Article(id=1308455884263289706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=1744819200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889792743, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889792743, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889792743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889792743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2218, endPage=2226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455884473004907, articleId=1308455884263289706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Role of aroC in mediating anti-tumor efficacy and tumor targeting of engineered Salmonella VNP20009, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of antitumor live microbial agents represents an emerging frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Attenuated Salmonella VNP20009 stands as one of the most extensively studied oncolytic bacterial strains, demonstrating remarkable tumor-targeting specificity with 10³–10⁴-fold higher distribution titers in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, alongside significant antitumor efficacy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumor-targeting properties and antitumor activity remain elusive, hindering further strain optimization. As aromatic amino acids serve as essential nutrients for bacterial growth, their biosynthesis in Salmonella is primarily regulated by the aroC gene. To investigate the role of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in VNP20009's antitumor activity, we constructed an aroC-deficient strain (VNP ΔaroC) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Systematic evaluations were performed to assess: ① tolerance to extracellular stresses (pH, H2O2) in vitro; ② invasive capacity against B16F10 melanoma cells; ③ proliferative capacity within tumor cells; ④ antitumor efficacy and biodistribution in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. Experimental results revealed that VNP ΔaroC exhibited comparable growth profiles to wild-type VNP20009 under varying pH and H2O2 conditions. However, its colony growth rate on solid medium under identical pH and H2O2 conditions was significantly reduced relative to VNP20009. Furthermore, the invasive and proliferative capacities against B16F10 melanoma cells were markedly diminished compared to the wild-type strain. In murine models, VNP ΔaroC demonstrated reduced systemic toxicity but concurrently showed attenuated antitumor efficacy and tumor-targeting specificity. These findings establish aroC as a critical gene governing both therapeutic potency and tumor-targeting capability of VNP20009. This study provides valuable insights for further synthetic biological engineering of oncolytic bacterial strains. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Nanjing University (approval No: IACUC-2003167).

, authors=Yu ZHANG1, Bo-hao WANG2, Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Yu ZHANG, Bo-hao WANG, Zi-chun HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455886142337914, articleId=1308455884263289706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=aroC基因在溶瘤菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性中的作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗肿瘤活体微生物药物研发是当前肿瘤免疫治疗的一个新热点。减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009是研究和应用较多的一株溶瘤菌株。该菌株具有显著的肿瘤靶向性, 其在肿瘤组织分布滴度高于正常组织103~104倍, 同时具有较好的抗肿瘤活性。迄今为止, 其肿瘤靶向性和抗肿瘤活性的分子机制尚为未知, 因而阻碍了该菌株的进一步改造和提升。芳香族氨基酸是细菌生长的必需营养底物, 其合成在沙门氏菌中主要由aroC基因调控。为了探讨芳香族氨基酸合成途径在减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009抗肿瘤活性中的作用, 本研究借助CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了aroC基因缺失的VNP20009 ΔaroC菌株(VNP ΔaroC), 并检测了aroC基因缺失对VNP20009在体外对不同胁迫条件(pH、H2O2) 的耐受能力、侵袭黑色素瘤B16F10肿瘤细胞的能力及其在肿瘤细胞的增殖能力, 以及在黑色素瘤B16F10肿瘤模型上的抗肿瘤药效及组织分布的影响。实验结果表明, VNP ΔaroC菌株在不同pH、H2O2浓度下的生长曲线与野生型菌株VNP20009相比无显著差异, 但其在不同pH、H2O2浓度固体培养基中的菌落生长速率较VNP20009显著降低。此外, VNP ΔaroC对黑色素瘤B16F10细胞的侵袭及增殖能力较VNP20009显著减弱。小鼠肿瘤模型中, VNP ΔaroC菌株的体内毒性显著降低, 但其抗肿瘤能力和肿瘤靶向性也显著减弱。结果表明, aroC是减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性的关键基因。本研究为溶瘤菌VNP20009的进一步合成生物改造做了有益的探索。所有动物实验均经过南京大学动物管理与使用委员会的审查批准(批准号: IACUC-2003167)。

, authors=张玉1, 王伯豪2, 华子春1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=张玉, 王伯豪, 华子春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=华子春, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张玉负责实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 王伯豪负责实验设计; 华子春负责论文的构思、指导和论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
华子春,Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
