Article(id=1308455694064181366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=1744732800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889747396, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889747396, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889747396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889747396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2060, endPage=2071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455694265507959, articleId=1308455694064181366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of T cells in the development, progression, and treatment of silicosis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silicosis is a progressive disease of the lungs triggered by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, characterized mainly by chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis with silicosis nodules. Epidemiological data show that the disease is highly prevalent in occupationally exposed populations, such as mining and building construction, and has become a major occupational health problem worldwide. The pathological process involves complex interactions between multiple cell types, including alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells and fibroblasts, with imbalances in the regulation of the adaptive immune system, particularly T lymphocytes, receiving much attention in recent years, and the mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we summarize the roles of CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in silicosis, including the imbalance between different types of T cells (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg subpopulations), the imbalance of cytokines secreted by the same type of T cells and the balance between their different cellular functions, which accelerate the development of silicosis, and the different specificity of this dynamic imbalance in different pathological stages. This dynamic imbalance presents different specificities at different pathological stages, and excessive immune disorders can lead to a variety of complications such as dyspnoea and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, maintaining the immune balance of pulmonary T-cells is essential for the prevention and treatment of silicosis. At the same time, clinical interventions are still limited to dust exposure control, glucocorticoid symptomatic treatment and end-stage lung transplantation, and there is a lack of specific therapies to address the pathogenic mechanisms. Novel therapeutic strategies based on T-cell subpopulation rebalancing have also shown potential value and may provide new therapeutic ideas for silicosis. Overall, this paper provides a systematic review of the dual regulatory mechanisms of T cells in silicosis and explores therapeutic perspectives for disease control through immune homeostasis reestablishment.

, authors=Li-heng LIU1, 2, Yan-jun WAN1, 2, Jia-qi ZHANG1, 2, Ping-ping LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Li-heng LIU, Yan-jun WAN, Jia-qi ZHANG, Ping-ping LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455696798867582, articleId=1308455694064181366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=T细胞在矽肺发生发展与治疗中的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矽肺是由吸入结晶二氧化硅粉尘引发的肺部进行性疾病, 主要特征为慢性肺部炎症和纤维化, 并伴有矽肺结节。流行病学数据显示, 该病高发于采矿、建筑施工等职业暴露人群中, 已成为全球重大职业卫生问题。其病理进程涉及肺泡巨噬细胞、上皮细胞及成纤维细胞等多类细胞的复杂交互作用, 其中适应性免疫系统特别是T淋巴细胞的调控失衡近年来备受关注, 并且机制还不十分清楚。本文总结了CD4+辅助性T细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞在矽肺过程中的作用, 包括不同类型T细胞间(Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg亚群) 的失衡, 相同类型的T细胞所分泌细胞因子及其不同细胞功能间的平衡失调都会加速矽肺发展, 这种动态失衡在不同病理阶段呈现不同的特异性, 并且过度的免疫紊乱会导致呼吸困难和自身免疫性疾病等多种并发症。因此, 维持肺部T细胞免疫平衡对于矽肺防治至关重要。与此同时, 现阶段临床干预仍局限于粉尘暴露控制、糖皮质激素对症治疗及终末期肺移植, 缺乏针对致病机制的特异性疗法。基于T细胞亚群再平衡的新型治疗策略也显示出潜在价值, 可能为矽肺提供了新的治疗思路。总的来说, 本文系统综述T细胞在矽肺中的双重调控机制, 并探讨通过免疫稳态重建实现疾病控制的治疗前景。

, authors=刘力恒1, 2, 万彦军1, 2, 张佳琪1, 2, 李平平1, 2, *, authorsList=刘力恒, 万彦军, 张佳琪, 李平平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李平平, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘力恒负责论文的撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 刘力恒、万彦军、张佳琪负责文献收集与分析; 李平平指导文章的撰写并负责稿件的修改与校对。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李平平, Tel: 86-10-50927273, E-mail:
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Silica particles are phagocytosed by macrophages and subsequently encapsulated within lysosomes. This process activates NLRP3 inflammasomes, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent production of mature IL-1β and IL-18, which contribute to the formation of fibrotic nodules. Concurrently, silica particles induce organelle damage, resulting in the generation of ROS and RNS, which further exacerbate tissue injury. These events culminate in the apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8, thereby perpetuating chronic inflammation and promoting the fibrotic process. Repeated activation of these pathways ultimately leads to the formation of silicosis nodules and fibrosis. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; NLRP3: NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (created inhttps://BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=P3JnS+UoVNDyHep+9gaOUA==, figureFileBig=Xnl3oAWINf8xDj9xgjUUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497895939203250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qJ7s9cbtt2QtI2b5XWZ0XQ==, figureFileBig=AunSFAIdPVlHaLSZFzxCcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497896069226675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanisms underlying the disruption of CD4+ T-cell balance during silicosis and its contribution to silicosis development. Naïve T cells differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg subsets in response to different cytokine signals. RSC induces an imbalance in the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios. During the progression of silicosis, Th1 cells initially increase before decreasing, while Th2 cells gradually increase. The proportion of Th17 cells progressively rises, whereas Treg cell numbers decline. As a result, the Th1/Th2 ratio decreases and the Th17/Treg ratio increases, ultimately disrupting lung immunity and accelerating the silicosis process. (Created inhttps://BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=qJ7s9cbtt2QtI2b5XWZ0XQ==, figureFileBig=AunSFAIdPVlHaLSZFzxCcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497896153112756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=elp/1lGsioEagowYNwKQ/g==, figureFileBig=xKBGGNPQWH5L5FJQ+1QbMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497896249581749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Potential mechanisms for the role of different subpopulations of T cells in the pathogenesis of silicosis. The figure illustrates the potential mechanisms through which Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and CD8 T cells and their secreted cytokines contribute to the progression of silicosis, as well as the interactions between different T cell subsets (created inhttps://BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=elp/1lGsioEagowYNwKQ/g==, figureFileBig=xKBGGNPQWH5L5FJQ+1QbMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497896341856438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundType of regulationMechanismCytokine changeChanges in cell numberModel animalModel methodRef.
