Article(id=1308455925459735188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733673600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-09, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889802565, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889802565, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889802565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889802565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1911, endPage=1919, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455925669450389, articleId=1308455925459735188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Wettability regulation, preparation process optimization and performance characterization of pollen drug delivery systems, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the transformation of wettability of phosphoric acid-treated pollen after treatment with different reagents, to optimize the preparation of the wettability-transformed pollen sporopollenin carrier system to find the optimal alkali treatment conditions, and to characterize its structure and surface morphology, we first analyzed the wettability of the original pollen and the acid-dissolved pollen, measured the water contact angle of the acid-dissolved pollen treated with each reagent with the help of a contact angle tester, conducted a one-way test on the alkali treatment conditions that could transform the wettability of the pollen, explored the influence of the optimization of the conditions for the preparation of the hydrophilic pollen sporopollenin carriers by using a response surface methodology and the glycerol absorption time as the response value, and carried out a validation and verification test on the process parameters. The process parameters were verified and validation tests were conducted, and finally the sporopollenin was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The contact angle test showed that the water contact angle of pollen after acid digestion was 135.1°, which was changed to 16° after NaOH treatment, and the contact angle of glycerol was changed from 140.8° to 9.6°. The best alkali treatment process was obtained through the optimization of one-factor test and response surface method, and the final optimization conditions were obtained according to the actual experimental process: the volume of NaOH was 105 mL, i.e., 15 times the volume of pollen, and the concentration of NaOH was 1.5 mol·L-1. The stirring time was 18 h, and the stirring temperature was 85 ℃. Under these conditions, three parallel experiments were carried out to verify the wettability of Codonopsis pollen and Lotus pollen respectively, in which the average value of Codonopsis pollen results was 58 s, and the average value of Lotus pollen results was 49 s, and the RSD was less than 5%. The wettability study revealed that pollen sporopollenin changed from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity after NaOH treatment, and according to the results of response surface optimization, the prepared alkali-treated pollen sporopollenin showed a significantly shorter time for complete glycerol absorption and a better hydrophilicity with a water contact angle of close to 0°, which is a reproducible process and a stable and reliable preparative process, and theoretically, will be more conducive to the loading of hydrophilic drugs.

, authors=Cong DONG1, Zhong-juan JI1, Jia SI1, Xiao-ran HAN1, Qing LIU1, Xiang CHENG1, Hai-yan LI2, *, Xiang-qun JIN1, *, authorsList=Cong DONG, Zhong-juan JI, Jia SI, Xiao-ran HAN, Qing LIU, Xiang CHENG, Hai-yan LI, Xiang-qun JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-yan LI, Xiang-qun JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455926801912478, articleId=1308455925459735188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=花粉载药体系的润湿性调控、制备工艺优化与性能表征, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探究经磷酸处理后花粉在不同试剂处理后其润湿性的转变, 对润湿性转变后的花粉孢粉素载药体系的制备方法进行优化找到最佳碱处理条件, 并对其结构及表面形貌进行表征。本研究先对原花粉以及酸解后花粉润湿性进行分析, 借助接触角测试仪测量经各试剂处理后的酸解后花粉的水接触角, 并对可转变花粉润湿性的碱处理条件进行单因素试验, 采用响应面法并以甘油完全吸收时间为响应值探究影响亲水性花粉孢粉素载体制备条件优化, 并进行工艺参数验证及验证性试验, 最后通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜对孢粉素进行表征。接触角测试表明酸解后花粉水接触角为135.1°, 经NaOH处理后转变为16°, 甘油接触角由140.8°转变为9.6°, 经单因素试验及响应面法优化处理得出最佳碱处理工艺并根据实际实验过程得到最终的优化条件为NaOH体积为105 mL即花粉体积的15倍量, NaOH浓度为1.5 mol·L-1, 搅拌时间为18 h, 搅拌温度为85 ℃。在此条件下分别进行党参花粉和荷花花粉的3次平行实验验证, 其中党参花粉结果平均值为58 s, 荷花花粉结果平均值为49 s, 且RSD均小于5%。通过润湿性研究发现在NaOH处理后花粉孢粉素由疏水性转变为亲水性, 根据响应面优化结果显示出, 所制备的碱处理后的花粉孢粉素的甘油完全吸收时间明显缩短, 水接触角接近0°, 具有较好的亲水性, 该过程重现性好, 制备工艺稳定可靠, 理论上将更利于亲水性药物的负载。

, authors=董聪1, 纪忠娟1, 司佳1, 韩晓冉1, 刘晴1, 程祥1, 李海燕2, *, 金向群1, *, authorsList=董聪, 纪忠娟, 司佳, 韩晓冉, 刘晴, 程祥, 李海燕, 金向群, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李海燕, 金向群, authorNote=

作者贡献:

董聪负责实验实施、数据处理和撰写文章; 纪忠娟和司佳负责花粉前处理和润湿性调节; 韩晓冉和刘晴负责单因素试验部分; 程祥负责数据记录; 李海燕、金向群负责实验设计与论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李海燕, Tel: 13944163658, E-mail:
金向群, Tel: 13844090377, E-mail:
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A: Acid treatment after protein removal water contact angle; B: Acetone treatment after water contact angle; C: Dichloromethane treatment after water contact angle; D: Anhydrous ethanol treatment after water contact angle; E: Sodium hydroxide treatment after water contact angle; F: Acid treatment after protein removal glycerol contact angle; G: Acetone treatment after glycerol contact angle; H: Dichloromethane treatment after glycerol contact angle; I: Anhydrous ethanol treatment after glycerol contact angle; J: Sodium hydroxide treatment after glycerol contact