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A: Bacterial titers in liver, spleen, and tumor; B: Tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-spleen ratios in mice treated with VNP or VNP ΔaroC. n = 6, x±s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=EMiRykBcGKIciX1l2DF+RQ==, figureFileBig=T8MrmkQT9e+PgNo3fGbWBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472228192978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fj6gkDQ8wjUrGch9AsqN7g==, figureFileBig=h0YcPKDi9L4AJhJnjdcTNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472295301843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Growth of VNP and VNP ΔaroC at pH values. A-D: Bacterial grouth curve at different pH values; E: Colony tolerance at different pH values, figureFileSmall=fj6gkDQ8wjUrGch9AsqN7g==, figureFileBig=h0YcPKDi9L4AJhJnjdcTNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472362410708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OrioYdB6c8vsz7t6e353cw==, figureFileBig=w0kcbVetiJcQDEbUtifqzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472429519573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Growth of VNP and VNP ΔaroC at different H2O2 concentrations. A-C: Bacterial grouth curve at different H2O2 concentrations; D: Colony tolerance at different H2O2 concentrations, figureFileSmall=OrioYdB6c8vsz7t6e353cw==, figureFileBig=w0kcbVetiJcQDEbUtifqzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472505017046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mlWLdMTlmN+YwVrOi3Lc9g==, figureFileBig=bpG2ebcn+T5lAoOA/Mio0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472567931607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Evaluation of the infection (A) and proliferation (B, C) ability of VNP and VNP ΔaroC. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=mlWLdMTlmN+YwVrOi3Lc9g==, figureFileBig=bpG2ebcn+T5lAoOA/Mio0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498472630846168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
aroC gRNA-FTTTCGGCGAATCACACGGGCGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATA
aroC gRNA-RTTCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGAATTC
aroC-US-FGAATTCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGAAATTCTGGATATGTGTACCGGCAG
aroC-US-RATCGCGGTTTTTTTCATTTCTTACGCGAAAGAGTTGTCCAATTGTGTTTC
aroC-DS-FGAAATGAAAAAAACCGCGATTGCGCTGCTG
aroC-DS-RCAGGGTAATAGATCTAAGCTTTACGTAGCCAGTCACGATCGTTTCC
aroC-PTAT-FGCTTAGATCTATTACCCTGTTATCCCTACTCGAGTTACC
aroC-pTAT-RGCCCGTGTGATTCGCCGAAAACTAGTATTATACCTAGGAC
pTAT-jianding-FGAAGAGCGCCTGATGCGG
pTAT-jianding-RCTCTAGCTTCCCGGCAAC
aroC-FGTGCCGCGTTCACCGATTGG
aroC-RTCTTCGCACTCCAGGCTGTCG
GAPDH-FAGCGTTGGAAACGATGTCCT
GAPDH-RTTGGTGTTGACGTAGTGGCT
aroC-qPCR-FTTCGACTTCTTCACCTGCCC
aroC-qPCR-RTCAGTAGCGGGCAACACATT
), ArticleFig(id=1308498472693760729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primers used in the study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
aroC gRNA-FTTTCGGCGAATCACACGGGCGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATA
aroC gRNA-RTTCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGAATTC
aroC-US-FGAATTCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGAAATTCTGGATATGTGTACCGGCAG
aroC-US-RATCGCGGTTTTTTTCATTTCTTACGCGAAAGAGTTGTCCAATTGTGTTTC
aroC-DS-FGAAATGAAAAAAACCGCGATTGCGCTGCTG
aroC-DS-RCAGGGTAATAGATCTAAGCTTTACGTAGCCAGTCACGATCGTTTCC
aroC-PTAT-FGCTTAGATCTATTACCCTGTTATCCCTACTCGAGTTACC
aroC-pTAT-RGCCCGTGTGATTCGCCGAAAACTAGTATTATACCTAGGAC
pTAT-jianding-FGAAGAGCGCCTGATGCGG
pTAT-jianding-RCTCTAGCTTCCCGGCAAC
aroC-FGTGCCGCGTTCACCGATTGG
aroC-RTCTTCGCACTCCAGGCTGTCG
GAPDH-FAGCGTTGGAAACGATGTCCT
GAPDH-RTTGGTGTTGACGTAGTGGCT
aroC-qPCR-FTTCGACTTCTTCACCTGCCC
aroC-qPCR-RTCAGTAGCGGGCAACACATT
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PropertyVNP20009VNP20009 ΔaroC
CharacteristicsWild-type strainΔaroC mutant strain
Antitumor efficacyStrongSignificantly weakened
Body weight changesContinuous weight lossTransient weight loss
Enlargement of organsSevere enlargement of liver and spleenNo significant enlargement of liver and spleen
Tumor-targetingStrongSevere deficiency
Survival under varying pH/H2O2Resistant to weak acid/alkali; growth inhibition under low H2O2 (1 mmol·L-1)Similar to VNP in the liquid environment, but reduced growth rate in solid medium
Invasive capabilityHigh invasion against B16F10 cellsWeaker invasive capability against B16F10 cells than VNP
Intracellular proliferationStrong proliferation within B16F10 cellsNo proliferation observed within B16F10 cells
), ArticleFig(id=1308498472819589851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455884263289706, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of properties of VNP20009 and VNP20009 ΔaroC

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PropertyVNP20009VNP20009 ΔaroC
CharacteristicsWild-type strainΔaroC mutant strain
Antitumor efficacyStrongSignificantly weakened
Body weight changesContinuous weight lossTransient weight loss
Enlargement of organsSevere enlargement of liver and spleenNo significant enlargement of liver and spleen
Tumor-targetingStrongSevere deficiency
Survival under varying pH/H2O2Resistant to weak acid/alkali; growth inhibition under low H2O2 (1 mmol·L-1)Similar to VNP in the liquid environment, but reduced growth rate in solid medium
Invasive capabilityHigh invasion against B16F10 cellsWeaker invasive capability against B16F10 cells than VNP
Intracellular proliferationStrong proliferation within B16F10 cellsNo proliferation observed within B16F10 cells
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aroC基因在溶瘤菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性中的作用