Fermented cordyceps powder (FCP)Th1/Th2, Th17/TregInhibition of early and mid-term increases in Th1 and Th17 immune response, and inhibition of mid- and late-term increases in Th2 immune responseDecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1, reduced mid- and late-stage collagen, α-SMA and FNRatsIntratracheal instillation of silica (50 mg)[67]
Dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ (DHⅠ)Th1/Th2, Th17/TregInhibition Th1 and Th17 immune responseDecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL17A, reduced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylationDecreased neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophagesMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[68]
Anakinra and anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb)Th17/TregEnhancement of Treg immune respons and indirect inhibition of Th1 immune responseDecrease in IL-17 and increase in IFN-γMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[64]
BaicaleinTh17/TregEnhancement of Treg immune response, inhibition of Th17 immune responseIncreased Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-β, decreased IL-6 and IL-23Reduced accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytesMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497896459296951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455694064181366, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Immunomodulatory compounds for the regulation of silicosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundType of regulationMechanismCytokine changeChanges in cell numberModel animalModel methodRef.
Fermented cordyceps powder (FCP)Th1/Th2, Th17/TregInhibition of early and mid-term increases in Th1 and Th17 immune response, and inhibition of mid- and late-term increases in Th2 immune responseDecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1, reduced mid- and late-stage collagen, α-SMA and FNRatsIntratracheal instillation of silica (50 mg)[67]
Dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ (DHⅠ)Th1/Th2, Th17/TregInhibition Th1 and Th17 immune responseDecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL17A, reduced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylationDecreased neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophagesMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[68]
Anakinra and anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb)Th17/TregEnhancement of Treg immune respons and indirect inhibition of Th1 immune responseDecrease in IL-17 and increase in IFN-γMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[64]
BaicaleinTh17/TregEnhancement of Treg immune response, inhibition of Th17 immune responseIncreased Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-β, decreased IL-6 and IL-23Reduced accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytesMouseIntratracheal instillation of 50 μL silicon dioxide solution (2.5 mg)[84]
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T细胞在矽肺发生发展与治疗中的研究进展
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刘力恒 1, 2 , 万彦军 1, 2 , 张佳琪 1, 2 , 李平平 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2060-2071
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T细胞在矽肺发生发展与治疗中的研究进展
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刘力恒1, 2, 万彦军1, 2, 张佳琪1, 2, 李平平1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2中国医学科学院、代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
李平平, Tel: 86-10-50927273, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘力恒负责论文的撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 刘力恒、万彦军、张佳琪负责文献收集与分析; 李平平指导文章的撰写并负责稿件的修改与校对。

Research progress on the role of T cells in the development, progression, and treatment of silicosis
Li-heng LIU1, 2, Yan-jun WAN1, 2, Jia-qi ZHANG1, 2, Ping-ping LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0143
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矽肺是由吸入结晶二氧化硅粉尘引发的肺部进行性疾病, 主要特征为慢性肺部炎症和纤维化, 并伴有矽肺结节。流行病学数据显示, 该病高发于采矿、建筑施工等职业暴露人群中, 已成为全球重大职业卫生问题。其病理进程涉及肺泡巨噬细胞、上皮细胞及成纤维细胞等多类细胞的复杂交互作用, 其中适应性免疫系统特别是T淋巴细胞的调控失衡近年来备受关注, 并且机制还不十分清楚。本文总结了CD4+辅助性T细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞在矽肺过程中的作用, 包括不同类型T细胞间(Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg亚群) 的失衡, 相同类型的T细胞所分泌细胞因子及其不同细胞功能间的平衡失调都会加速矽肺发展, 这种动态失衡在不同病理阶段呈现不同的特异性, 并且过度的免疫紊乱会导致呼吸困难和自身免疫性疾病等多种并发症。因此, 维持肺部T细胞免疫平衡对于矽肺防治至关重要。与此同时, 现阶段临床干预仍局限于粉尘暴露控制、糖皮质激素对症治疗及终末期肺移植, 缺乏针对致病机制的特异性疗法。基于T细胞亚群再平衡的新型治疗策略也显示出潜在价值, 可能为矽肺提供了新的治疗思路。总的来说, 本文系统综述T细胞在矽肺中的双重调控机制, 并探讨通过免疫稳态重建实现疾病控制的治疗前景。

矽肺  /  T淋巴细胞  /  辅助性T细胞  /  细胞毒性T细胞  /  免疫稳态  /  二氧化硅

Silicosis is a progressive disease of the lungs triggered by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, characterized mainly by chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis with silicosis nodules. Epidemiological data show that the disease is highly prevalent in occupationally exposed populations, such as mining and building construction, and has become a major occupational health problem worldwide. The pathological process involves complex interactions between multiple cell types, including alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells and fibroblasts, with imbalances in the regulation of the adaptive immune system, particularly T lymphocytes, receiving much attention in recent years, and the mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we summarize the roles of CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in silicosis, including the imbalance between different types of T cells (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg subpopulations), the imbalance of cytokines secreted by the same type of T cells and the balance between their different cellular functions, which accelerate the development of silicosis, and the different specificity of this dynamic imbalance in different pathological stages. This dynamic imbalance presents different specificities at different pathological stages, and excessive immune disorders can lead to a variety of complications such as dyspnoea and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, maintaining the immune balance of pulmonary T-cells is essential for the prevention and treatment of silicosis. At the same time, clinical interventions are still limited to dust exposure control, glucocorticoid symptomatic treatment and end-stage lung transplantation, and there is a lack of specific therapies to address the pathogenic mechanisms. Novel therapeutic strategies based on T-cell subpopulation rebalancing have also shown potential value and may provide new therapeutic ideas for silicosis. Overall, this paper provides a systematic review of the dual regulatory mechanisms of T cells in silicosis and explores therapeutic perspectives for disease control through immune homeostasis reestablishment.