angle, figureFileSmall=qH2Fo0R3OywACP0r6XSpfQ==, figureFileBig=ZJhO3I5131sAKUyM9MNt/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497850699441046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455925459735188, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZfzbyR95hyoDOlUgRJWmQg==, figureFileBig=eep0v55m8Vlqz6fQhOWNJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497850812687255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455925459735188, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=One-way experiment and response surface results. A: Effect of sodium hydroxide dosage on complete absorption time of glycerol; B: Effect of stirring time on the time of complete absorption of glycerin; C: Effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on the time to complete absorption of glycerol; D: Effect of stirring temperature on the complete absorption time of glycerol; E: Response surface plots showing the effects of different extraction parameters on the yield of pectic polysaccharide, figureFileSmall=ZfzbyR95hyoDOlUgRJWmQg==, figureFileBig=eep0v55m8Vlqz6fQhOWNJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497850917544856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455925459735188, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q5mwGqDNxEWbI7Ui3UKVgA==, figureFileBig=xayyGeeDzL17yAQXc1V9Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497851005625241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455925459735188, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of pollen. 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CodeFactorLevel
AVolume of sodium hydroxide/mL70105140
BSodium hydroxide concentration/mol·L-10.51.252
CStirring time/h121824
DTemperature/℃7085100
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Factor level table

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CodeFactorLevel
AVolume of sodium hydroxide/mL70105140
BSodium hydroxide concentration/mol·L-10.51.252
CStirring time/h121824
DTemperature/℃7085100
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NumberABCDGlycerol complete absorption time/s
110521870421
21401.251870321
3701.2518100201
41051.25188569
51051.25188585
6105218100359
710522485313
81050.518100173
91401.251285297
101051.251270311
111050.51285301
121400.51885234
13701.252485112
141051.2512100277
15701.251285292
161051.25188572
171051.25188565
18700.51885207
191051.25188575
201401.252485162
217021885346
2214021885431
231050.51870270
241050.52485289
25701.25187074
261401.251810058
271051.2524100108
281051.252470153
2910521285592
), ArticleFig(id=1308497851391501213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455925459735188, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Box-Behnken test scheme design and results

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NumberABCDGlycerol complete absorption time/s
110521870421
21401.251870321
3701.2518100201
41051.25188569
51051.25188585
6105218100359
710522485313
81050.518100173
91401.251285297
101051.251270311
111050.51285301
121400.51885234
13701.252485112
141051.2512100277
15701.251285292
161051.25188572
171051.25188565
18700.51885207
