Article(id=1308455908657353255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0369, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=1746460800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889798558, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889798558, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889798558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889798558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1836, endPage=1842, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455908904817192, articleId=1308455908657353255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Species identification and chemical composition analysis of wild Cistanche plants from Kenya, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employed plant morphology, histology, and DNA barcoding techniques to identify the species of wild Cistanche plant in Kenya, and HPLC to determine the contents of its main active components, phenylethanoid glycosides, sugar alcohols, and betaine, alongside its fingerprint. The results showed that the wild Cistanche plant collected from Kenya was taxonomically identified as Cistanche senegalensis (Reut.) Beck. Compared to cultivated C. tubulosa from China, Kenyan C. senegalensis exhibited lower levels of echinacoside, cistanoside A, acteoside, isoacteoside, and 2′-acetylacteoside, but higher concentrations than those in C. deserticola. Betaine content was comparable to C. deserticola, while glucose was undetectable. The fingerprint of Kenyan C. senegalensis showed closer similarity to C. tubulosa. This work establishes a foundation for conserving Kenyan Cistanche resources and supports further research into their potential applications.

, authors=Ping YANG1, 2, Pan-hui FAN3, Yao-li LI2, Hui ZHANG1, *, Ji-zhong YAN1, Hui YAO3, Peng-fei TU2, *, Yong JIANG2, *, authorsList=Ping YANG, Pan-hui FAN, Yao-li LI, Hui ZHANG, Ji-zhong YAN, Hui YAO, Peng-fei TU, Yong JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui ZHANG, Peng-fei TU, Yong JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455909848535601, articleId=1308455908657353255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的物种鉴定与化学成分研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用植物形态学、组织学及DNA条形码技术对肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉进行物种鉴定, 利用HPLC方法对肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉主要活性成分苯乙醇苷、糖醇和甜菜碱的含量进行测定, 同时进行肉苁蓉指纹图谱特征分析。研究结果表明: 肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉为塞内加尔肉苁蓉Cistanche senegalensis (Reut.) Beck。其松果菊苷、管花苷A、毛蕊花糖苷、异毛蕊花糖苷及2′-乙酰毛蕊花糖苷等活性成分的含量低于国产管花肉苁蓉, 高于国产荒漠肉苁蓉; 甜菜碱的含量与国产荒漠肉苁蓉相近, 但却不含有葡萄糖; 指纹图谱特征与管花肉苁蓉更为相似。本研究为肯尼亚肉苁蓉资源保护及深入研究与开发提供基础。

, authors=杨乒1, 2, 范潘慧3, 李耀利2, 张慧1, *, 颜继忠1, 姚辉3, 屠鹏飞2, *, 姜勇2, *, authorsList=杨乒, 范潘慧, 李耀利, 张慧, 颜继忠, 姚辉, 屠鹏飞, 姜勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张慧, 屠鹏飞, 姜勇, authorNote=

作者贡献

杨乒负责实验数据的收集、整理及文章的撰写; 范潘慧与姚辉负责DNA条形码研究; 李耀利协助显微鉴别; 张慧与颜继忠负责实验指导; 屠鹏飞负责样品收集与基原鉴定、文章审阅; 姜勇负责课题资金、实验设计与指导及文章修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张慧, E-mail:
屠鹏飞, E-mail:
姜勇, E-mail:
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Sample IDOriginGrowth formCollection dateEchinacosideTubuloside AActeosideIsoacteoside2′-AcetylacteosideTotal
GH1Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.119.47 ± 0.0700.63 ± 0.0034.34 ± 0.0321.43 ± 0.0070.11 ± 0.00115.98
GH2Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.1113.31 ± 0.3470.64 ± 0.0124.14 ± 0.0321.33 ± 0.0700.10 ± 0.00119.52
GH3Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.1124.64 ± 0.0430.84 ± 0.0145.75 ± 0.0912.06 ± 0.0380.06 ± 0.00333.35
HM1Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.111.93 ± 0.0940.04 ± 0.0030.15 ± 0.0260.03 ± 0.0060.02 ± 0.0012.17
HM2Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.112.76 ± 0.1400.06 ± 0.0030.51 ± 0.0260.14 ± 0.0060.03 ± 0.0013.50