silicosis  /  T lymphocyte  /  helper T cell  /  cytotoxic T cell  /  immune homeostasis  /  silica
刘力恒, 万彦军, 张佳琪, 李平平. T细胞在矽肺发生发展与治疗中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2060 -2071 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0143
Li-heng LIU, Yan-jun WAN, Jia-qi ZHANG, Ping-ping LI. Research progress on the role of T cells in the development, progression, and treatment of silicosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2060 -2071 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0143
矽肺病(silicosis) 是一种因长期吸入结晶型二氧化硅粉尘引发的职业性肺间质性疾病, 其病理改变主要为持续肺部炎症反应和进行性弥漫性肺纤维化[1]。作为全球范围内最严重的职业健康问题之一, 流行病学调查数据显示全球每年因矽肺导致的死亡病例超过12 900例, 其中中国现存患者数量居世界首位, 已构成重大公共卫生负担[2, 3]。目前, 临床治疗手段仍局限于肺移植等有限方案, 但受限于供体器官短缺及术后免疫排斥反应等因素, 仅少数患者可获得有效救治[1]。这凸显了深入阐明矽肺发病分子机制、探索创新性治疗策略的迫切性。
目前, 大多数研究人员认为二氧化硅颗粒本身并不会引起免疫反应, 它被认为在体内可以发挥免疫佐剂的作用进而影响免疫[4]。当吸入肺泡的二氧化硅颗粒被巨噬细胞吞噬后, 由于无法被溶酶体有效降解, 最终吞噬细胞破裂并释放大量促炎因子, 由此引发的慢性炎症级联反应被认为是驱动矽肺病进程的核心机制[5]。值得注意的是, 临床观察发现矽肺患者常伴随显著免疫稳态失衡现象, 其发病率与类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)[6]、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)[7]和系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis, SSc)[8, 9]等自身免疫性疾病呈显著正相关。实验室检测显示, 患者体内抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(anti-neutrophil cytoplastic antibodies, ANCA) 和抗核抗体等特异性自身抗体水平异常, 同时伴有促炎因子和抗炎因子调控网络的动态失衡[10]。
免疫稳态(immunological homeostasis) 是指免疫系统通过调节机制, 及时地清除和反馈调节, 并对耐受自身成分, 适度免疫应答异己成分的生理功能。免疫稳态的维持依赖于固有免疫与适应性免疫系统的精密调控, 其中适应性免疫系统通过抗原特异性识别、免疫记忆形成及平衡调节等机制发挥至关重要的作用[11]。现有证据表明, 二氧化硅暴露可通过多途径激活T/B淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞等免疫细胞亚群, 经NF-κB、NLRP3等信号通路参与矽肺炎症反应的病理调控[12]。此外, 随着免疫治疗技术的突破性进展, 包括免疫检查点抑制剂、CAR-T细胞疗法等基于T细胞功能调控的新型治疗策略已在肿瘤领域取得显著成效[13, 14]。近年研究发现, CD4+ T细胞亚群分化失衡(Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg) 与矽肺进展存在密切关联, 提示靶向T细胞免疫调控可能成为矽肺治疗的潜在突破口[12]。
基于上述研究背景, 本文系统综述了不同T细胞亚群在矽肺发生发展中的分子调控机制, 重点解析Th17/Treg平衡、细胞毒性T细胞应答及组织驻留记忆T细胞等新型免疫细胞亚群在疾病进程中的作用, 旨在为开发基于免疫稳态重建的矽肺治疗策略提供理论依据。
二氧化硅作为地壳中最丰富的矿物成分, 根据其分子的排列方式可分为结晶或无定形两种形态。二氧化硅的结晶形式包括自然形成的石英、方石英以及人工合成的硅石和多孔硅等[15]。当二氧化硅颗粒的空气动力学直径小于5 μm时(即可吸入结晶二氧化硅, respirable crystalline silica, RCS), 可到达远端支气管和肺泡区域, 表现出显著的生物毒性[16]。RCS可直接和间接引起肺脏、肝脏和神经组织等器官的功能损伤, 其中肺部的影响最为直接和严重[17-20]。