191051.25188575
201401.252485162
217021885346
2214021885431
231050.51870270
241050.52485289
25701.25187074
261401.251810058
271051.2524100108
281051.252470153
2910521285592
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SourceSum of squaresMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificant
Model4.99E+0535 659.64221.01< 0.000 1**
A6 120.086 120.0837.93< 0.000 1**
B81 345.3381 345.33504.16< 0.000 1**
C72 540.7572 540.75449.59< 0.000 1**
D11 656.3311 656.3372.24< 0.000 1**
AB841.841.5.210.038 6*
AC506.25506.253.140.098 3
AD38 025.38 025.235.67< 0.000 1**
BC17 822.2517 822.25110.46< 0.000 1**
BD306.25306.251.90.189 9
CD30.2530.250.187 50.671 6
A211 822.1311 822.1373.27< 0.000 1**
B22.41E+052.41E+051 494.63< 0.000 1**
C267 078.0267 078.02415.73< 0.000 1**
D211 207.2711 207.2769.46< 0.000 1**
Residual2 258.88161.35
Omission item2 030.08203.013.550.116 8Not significant
Pure error228.857.2
Total dispersion5.02E+05
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Regression model and analysis of vatiance. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01

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SourceSum of squaresMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificant
Model4.99E+0535 659.64221.01< 0.000 1**
A6 120.086 120.0837.93< 0.000 1**
B81 345.3381 345.33504.16< 0.000 1**
C72 540.7572 540.75449.59< 0.000 1**
D11 656.3311 656.3372.24< 0.000 1**
AB841.841.5.210.038 6*
AC506.25506.253.140.098 3
AD38 025.38 025.235.67< 0.000 1**
BC17 822.2517 822.25110.46< 0.000 1**
BD306.25306.251.90.189 9
CD30.2530.250.187 50.671 6
A211 822.1311 822.1373.27< 0.000 1**
B22.41E+052.41E+051 494.63< 0.000 1**
C267 078.0267 078.02415.73< 0.000 1**
D211 207.2711 207.2769.46< 0.000 1**
Residual2 258.88161.35
Omission item2 030.08203.013.550.116 8Not significant
Pure error228.857.2
Total dispersion5.02E+05
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花粉载药体系的润湿性调控、制备工艺优化与性能表征
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董聪 1 , 纪忠娟 1 , 司佳 1 , 韩晓冉 1 , 刘晴 1 , 程祥 1 , 李海燕 2, * , 金向群 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 1911-1919
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 1911 -1919
花粉载药体系的润湿性调控、制备工艺优化与性能表征
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董聪1, 纪忠娟1, 司佳1, 韩晓冉1, 刘晴1, 程祥1, 李海燕2, * , 金向群1, *
作者信息
  • 1吉林大学药学院, 吉林 长春 130021
  • 2长春中医药大学附属医院, 吉林 长春 130021
通讯作者:
李海燕, Tel: 13944163658, E-mail:
金向群, Tel: 13844090377, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

董聪负责实验实施、数据处理和撰写文章; 纪忠娟和司佳负责花粉前处理和润湿性调节; 韩晓冉和刘晴负责单因素试验部分; 程祥负责数据记录; 李海燕、金向群负责实验设计与论文修改。

Wettability regulation, preparation process optimization and performance characterization of pollen drug delivery systems
Cong DONG1, Zhong-juan JI1, Jia SI1, Xiao-ran HAN1, Qing LIU1, Xiang CHENG1, Hai-yan LI2, * , Xiang-qun JIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
  • 2The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1218