HM3Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.112.44 ± 0.1740.06 ± 0.0060.15 ± 0.0110.03 ± 0.0020.01 ± 0.0012.69
K1KenyaWild2023.083.83 ± 0.0272.69 ± 0.0342.70 ± 0.0050.27 ± 0.0030.74 ± 0.00110.23
K2KenyaWild2023.081.46 ± 0.0181.51 ± 0.0010.15 ± 0.0010.08 ± 0.0010.03 ± 0.0013.23
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Contents of five phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanche plants (%, n = 3, mean ± SD). GH: C. tubulosa; HM: C. deserticola; "-" indicates not detected

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Sample IDOriginGrowth formCollection dateEchinacosideTubuloside AActeosideIsoacteoside2′-AcetylacteosideTotal
GH1Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.119.47 ± 0.0700.63 ± 0.0034.34 ± 0.0321.43 ± 0.0070.11 ± 0.00115.98
GH2Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.1113.31 ± 0.3470.64 ± 0.0124.14 ± 0.0321.33 ± 0.0700.10 ± 0.00119.52
GH3Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.1124.64 ± 0.0430.84 ± 0.0145.75 ± 0.0912.06 ± 0.0380.06 ± 0.00333.35
HM1Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.111.93 ± 0.0940.04 ± 0.0030.15 ± 0.0260.03 ± 0.0060.02 ± 0.0012.17
HM2Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.112.76 ± 0.1400.06 ± 0.0030.51 ± 0.0260.14 ± 0.0060.03 ± 0.0013.50
HM3Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.112.44 ± 0.1740.06 ± 0.0060.15 ± 0.0110.03 ± 0.0020.01 ± 0.0012.69
K1KenyaWild2023.083.83 ± 0.0272.69 ± 0.0342.70 ± 0.0050.27 ± 0.0030.74 ± 0.00110.23
K2KenyaWild2023.081.46 ± 0.0181.51 ± 0.0010.15 ± 0.0010.08 ± 0.0010.03 ± 0.0013.23
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Sample IDOriginGrowth formCollection dateBetaineFructoseMannitolGlucoseSucroseTotal
GH1Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-11.66 ± 0.0845.56 ± 0.1125.45 ± 0.0542.29 ± 0.04224.96
GH2Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-8.75 ± 0.0614.94 ± 0.1593.34 ± 0.0811.70 ± 0.09218.73
GH3Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-9.44 ± 0.1075.09 ± 0.0894.31 ± 0.4551.80 ± 0.14920.64
HM1Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.62 ± 0.1367.60 ± 0.1193.22 ± 0.0493.55 ± 0.15023.18 ± 0.42544.17
HM2Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.46 ± 0.1057.82 ± 0.1044.82 ± 0.0384.98 ± 0.10428.57 ± 0.44952.65
HM3Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.65 ± 0.1488.29 ± 0.1593.90 ± 0.0844.88 ± 0.00926.90 ± 0.62950.62
K1KenyaWild2023.089.41 ± 0.0215.31 ± 0.3337.06 ± 0.045-8.44 ± 0.10230.22
K2KenyaWild2023.086.29 ± 0.034----6.29
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Contents of sugar alcohols and betaine in Cistanche plants (%, n = 3, mean ± SD)

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Sample IDOriginGrowth formCollection dateBetaineFructoseMannitolGlucoseSucroseTotal
GH1Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-11.66 ± 0.0845.56 ± 0.1125.45 ± 0.0542.29 ± 0.04224.96
GH2Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-8.75 ± 0.0614.94 ± 0.1593.34 ± 0.0811.70 ± 0.09218.73
GH3Yutian, XinjiangCultivated2023.11-9.44 ± 0.1075.09 ± 0.0894.31 ± 0.4551.80 ± 0.14920.64
HM1Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.62 ± 0.1367.60 ± 0.1193.22 ± 0.0493.55 ± 0.15023.18 ± 0.42544.17
HM2Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.46 ± 0.1057.82 ± 0.1044.82 ± 0.0384.98 ± 0.10428.57 ± 0.44952.65
HM3Turpan, XinjiangCultivated2023.116.65 ± 0.1488.29 ± 0.1593.90 ± 0.0844.88 ± 0.00926.90 ± 0.62950.62
K1KenyaWild2023.089.41 ± 0.0215.31 ± 0.3337.06 ± 0.045-8.44 ± 0.10230.22
K2KenyaWild2023.086.29 ± 0.034----6.29
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SampleK1K2HM1HM2HM3GH1GH2GH3Reference
K110.8810.6470.7450.630.8990.8340.7850.852
K20.88110.7830.8240.7750.8590.8540.840.875