矽肺病是由吸入RCS引起的, 世界上最主要的职业病之一[21-23]。根据204个国家和不同地区的数据分析, 自1990至2019年全球矽肺患者新发数量从84 821例上升到138 965例, 增加64.6%; 患病总人数由1 383 913人上升至2 648 973人, 增幅达91.4%, 其中中国矽肺病患者最多, 并且呈增长趋势[2, 24]。自1990至2019年, 中国每年新发尘肺病例数和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALY) 均占全球的60%以上, 患病病例数占比高达80%以上, 死亡病例数占43%以上[25]。与1990年相比, 中国2019年矽肺新发病例增加177%, 患病总人数增加203.6%[25]。矽肺病可能发生在任何可接触RCS的行业, 高风险职业包括道路维修、混凝土制造、煤矿开采、砖加工和岩石挖掘等[21]。其高危行业主要集中在南非和巴西的金矿开采、中国和巴西的宝石制造、中国的人造石加工以及土耳其的牛仔布和特氟龙喷砂中[26-29]。近几十年来, 矽肺病的防治取得了一定的成效, 但总体依旧不尽如人意, 矽肺病仍是一个世界性的问题[1]。其中一个重要原因是大部分矽肺病高危行业从发达国家向发展中国家转移, 而发展中国家受诸多因素的影响, 对于RCS的防护意识薄弱, 防护工具缺乏[21, 22, 30]。
矽肺病根据RCS暴露剂量、临床和病理特征, 可以分为3种形式[31]: ①慢性(也称为经典) 矽肺病, 暴露在低至中度剂量下10年或更长时间后发生, 在临床检查可能发现肺气肿和/或肺源性心脏病等相关疾病, 胸片上可能发现主要位于上叶的结节性病变, 伴有小的弥漫性结节性病变; ②加速矽肺病, 在中高水平暴露于RSC后10年内发生, 加速矽肺病是一种进展更快的疾病, 其表现特征取决于识别疾病的阶段; ③急性矽肺病(硅蛋白沉着症), 与非常高强度的暴露有关, 可能在初次暴露后数周至5年内出现, 表现为呼吸困难, 可能迅速进展为呼吸衰竭和死亡[31]。
目前, 矽肺病的完整机制并不清楚, 大多数研究认为主要是因为巨噬细胞清除能力不足以及巨噬细胞凋亡。图1主要总结了RCS通过巨噬细胞引起矽肺结节形成以及矽肺纤维化的主要机制: ①在膜受体如巨噬细胞受体和清道夫受体的作用下, 二氧化硅被巨噬细胞捕获并将其包裹在溶酶体内; ②受刺激的巨噬细胞激活核苷酸结合结构域、富亮氨酸重复序列和含吡啶结构域3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3, NLRP3) 并进一步形成炎症小体, 后者将pro-caspase-1剪切成活化形式的caspase-1; ③ Caspase-1发挥作用将白介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 的前体Pro-IL-1β和白介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18) 的前体Pro-IL-18剪切使其具有活性, 进而促进纤维化结节形成; ④在二氧化硅刺激下, 细胞器受损产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS) 并导致组织损伤; ⑤肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡; ⑥多种促炎因子释放, 如IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和IL-8等引起慢性炎症和胶原纤维的堆积, 进一步加重纤维化的发生; ⑦从肺泡巨噬细胞释放的二氧化硅颗粒, 由附近的巨噬细胞重新识别并重复上述类似的细胞反应, 矽肺结节最终形成; ⑧二氧化硅颗粒向区域淋巴结转移[32-34]。然而, 在矽肺病过程中, 巨噬细胞与T细胞是否有相互作用以及如何作用并不清楚, 可能是通过分泌细胞因子来发挥作用, 并且受损的巨噬细胞也可能是T细胞发挥清除作用的靶细胞, 这都值得研究人员深入研究, 并且可能对于矽肺的防治提供新思路。
T细胞是适应性免疫系统的核心组成部分, 根据其表面标志物和功能特性, 主要可分为CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞和γδ T细胞等亚群。其中, CD4+ T细胞可进一步分化为辅助性T细胞1 (Th1)、辅助性T细胞2 (Th2)、辅助性T细胞17 (Th17) 及调节性T细胞(Treg) 等亚型[35]。
T细胞起源于骨髓中的淋巴祖细胞, 随后迁移至胸腺进行分化与成熟[36]。人体T细胞库主要在生命早期形成, 并随着胸腺的退化而逐渐减少。淋巴祖细胞首先分化为表达CD2、CD5和CD7表面标志物并在胞质内合成CD3分子的前体细胞, 随后进入胸腺皮质[37, 38]。在此过程中, T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR) 的α、β、γ和δ链发生基因重排, 形成表达αβ链的T细胞(T-αβ)、表达γδ链的T细胞(T-γδ) 以及表达特定α链(Vα14-Jα18) 的自然杀伤T细胞(natural killer cell, NKT)[39-41]。在TCR信号的介导下, CD4和CD8基因的转录与翻译被激活, 进而形成CD4+CD8+双阳性(double positive, DP) T细胞[42]。
DP T细胞在胸腺中的选择与分化需要经过两个关键步骤: 首先, DP T细胞通过与主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类(major histocompatibility complex Ⅰ, MHC Ⅰ) 或Ⅱ类(MHC Ⅱ) 分子相互作用, 阳性选择完成后, 分别分化为CD4+或CD8+单阳性T细胞[39]。随后, 这些单阳性T细胞迁移至胸腺髓质, 通过阴性选择清除对自身抗原具有高亲和力的T细胞, 最终成熟的CD4+和CD8+ T-αβ细胞进入外周血液循环[43-45]。此外, 还存在一种约占1%的双阴性(double negative, DN) T-αβ细胞, 其不表达CD4或CD8分子[46]。
