A: Scheme oral tolerance induction and the effects of A200 (20, 50, 200 mg·kg-1) administered by gavage for one week on oral tolerance in 3 week mice; B: OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in serum of oral toleranced mice. n = 5-6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=/TMxyQxGXn+MwNBMRuR19Q==, figureFileBig=Eiej2KEkSaPWfcT1K3Y/ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497326088483086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455948700381568, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/hDispersion mediumParticle size/nmPDIZeta potential/mV
0Water240.0 ± 4.30.239 ± 0.004-22.6 ± 0.71
SGF364.4 ± 22.70.463 ± 0.0710.068 ± 0.40
SIF318.1 ± 13.30.376 ± 0.048-19.0 ± 1.80
24Water220.4 ± 3.20.186 ± 0.018-19.5 ± 0.15
SGF528.1 ± 15.30.417 ± 0.0481.25 ± 0.95
SIF306.5 ± 4.70.256 ± 0.013-17.0 ± 1.28
), ArticleFig(id=1308497326512107792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455948700381568, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Particle size of A200 after incubated in water, SGF, and SIF for 0 and 24 h. PDI: Polymer dispersity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/hDispersion mediumParticle size/nmPDIZeta potential/mV
0Water240.0 ± 4.30.239 ± 0.004-22.6 ± 0.71
SGF364.4 ± 22.70.463 ± 0.0710.068 ± 0.40
SIF318.1 ± 13.30.376 ± 0.048-19.0 ± 1.80
24Water220.4 ± 3.20.186 ± 0.018-19.5 ± 0.15
SGF528.1 ± 15.30.417 ± 0.0481.25 ± 0.95
SIF306.5 ± 4.70.256 ± 0.013-17.0 ± 1.28
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胶体二氧化硅对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响
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张成宁 1 , 姚思妤 1 , 杨龙 1 , 万淳钰 1 , 陈英 2, * , 张强 1 , 王学清 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 1901-1910
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 1901 -1910
胶体二氧化硅对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响
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张成宁1, 姚思妤1, 杨龙1, 万淳钰1, 陈英2, * , 张强1, 王学清1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京大学药学院, 北京 100191
  • 2广东省药品检验所, 广东 广州 510700
通讯作者:
陈英, E-mail:
王学清, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张成宁负责文献查阅、实验设计、实验操作、数据分析及论文撰写; 姚思妤、杨龙、万淳钰负责部分实验操作和样品采集; 王学清、陈英和张强负责课题设计、指导、论文修改审阅及研究经费支持。

Effects of colloidal silicon dioxide on intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity in childhood mice
Cheng-ning ZHANG1, Si-yu YAO1, Long YANG1, Chun-yu WAN1, Ying CHEN2, * , Qiang ZHANG1, Xue-qing WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou 510700, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0224
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本研究旨在探究胶体二氧化硅纳米颗粒Aerosil 200 (A200) 对幼年小鼠肠道屏障及黏膜免疫的影响。3周龄BALB/c小鼠持续1周灌胃给予不同剂量(20、50、200 mg·kg-1) 的A200, 综合评估其肠道形态、屏障功能、免疫细胞表型及口服耐受能力。肠道形态研究结果显示, 不同剂量A200未引起明显肠道病理损伤, 但200 mg·kg-1剂量组导致回肠绒毛长度增加、隐窝深度降低。屏障功能研究结果表明, 200 mg·kg-1剂量组导致回肠ZO-1蛋白表达上调而结肠ZO-1下调; 不同剂量组肠道干细胞标志物Lgr5无显著变化, 200 mg·kg-1组回肠Mucin-2升高、lysozyme减少。免疫细胞表型研究结果表明, 20、50 mg·kg-1组的肠系膜淋巴结的Treg、Th2细胞表型占比无明显变化, 200 mg·kg-1组Treg和Th2细胞比例增加, 但血清及回肠炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6) 水平未受影响。口服耐受实验结果表明, 不同剂量A200未改变OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平。所有动物实验经北京大学医学部实验动物科研伦理委员会审查(批准号: BCJB0076), 符合实验动物伦理相关规范。综上, 3种剂量A200对幼年小鼠肠道屏障及黏膜免疫总体安全, 但高剂量可能通过调节上皮屏障相关蛋白及免疫细胞表型产生潜在影响。这些结果为儿童用药安全性评估提供参考。

儿童  /  胶体二氧化硅  /  肠道屏障  /  肠道黏膜免疫  /  口服耐受

This study aimed to investigate the effects of colloidal silica nanoparticles Aerosil 200 (A200) on intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity in childhood mice. Three-week-old BALB/c mice were administered A200 (20, 50, 200 mg·kg-1) via gavage for 7 days. Intestinal morphology, barrier function, immune cell phenotypes, and oral tolerance were systematically evaluated. Histopathological analysis of intestinal morphology revealed that no obvious pathological damage in the intestine. However, 200 mg·kg-1 A200 increased ileal villus length, reduced crypt depth. Functional assessments of the intestinal barrier demonstrated that 200 mg·kg-1 A200 upregulated ZO-1 in the ileum but downregulated it in the colon; The intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5 remained unchanged, while Mucin-2 increased and lysozyme