HM10.6470.78310.98810.8870.950.9750.945
HM20.7450.8240.98810.9850.9460.9860.9970.983
HM30.630.77510.98510.8760.9420.9690.937
GH10.8990.8590.8870.9460.87610.9870.9670.988
GH20.8340.8540.950.9860.9420.98710.9960.999
GH30.7850.840.9750.9970.9690.9670.99610.993
Reference0.8520.8750.9450.9830.9370.9880.9990.9931
), ArticleFig(id=1308497424411353538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455908657353255, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Results of similarity evaluation of Cistanche samples

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SampleK1K2HM1HM2HM3GH1GH2GH3Reference
K110.8810.6470.7450.630.8990.8340.7850.852
K20.88110.7830.8240.7750.8590.8540.840.875
HM10.6470.78310.98810.8870.950.9750.945
HM20.7450.8240.98810.9850.9460.9860.9970.983
HM30.630.77510.98510.8760.9420.9690.937
GH10.8990.8590.8870.9460.87610.9870.9670.988
GH20.8340.8540.950.9860.9420.98710.9960.999
GH30.7850.840.9750.9970.9690.9670.99610.993
Reference0.8520.8750.9450.9830.9370.9880.9990.9931
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肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的物种鉴定与化学成分研究
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杨乒 1, 2 , 范潘慧 3 , 李耀利 2 , 张慧 1, * , 颜继忠 1 , 姚辉 3 , 屠鹏飞 2, * , 姜勇 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 1836-1842
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 1836 -1842
肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的物种鉴定与化学成分研究
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杨乒1, 2, 范潘慧3, 李耀利2, 张慧1, * , 颜继忠1, 姚辉3, 屠鹏飞2, * , 姜勇2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
  • 2北京大学, 天然药物与仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191
  • 3中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 国家中医药管理局中药资源保护重点研究室, 北京 100193
通讯作者:
张慧, E-mail:
屠鹏飞, E-mail:
姜勇, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献

杨乒负责实验数据的收集、整理及文章的撰写; 范潘慧与姚辉负责DNA条形码研究; 李耀利协助显微鉴别; 张慧与颜继忠负责实验指导; 屠鹏飞负责样品收集与基原鉴定、文章审阅; 姜勇负责课题资金、实验设计与指导及文章修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

Species identification and chemical composition analysis of wild Cistanche plants from Kenya
Ping YANG1, 2, Pan-hui FAN3, Yao-li LI2, Hui ZHANG1, * , Ji-zhong YAN1, Hui YAO3, Peng-fei TU2, * , Yong JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People′s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0369
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本文采用植物形态学、组织学及DNA条形码技术对肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉进行物种鉴定, 利用HPLC方法对肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉主要活性成分苯乙醇苷、糖醇和甜菜碱的含量进行测定, 同时进行肉苁蓉指纹图谱特征分析。研究结果表明: 肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉为塞内加尔肉苁蓉Cistanche senegalensis (Reut.) Beck。其松果菊苷、管花苷A、毛蕊花糖苷、异毛蕊花糖苷及2′-乙酰毛蕊花糖苷等活性成分的含量低于国产管花肉苁蓉, 高于国产荒漠肉苁蓉; 甜菜碱的含量与国产荒漠肉苁蓉相近, 但却不含有葡萄糖; 指纹图谱特征与管花肉苁蓉更为相似。本研究为肯尼亚肉苁蓉资源保护及深入研究与开发提供基础。

肉苁蓉  /  塞内加尔肉苁蓉  /  肯尼亚  /  物种鉴定  /  DNA条形码  /  含量测定

This study employed plant morphology, histology, and DNA barcoding techniques to identify the species of wild Cistanche plant in Kenya, and HPLC to determine the contents of its main active components, phenylethanoid glycosides, sugar alcohols, and betaine, alongside its fingerprint. The results showed that the wild Cistanche plant collected from Kenya was taxonomically identified as Cistanche senegalensis (Reut.) Beck. Compared to cultivated C. tubulosa from China, Kenyan C. senegalensis exhibited lower levels of echinacoside, cistanoside A, acteoside, isoacteoside, and 2′-acetylacteoside, but higher concentrations than those in C. deserticola. Betaine content was comparable to C. deserticola, while glucose was undetectable. The fingerprint of Kenyan C. senegalensis showed closer similarity to C. tubulosa. This work establishes a foundation for conserving Kenyan Cistanche resources and supports further research into their potential applications.