成熟的T细胞在外周组织中可进一步分化为不同功能亚型。在IL-12和IFN-γ的作用下, 初始CD4+ T细胞(naïve CD4+ T cell) 高表达转录因子T-bet和STAT4, 从而分化为Th1细胞[47-49]。Th2细胞的分化主要由转录因子GATA3介导, IL-4通过STAT6依赖的信号通路促进GATA3的表达, 驱动初始T细胞向Th2细胞分化[50, 51]。TGF-β可诱导naïve CD4+ T cell分化为Treg细胞, 而TGF-β与IL-6和IL-21协同作用, 通过激活STAT3信号通路促进Th17特异性转录因子的表达, 从而引导初始T细胞分化为Th17细胞[52]。
目前认为辅助性T细胞主要为表达膜糖蛋白CD4的T细胞, 主要包括Th1、Th2、Th9、Th17和Treg等[53]。辅助性T细胞在免疫系统中主要发挥调节其他免疫细胞活动的作用, 如调节B细胞抗体的产生和细胞毒性T细胞(CD8+ T细胞) 的活化等, 此外其分泌的细胞因子可以对机体免疫反应的类型和程度进行调控[54]。近年来, 越来越多的研究表明辅助性T细胞在矽肺病中发挥着重要的作用, 但其机制目前并不明确, 本部分接下来将对其进行综述(图2)。
Naïve CD4+ T细胞在细胞因子微环境的调控下可分化为不同亚群: 在IFN-γ/IL-12刺激下分化为Th1细胞, 在IL-4作用下则分化为Th2细胞。这两种细胞亚群可通过其特征性转录因子进行鉴别: Th1细胞特异性高表达T-bet/TBX21转录因子, 而Th2细胞则高表达GATA3转录因子。Th1与Th2细胞分别介导不同的免疫应答类型: Th1型免疫应答主要参与细胞免疫, 通过促炎反应清除细胞内病原体(如细菌和病毒), 但其过度激活可能导致Ⅳ型迟发型超敏反应及自身免疫性疾病; Th2型免疫应答则主要介导体液免疫, 针对细胞外病原体发挥防御作用[55-57]。
在矽肺的病理进程中, 动物模型(小鼠、大鼠) 及临床患者研究均证实, SiO2暴露可诱导Th1/Th2免疫应答的动态变化。疾病初期表现为Th1和Th2反应的双重增强, 但随着病程进展, Th1反应逐渐减弱, Th2反应持续增强, 导致Th1/Th2细胞比例失衡。这种免疫失衡状态可促进肺纤维化进程, 导致矽肺结节的形成与增大, 最终加剧疾病进展。
值得注意的是, SiO2作为一种潜在的免疫佐剂, 可通过树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs) 介导的抗原呈递作用影响T细胞分化。DCs作为关键的抗原呈递细胞, 在初始T细胞的活化、极化及初级免疫反应的启动中发挥核心调控作用。研究表明, 经介孔二氧化硅SBA-15 (圣巴巴拉介孔材料-15) 刺激的人单核细胞源性树突状细胞(monocyte-derived dendritic cells, MDDCs) 与初始T细胞共培养后, 可显著增强Th1和Th2反应, 同时促进IL-4、IL-13和IFN-γ等细胞因子的分泌。值得注意的是, SBA-15并非特异性诱导某一Th细胞亚群, 而是同时促进Th1和Th2反应[58]。此外, 另一项研究采用两种实验方案: 直接以SiO2刺激DCs, 或将SiO2预处理的肺泡巨噬细胞(alveolar macrophages, AMs) 与DCs共培养, 随后将处理后的DCs与初始T细胞共培养。结果显示, SiO2刺激后, 无论哪种方式, 都能增加Th2细胞比例, 并显著提高IL-4水平, 表明Th2反应得到增强, 而Th1反应未发生显著变化[59]。这些研究从细胞水平证明了SiO2引发的免疫反应。值得注意的是, 该研究中的SiO2作用与SBA-15的作用结果有所不同, 这可能与SiO2的粒径大小有关。已有研究表明, 二氧化硅颗粒的粒径对T细胞的作用存在差异, 其中直径为1~10 nm和10~100 nm的颗粒分别可以直接或通过抗原递呈细胞间接激活T细胞[60]。目前, 关于SiO2增强Th2反应的分子机制研究仍存在诸多未解之处。Tripathi等[61]的研究表明, C57BL/6小鼠经2.5 µm粒径SiO2颗粒暴露60天后, 其气道中Th2型细胞因子及相关信号分子表达显著上调, 同时伴随Th1型细胞因子表达下调, 这一过程可能由IL-6受体α (interleukin-6 receptor α, IL-6Rα) 介导。Migliaccio等[62]进一步证实, SiO2可通过IL-4受体α (interleukin-4 receptor α, IL-4Rα)-Ym1信号通路增强Th2反应, 且在IL-4Rα基因敲除小鼠中, SiO2诱导的肺纤维化程度显著减轻。此外, IL-17信号通路在矽肺发病机制中也发挥着重要调控作用。研究表明, 应用IL-17中和抗体阻断该信号通路后, 可显著提高SiO2暴露小鼠脾脏及肺门淋巴结中Th1细胞比例, 从而增强Th1型免疫反应[63]。
综上所述, Th1/Th2细胞极化在矽肺发病中受多种因素调控, 包括SiO2粒径、暴露时间、局部微环境及其他免疫细胞的相互作用。尽管IL-6Rα、IL-4Rα和IL-17R等受体已被证实参与其中, 但其具体机制仍需进一步阐明。深入揭示Th1/Th2细胞分化的调控网络, 将为矽肺的预防和治疗提供重要的理论依据和潜在靶点。