decreased in the ileum. Analysis of immune cell phenotypes revealed that the 200 mg·kg-1 group exhibited elevated proportions of Treg and Th2 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, while serum and intestinal levels of TNF-α and IL-6 remained unaffected. Oral tolerance assays revealed no alteration in OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, or IgG2a antibody levels. Animal welfare and the animal experimental protocols were strictly consistent with related ethics regulations of Peking University Health Science Center (Approval No.: BCJB0076). In conclusion, A200 is generally safe for childhood mice but may modulate epithelial barrier proteins and immune cell phenotypes at high doses, which may provide insights into its pediatric application.

childhood  /  colloidal silica  /  intestinal barrier  /  mucosal immunity  /  oral tolerance
张成宁, 姚思妤, 杨龙, 万淳钰, 陈英, 张强, 王学清. 胶体二氧化硅对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1901 -1910 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0224
Cheng-ning ZHANG, Si-yu YAO, Long YANG, Chun-yu WAN, Ying CHEN, Qiang ZHANG, Xue-qing WANG. Effects of colloidal silicon dioxide on intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity in childhood mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1901 -1910 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0224
随着纳米颗粒在食品和药物制剂中的广泛应用, 其生物安全性也日益受到广泛关注。研究表明, 食品级的二氧化钛、二氧化硅纳米颗粒口服会导致小鼠肠道屏障黏液厚度减少, 引发黏液相关菌群紊乱, 产生炎症[1]、抑制小鼠口服耐受的诱导[2, 3]。儿童的肠道屏障处于发育阶段, 儿童的绒毛高度、表面积及隐窝深度等形态学参数与成人有差别[4]。儿童的肠道通透性也高于成人, 且与年龄呈现负相关[5, 6]。新生儿出生的最初几天, 肠上皮具有较高的通透性, 能够使初乳免疫球蛋白(IgA和IgM) 易位, 在新生儿肠道具有免疫效果。在出生72 h后, 初乳中含有的生长因子会启动肠道闭合, 减低肠道通透性。儿童至成年期, 肠道通透性会进一步降低[5]。与成人相比, 儿童肠道相关淋巴组织的发育也尚未成熟。组织水平上, 儿童肠道中的派氏结的数量会随年龄增加, 并在青春期达到峰值, 随后会减少并趋于稳定[7]; 儿童小肠的独立淋巴滤泡含量也高于成人和老年时期[8]。细胞水平上, 儿童小肠的肠道淋巴组织中的幼稚性T细胞和Treg细胞的含量均高于成人时期[8]。这些差异均可能造成儿童对纳米颗粒的免疫应答与成人不同[9]。由于儿童临床、实验研究的特殊性, 口服纳米颗粒在儿童群体的相关表现缺乏系统研究, 口服纳米颗粒对儿童肠道屏障及黏膜免疫有什么影响尚不清楚。