Cistanches Herba  /  Cistanche senegalensis (Reut.) Beck  /  Kenya  /  species identification  /  DNA barcoding  /  content determination
杨乒, 范潘慧, 李耀利, 张慧, 颜继忠, 姚辉, 屠鹏飞, 姜勇. 肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的物种鉴定与化学成分研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1836 -1842 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0369
Ping YANG, Pan-hui FAN, Yao-li LI, Hui ZHANG, Ji-zhong YAN, Hui YAO, Peng-fei TU, Yong JIANG. Species identification and chemical composition analysis of wild Cistanche plants from Kenya[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1836 -1842 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0369
中药肉苁蓉为列当科肉苁蓉属植物荒漠肉苁蓉Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma和管花肉苁蓉C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight的干燥带鳞叶肉质茎, 具有补肾阳、益精血、润肠通便等功效[1]。肉苁蓉的药用记载最早见于《神农本草经》, 被列为“上品”。在许多古代医学著作中对肉苁蓉的药用功效都有详细记载, 其药用历史悠久, 被誉为“沙漠人参”[2]。肉苁蓉的不同功效是由不同类型的成分贡献所产生。其中苯乙醇苷类是肉苁蓉补肾益髓的主要活性成分, 具有神经细胞保护、抗痴呆、抗衰老、肝保护等活性[3-5]。代表性化合物包括松果菊苷和毛蕊花糖苷, 这两个化合物也是中国药典(2025年版) 肉苁蓉项下含量测定的指标性成分。肉苁蓉润肠通便的功效成分是寡糖醇类成分, 主要包括甜菜碱、甘露醇、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖, 因此常以这5个成分作为肉苁蓉润肠通便的指标成分[6]。
我国肉苁蓉属植物主要包括荒漠肉苁蓉C. deserticola Y. C. Ma、管花肉苁蓉C. tubulosa (Schenk) R. Wight、盐生肉苁蓉C. sala (C. A. Mey.) G.、沙苁蓉C. sinensis G. Beck, 分布于内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃及新疆等地[7]。肉苁蓉属植物除在中国西北部有分布外, 在欧亚大陆、非洲北部、东部的干旱地区和沙漠地带也有分布, 如伊朗、阿富汗、肯尼亚、巴基斯坦和蒙古等国家[8]。肯尼亚位于非洲东部, 国土被赤道横贯, 大部分为平均海拔1 500米的高原地区, 但其北部为沙漠和半沙漠地带。肯尼亚原住民使用药用植物治病的历史悠久, 当地有非常多的药用植物, 例如牙刷树Salvadora persica L.的树皮和根的提取物具有抗炎和抗菌的成分, 经常用于治疗牙痛和感染; 沙针Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.的树皮用于止泻; 马赛荨麻Urtica massaica Mildbr.的叶子煎服后可治疗胃痛, 形成了丰富的药用植物文化, 但是由于经济发展问题, 药用植物的使用没有得到充分记录和系统研究[9]。肉苁蓉属植物在非洲其生态功能和药用潜力尚未得到关注, 因此几乎未见研究报道。受东非共同体干旱和半干旱地区区域发展部邀请, 课题组前往肯尼亚对该地区肉苁蓉资源进行考察, 并对采集的野生肉苁蓉进行基原鉴定和主要成分分析, 旨在了解肯尼亚肉苁蓉属植物的种类和开发价值, 为其进一步的研究与开发利用提供参考。
药材  肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉由北京大学药学院屠鹏飞教授和姜勇教授于2023年8月在肯尼亚卡贾多地区(Kajiado, 01°50′01″S; 36°47′00″E) 采集, 共收集到2株野生肉苁蓉, 分别编号为K1、K2, 同时也收集了与肉苁蓉相连的寄主植物的根(图1)。寄主植物经肯尼亚国家博物馆东非植物标本馆研究助理Kennedy Matheka鉴定为苋科植物 Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii Schinz。荒漠肉苁蓉、管花肉苁蓉样本分别收集于新疆维吾尔自治区吐鲁番市和于田县, 样品经屠鹏飞教授鉴定为肉苁蓉属植物荒漠肉苁蓉(C. deserticola Y. C. Ma) 和管花肉苁蓉[C. tubulosa (Schrenk) Wight] 的新鲜肉质茎。所有样品凭证标本保存于本实验室。