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张玉 1 , 王伯豪 2 , 华子春 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(7): 2218-2226
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (7) : 2218 -2226
aroC基因在溶瘤菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性中的作用
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2School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
3National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
4Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute/Jiangsu Target Biopharma Research Co., Ltd., Changzhou Nanjing University High-Tech Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China
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2南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
3南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
4江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所/江苏靶标生物医药研究所有限公司, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
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张玉1, 王伯豪2, 华子春1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 4江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所/江苏靶标生物医药研究所有限公司, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
  • 5南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044
通讯作者:
华子春,Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张玉负责实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 王伯豪负责实验设计; 华子春负责论文的构思、指导和论文修改。

Role of aroC in mediating anti-tumor efficacy and tumor targeting of engineered Salmonella VNP20009
Yu ZHANG1, Bo-hao WANG2, Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute/Jiangsu Target Biopharma Research Co., Ltd., Changzhou Nanjing University High-Tech Research Institute, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 5Nanjing Jiruikang Biotechnology Research Institute, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0270
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抗肿瘤活体微生物药物研发是当前肿瘤免疫治疗的一个新热点。减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009是研究和应用较多的一株溶瘤菌株。该菌株具有显著的肿瘤靶向性, 其在肿瘤组织分布滴度高于正常组织103~104倍, 同时具有较好的抗肿瘤活性。迄今为止, 其肿瘤靶向性和抗肿瘤活性的分子机制尚为未知, 因而阻碍了该菌株的进一步改造和提升。芳香族氨基酸是细菌生长的必需营养底物, 其合成在沙门氏菌中主要由aroC基因调控。为了探讨芳香族氨基酸合成途径在减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009抗肿瘤活性中的作用, 本研究借助CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了aroC基因缺失的VNP20009 ΔaroC菌株(VNP ΔaroC), 并检测了aroC基因缺失对VNP20009在体外对不同胁迫条件(pH、H2O2) 的耐受能力、侵袭黑色素瘤B16F10肿瘤细胞的能力及其在肿瘤细胞的增殖能力, 以及在黑色素瘤B16F10肿瘤模型上的抗肿瘤药效及组织分布的影响。实验结果表明, VNP ΔaroC菌株在不同pH、H2O2浓度下的生长曲线与野生型菌株VNP20009相比无显著差异, 但其在不同pH、H2O2浓度固体培养基中的菌落生长速率较VNP20009显著降低。此外, VNP ΔaroC对黑色素瘤B16F10细胞的侵袭及增殖能力较VNP20009显著减弱。小鼠肿瘤模型中, VNP ΔaroC菌株的体内毒性显著降低, 但其抗肿瘤能力和肿瘤靶向性也显著减弱。结果表明, aroC是减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性的关键基因。本研究为溶瘤菌VNP20009的进一步合成生物改造做了有益的探索。所有动物实验均经过南京大学动物管理与使用委员会的审查批准(批准号: IACUC-2003167)。

aroC  /  鼠伤寒沙门氏菌  /  黑色素瘤  /  肿瘤靶向性  /  CRISPR/Cas9

The development of antitumor live microbial agents represents an emerging frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Attenuated Salmonella VNP20009 stands as one of the most extensively studied oncolytic bacterial strains, demonstrating remarkable tumor-targeting specificity with 10³–10⁴-fold higher distribution titers in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, alongside significant antitumor efficacy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumor-targeting properties and antitumor activity remain elusive, hindering further strain optimization. As aromatic amino acids serve as essential nutrients for bacterial growth, their biosynthesis in Salmonella is primarily regulated by the aroC gene. To investigate the role of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in VNP20009's antitumor activity, we constructed an aroC-deficient strain (VNP ΔaroC) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Systematic evaluations were performed to assess: ① tolerance to extracellular stresses (pH, H2O2) in vitro; ② invasive capacity against B16F10 melanoma cells; ③ proliferative capacity within tumor cells; ④ antitumor efficacy and biodistribution in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. Experimental results revealed that VNP ΔaroC exhibited comparable growth profiles to wild-type VNP20009 under varying pH and H2O2 conditions. However, its colony growth rate on solid medium under identical pH and H2O2 conditions was significantly reduced relative to VNP20009. Furthermore, the invasive and proliferative capacities against B16F10 melanoma cells were markedly diminished compared to the wild-type strain. In murine models, VNP ΔaroC demonstrated reduced systemic toxicity but concurrently showed attenuated antitumor efficacy and tumor-targeting specificity. These findings establish aroC as a critical gene governing both therapeutic potency and tumor-targeting capability of VNP20009. This study provides valuable insights for further synthetic biological engineering of oncolytic bacterial strains. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Nanjing University (approval No: IACUC-2003167).