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探究经磷酸处理后花粉在不同试剂处理后其润湿性的转变, 对润湿性转变后的花粉孢粉素载药体系的制备方法进行优化找到最佳碱处理条件, 并对其结构及表面形貌进行表征。本研究先对原花粉以及酸解后花粉润湿性进行分析, 借助接触角测试仪测量经各试剂处理后的酸解后花粉的水接触角, 并对可转变花粉润湿性的碱处理条件进行单因素试验, 采用响应面法并以甘油完全吸收时间为响应值探究影响亲水性花粉孢粉素载体制备条件优化, 并进行工艺参数验证及验证性试验, 最后通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜对孢粉素进行表征。接触角测试表明酸解后花粉水接触角为135.1°, 经NaOH处理后转变为16°, 甘油接触角由140.8°转变为9.6°, 经单因素试验及响应面法优化处理得出最佳碱处理工艺并根据实际实验过程得到最终的优化条件为NaOH体积为105 mL即花粉体积的15倍量, NaOH浓度为1.5 mol·L-1, 搅拌时间为18 h, 搅拌温度为85 ℃。在此条件下分别进行党参花粉和荷花花粉的3次平行实验验证, 其中党参花粉结果平均值为58 s, 荷花花粉结果平均值为49 s, 且RSD均小于5%。通过润湿性研究发现在NaOH处理后花粉孢粉素由疏水性转变为亲水性, 根据响应面优化结果显示出, 所制备的碱处理后的花粉孢粉素的甘油完全吸收时间明显缩短, 水接触角接近0°, 具有较好的亲水性, 该过程重现性好, 制备工艺稳定可靠, 理论上将更利于亲水性药物的负载。

亲水性花粉孢粉素  /  接触角  /  单因素试验  /  响应面法

To investigate the transformation of wettability of phosphoric acid-treated pollen after treatment with different reagents, to optimize the preparation of the wettability-transformed pollen sporopollenin carrier system to find the optimal alkali treatment conditions, and to characterize its structure and surface morphology, we first analyzed the wettability of the original pollen and the acid-dissolved pollen, measured the water contact angle of the acid-dissolved pollen treated with each reagent with the help of a contact angle tester, conducted a one-way test on the alkali treatment conditions that could transform the wettability of the pollen, explored the influence of the optimization of the conditions for the preparation of the hydrophilic pollen sporopollenin carriers by using a response surface methodology and the glycerol absorption time as the response value, and carried out a validation and verification test on the process parameters. The process parameters were verified and validation tests were conducted, and finally the sporopollenin was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The contact angle test showed that the water contact angle of pollen after acid digestion was 135.1°, which was changed to 16° after NaOH treatment, and the contact angle of glycerol was changed from 140.8° to 9.6°. The best alkali treatment process was obtained through the optimization of one-factor test and response surface method, and the final optimization conditions were obtained according to the actual experimental process: the volume of NaOH was 105 mL, i.e., 15 times the volume of pollen, and the concentration of NaOH was 1.5 mol·L-1. The stirring time was 18 h, and the stirring temperature was 85 ℃. Under these conditions, three parallel experiments were carried out to verify the wettability of Codonopsis pollen and Lotus pollen respectively, in which the average value of Codonopsis pollen results was 58 s, and the average value of Lotus pollen results was 49 s, and the RSD was less than 5%. The wettability study revealed that pollen sporopollenin changed from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity after NaOH treatment, and according to the results of response surface optimization, the prepared alkali-treated pollen sporopollenin showed a significantly shorter time for complete glycerol absorption and a better hydrophilicity with a water contact angle of close to 0°, which is a reproducible process and a stable and reliable preparative process, and theoretically, will be more conducive to the loading of hydrophilic drugs.