仪器  Waters Arc高效液相色谱仪; Quintix125D-1CN型电子天平(北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); Olympus BX-50型光学显微镜(日本奥林巴斯株式会社); NanoZoomer-SQ滨松病理切片全景扫描仪(日本滨松光子学株式会社); KQ-500DE型数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); MM400型DNA提取研磨仪(德国莱驰公司); PCR扩增仪(德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司); DYY-8C型电泳仪及电泳槽(北京市六一仪器厂); MINI Space 1000型凝胶成像仪(上海天能生命科学有限公司); 恒温培养箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司)。
试剂  松果菊苷(批号: DST191008-038)、毛蕊花糖苷(DSTDL006101)、异毛蕊花糖苷(DST210601-060)、D-甘露醇(DSTDG006201) 均购自成都德斯特生物技术有限公司; 管花苷A (批号: MUST-15040115)、2′-乙酰毛蕊花糖苷(MUST-15071504)、甜菜碱(MUST-23082505)、D-无水葡萄糖(MUST-23030214)、果糖(MUST-23031403)、蔗糖(MUST-23082505) 均购自成都曼斯特生物技术有限公司; 甲醇(HPLC级, Thermo Fisher)、乙腈(HPLC级, OCEANPAK)、甲酸(HPLC级, 沃凯试剂) 均为色谱纯; 植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(DP305, 天根生化科技有限公司); 超纯水。
肉质茎切片、组织染色和观察  参考文献[10]方法, 进行组织染色和观察。首先将新鲜肉苁蓉肉质茎切成合适大小, 放入FAA固定液(70%乙醇∶冰醋酸∶甲醛= 90∶5∶5) 中保存。流水漂洗掉残留固定液后, 使用氢氟酸软化组织并以番红染液整染, 经脱水、渗蜡和透化之后进行切片, 贴片后烘烤, 石蜡熔化后再以95%酒精固绿染液染色, 最后以中性树胶封片。在显微镜下观察切片组织形态, 并将形态完整的切片置于全景扫描仪中, 得到高清全景扫描图片。
DNA提取、PCR扩增和测序  采用天根植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取肉苁蓉及其寄主根的总DNA, 详细操作步骤参考试剂盒说明。提取后立即以超微量紫外分光光度计检测得到DNA片段的浓度和OD260/OD280的比值用于判断DNA片段的质量, 满足要求后进行后续实验。
PCR扩增核糖体DNA第二内部转录间隔区(ITS2) 序列和叶绿体psbA-trnH基因, 进行分子鉴定[11]。ITS2正向引物ITS2F: 5′-ATGCGATACTTGGTG TGAAT-3′; 反向引物ITS3R: 5′-GACGCTTCTCCAGA CTACAAT-3′。psbA-trnH正向引物psbAF: 5′-GTTATG CATGAACGTAATGCTC-3′; 反向引物trnHR: 5′-CGC GCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC-3′。PCR反应体积为25 μL, 体系内包含12.5 μL 2× Taq Master Mix, 正反向引物(浓度为2.5 μmol·L-1) 各取1 μL, DNA模板2 μL, 用8.5 μL ddH2O补足体积至25 μL。ITS2序列扩增程序: 94 ℃ 5 min; 94 ℃ 30 s, 56 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 45 s, 35~40个循环; 72 ℃ 10 min。psbA-trnH扩增程序为95 ℃, 4 min; 94 ℃ 30 s, 55 ℃ 1 min, 72 ℃ 1 min, 35个循环; 72 ℃, 10 min。扩增产物经凝胶电泳分析, 并将目标PCR产物进行Sanger双向测序。测序峰图文件利用CodonCode Aligner (V3.7.1, CodonCode Co., USA) 进行分析获得目标DNA序列, 分别利用中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统及GenBank数据库Blast分析, 利用MEGA X软件构建系统发育树, 进行物种鉴定。