aroC  /  Salmonella typhimurium  /  melanoma  /  tumor-targeting property  /  CRISPR/Cas9
张玉, 王伯豪, 华子春. aroC基因在溶瘤菌VNP20009的抗肿瘤疗效和肿瘤靶向性中的作用. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2218 -2226 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0270
Yu ZHANG, Bo-hao WANG, Zi-chun HUA. Role of aroC in mediating anti-tumor efficacy and tumor targeting of engineered Salmonella VNP20009[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2218 -2226 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0270
近年来, 肿瘤免疫治疗进展迅猛、临床疗效显著。古老的肿瘤细菌治疗是最早的肿瘤免疫治疗, 近10年来, 以减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009 (简称VNP) 为代表的溶瘤菌作为一种新兴的肿瘤治疗策略, 凭借其独特的肿瘤靶向性和局部免疫激活能力[1], 受到了广泛关注。通过基因工程改造, VNP能在肿瘤缺氧区域选择性增殖, 并通过释放毒素或激活宿主免疫系统抑制肿瘤生长[2-8]。此外, 工程化改造的VNP展现出优异的药物递送特性, 其负载干扰素β、白细胞介素21及白细胞介素7等免疫调节因子的制剂在小鼠黑色素瘤模型中, 通过系统性重塑肿瘤免疫微环境, 包括促进树突状细胞募集、增强效应T细胞浸润及抑制M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化等机制, 显著抑制肿瘤生长及转移[3, 9, 10]。同时, VNP递送系统与放射治疗、化疗或免疫检查点阻断疗法(如抗PD-1单克隆抗体) 联用时, 在克服放疗抵抗表型和增强免疫效应细胞毒性方面具有显著优势, 展现出良好的治疗协同效应[3, 11]。尽管临床前研究证实其具有良好的安全性及较好的抗肿瘤效果, 但VNP在I期临床研究中仍然存在疗效不够、安全性有待进一步提升的挑战。因此, 阐明关键基因作用机制、优化基因改造策略成为提升VNP疗效的关键突破口。
代谢组学研究表明, 肿瘤通过增强芳香族氨基酸代谢促进免疫抑制微环境的形成[12, 13]; 同时芳香族氨基酸自身或其代谢产物也可以通过调控雷帕霉素机制靶蛋白复合物1、大鼠肉瘤基因/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等信号通路促进肿瘤的转移、生长和抗药性[14, 15]。目前, 已有靶向芳香族氨基酸代谢酶谷氨酰胺酶1[16-18]和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶2转运蛋白[19-21]的治疗策略, 并观察到良好的肿瘤抑制效果。理论上, 通过耗竭肿瘤区域的芳香族氨基酸, 实现缓解肿瘤区域芳香族氨基酸代谢活跃与失衡, 将有望对肿瘤的进展起到遏制作用。
在细菌代谢系统中, 芳香族氨基酸合成通路占据核心地位, 其产物不仅是蛋白质合成前体, 更参与辅酶合成、电子传递及信号转导等关键过程[22, 23]。其中, 沙门氏菌的aroC基因编码的分支酸合酶是芳香族氨基酸合成通路中的关键酶, 该酶催化5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸盐产生的分支酸是芳香族氨基酸合成的共同前体物质[24-28], 其功能缺失很可能影响细菌的体内增殖与毒力[29, 30]。基于此代谢特性, aroC基因已成为构建减毒疫苗菌株的重要靶标, 如减毒伤寒沙门氏菌BRD691 (Ty2ΔaroA ΔaroC)[31]等。在一项临床试验中, 以沙门氏菌Ty2为底盘菌株构建的候选口服伤寒活疫苗株CVD 908-htrA (Ty2ΔaroC ΔaroD ΔhtrA) 以5×107~5×109菌落形成单位(colony-forming units, CFU) 的剂量通过缓冲液口服给药, 在志愿者中具有良好的耐受性和高免疫原性[32]。
尽管aroC基因在沙门氏菌疫苗中的作用已有阐述, 但其在溶瘤菌VNP20009抗肿瘤效应中的作用机制尚未得以研究阐明。本研究通过构建aroC基因敲除的VNP菌株(VNP ΔaroC), 系统探究该基因对细菌肿瘤靶向能力、治疗效果的影响及其分子机制, 为优化溶瘤菌疗法提供新的理论依据。