hydrophilic pollen sporopollenin  /  contact angle  /  one-way test  /  response surface methodology
董聪, 纪忠娟, 司佳, 韩晓冉, 刘晴, 程祥, 李海燕, 金向群. 花粉载药体系的润湿性调控、制备工艺优化与性能表征. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1911 -1919 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1218
Cong DONG, Zhong-juan JI, Jia SI, Xiao-ran HAN, Qing LIU, Xiang CHENG, Hai-yan LI, Xiang-qun JIN. Wettability regulation, preparation process optimization and performance characterization of pollen drug delivery systems[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1911 -1919 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1218
我国花粉资源种类繁多, 应用历史悠久, 随着各研究的不断深入, 其增强机体免疫、抗氧化、抗疲劳等药用价值渐被挖掘, 同时, 花粉作为药物递送载体也逐步被开发应用[1]。对花粉而言, 其具有天然的微纳米核壳结构, 该结构牢固稳定, 不易受到强酸、强碱、光照、高温等恶劣条件的影响, 故可保护其中的遗传物质以及各种营养物质。据此, 通过前期化学处理除去花粉中的遗传物质及脂质等, 使其形成具有空壳结构的花粉孢粉素以用于后续药物的负载, 其表面所具有的多孔特性也将利于药物的高效负载和释放。同时, 花粉来源于植物, 经过前期脱脂等处理后, 可去除过敏蛋白, 具有良好的生物相容性, 对人体无显著毒性。在国内外研究中, 通过对花粉孢粉素进行表面修饰可使其实现药物的靶向递送和控释。研究中表明, 通过碱处理后的孢粉素表面-COOH转变为-COO-而带负电, 与带正电的溶菌酶经静电相互作用而吸附, 并且吸附后表面官能团及表面电荷发生改变, 因此在药物释放时, 因蛋白质对孢粉素壳的吸附会降低释放速率延长药物在体内的时间进而达到一定程度的缓释[2]。由于其价格低廉, 来源广泛, 也是一种可持续的天然材料, 利用其作为药物递送载体, 可大大降低生产成本。课题组前期已对不同花粉进行前处理: 水洗、无水乙醇脱脂处理、磷酸去除蛋白及遗传物质[3]。在上述工作的基础中发现不同试剂处理后会改变其润湿性, 为进一步探究润湿性转变的原因以及转变前后花粉结构和表面形貌是否改变, 进行如下研究, 同时对后续碱处理工艺进行优化, 进而对不同性质的药物提供最佳的孢粉素载体选择。本研究首次对孢粉素对不同试剂处理后的润湿性进行探究, 并且首次利用甘油完全吸收时间作为考察指标去评价不同条件处理后孢粉素的润湿性, 首次深入探究NaOH对孢粉素润湿性改变的影响程度。
材料与试剂  党参花粉(4FHAKKD, 大连桑地蜜蜂有限公司); 荷花花粉(4FHADDI, 大连桑地蜜蜂有限公司); 金龙鱼大豆油、二氯甲烷、丙酮、乙醇、磷酸为分析纯(吉林省金泰化玻有限公司); 水为实验室双蒸水。
仪器和设备  集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器(DF-101S, 河南省予华仪器有限责任公司); 电子天平(Sartorius BT 25S, 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); 视频光学接触角测试仪(KRUSS DSA-30, 东莞市致成仪器有限公司); 数显恒温水浴锅(HH-Z, 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); 数控超声波清洗器(KQ-250DE, 昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 电热恒温干燥箱(DHG-9207BS, 宁波扬辉仪器有限公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Bruker Tensor 27, 德国布鲁克公司); 扫描电子显微镜(ZEISS EVO 18, 德国蔡司公司)。
花粉前处理  将称取的一定量花粉浸泡于双蒸水中, 待花粉完全浸泡并充分分散后先过100目筛除去不溶性杂质, 后减压抽滤以除去水溶性杂质, 收集滤饼并多次水洗, 至滤液无色。将水洗后花粉置于无水乙醇中加热回流1 h, 除去花粉中的脂质, 多次醇洗并过滤至滤液无色, 滤饼置60 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重。根据前期研究结果, 将烘干后的花粉置于70 ℃的质量分数为85%的磷酸溶液中搅拌18 h以除去花粉中的大部分蛋白质, 最后过滤至滤液无色后, 滤饼置60 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重。
酸解前后花粉润湿性测定  将未处理的花粉、磷酸处理后的花粉分别加入到双蒸水、甘油、大豆油中, 通过观察不同处理条件下的花粉对不同极性的液体亲和性的不同从而探究磷酸处理后的花粉的润湿性。