胶体二氧化硅Aerosil 200 (A200) 在药物制剂中应用广泛, 具有悬浮稳定剂、助流剂、增稠剂[10]等作用, 在口服混悬液或喷雾剂中能有效减少颗粒沉降, 提高稳定性。A200是一种无孔、亲水性的气相二氧化硅, 比表面积为200 m2·g-1, 单体颗粒的平均粒径为12 nm。它通常以纳米级(10~1 000 nm) 至微米级(> 1 μm) 团聚体的形式存在[11]。有研究表明, 暴露于A200的斑马鱼胚胎中观察到中性粒细胞数量显著增加[12]; 也有研究表明, 每天口服1 000 mg·kg-1的二氧化硅NM-200对大鼠的生殖性能和连续两代的子代生长发育无不良影响[13]。本课题组前期研究表明, 口服的A200能够穿过大鼠肠道上皮, 也能进入肠道派氏结, 并能增加小鼠血浆中炎性因子TNF、MCP-1的水平和CD4+淋巴细胞亚群的数量[14]。但目前对A200在儿童群体的生物安全性研究有限。故本研究以A200为研究对象, 探究其口服后对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响, 包括对肠道绒毛长度和隐窝深度、上皮屏障相关蛋白、肠道细胞增殖与分化相关蛋白、肠系膜淋巴结(mesenteric lymph nodes, MLN) T细胞表型、肠道炎症因子, 以及口服耐受的影响。
试剂   鸡卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 完全弗氏佐剂(Sigma-Aldrich公司); HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG、含有DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂、BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒、RIPA裂解液、蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgE抗体(SouthernBiotech公司); Ghost DyeTM Violet 450 (TONBO Bioscience公司); FITC anti-mouse CD45、APCCy7 anti-mouse CD3、PECy7 anti-mouse CD4、PE anti-mouse FOXP3、APC anti-mouse GATA-3、ELISA MAX Deluxe Set Mouse TNF-α试剂盒、ELISA MAX Deluxe Set Mouse IL-6试剂盒(美国BioLegend公司); BV605 anti-mouse T-bet、BV786 anti-mouse Rorγ-t (BD Bioscience公司); 破膜液Permeabilization Buffer (10×, Invitrogen公司); 4%多聚甲醛(武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司)。
动物   3周龄的雌性BALB/c小鼠购于北京大学医学部动物部。将小鼠在SPF条件下饲养, 自由获取标准啮齿动物食物和水。动物实验经北京大学医学部实验动物科研伦理委员会审查(批准号: BCJB0076), 实验动物使用许可证号: SYXK (京) 2021-0064。
仪器   透射电子显微镜(JEM 1200 EX, 日本电子公司); 扫描电子显微镜(JSM-7900F, 日本电子公司); 纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪(Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS, 英国马尔文公司); 自动脱蜡水化仪, 石蜡切片机, 自动脱蜡水化染色仪(德国Leica公司); 数字病理切片扫描仪(WS-10, 江苏智跃医疗科技有限公司); 六激光流式细胞仪(Cytoflex LX, 美国贝克曼公司); 低温高速组织研磨仪(KZ-Ⅲ-F, 武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司); Polaris多光谱组织成像定量分析系统(PerkinElmer Vectra Polaris, 美国珀金埃尔默公司)。
纳米粒的获取与表征   胶体二氧化硅纳米粒Aerosil 200 Pharma (A200) 由IMCD China (EVONIK) 公司赠送。将适量的A200粉末固定于双面导电胶上, 表面镀金后采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 观察A200固体颗粒的微观形态; 通过动态光散射法测定A200在水溶液中的流体动力学直径和表面电荷。为了探究A200在体外模拟胃肠道环境中粒径及形态的变化, 参考《中华人民共和国药典》所述配方配制人工胃、肠液。将纳米粒加入水、人工胃液和人工肠液中, 配置成2 mg·mL-1的混悬液, 水浴超声15 min, 随后置于空气浴摇床中以37 ℃, 100 r·min-1的条件振摇, 并分别于0、24 h取样测量粒径; 分别用水、人工胃液和人工肠液配置2、5、20 mg·mL-1的混悬液, 在37 ℃, 100 r·min-1的条件下孵育, 拍照0和24 h样品的外观图像, 随后振摇重悬A200混悬液并拍照, 并取24 h样品用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 观察, 将样品冻干后用SEM观察。