实验试剂  氯化钠(2208281) 购自广东西陇科学股份有限公司; 蛋白胨(3765758)、酵母提取物(4412028-02) 购自英国Oxoid公司; 琼脂粉(20231113) 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 质粒小提试剂盒(7E712G3)、胶回收试剂盒(7E780J3)、PCR扩增试剂盒2×Phanta Max Master Mix (Dye Plus) (7E2720L4)、多片段重组试剂盒ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit V2 (7E2432J4)、cDNA逆转录试剂盒HiScript II Q RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (7E0272K4)、qPCR试剂盒One Step RT-qPCR SYBR Green Kit (7E1960L4) 均购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; AG RNAex Pro Reagent裂解液(A5A2807) 和RNA提取试剂盒(A6A3419) 均购自艾科瑞生物公司。
实验仪器  超纯水仪(Milli-Q, IQ 70055, 美国密理博公司); 高压灭菌锅(GR85DA, 美国致微仪器公司); 流式细胞仪(BD Accuri C6 plus, 美国BD Biosciences公司); 酶标仪(H1MF, 美国BioTek公司); 组织匀浆机(Scientz-48, 宁波新芝生物科技有限公司); 恒温培养箱(HDPF-150, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
菌株和质粒  减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌VNP20009、pCas9质粒、pTAT-backbone质粒均为实验室保存。
细胞和动物  鼠源B16F10黑色素瘤细胞由本实验室保存。SPF级C57BL/6J雌性小鼠(6~8周龄, 18~22 g) 购自江苏华创信诺医药科技有限公司, 合格证号为No. 202368417、No. 202357945、No. 202370775。所有动物实验均经过南京大学动物管理与使用委员会的审查批准(批准号: IACUC-2003167)。
DNA引物设计  该研究所用引物均由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司合成, 序列如表1所示。
敲除载体pTAT-aroC-KO的构建  根据VNP20009基因组数据(NCBI CP007804.2) 定位aroC基因序列, 利用CRISPOR在线工具(http://crispor.tefor.net/) 设计靶向aroC的sgRNA, 选择20 bp-NGG PAM的互补核酸序列5'-TTTCGGCGAATCACACGGGC-3'。在aroC基因上下游各选取600 bp序列作为重组同源臂(上游同源臂US和下游同源臂DS), 并设计引物。采用多片段重组克隆试剂盒将sgRNA表达盒、US、DS与线性化载体pTAT连接, 并将重组产物转化至大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞, 挑取单克隆扩增后提取质粒, 经PCR和测序鉴定后, 获取重组质粒pTAT-aroC-KO。
敲除菌株的电击转化  过夜复苏VNP20009, 次日按1∶100转接至新鲜LB液体培养基, 培养至A600约为0.5; 4 ℃, 5 000 r·min-1离心5 min收集菌体, 并以预冷的10%甘油洗涤3次, 最终以10%甘油100 μL重悬; 取1 μg质粒加入到100 μL VNP电转感受态中, 轻拨混匀, 并转移到预冷的0.2 cm电击杯, 以2 400 V, 25 μF, 400 Ω条件电击转化。电击后迅速加入1 mL无抗LB液体培养基, 吸打后于37 ℃、220 r·min-1摇床中复苏1 h, 之后涂布在含抗生素的LB平板上, 倒置培养16 h。挑取单克隆于LB液体培养基(含抗生素) 中扩增, 最终以10%甘油保存菌株。
敲除株单克隆基因型鉴定  挑取单克隆培养在含氨苄青霉素(Amp) 和卡那霉素(Kan) 的抗性液体LB培养基中, 培养8 h后提取细菌基因组, 以引物aroC-F/R (表1) 进行PCR扩增。产物经1% TAE琼脂糖凝胶电泳, 观察电泳条带大小, 选取条带呈1 349 bp的突变型菌株(野生型2 398 bp) 保存, 命名为VNP ΔaroC-A/K。