肉苁蓉供试品溶液的制备  将新鲜肉苁蓉切成片后, 放入90 ℃热水中焯水1~2 min杀酶[12], 取出晾干水分, 放入60 ℃鼓风干燥箱中烘干后粉碎, 过四号筛, 并参照中国药典(2025年版) 肉苁蓉项下供试品溶液制备方法制备[1]。即精密称取1.0 g粉末, 加入50%甲醇50 mL, 密塞, 摇匀, 称定重量, 浸泡30 min, 超声处理40 min (功率250 W, 频率40 kHz), 放冷, 再称定重量, 加50%甲醇补足减失的重量, 摇匀, 静置, 取上清液, 滤过, 取续滤液, 即得。
5种苯乙醇苷的含量测定  按课题组前期建立的方法进行测定[13]。对照品溶液的制备: 精密称定松果菊苷、管花苷A、毛蕊花糖苷、异毛蕊花糖苷和2′-乙酰毛蕊花糖苷对照品适量, 加50%甲醇溶液配制成一定浓度的混合对照品溶液。色谱条件: 采用Phenomenex Luna C18色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相A为乙腈-甲醇(v: v = 6∶1) 溶液, 流动相B为0.1%的甲酸缓冲液, 梯度洗脱条件为: 0~5 min, 10%~18% A; 5~15 min, 18%~24% A; 15~20 min, 24%~26% A; 20~28 min, 26%~30% A; 28~35 min, 30%~35% A, 流速控制为1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温30 ℃, 检测波长330 nm。测定法: 分别精密吸取对照品溶液与肉苁蓉供试品溶液各10 μL注入液相色谱仪, 测定, 即得。
甜菜碱、甘露醇、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量测定  按课题组前期建立的方法进行测定[14]。对照品溶液的制备: 精密称定甜菜碱、甘露醇、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖的对照品适量, 加水溶解配制成一定浓度的对照品混合溶液。供试品溶液的制备: 取“肉苁蓉供试品溶液的制备”中的供试品溶液用50%甲醇溶液稀释为原液浓度的1/5, 充分混匀后用0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤, 即得。色谱条件: 采用Shodex ASHAIPAK NH2P-50 4E凝胶色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为乙腈-水(77∶23), 流速为0.7 mL·min-1, 柱温25 ℃; 采用蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD) 进行检测: 漂移管温度100 ℃, 载气流速3 L·min-1。测定法: 分别精密吸取对照品溶液5、10 μL, 供试品溶液5 μL, 注入液相色谱仪测定, 按外标二点法对数方程计算。
指纹图谱相似度评价  供试品溶液制备方法同“肉苁蓉供试品溶液的制备”, 液相色谱条件与测定方法同“5种苯乙醇苷的含量测定”。将色谱文件导入“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)”, 以K1样品色谱图为参考图谱, 标记5个苯乙醇苷的色谱峰进行多点校正, 生成叠加图谱及对照图谱, 计算指纹图谱相似度。
肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉具有穗状花序; 苞片1枚, 长卵状披针形, 小苞片2枚, 两面无毛。花萼筒状, 顶端5裂且钝。花冠筒状钟形, 长3~4 cm, 约为花萼长度的2.5倍, 顶端5裂, 边缘外卷, 黄色(图1A、B), 干后变褐色。花丝长约3 cm, 基部少量柔毛, 花柱比雄蕊稍长, 柱头近球形, 光滑无毛。雄蕊4枚, 花药呈长卵型, 花药密披长绒毛、基部有骤尖头, 这个特征与《中国植物志》中记载的荒漠肉苁蓉、盐生肉苁蓉一致; 而管花肉苁蓉花药基部钝圆, 该特征与同属其他种有明显差异[7]。
此外, 可以观察到寄主植物S. hildebrandtii Schinz是一种多分枝的灌木, 幼枝密被淡黄色或白色绒毛, 叶为宽匙状倒卵形, 基部细窄(图1D、E)。花序密集生长于花序梗上, 花序梗和花序轴被有灰白色或浅灰色或白色绒毛。
肉质茎呈扁圆柱形, 表面浅黄或棕褐色, 密被覆针形排列的肉质鳞片, 质硬, 微有柔性(图2A); 肉质茎横断面浅黄或棕褐色, 肉眼可见淡棕色散生维管束(图2B), 显微镜下维管束呈卵圆形或梭形, 由木质部和韧皮部组成, 多为单个散生, 或2~3个维管束成群, 韧皮部朝向不一(图2C、D)。中国药典(2025年版) 描述荒漠肉苁蓉横断面棕褐色, 有淡棕色点状维管束, 排列成波状环纹, 常形成一圈内褶的环状维管束, 而管花肉苁蓉横断面可见散生点状维管束, 这常用于区分这两种肉苁蓉饮片[1]。肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉横断面同样可见散生点状维管束, 这与管花肉苁蓉特征一致。