给药方案及样本制备0~5周龄小鼠相当于人类的0~12岁, 3周小鼠处于刚断乳阶段, 故本文以3周龄小鼠作为动物模型来模拟人类生长发育过程中的儿童阶段[15, 16]。经FDA官网查询口服混悬剂中胶体二氧化硅辅料每日暴露量[17], 并在儿童与小鼠之间进行等效剂量系数折算, 得到小鼠的胶体二氧化硅常用剂量为10~50 mg·kg-1。故本文选用20、50 mg·kg-1代表制剂中的常用剂量, 200 mg·kg-1代表高剂量, 考察A200对幼年小鼠安全性的影响。取3周龄的BALB/c小鼠, 随机分成4组, 每组3只, 分别灌胃给予不同剂量的A200 (20、50、200 mg·kg-1) 和同等体积的水, 连续7天。第8天处死小鼠, 取出回肠和结肠, 分别剪下1~2 cm, 用注射器吸取PBS轻轻冲洗肠腔内容物2或3次, 将清洗好的肠段放入4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 过夜脱水后制备组织石蜡包埋块, 备用; 另外, 每只小鼠取50 mg左右回肠和结肠, 制备肠道组织蛋白裂解液, 备用。
苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色、阿利新蓝染色用石蜡切片机将组织包埋块切成5 μm的切片, 用自动脱蜡水化染色仪进行H & E染色和阿利新蓝染色, 用数字病理切片扫描仪进行切片扫描。
绒毛长度、隐窝深度测定使用Nano Measurer 1.2软件统计H & E染色切片上的肠道绒毛长度、隐窝深度。每只小鼠选取3个不同的横切面视野, 对视野中竖直、完整的绒毛和隐窝进行长度和深度的统计分析, 每组含40~60个绒毛或隐窝。
肠道紧密连接相关蛋白ZO-1、E-cadherin的免疫荧光观察取石蜡切片60 ℃烤片1 h, 使用自动脱蜡抗原修复仪进行抗原修复。在组织上滴加免疫染色封闭液并37 ℃孵育1 h; 封闭结束用PBS洗涤, 甩干后滴加一抗, 4 ℃避光孵育过夜, PBS洗涤3次, 滴加对应的二抗稀释液, 于37 ℃孵育1 h, 吸取抗体后用PBS洗涤4或5次, 用含有DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片, 并使用Polaris多光谱组织成像定量分析系统进行切片扫描。每张照片平均分为4部分, 用ImageJ对每个区域进行平均荧光强度定量和统计。
肠道组织蛋白的Western blot检测BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒测定肠道组织蛋白裂解液中的蛋白浓度, 并调整样品的蛋白浓度相同, 加入适量SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液, 100 ℃水浴5 min。将每组3只小鼠的样品等比例混合, 上样20 μg蛋白量, 恒压电泳分离蛋白, 转膜, 5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h, 一抗ZO-1、E-cadherin、Lgr5、lysozyme、Mucin-2、β-catenin、cleaved caspase-3、GAPDH, 4 ℃孵育过夜, 用TBST洗膜3次, 每次10 min, 二抗室温孵育2 h, 再次用TBST洗膜3次, 每次10 min, 随后发光显影。
给药方案及样本收集取3周龄的BALB/c小鼠, 随机分成4组, 每组5只。分别灌胃给予不同剂量的A200 (20、50、200 mg·kg-1) 和同等体积的水, 连续7天。第8天处死小鼠, 收集血清, 保存于-80 ℃冰箱, 备用; 收集回肠组织, 保存于液氮中, 备用; 收集MLN, 立即进行T细胞表型分析。
流式细胞术检测MLN中T细胞表型使用玻璃匀浆器将MLN分散成单细胞, 经70 μm滤网过滤后收集单细胞悬液, 400 r·min-1、4 ℃离心5 min, 弃去上清, 往细胞沉淀中加入1 mL的Ghost DyeTM Violet 450染料稀释液重悬, 冰上孵育30 min进行死活细胞染色, 孵育结束后用预冷的PBS洗涤细胞1次。每管细胞加入100 μL的FITC anti-mouse CD45、APCCy7 anti-mouse CD3、PECy7 anti-mouse CD4流式荧光抗体工作液, 冰上避光孵育20 min, 孵育结束后用预冷的PBS洗涤1次, 使用4%多聚甲醛室温孵育细胞20 min完成固定, 固定结束后用预冷的PBS洗涤1次。用细胞破膜液洗涤细胞4次, 加入100 μL的PE anti-mouse FOXP3、APC anti-mouse GATA-3、BV605 anti-mouse T-bet、BV786 anti-mouse Rorγ-t流式荧光抗体工作液, 冰上孵育25 min, 洗涤1次。将细胞通过300目细胞筛网过滤入流式管, 并使用流式细胞仪分析不同表型T细胞的比例。