敲除菌株的抗性消除及基因检测  以Kan抗性LB培养基30 ℃过夜复苏VNP ΔaroC-A/K, 次日划线在含终浓度为1 mmol·L-1 IPTG的Kan抗性LB平板上, 30 ℃倒置过夜培养; 挑取单克隆培养在含有1 mmol·L-1 IPTG和Kan抗性的LB培养基中, 30 ℃过夜培养; 次日将该过夜培养物一分为二, 分别培养在Amp/Kan双抗性LB培养基和Kan抗性培养基中; 选取仅在Kan抗性培养基中生长的单克隆, 保菌并命名为VNP ΔaroC-K。于37 ℃无抗LB培养基过夜复苏VNP ΔaroC-K, 次日于无抗LB平板上划线, 并将平板于42 ℃过夜培养; 挑取单克隆于无抗LB培养基中42 ℃过夜培养; 次日将该过夜培养物一分为二, 分别培养在无抗LB培养基和Kan培养基中, 选取仅在无抗性培养基中生长的单克隆, 保菌并命名为VNP ΔaroC。提取菌株VNP ΔaroC基因组, 使用aroC-F和aroC-R为引物进行双向测序(表1), 以sanger测序结果确定aroC基因被敲除。
实时定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 分析  12 000 r·min-1离心2 min收集细菌, 加入AG RNAex Pro Reagent静置裂解5 min。使用RNA提取试剂盒提取细菌总RNA。根据试剂盒说明书进行cDNA的合成和qPCR定量分析。引物序列见表1。
生长曲线的测定  将冻存的甘油菌在LB琼脂平板上进行划线活化, 待菌落形成后, 挑选单克隆菌接种于LB液体培养基, 37 ℃过夜培养。随后按1∶100接种量将菌液转接至新鲜LB培养基, 培养至对数生长期(A600: 0.6~0.8)。菌液按1%接种量接种于不同应激条件(pH、H2O2处理) 的LB培养基中, 每孔加入200 μL菌液至96孔板, 每个样品设立4个重复, 空白LB培养基作为对照。使用酶标仪连续24 h检测细菌的生长曲线, 程序设置: 温度37 ℃, 双轨道连续振板, 运行时间24 h, 每隔30 min检测一次。
不同环境条件的细菌菌落形成测定  将细菌培养至对数生长期(A600: 0.6~0.8), 菌株活化方法与上述测定生长曲线的活化方法相同。
pH应激  菌液连续10倍稀释, 每个稀释浓度取2 μL点于不同pH值的LB琼脂培养基上, 于37 ℃静置培养12 h。
H2O2应激  菌液按1%接种至含H2O2 (0、1、1.5和2 mmol·L-1) 的LB培养基中, 室温静置处理3 h, 分别进行连续10倍稀释, 每个稀释浓度取2 μL点于LB琼脂培养基上, 37 ℃静置培养12 h。
VNP及VNP ΔaroC菌株抗肿瘤药效实验  小鼠在独立通风笼具系统(individually ventilated cages, IVC) 中适应性饲养1周后, 于右侧腋窝皮下注射5×105个B16F10黑色素瘤细胞。待小鼠肿瘤体积长至100 mm3时, 进行分组。将冻存的VNP及VNP ΔaroC菌种接种于LB液体培养基中, 37 ℃、220 r·min-1振荡复苏培养12 h。次日按1∶100转接新鲜培养基进行二次活化, 待A600达到0.6~0.8时, 4 ℃、5 000 r·min-1离心4 min收集菌体, 采用无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS) 洗涤3次后重悬。基于前期预实验结果(未展示), 尾静脉注射1×105 CFU剂量能使VNP达到安全性和抗肿瘤药效的平衡, 因此调整VNP及VNP ΔaroC的菌悬液浓度为1×106 CFU·mL-1, 通过尾静脉注射0.1 mL菌悬液(含1×105 CFU)。接种细菌后每两天测量小鼠体重及肿瘤大小, 观察小鼠摄食及活动状态。
VNP及VNP ΔaroC菌株在荷瘤小鼠体内的组织分布分析  小鼠皮下黑色素瘤模型建立和菌剂处理方式同上述抗肿瘤药效实验。待给菌后第4天处死小鼠, 无菌条件下取出小鼠肿瘤、心、肝、脾、肺和肾。称重后用预冷的组织匀浆机匀浆, 梯度稀释(101~106) 后涂布LB平板, 37 ℃培养12~16 h后计算菌落数。
VNP及VNP ΔaroC菌株对B16F10细胞的侵染及增殖能力分析  B16F10黑色素瘤细胞以1×105个每孔接种于12孔板, 培养12 h后用于实验; 将活化的VNP及其改造菌株培养至A₆₀₀ = 0.6~0.8, 4 ℃、5 000 r·min-1离心5 min收集菌体。使用无菌PBS缓冲液调整菌液浓度, 以100∶1的侵袭比感染细胞2 h; 弃培养基, PBS清洗3次去除胞外细菌。随后加入含100 μg·mL-1庆大霉素的培养基培养1 h, 再次用PBS清洗。侵袭实验: 每孔加入1 mL 1‰ TritonX-100裂解液裂解细胞, 充分吹打混匀, 将裂解液梯度稀释后, 涂布于LB琼脂平板, 37 ℃培养18 h后计数菌落, 每组设3个复孔。增殖实验: 更换含20 μg·mL-1庆大霉素的培养基, 分别继续培养2、6、20 h。各时间点按上述侵袭实验步骤裂解细胞并计数菌落, 每组设3个复孔。