使用ITS2F/ITS3R和psbA-trnH两对引物扩增肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉及寄主进行分子鉴定[11]。2株肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉在中药材DNA分子条形码鉴定系统中成功比对为管花肉苁蓉C. tubulosa, 序列相似性为96.7%; 在GenBank数据库中比对到多个物种, 其中与塞内加尔肉苁蓉C. senegalensis序列相似性为100%, 与管花肉苁蓉C. tubulosa序列相似性大于98%。寄主植物在中药材DNA分子条形码系统中未匹配到, 但在GenBank数据库有高度相似(97.55%) 的苋科植物S. hildebrandtii。
从GenBank数据库中下载与肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉psbA-trnH序列最相似的C. senegalensis (登录号: LT715293), 与ITS2F/ITS3R序列最相似的C. senegalensis (登录号: LT715483), 同时下载了四种国产肉苁蓉的ITS2序列和psbA序列, 利用MEGA X软件构建系统发育树(图3)。从图3可以看出, 肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉样品(K1、K2) 与C. senegalensis处于同一发育分支, 遗传距离为0~0.001 6, 推测有可能为同一物种; 而与国产四种肉苁蓉处在不同的发育分支, 说明它们具有较大的种间差异。相对而言, K1、K2与管花肉苁蓉的发育分支遗传距离较近, 为0.008 9~0.009 8, 而与荒漠肉苁蓉的遗传距离较远, 为0.119 3~0.296 1, 说明肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉与管花肉苁蓉的亲缘关系更近, 推测肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉与管花肉苁蓉曾有共同的祖先, 但在不同环境压力和演化过程中发生了分化。
采用HPLC法同时测定2株肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉、中国新疆的管花肉苁蓉和荒漠肉苁蓉中的5种苯乙醇苷类成分和5种糖醇类成分的含量, 结果如表1、2所示。关于苯乙醇苷类成分的含量, 松果菊苷和毛蕊花糖苷在不同来源的肉苁蓉样品中普遍都比较高, 这也验证了中国药典选择这两个成分作为指标性成分的合理性。不同的是塞内加尔肉苁蓉中管花苷A含量很高, 明显区分于国内的肉苁蓉品种, 这可能是肯尼亚肉苁蓉的一个区别特征。关于总糖醇的含量, 荒漠肉苁蓉中总糖醇含量远高于管花肉苁蓉和塞内加尔肉苁蓉。管花肉苁蓉中均未检出甜菜碱, 其果糖、甘露醇和葡萄糖含量与荒漠肉苁蓉相近, 但蔗糖的含量远低于荒漠肉苁蓉。塞内加尔肉苁蓉中均检出甜菜碱, 但未检出葡萄糖, 其他糖醇的含量也与国产肉苁蓉存在较大差异。
不同产地的肉苁蓉指纹图谱见图4, 指纹图谱相似度结果见表3。K1与GH1~GH3样品的相似度为0.785~0.899, 与HM1~HM3样品的相似度为0.630~0.745, K2与GH1~GH3样品的相似度为0.840~0.859, 与HM1~HM3样品的相似度为0.775~0.824, 说明肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉化学成分组成与国产管花肉苁蓉更相近。
肯尼亚拥有丰富的植物多样性, 使用植物进行治疗的传统源远流长。然而, 目前许多非洲植物在分类学、化学以及药理学领域的研究尚不完善, 致使众多具有药用价值的植物未能得到足够的重视与深入研究[9]。肉苁蓉虽有报道称在肯尼亚分布广泛[15], 然而目前在肯尼亚却尚无药用的记录。为了明确肯尼亚肉苁蓉资源现状及其药用价值, 课题组通过对肯尼亚的实地调研, 发现塞内加尔肉苁蓉在肯尼亚的西南部广泛分布, 且肉苁蓉在当地花期分别为3~5月及10~12月, 而此次调研时间为8月, 所以仅收集到2株样品。尽管如此, 本研究从形态学、组织学及DNA分子水平首次明确了肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的品种, 并对其化学成分含量进行测定分析, 为肯尼亚肉苁蓉的资源保护和开发提供支持。
肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉肉质茎呈扁圆形, 与荒漠肉苁蓉的外观相近, 而与管花肉苁蓉纺锤形的肉质茎相差较大。肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的横断面维管束散生, 这与管花肉苁蓉特征一致, 然而管花肉苁蓉花药基部钝圆、无骤尖头, 但肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的花药没有这一特征[1, 7]。经ITS2和psbA-trnH序列比对, 肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉很可能为塞内加尔肉苁蓉C. senegalensis, 并且这两段序列与国内的管花肉苁蓉相似度很高。有报道指出C. senegalensis主要分布于非洲东北部塞内加尔向南延伸到非洲东南部的肯尼亚等地[15]。在目前最新最完整的肉苁蓉属分支系统发育研究中, 将肉苁蓉属划分为四个主要的分支, 分别为东亚分支、西北非分支、西南亚分支和广泛分支。其中广泛分支内的肉苁蓉因种间杂交或者地理环境变化导致系统发育分辨率较低, 很难从外观特性和DNA序列轻易区分, 而C. tubulosa与C. senegalensis均被列入广泛分支, 并且该研究中4个被鉴定为C. tubulosa的样本插入到C. senegalensis的发育分支中, 这导致即使从核基因ITS2片段和叶绿体基因psbA-trnH片段序列也难以区分两者[8]。
有研究[15]报道C. senegalensis的寄主包括苋科碱蓬属南滨碱蓬Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. F. Gmel.、刺茉莉科牙刷树属牙刷树Salvadora persica L.、蒺藜科驼蹄瓣属Zygophyllum sp.及豆科金合欢属扭荚金合欢Vachellia tortilis。本研究发现肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉寄主为苋科北绢苋属植物S. hildebrandtii, 系亚灌木或灌木, 其根为当地的一种民族药, 具有治疗疟疾、胃痛、肝炎、便秘等作用[16, 17]。而国内荒漠肉苁蓉的寄主包括苋科梭梭属植物梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge、白梭梭H. persicum Bunge ex Boiss和黎科滨藜属植物四翅滨藜Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.[18]; 国内管花肉苁蓉的寄主为柽柳科柽柳属多种植物Tamarix L.。从寄主植物角度分析, 国内管花和荒漠肉苁蓉的寄主植物仅限于少数几种植物, 而肯尼亚的塞内加尔肉苁蓉寄主种类较多, 且寄主种属差异较大, 说明了肯尼亚的塞内加尔肉苁蓉可能有较广泛的适应性。
本次收集的2株塞内加尔肉苁蓉样本均检测出5种苯乙醇苷类化合物, 但是含量差异较大, 这可能与其是否开花有关。其中K1采集时尚未长出地面, 肉质茎较小, 营养物质未被消耗, 因此有效成分的含量高; 而K2采集时正处于开花期, 营养物质被消耗, 导致有效成分的含量降低, 这与之前的研究相符[19]。K1检测出的5种苯乙醇苷的总含量高于国产的荒漠肉苁蓉, 但是低于国产的管花肉苁蓉。另外, K1中检出的四种糖醇和甜菜碱的总含量高于对比的管花肉苁蓉, 但是低于荒漠肉苁蓉。尤为值得注意的是, K1和K2中均检出较高含量的甜菜碱, 但之前的研究报道表明甜菜碱在国产管花肉苁蓉中从未被检出, 而只在国产荒漠肉苁蓉中具有较高含量[6]。此外, 与国产肉苁蓉的另一个差异点是K1、K2均未检出葡萄糖, 但由于样本量少而无法判断究竟是C. senegalensis的品质特点, 还是由于个体差异所致, 有待于今后收集更多的样品进行验证。
总之, 本文通过实地调查取样和研究, 发现了肯尼亚野生肉苁蓉的资源分布, 明确其物种为塞内加尔肉苁蓉, 其与国产的荒漠肉苁蓉与管花肉苁蓉既有相似性也有差异性, 这种差异可能源自种质、生态环境、寄主植物等因素, 有待于后续进一步追踪研究。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0369
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
  • 修回日期:2025-05-06
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    1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310014
    2北京大学, 天然药物与仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191
    3中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 国家中医药管理局中药资源保护重点研究室, 北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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