血清和回肠组织炎症细胞因子水平检测   取液氮中保存的回肠组织50 mg置于组织研磨管中, 加入2 mL组织裂解液(RIPA裂解液/蛋白酶抑制剂/磷酸酶抑制剂50∶1∶1), 用低温高速组织研磨仪以70 Hz、-10 ℃、10 min的条件充分研磨组织, 研磨结束后以12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃、10 min的条件离心, 离心结束后, 轻轻吸取上清液到1.5 mL EP管中, 即为回肠组织裂解液。用TNF-α的ELISA试剂盒、IL-6的ELISA试剂盒对血清中TNF-α、回肠组织裂解液中的TNF-α和IL-6进行检测。
给药方案与样本收集取3周龄的BALB/c小鼠, 随机分成5组, 每组5至6只, 分别为: ①未诱导口服耐受组(PBS)、②诱导口服耐受组(blank), 及③~⑤灌胃7天A200后诱导口服耐受组(20、50、200 mg·kg-1)。
不同剂量的A200组分别灌胃给予20、50、200 mg·kg-1的A200, PBS和blank组灌胃同等体积的纯水, 连续7天。第8天小鼠灌胃给予含有25 mg OVA的PBS溶液200 µL诱导口服耐受, 未诱导口服耐受组灌胃同等体积的PBS作为对照; 第15天, 所有小鼠尾基部皮下注射含有100 μg OVA的完全弗氏佐剂-抗原乳液, 刺激小鼠特异性免疫反应; 皮下免疫21天后处死小鼠, 收集血清, -80 ℃下保存, 备用。
血清OVA特异性抗体水平检测使用ELISA测定血清中OVA特异性抗体的水平, 方法如下: 取96孔平底聚苯乙烯板, 每孔加入含10 µg·mL-1 OVA的NaHCO3缓冲液(0.05 mol·L-1, pH 9.6) 100 µL, 4 ℃下包被过夜。用0.05% (v/v) Tween-20 PBS溶液洗涤, 然后用2% BSA PBS溶液在37 ℃封闭2 h。洗涤后, 加入血清样品稀释液100 µL, 37 ℃孵育2 h。洗涤4次, 向每孔中加入HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG、IgG1或IgG2a抗体(1/2 000) 100 μL, 并在37 ℃下孵育1 h。洗涤5次, 加入TMB溶液100 µL进行显色反应。15 min后, 加入2 mol·L-1 H2SO4 100 μL中断反应, 并使用酶标仪在450 nm处读取吸光度(OD) 值。
统计学方法   使用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行分析, 数据用$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示。数据采用非配对双尾t检验(unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test) 和单因素方差分析(one way ANOVA) 进行显著性分析。除另有说明外, P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
A200的推荐使用浓度为0.5%~3%, 可以确保药物在储存期间保持均匀分散, 使用时通过振摇快速恢复流动性, 符合儿童用药对剂型顺应性的要求。
将不同浓度的A200分散在纯水、人工胃液、人工肠液中, 所得纳米混悬液均具有淡蓝色乳光。孵育24 h后均有一定的沉降, 且浓度越低沉降越明显(图1A)。通过振摇, 在纯水、人工胃液中沉降的A200可以重新分散, 与0 h状态类似, 而人工肠液沉降的A200虽然会有一些颗粒聚集, 但仍处于混悬分散状态(图1A)。以上结果验证了A200的助悬效果, 可以在使用时通过振摇快速均匀分散和恢复流动性。
动态光散射法测定粒径和电位结果表明, A200在纯水中粒径为240 nm左右, 带负电, 孵育24 h后粒径无明显变化; A200在SGF、SIF中都有一定的聚集, 粒径增大为364和318 nm, 孵育24 h后分别变为528和306 nm (表1, 图1C)。扫描电镜结果显示, 在纯水、人工胃液、人工肠液中孵育24 h后A200混悬液的冻干产物颗粒形态类似, 是纳米粒的团状集合(图1B); 透射电镜结果也表明在这3种介质中, A200颗粒呈现出相似的不规则的聚集体状态(图1B)。以上结果均说明A200在不同介质中的形态和颗粒状态稳定, 有利于其在药物制剂中发挥其功能。