统计学分析  所有数据均以平均值±标准差(x±s) 表示, 数据分析使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件, 两组间差异分析使用独立样本t检验, 多组间差异分析使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。所有统计分析中ns表示差异无统计学意义, 显著性阈值设为*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1。
将pTAT-aroC-KO和pCas9质粒电转化至VNP菌株后, 菌株内的sgRNA和Cas9蛋白表达系统可特异性识别并切割细菌基因组aroC位点, 诱导形成DNA双链断裂。随后细菌通过同源重组机制以US、DS同源重组臂为模板进行修复, 最终实现aroC基因敲除(图1A、B)。经抗生素筛选后, 通过菌落PCR验证获得正确克隆(图1C)。最后, 分别消除菌株中的pTAT质粒和pCas质粒, 成功构建VNP ΔaroC敲除菌株, 并通过qPCR检测确认aroC基因在转录水平上完全沉默(图1D)。
抗肿瘤药效实验显示, VNP ΔaroC虽保留部分抗肿瘤活性, 但其疗效显著低于野生型VNP (图2A)。具体而言, PBS组、VNP组、VNP ΔaroC组的肿瘤倍增时间分别为2.2、3.7、2.5天, 野生型菌株的肿瘤倍增时间较敲除株延长48% (图2B)。生存分析进一步表明, VNP野生型组中位生存期(29.5天) 较VNP ΔaroC组(15.5天) 延长90% (图2C)。这些数据共同证明aroC基因在维持VNP抗肿瘤活性中发挥关键作用。
安全性评估显示, VNP ΔaroC组与VNP野生型组均出现给药后第2天的短暂体重下降, 但VNP ΔaroC组体重迅速恢复至初始水平。相比之下, 野生型组在第4天出现更显著的体重下降(达21%), 且恢复迟缓(图3A)。
脏器病理学分析表明, 各实验组的心、肺、肾均未见明显肿大, 而肝、脾在不同组别中重量变化较为显著(图3B)。VNP ΔaroC组肝、脾的脏器指数与PBS对照组差异无统计学意义, 而野生型组较对照组显著升高(图3C、D)。实验结果表明, 在相同剂量下, VNP的脏器毒性显著高于VNP ΔaroC, 说明敲除aroC基因可有效降低VNP的毒性。
为探究细菌的肝、脾毒性是否与细菌在肝、脾中的载量有关, 本研究检测了菌株的生物分布特征。定量结果显示, VNP ΔaroC在肝脏、脾脏及肿瘤中的定殖密度较野生型显著降低(图4A), 同时其肿瘤/脾脏与肿瘤/肝脏比值亦显著下降(图4B)。值得注意的是, VNP ΔaroC菌株在肝、脾组织中的滴度较VNP降低了约2个数量级, 而肿瘤内滴度下降幅度达3个数量级, 表明aroC缺失可能通过影响细菌在肿瘤和正常组织的定殖能力来降低毒性。
为评估菌株在肿瘤微环境中的生长适应性, 监测VNP ΔaroC及其野生型菌株在不同pH条件下的生长曲线(图5A~D)。结果显示, 在弱酸及弱碱(pH 6.5~8.5) 环境中, 野生型菌株与ΔaroC菌株的生长趋势和中性环境(pH 7.0) 相近, 培养24 h后, 两者的A600均达到1.0。结果表明, aroC基因缺失对VNP菌株在液体环境中的pH适应性影响较小。为进一步探究菌株在固体培养环境中的生长特性, 本研究检测了两种菌株在不同pH固体培养基上的单菌落生长速率(图5E)。结果显示, 两菌株的菌落形态相似, 均为乳白色, 表面光滑且不透明, 但ΔaroC菌株在不同pH的固体培养基中形成的菌落大小及菌落的生长速率均显著低于野生型。两种培养条件下表型的差异说明, 不同pH条件下固体培养环境对ΔaroC菌株的影响远大于液体培养环境。
氧化应激实验显示, 1 mmol·L-1 H2O2处理显著抑制野生型与ΔaroC菌株的生长, 两者的增殖恢复时间分别延迟至13和15 h, 在24 h时A600均维持在0.8水平(图6B)。当H2O2浓度升至1.5 mmol·L-1时, 两菌株生长完全受抑(图6C)。上述结果表明, aroC基因的缺失对VNP菌株在液体环境中的氧化应激耐受性影响较小。为进一步探究菌株在固体培养环境中的生长特性, 本研究检测了两种菌株在不同H2O2浓度固体培养基上的单菌落生长速率(图6D)。结果显示, 1 mmol·L-1 H2O2处理对ΔaroC菌株的生长影响远大于VNP菌株, 当H2O2浓度升至1.5 mmol·L-1时, 两菌株生长完全受抑。两种培养条件下表型的差异说明不同H2O2条件下固体培养环境对ΔaroC菌株的影响远大于液体培养环境。