不同试剂处理酸解后花粉的润湿性测定  通过磷酸处理后花粉已经除去了大部分蛋白质, 将其分别用15倍花粉体积的丙酮、无水乙醇、氢氧化钠、二氯甲烷在50 ℃下加热回流18 h, 过滤, 再用无水乙醇洗至滤液无色, 将抽滤后的花粉置60 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重, 测不同化学试剂处理后花粉的水接触角以及甘油接触角[4, 5]。
单因素试验[6]  在前期预实验的基础上, 对酸解后党参花粉、荷花花粉进行单因素试验, 分别考察氢氧化钠浓度、氢氧化钠体积、搅拌温度、搅拌时间对磷酸处理后的花粉润湿性转变的影响程度, 再利用响应面法以甘油完全吸收时间作为响应值, 对实验条件进行优化找到碱处理最佳条件。该实验平行重复3次, 以3次结果均值作为最终数据。
氢氧化钠加入体积考察  精密称取酸解后党参花粉、荷花花粉各0.6 g, 每种称5份, 分别加入5、10、12.5、15、20倍体积的1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液, 在80 ℃下搅拌18 h, 无水乙醇洗至滤液无色后置60 ℃烘箱干燥置恒重, 取一定量孢粉素粉末进行压片, 利用接触角测量仪记录甘油完全吸收时间。
氢氧化钠浓度考察  精密称取酸解后党参花粉、荷花花粉各0.6 g, 每种称5份, 分别加入15倍体积的0.5、1、2、3、3.5 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液, 在80 ℃下搅拌18 h, 无水乙醇洗至滤液无色后置60 ℃烘箱干燥置恒重, 取一定量孢粉素粉末进行压片, 记录甘油完全吸收时间。
搅拌温度考察  精密称取酸解后党参花粉、荷花花粉各0.6 g, 每种称5份, 各加入15倍体积的1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液, 分别在50、60、70、80、90、100 ℃下搅拌18 h, 无水乙醇洗至滤液无色后置60 ℃烘箱干燥置恒重, 取一定量孢粉素粉末进行压片, 记录甘油完全吸收时间。
搅拌时间考察  精密称取酸解后党参花粉、荷花花粉各0.6 g, 每种称5份, 各加入15倍体积的1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液, 在80 ℃下分别搅拌1、2、5、10、12、18、24 h, 无水乙醇洗至滤液无色后置60 ℃烘箱干燥置恒重, 取一定量孢粉素粉末进行压片, 记录甘油完全吸收时间。
响应面法优化  完成上述4种单因素考察后, 利用Design-expert 8.0.6.1软件进行试验结果优化, 以甘油完全吸收时间作为响应值, 建立相应的数学模型从而有效预测酸解后花粉经碱处理的最佳处理条件, 并得到甘油完全吸收时间最短的孢粉素。
统计学分析  实验设置3个重复组, 采用Excel2013分析单因素试验结果并绘制折线图; 采用Design-expert 8.0.6.1软件对数据进行方差分析和显著性检验。各变量对响应值影响的显著性由F检验判定, P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。Origin2021进行红外数据处理及谱图绘制。
从图1中可以看出, 原花粉对双蒸水、大豆油均有较好的润湿性, 由于甘油极性小于双蒸水, 故静置2 h后部分花粉被润湿, 酸解后的花粉与原花粉相比, 对双蒸水、甘油的亲和力明显下降, 将双蒸水、甘油滴至花粉上, 酸解后花粉聚成液滴, 静置5 h后即使继续超声也未见其被双蒸水、甘油润湿, 据此可得酸解后花粉疏水性比原花粉好[7]。
由图2明显看出, 经NaOH处理后的花粉接触角改变明显, 其中水接触角由135.1°转变成16°, 甘油接触角由140.8°转变为9.6°, 而且短时间内均被完全润湿接触角全部转变为0°, 即可说明经NaOH处理后可使脱蛋白后的花粉由疏水性转变为亲水性[7]。
根据图3A结果可以看出, 随着NaOH用量逐渐增多, 两种花粉的甘油完全吸收时间均为先下降后上升。对孢粉素来说, 其结构中含有的一些酯键在碱处理后会发生断裂[8], 使COO-和-OH增多, 亲水性稍增大, 吸收时间下降, 随着NaOH用量增多, 其内部空腔所带负电荷增多使孢粉素因同种电荷互斥导致体积变大表面纳米孔增多, 其表面及孔隙粘附的花粉碎片增多进而使吸收时间又进一步延长[2]。
根据图3B结果可以看出, 随着NaOH浓度逐渐增大, 甘油完全吸收时间也是先下降后逐渐上升, 与提高NaOH用量不同的是, 浓度对甘油完全吸收时间影响更大, 并且随着浓度增大, 吸收时间明显延长, 一方面可能与孢粉素体积增大所致纳米孔增多、孔隙变大以及表面粘附的碎片增多有关; 另一方面也可能与NaOH浓度过大使花粉粒发生溶胀进而使其破碎[7], 产生更多的碎片及疏水性片段裸漏使亲水性下降, 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) 和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 所展现的表面形貌也印证了上述推断。
随着搅拌时间的延长, 碱处理后的花粉孢粉素逐渐发生反应, 直至18 h左右, 其结构中的酯键等在NaOH条件下逐渐反应完全, 生成COO-和-OH, 通过记录甘油完全时间也可以发现, 其值随反应时间延长而增加, 直至反应完全, 甘油完全吸收时间不再增加(图3C)。
通过图3D结果可以看出, 温度升高利于反应进行, 所以, 当温度逐渐升高时, 断裂的酯键数量逐渐增多, 产生较多的亲水基团, 进而使甘油完全吸收时间逐渐下降。
响应面法实验设计如表1及表2所示, 对表2数据进行回归拟合分析, 得到回归模型为: Y = 73.20 + 22.58×A + 82.33×B - 77.75×C - 31.17×D + 14.50×AB + 11.25×AC - 97.50×AD - 66.75×BC + 8.75×BD - 2.75×CD + 42.69×A2 + 192.82×B2 + 101.69×C2 + 41.57×D2。由表3方差分析可知, 在回归模型中P < 0.01, 表明有极显著意义, 失拟项P = 0.116 8 > 0.05, 表明非试验因素对结果影响不显著[9]。模型中决定系数R2 = 0.995 5, 校正系数RAdj2 = 0.991 0, RAdj2 - RPred2 = 0.015 < 0.2, 说明该模型对试验拟合效果好, 误差小, 能够真实地反映模型中4个因素与响应值的对应关系, 采用该模型可以优化花粉孢粉素载药体系的最佳碱处理条件[10]。