人类肠道每日都接受大量的微生物和食物外来抗原, 肠道免疫系统稳态下能够对有益微生物做出适当的反应, 同时针对入侵病原体产生主动免疫。肠道稳态的破坏会导致炎症性肠病[18]。肠道屏障由黏液层、上皮细胞、紧密连接蛋白及免疫细胞等组成, 是抵御病原体和毒素入侵的关键防线[19]。本部分重点考察了A200对幼年小鼠肠道上皮屏障的影响。
周龄小鼠持续1周灌胃A200,其肠道H&E染色、阿利新蓝染色结果显示, 不同剂量的A200组小鼠肠道没有绒毛倒伏、细胞浸润、炎症反应等实质性损伤(图2A); 肠道黏液、杯状细胞没有明显变化(图2B), 说明不同剂量的A200对小鼠肠道没有造成宏观上的病理损伤。
肠道绒毛长度、隐窝深度统计结果显示, 与对照组相比, 20、200 mg·kg-1组的回肠绒毛长度升高, 50 mg·kg-1组无显著性差异(图2C); 200 mg·kg-1组回肠隐窝深度降低, 20、50 mg·kg-1组没有显著性变化; 3个剂量组结肠隐窝深度均降低, 以上结果说明大剂量的A200会对幼年小鼠的肠道绒毛长度、隐窝深度产生一定的影响。肠道上皮细胞是肠道干细胞不断增殖和分化完成更新的, 绒毛的长度、面积、绒毛长度/隐窝深度等指数与营养吸收和肠道健康高度相关[20]; Yu等[21]研究发现PS NPs联合暴露能够增强DEHP对小鼠的肠道损伤, 引起肠道绒毛长度减少、隐窝深度增加、黏液覆盖减少、Mucin-2表达水平下调等。大剂量的A200能够造成绒毛长度增加, 隐窝深度降低, 说明大剂量的A200对肠道屏障具有一定的影响。
免疫荧光法和Westernblot法考察紧密连接关键蛋白ZO-1和黏着连接关键蛋白E-cadherin的变化。免疫荧光染色结果显示(图3A), 不同剂量组的回肠、结肠组织中的ZO-1、E-cadherin的免疫荧光染色与对照组没有显著性差异, 但200 mg·kg-1组回肠的ZO-1平均荧光强度存在一定上升的趋势; 肠道组织Western blot结果表明(图3B), 与blank组相比, 20和50 mg·kg-1组ZO-1无明显改变, 但200 mg·kg-1在回肠略有增加、在结肠中略有降低, E-cadherin在3个剂量组没有明显差别。肠道上皮屏障对肠道稳态健康至关重要, 紧密连接蛋白ZO-1是上皮机械屏障的重要组成部分, 可以维持正常的细胞旁通透性, 防止大分子有毒物质侵入人体[22]。E-cadherin是一种钙依赖型的细胞黏附蛋白, 调节细胞与细胞间黏附并维持上皮组织的结构和功能完整性, E-cadherin表达减少或异常会中断细胞间的联系, 从而使细胞能够迁移[23]。大剂量的A200能够造成幼年小鼠肠道中ZO-1蛋白在回肠中增加、结肠中降低, 说明大剂量的A200对上皮屏障有一定影响, 需要予以关注。
为了进一步检测A200对肠道细胞增殖与分化的影响, 通过Western blot检测肠道中肠道干细胞标志物Lgr5及lysozyme、Mucin-2、β-catenin、cleaved caspase-3等相关蛋白。结果如图4所示, 不同剂量的A200对Lgr5没有明显影响; 与对照组相比, 回肠中200 mg·kg-1组的Mucin-2升高、不同剂量组的lysozyme蛋白都降低。肠上皮细胞是由肠道干细胞通过不断分裂分化完成更新的, Lgr5是肠道干细胞标志物[24], lysozyme、Mucin-2能显示潘氏细胞、杯状细胞的分泌状态和分化状态, 是肠道细胞为了应对细菌感染和炎症分泌的物质[25], β-catenin是Wnt通路的重要信号分子[26], cleaved caspase-3是细胞凋亡标志物[27]。以上结果说明, A200对肠道干细胞的增殖没有明显影响, 但是可能对杯状细胞和潘氏细胞产生影响, 引起Mucin-2升高、lysozyme减低, 引发这个现象的原因和机制仍有待研究。
总之, 以上结果说明不同剂量的A200对幼年小鼠肠道屏障没有造成明显的病理损伤, 但是大剂量的A200能够造成绒毛长度增加, 隐窝深度降低, 并使得回肠中ZO-1蛋白增加, 还造成回肠Mucin-2升高、lysozyme减低, 可能对肠道屏障具有潜在的影响。
在肠道黏膜免疫系统中, 肠道引流MLN和肠道相关淋巴组织是肠道免疫的诱导位点; 肠道固有层和肠道上皮是肠道免疫系统的效应位点[18]。本部分重点考察了A200对幼年小鼠MLN中T细胞表型和回肠炎症因子的影响。