在机体内, Th1和Th2细胞维持动态平衡, Th1/Th2比例是评估免疫稳态的重要指标。研究表明, 在大鼠矽肺模型中, 持续的炎症反应导致Th1型免疫反应相关细胞因子水平显著高于对照组, 而Th2型免疫反应相关细胞因子则呈现先降低后升高的趋势。随着二氧化硅暴露时间的延长, Th1/Th2比例逐渐下降, 表明Th2型免疫反应逐渐占据主导地位[64]。Yao课题组[65]进一步研究发现, 矽肺小鼠肺组织和血清外泌体中miR-125a-5p水平显著升高。miR-125a-5p通过靶向TRAF6调控T淋巴细胞亚群分化, 导致Th1/Th2比例降低, 并促进肺纤维化进程。值得注意的是, 通过给予anta-miR治疗, 可有效抑制二氧化硅诱导的Th2型免疫优势, 增强Th1型免疫反应, 从而纠正Th1/Th2比例失衡, 减轻肺纤维化程度。综上所述, Th1/Th2细胞平衡在矽肺发病机制中扮演关键角色。二氧化硅暴露可打破Th1/Th2平衡, 导致Th2型免疫反应优势, 进而促进肺纤维化。miR-125a-5p-TRAF6信号通路在这一过程中发挥重要调控作用, 为矽肺的免疫干预提供了潜在靶点。未来研究需进一步探索Th1/Th2平衡调控的分子机制, 为矽肺的预防和治疗提供新的策略。
目前研究表明, 通过调节Th1和Th2细胞的平衡可能成为干预矽肺进展的重要策略。Pu等[66]在二氧化硅暴露的大鼠模型中, 从早期炎症阶段(第7天) 到晚期纤维化阶段(第56天), 外周血淋巴细胞中Th1细胞比例、肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) 中T-bet mRNA水平以及肺组织中T-bet蛋白表达均显著升高。同时, Th2细胞比例在第56天显著上升, GATA3 mRNA和蛋白表达在第28和56天显著增加, 表明随着矽肺病的发展, Th2免疫反应逐渐增强, 导致Th1/Th2比例下降。值得注意的是, 发酵冬虫夏草粉(fermented cordyceps powder, FCP) 治疗可显著抑制Th1免疫反应, 并以剂量依赖的方式抑制后期纤维化进程中Th2免疫反应的增强, 从而有效纠正二氧化硅诱导的Th1/Th2失衡。这些结果表明, 调节Th1/Th2比例失衡可能是FCP治疗矽肺纤维化的潜在机制, 但其具体分子靶点仍需进一步阐明。此外, Zhang等[67]研究发现, 来源于丹参根茎的二氢丹参酮Ⅰ (dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, DH Ⅰ) 能够剂量依赖性地降低RCS处理小鼠肺门淋巴结(hilar lymph nodes, HLN) 和脾脏中的Th1细胞比例, 显著减少BALF中Th1效应细胞因子IFN-γ的表达。DHⅠ还显著抑制了小鼠肺部和脾脏组织中T-bet的表达, 表明其可通过减弱Th1免疫反应减轻矽肺小鼠的肺部炎症。值得注意的是, 免疫系统是一个精密调控的动态网络, 除Th1和Th2细胞外, Th17和Treg等细胞亚群也在调节Th1/Th2平衡中发挥重要作用[68, 69], 相关内容将在后文中详细探讨。
综上所述, Th1和Th2细胞在矽肺的发生发展中发挥着重要作用, 其比例失衡与疾病进展密切相关。二氧化硅暴露可打破Th1/Th2平衡, 导致Th2型免疫反应优势, 进而促进肺纤维化。目前, 已有研究初步揭示了Th1/Th2比例失衡在矽肺中的调控作用, 并发现如FCP和DHⅠ等天然化合物可通过调节Th1/Th2平衡改善矽肺病理进程。然而, Th1/Th2细胞在矽肺中的具体作用机制尚未完全阐明, 且现有研究多局限于动物模型, 临床转化仍需进一步验证。其研发仍处于初步阶段, 其作用靶点、剂量效应及长期安全性等问题亟待解决。未来研究需深入探索Th1/Th2细胞在矽肺中的分子调控网络, 并结合多组学技术筛选更精准的治疗靶点和机制, 为开发基于免疫调节的矽肺治疗策略提供理论依据和实践指导。
Th17和Treg细胞作为CD4+ T细胞的两个重要亚群, 在免疫反应中发挥关键作用。在小鼠中, Th17细胞的分化由IL-6、IL-21、IL-23和TGF-β等细胞因子协同调控, 其主要功能是通过分泌IL-17和IL-22等促炎因子招募中性粒细胞, 促进炎症反应。相比之下, Treg细胞通过分泌IL-10和TGF-β等抗炎因子抑制免疫反应, 维持免疫稳态。Treg细胞分为胸腺来源的自然调节T细胞(natural regulatory T cells, nTreg) 和外周诱导的调节T细胞(iTreg和pTreg), 其中FoxP3是其关键转录因子, 对Treg细胞的功能至关重要[70, 71]。Th17和Treg细胞在炎症和免疫反应中表现出拮抗作用, Th17细胞参与多种自身免疫性疾病, 而Treg细胞则通过抑制自身免疫反应发挥保护作用[52]。