从图3E中可以得出, 在其他两个因素一定时, 随着NaOH浓度增加, 甘油完全吸收时间总呈现先下降后上升的趋势, 且NaOH浓度对应的坡度更陡, 说明NaOH浓度对甘油完全吸收时间的影响高于其他值, 影响极显著(P < 0.001); 在搅拌温度和NaOH体积一定时, 随着NaOH浓度和搅拌时间增大, 甘油完全吸收时间呈现先下降后上升的趋势, 且与其他组相比, 曲面坡度更陡峭, 等高线更密集, 这两者的交互作用对甘油完全吸收时间影响程度最显著, 通过表3方差分析结果也可看出[11]。
通过模型预测碱处理花粉孢粉素的最优工艺条件为: NaOH体积为103.355 mL, NaOH浓度为1.227 mol·L-1, 搅拌时间为19.574 h, 搅拌温度为88.358 ℃, 甘油完全吸收时间的预测值为52.805 s。考虑到实际实验情况及前期实验结果, 对上述条件进行修改, 最终的优化条件为NaOH体积为105 mL即花粉体积的15倍量, NaOH浓度为1.5 mol·L-1, 搅拌时间为18 h, 搅拌温度为85 ℃。在此条件下分别进行党参花粉和荷花花粉的3次平行实验验证, 其中党参花粉结果平均值为58 s, 荷花花粉结果平均值为49 s, 且RSD均小于5%, 说明该方法具有较高的可重复性和稳定性[12]。
花粉孢粉素微纳米尺度下的表面粗糙度对润湿性有着直接影响, 因此借助扫描电镜对酸解后花粉、1.5 mol·L-1 NaOH处理后花粉、2.5 mol·L-1 NaOH处理后花粉的表面形貌进行分析。结果如图4A所示, 可以看出酸碱处理后孢粉素结构大致相似, 这主要由于其外壁特别坚固, 可耐高温、强酸、强碱等。观察其表面结构可以看出, 酸解后的花粉纳米孔几乎看不到, 在碱处理后, 孢粉素外壁可明显观察到裸漏的纳米孔, 可能是由于孢粉素经不同处理后其体积大小发生改变所致[13]。由于孢粉素在较高浓度的碱溶液中会发生溶胀产生花粉碎片, 同时实验操作过程也可能会造成花粉破碎使碎片增多, 当碱浓度逐渐增大, 导致孢粉素内部所带电荷、纳米孔增多、孔径变大, 进而可能使其外壁粘附的花粉碎片逐渐增多。
通过前期润湿性调控可知, 表面化学在孢粉素由疏水向亲水性转变的过程中发挥着重要的作用[14, 15]。除此之外, 官能团改变也是重要因素, 为表征碱处理后孢粉素中化学官能团的变化, 采用FTIR对不同浓度碱处理后党参花粉进行分析鉴定。结果如图4B所示, 据此可知, 随着NaOH浓度由0.5提高至2.0 mol·L-1, 1 620 cm-1处的COO-不对称伸缩振动和3 434 cm-1处的羟基-OH的振动强度显著增强。这可能由于孢粉素内壁果胶层受到碱的作用, 酯基断裂暴露出更多的羧酸根, 使吸收峰强度增大。碱处理后由于其带有负电进而互相排斥使孢粉素粒径增大, 上述扫描电镜结果也可印证上述观点。
本研究通过对花粉前处理后的润湿性进行测定, 发现酸解后的孢粉素具有较强的亲油性, 理论上更易负载脂溶性药物。对酸解后孢粉素进行常见试剂处理, 发现仅碱处理后润湿性有显著改变, 通过单因素实验确定各影响因素的大致范围, 经响应面法优化确定最佳制备工艺, 在此条件下分别用党参花粉、荷花花粉对该最佳工艺进行3次试验验证, RSD均小于5%, 证明该工艺较为稳定可靠、可重复性较高。最后对制备出的孢粉素进行了SEM和FTIR表征, 可以看到在微纳米结构下, 孢粉素经碱处理后会裸露出大量纳米孔, 理论上利于药物进入内部, 根据红外光谱结果可以看出, 随着碱浓度增大, 谱图中COO-和-OH的振动强度显著增强, 意味着孢粉素所带负电荷的量逐渐增多, 使孢粉素内部因同种电荷互相排斥使体积增大, 进而纳米孔逐渐暴露, 但随着电荷增多, 纳米孔数量和尺寸逐渐增大, 表现为孔隙中粘附的碎片也逐渐增多, 因此对于碱处理的最佳浓度如结果所示在1.5 mol·L-1, 过高和过低对甘油完全吸收时间均较长, 据此, 经上述实验过程所制备的碱处理后的花粉孢粉素甘油完全吸收时间明显缩短, 水接触角接近0°, 与原花粉以及酸解后的花粉相比, 具有良好的亲水性, 理论上利于亲水性药物的负载, 因此, 对于一些味道较重的药物如布洛芬、对光热不稳定的药物如维生素C、不耐酸或在胃中易破坏或者易对胃产生不良反应的药物如阿司匹林等多种药物都可用亲水性花粉孢粉素负载。润湿性的改变可能显著影响药物的释放速率和生物利用度, 亲水性增强可能加速药物的负载以及胃肠道释放, 而纳米孔结构的暴露可能提供更稳定的缓释效果。研究也已证实, 将叶酸负载到经过脱脂、酸解、碱解处理后的花粉中, 在体外模拟胃肠道释放过程中, 发现负载叶酸的孢粉素释放曲线呈现pH依赖性, 在肠道中可能表现出更高的释放速率, 从而实现缓慢的可持续释放, 并减少给药频率[16]。另一研究表明, 摄入封装在孢粉素微胶囊中的二十碳五烯酸的乙酯衍生物提高了药物在血液中的生物利用度, 经初步实验发现增强生物利用度的机制可能与孢粉素外壳的肠黏膜黏附特性有关, 有的孢粉素外壳具有突起, 可能有助于其粘附并于肠壁紧密结合, 从而导致包封药物与生物表面之间的接触时间增加, 从而提高吸收和生物利用度[17]。在上述研究中, 虽然也是为得到亲水性的孢粉素, 但空心孢粉素的制备过程较为繁琐, 所需试剂中丙酮毒性较大制备时间较长。在孢粉素对甲磺酸伊马替尼的负载研究中, 对于微胶囊载体制备在强酸强碱的基础上也使用了氯仿等有毒有机试剂, 对于后续药物负载以及载体安全性方面可能会产生不利的影响。本研究中步骤简单所需试剂少避免因有机试剂加入对孢粉素本身产生影响, 并且减少对后续体内外实验的影响。经过以上研究也可证实, 经强碱如NaOH处理后, 孢粉素中的酯键断裂生成-COO-和-OH, 同时可中和酸解过程中的残留的磷酸, 最后使孢粉素整体带负电, 这种独特的电荷特性也利于阳离子药物的负载。
本研究中经过润湿性优化后的孢粉素载药体系仍具有广泛的应用潜力, 如对于靶向给药系统, 利用孢粉素表面的纳米孔结构和表面电荷特性, 设计靶向特定组织或细胞的给药系统; 对于经皮给药系统, 其亲水性和纳米结构可能增强药物在皮肤表面的吸附和渗透, 适用于经皮给药。接下来课题组将围绕润湿性与载药性能的关联性, 进一步研究润湿性与载药性能之间的关系, 例如润湿性对药物负载量、释放动力学以及稳定性的影响, 可以为优化载药体系提供更全面的理论支持。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1218
  • 接收时间:2024-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
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    1吉林大学药学院, 吉林 长春 130021
    2长春中医药大学附属医院, 吉林 长春 130021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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