为了探究A200对幼年小鼠的肠道黏膜免疫的影响, 给3周龄小鼠灌胃1周不同剂量的A200混悬液, 然后利用流式细胞术检测小鼠MLN中的T细胞表型(Treg、Th1、Th2、Th17) 的变化。流式细胞术统计结果显示(图5A), 与blank组相比, 20、50 mg·kg-1组的Treg、Th2细胞表型占比没有明显变化, 200 mg·kg-1组Treg、Th2细胞表型占比增加; 不同剂量组的Th1、Th17细胞表型占比与blank组之间没有显著性差异, 但是都存在一定上升的趋势。MLN是肠道黏膜免疫系统的重要组成部分, 树突状细胞从肠腔中摄取可溶性抗原, 然后迁移到MLN, 并将抗原呈递给幼稚T细胞, 诱导调节性或促炎性CD4+ T细胞亚群的分化[28]。大剂量的A200能够引起Treg、Th2细胞表型占比增加, Th1、Th17细胞表型也存在一定上升的趋势, 说明大剂量A200可能会促进MLN中幼稚性T细胞的激活, 并且偏向于免疫抑制性的反应。
血清和回肠炎症细胞因子水平检测结果(图5B) 显示, 与blank组相比, 不同剂量组的血清TNF-α水平、回肠TNF-α水平、回肠IL-6水平都没有显著性差异。TNF-α具有促炎功能, 能够激活内皮细胞和免疫细胞, 诱导其他炎症因子(如IL-1、IL-6) 释放, 促进T细胞激活, 在肠道免疫调控中具有重要的作用; IL-6也能够促进炎症反应和T细胞分化。不同剂量组对血清TNF-α, 肠道TNF-α、IL-6无明显影响, 说明A200没有引起幼年小鼠肠道黏膜免疫炎症反应。以上结果表明A200在幼年小鼠中是比较安全的, 虽然对肠道黏膜免疫有一定影响, 如引起MLN中Treg、Th2细胞的上调, 但并未引发明显的炎症反应。
口服耐受是口服无害抗原(如食物蛋白) 后对该抗原产生的局部和全身免疫耐受状态。口服耐受与肠道炎症疾病、食物过敏等疾病密切相关。儿童口服耐受的诱导能够预防和治疗食物过敏, 对儿童健康安全十分重要[29]。因此本部分构建了幼年小鼠口服耐受模型用于探究A200对幼年小鼠口服耐受的影响。
按照图6A所示流程构建幼年小鼠的口服耐受模型, 在实验结束后检测血清中的OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体的水平。与PBS组相比, 灌胃大剂量OVA (25 mg) 以诱导口服耐受的blank组的血清OVA特异性IgG、IgG1显著降低, 说明口服耐受模型造模成功(图6B)。血清抗体水平结果显示, 与blank组相比, 不同剂量的A200组小鼠血清中的OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a都没有显著性差异(图6B), 说明A200灌胃1周对肠道的相关影响并不会影响3周龄小鼠的口服耐受的诱导。口服耐受对肠道免疫稳态和肠道疾病都具有重要的作用, 能够预防肠道内存在的大量膳食和微生物抗原引起的炎症反应[30, 31], 同时, 肠道中的免疫系统紊乱、肠道菌群紊乱也会导致口服耐受的受损[32]。3周龄小鼠灌胃1周A200后诱导口服耐受, 小鼠血清中的OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a并没有明显变化, 说明A200对幼年小鼠的口服耐受没有明显影响, 在肠道黏膜免疫方面比较安全。
本研究以胶体二氧化硅A200为对象探究了口服不同剂量的A200纳米颗粒对幼年小鼠肠道屏障和黏膜免疫的影响。结果显示, 不同剂量A200未引起明显肠道病理损伤, 但200 mg·kg-1组导致回肠绒毛长度增加、隐窝深度降低, 回肠ZO-1蛋白表达上调而结肠ZO-1下调。肠道干细胞标志物Lgr5无显著变化, 但200 mg·kg-1组回肠Mucin-2升高、lysozyme减少。MLN中, 20、50 mg·kg-1组的Treg、Th2细胞表型占比无明显变化, 200 mg·kg-1组Treg和Th2细胞比例增加, 血清及回肠炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6) 水平未受影响。口服耐受实验结果表明, 不同剂量A200未改变OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平, 对幼年小鼠的口服耐受无明显影响。综上, 3种剂量A200对幼年小鼠肠道屏障及黏膜免疫总体安全, 但高剂量可能通过调节上皮屏障相关蛋白及免疫细胞表型产生潜在影响, 需要予以关注。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0224
  • 接收时间:2025-03-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-01
  • 修回日期:2025-04-23
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    1北京大学药学院, 北京 100191
    2广东省药品检验所, 广东 广州 510700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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