Th17细胞因其分泌IL-17而得名, 而IL-1β是诱导Th17细胞分化的关键细胞因子之一[72]。在小鼠矽肺模型早期, 即急性炎症期, IL-1β的表达显著增加[73], 进而会导致Th17细胞增加, Th17反应增强, 引起更严重的炎症。Th17反应可能标志着二氧化硅诱导的肺部炎症中适应性免疫反应的开始。使用IL-1受体拮抗剂(如阿那白滞素) 或抗IL-17单克隆抗体阻断IL-1β/IL-17信号通路, 可显著减轻肺部炎症和炎症细胞浸润, 同时增强Treg反应并抑制Th1型免疫反应[63]。与此一致的是, Chen等[68]的研究也得出了相同的结论, 中和IL-17A可以缓解二氧化硅诱导的早期肺部炎症和纤维化, 其可能是通过减少Th17细胞并增加二氧化硅诱导矽肺早期炎症时期的Treg比例。有趣的是, Lo Re等[74]认为Th17细胞来源的IL-17A介导了实验性矽肺小鼠的早期肺部炎症, 但对于晚期矽肺炎症和纤维化肺反应的发展似乎是可有可无的。使用氯磷酸脂质体清除肺泡巨噬细胞或使用IL-23的中和抗体后, 矽肺小鼠肺中IL-17A的增加受到抑制。IL-17R敲除或IL-17A中和后, 矽肺的发展早期中性粒细胞内流和肺部损伤减少, 而二氧化硅诱导的慢性炎症、纤维化和TGF-β表达并未减弱。事实上, 两者的发现并不矛盾, 这一现象可能与IL-1β在Th17分化中的主导作用有关, 而IL-17本身可能不直接参与纤维化过程。血清甘露聚糖结合凝集素(mannose-binding lectin, MBL) 是一种由肝脏分泌的可溶性模式识别分子, 在矽肺病患者中, MBL水平与Th17细胞频率呈负相关, 血清MBL含量高的矽肺病患者的肺功能有所改善。MBL可以通过芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR)/信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 信号通路限制了Th17免疫[75]。
Treg细胞是机体免疫平衡的重要参与者。在矽肺患者中, Treg细胞在外周血中的数量减少[76]。长期暴露于低剂量二氧化硅的矽肺患者体内T细胞被认为已处于慢性激活状态[77], 反复的二氧化硅暴露可导致T细胞的持续激活。同时, 与健康人群相比, 矽肺患者外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC) 与二氧化硅离体培养时, FoxP3+ Treg细胞的减少更为显著, 提示矽肺患者外周PBMC中的Treg细胞发生了改变。此外, 矽肺患者的Treg细胞表现出更高的CD95/Fas分子表达, 提示Treg细胞可能发生了Fas介导的凋亡[78]。有趣的是, 注射抗CD25抗体使Treg细胞耗竭后, 二氧化硅处理的小鼠在第7天时出现了更为严重的肺部炎症。然而, Treg细胞的耗竭却导致矽肺纤维化进程的延迟: 在第28天时, Treg耗竭组的肺部炎症显著逆转, 尽管纤维化结节稍大, 但结节中的细胞数量较模型组少。到了第56天, 在Treg耗竭组中仅观察到少量不规则的细胞结节和纤维化细胞结节。尽管耗竭Treg细胞能够延缓矽肺纤维化的进程, 但并未改变矽肺小鼠的最终病理结果, 提示Treg细胞在矽肺不同阶段可能发挥双重作用[69]。
在机体内, Treg细胞主要通过维持免疫稳态来调节矽肺的免疫反应。Treg细胞在Th17分化中的作用较为复杂, 有促进和抑制两种观点, 在矽肺病中的具体机制更是有待探索。Song等[79]报道Treg细胞对于Th17细胞分化的调节是由TGF-β1和IL-1β介导的, 并且该过程不受IL-6或IL-23的影响。Chen等[68]发现在二氧化硅诱导的小鼠炎症早期阶段, 使用IL-17A中和抗体可以通过减少IL-6和/或IL-1β并增加Treg细胞的数量来抑制Th17细胞的发育, 进而影响T细胞免疫反应, 以改善二氧化硅诱导的小鼠肺部炎症和纤维化。Liu等[69]研究表明, Treg细胞在矽肺早期抑制Th1反应, 而在Treg细胞耗竭后, 可以增强了肺纤维化后期的Th1反应, 限制并延迟了二氧化硅诱导的肺纤维化中的Th2反应, 从而通过调节Th1/Th2平衡, 缓解二氧化硅诱导的矽肺纤维化。Yan等[80]报告指出, 在硫辛酸合成酶(lipoic acid synthase, LiAS) 敲除小鼠中, 接触二氧化硅后, Treg细胞数量显著减少, Th1/Th2失衡加剧, 导致更为严重的矽肺。而外源性补充α-硫辛酸(alpha lipoic acid, ALA) 能够通过抑制肺内氧化应激, 维持Th1/Th2细胞的平衡, 从而减轻二氧化硅诱导的肺纤维化。
Treg细胞在矽肺的免疫调节中发挥着重要作用, 尤其是在维持免疫稳态和调节免疫反应方面。尽管Treg细胞的耗竭可能在短期内会导致肺部炎症加剧, 但其依然可能在矽肺纤维化的进展中起到了延缓作用。这表明Treg细胞不仅仅参与免疫耐受, 还在调节Th1/Th2平衡和Th17细胞分化中发挥着复杂的作用。未来的研究需要深入探讨Treg细胞在矽肺中的作用机制, 特别是与其他免疫细胞(如Th1、Th2和Th17) 的相互作用。此外, 靶向Treg细胞的治疗策略可能为矽肺的防治提供新的方向, 尤其是在调节免疫反应、延缓纤维化进程方面。
Th17/Treg细胞平衡是当前免疫学研究的重要方向之一, 但其在矽肺中的具体调控机制尚未完全阐明。研究表明, 矽肺患者常伴随免疫紊乱, 其中Th17/Treg失衡是关键的病理因素之一。研究发现, 矽肺患者血清中外泌体miR-125a-5p和IL-4等细胞因子水平显著升高, 且其表达水平随疾病进展而增加。体外实验进一步证实, SiO2刺激的巨噬细胞可释放外泌体miR-125a-5p, 后者可能通过诱导T细胞活化与凋亡, 导致Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg分化失衡, 进而促进成纤维细胞转分化(fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, FMT), 最终加剧肺纤维化进程[81]。