与野生型相比, VNP ΔaroC敲除株对B16F10黑色素瘤细胞的侵袭能力下降95.4% (图7A)。胞内增殖实验显示, 野生型菌株数量在感染后6 h无显著变化, 感染20 h时的胞内细菌数量较6 h增殖1.9倍(图7B); 而VNP ΔaroC菌株在20 h内未见显著增殖(图7C)。实验结果表明, aroC基因的缺失减弱了VNP对B16F10黑色素瘤细胞的侵袭和增殖能力, 说明aroC基因对VNP的肿瘤细胞侵袭能力及胞内增殖能力具有决定性作用。
本研究通过构建aroC基因敲除的VNP菌株(VNP ΔaroC), 系统评估了该菌株在肿瘤治疗中的功能特性(表2)。结果显示, aroC基因缺失显著提高了VNP20009的生物安全性, 但同时导致其抗肿瘤能力明显下降。为探究这一现象的成因, 首先检测了细菌的体内分布特征, 发现ΔaroC菌株在肝、脾及肿瘤组织中的定植量均有所下降, 其中肿瘤部位的定植减少最为显著。其次, 通过在不同pH值及H2O2浓度的LB培养基中培养细菌(模拟肿瘤微环境条件), 发现野生型VNP与ΔaroC菌株的生长曲线基本一致, 表明aroC基因缺失对VNP菌株的pH耐受性和氧化应激耐受性影响较小。进一步研究发现, ΔaroC菌株对B16F10细胞的侵袭能力及其在肿瘤细胞内的增殖效率较野生型菌株显著降低, 这一表型与其抗肿瘤效应减弱密切相关。机制分析表明, 侵袭能力下降可能与多重因素协同作用有关: 一方面, 沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白的合成依赖酪氨酸等芳香族氨基酸[33], 而ΔaroC菌株的芳香族氨基酸合成缺陷可直接抑制鞭毛蛋白生物合成, 削弱细菌趋化运动能力; 另一方面, aroC缺失可能通过PhoP/PhoQ等全局调控系统间接抑制III型分泌系统相关基因表达, 如色氨酸代谢产物吲哚可通过PhoP/Q依赖性及非依赖性双重通路下调SPI-1关键基因(包括hilA、prgH、invF和sipC), 从而降低侵袭效率[34]。在胞内增殖方面, ΔaroC菌株受限可能源于肿瘤微环境与能量代谢的双重限制: 尽管肿瘤细胞代谢活跃, 但其胞内芳香族氨基酸浓度可能不足以补偿细菌合成缺陷; 同时, 分支酸缺乏可阻碍泛醌生物合成, 引发电子传递链功能障碍, 导致能量代谢紊乱并形成增殖抑制的恶性循环。aroC基因介导的芳香族氨基酸代谢通路在VNP20009的抗肿瘤效应中具有重要作用, 但其具体作用机制仍需深入解析。
沙门氏菌VNP20009因在临床I期试验中表现出剂量限制性毒性(如高热和菌血症) 而终止开发。为提升其安全性和靶向性, 研究者通过敲除关键毒性或代谢相关基因以提升其安全性和靶向性。鉴于ΔaroC菌株的体内毒性显著降低, 该菌株具有成为合成生物学肿瘤治疗的极佳底盘菌株。然而, ΔaroC菌株的抗肿瘤能力较野生型显著减弱, 如何平衡其安全性与疗效成为后续改造的关键挑战。未来可通过合成生物学策略可控启动子筛选, 有望实现特定基因在肿瘤微环境的时空特异性表达调控: 即在肿瘤组织中激活aroC基因表达甚至过表达, 同时在正常组织中维持基因沉默, 以实现同时利用aroC缺失型菌株生物毒性低及野生型VNP20009肿瘤杀伤能力强的特点, 这或将成为优化该菌株治疗效能的新方向。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0270
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12
  • 修回日期:2025-04-17
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    1中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    3南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
    4江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所/江苏靶标生物医药研究所有限公司, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
    5南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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