基于上述机制, 调节Th17/Treg平衡已成为改善矽肺病理状态的潜在策略。黄芩苷(5, 6-dihydroxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, baicalin) 是从黄芩根部提取的主要黄酮类化合物, 在小鼠动物实验中其可以通过激活Treg细胞并抑制IL-6和IL-23的表达, 显著抑制Th17细胞的增殖。此外, 黄芩苷还可增强小鼠Treg细胞活性, 抑制二氧化硅诱导的Th1和Th2免疫反应过度激活, 从而有效减轻炎症反应和纤维化[82], 提示其可能是潜在的矽肺治疗化合物。
综上所述, Th17和Treg细胞的研究近年来成为免疫学领域的热点, 靶向辅助性T细胞的治疗策略为多种疾病的治疗提供了新思路。然而, 在矽肺领域, 相关研究仍相对有限。目前, 关于Th细胞在矽肺中的作用主要集中在表型鉴定与分析层面, 其具体调控机制尚未完全明确。尽管如此, 现有研究表明, 靶向Th细胞并通过免疫调节干预矽肺病理进程, 已成为一个极具前景的研究方向。未来需进一步探索Th17/Treg平衡的分子机制, 并开发基于免疫调节的新型治疗策略, 为矽肺的防治提供理论依据和实践指导。
细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cells), 又称CD8+ T细胞, 在免疫系统中扮演着至关重要的角色, 特别是在抵御病毒、细菌感染及肿瘤细胞的免疫应答中[83]。CD8+ T细胞的功能缺陷或数量减少会导致机体免疫力下降, 增加对外来病原体的易感性, 这可能与矽肺患者中常见的合并症, 如肺结核及其他呼吸系统感染的发生有关。另一方面, CD8+ T细胞的异常激活可能引发过度的免疫反应, 导致免疫介导的组织损伤或病理改变, 这在矽肺病后期可能表现为自身免疫性疾病。尽管CD8+ T细胞在适应性免疫应答中具有核心作用, 但其在矽肺发病机制中的具体作用仍不明确, 这一领域的研究尚处于初步阶段, 亟待深入探索, 以期为矽肺的治疗提供新的理论依据和治疗策略。
在矽肺患者中, 随着二氧化硅暴露时间的增加, 外周血和肺门淋巴结中的CD8+ T细胞数量呈现下降趋势[83, 84], 然而值得注意的是, 活化状态的CD8+ T细胞数量却有所上升, 且其活化比例与二氧化硅暴露时间呈正相关[85]。这一现象可能是由于CD8+ T细胞总体数量的减少与其过度激活状态的并存所致。然而, 在矽肺的发病机制中, 这两种因素各自的具体贡献及其相互作用机制尚未完全阐明。总体而言, 目前关于CD8+ T细胞与矽肺关系的研究仍较为有限, 其具体作用机制尚需进一步探索。未来的研究应着重于揭示CD8+ T细胞在矽肺中的精确角色, 以及其在疾病进展和治疗中的潜在应用价值。
免疫稳态的精密调控是维持机体生理功能的核心机制, 其中T淋巴细胞通过亚群分化与细胞因子分泌网络在免疫调节中发挥中枢作用。二氧化硅颗粒暴露引发的矽肺病理进程中, 持续的炎症反应与进行性纤维化始终伴随T细胞介导的免疫失衡, 其特征性表现为Th1/Th2极化偏移、Th17/Treg动态平衡破坏及CD4+/CD8+比值异常等关键表型。研究证实, T细胞源性细胞因子(如IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ及TGF-β等) 通过调控巨噬细胞活化、成纤维细胞转分化等过程深度参与矽肺病理发展, 然而其具体分子机制尚未阐明。基于现有肺纤维化等研究进展, 本研究系统预测了上述细胞因子的潜在作用机制及其相互调控网络(图3)[86-105]。这些发现提示, 针对T细胞亚群重编程及其信号网络的靶向干预可能成为矽肺治疗的新范式。然而, 目前该领域仍存在三大关键科学问题亟待解决: 其一, T细胞在矽肺不同病理阶段(急性炎症期→慢性纤维化期) 的时空特异性调控机制尚未阐明; 其二, 现有研究多局限于表型关联分析, 对关键分子节点(如TCR信号通路、共刺激分子、代谢重编程等) 的机制研究存在显著空白; 其三, 矽肺进程中免疫细胞-细胞因子-组织微环境三者互作的系统性研究框架尚未建立, 矽肺过程中不同细胞间相互作用的相关研究内容仍较少, 制约了治疗策略的精准设计。
从临床转化角度审视, 当前矽肺治疗仍面临严峻挑战。一线药物汉防己甲素通过双重抑制NLRP3炎症小体经典/非经典通路发挥抗炎抗纤维化效应[106], 克矽平则通过分子螯合作用延缓硅酸盐沉积。但现有疗法本质上均属姑息性治疗, 难以逆转已形成的纤维化病灶。肺泡灌洗可短期清除部分硅尘负荷, 肺移植受限于供体稀缺及术后并发症, 均非理想解决方案。值得注意的是, 现阶段临床试验药物(如吡非尼酮、尼达尼布等) 仍聚焦于直接的抗纤维化途径, 均难以从根本上改善矽肺, 而基于免疫调控的治疗策略, 尤其是靶向T细胞的干预手段, 在矽肺治疗领域尚未受到重视, 虽然矽肺中早已证明会发生明显的免疫紊乱。究其原因可能: ①矽肺免疫微环境的复杂性, 其T细胞亚群动态变化规律尚未完全阐明, 相较肿瘤领域缺乏特异性靶点; ②矽肺进展缓慢且免疫干预存在时间窗口限制, 动物模型难以模拟人类疾病长期进程; ③现有研究多集中于巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞轴, 对适应性免疫(特别是T细胞-固有免疫细胞互作) 的关注不足。这一现状与肿瘤免疫治疗取得的突破形成鲜明对比。幸运的是, 已有研究发现化合物如FCP、DHI等亦显示出调控T细胞分化的潜力, 改善矽肺动物模型肺纤维化程度(表1), 提示T细胞靶向治疗具有重要转化价值。然而, 该领域仍存在两大瓶颈: ①缺乏具有高选择性的先导化合物, 现有分子存在缺陷; ②化合物-靶点相互作用网络及下游信号级联反应机制尚未系统解析。
未来研究需进一步明确矽肺的发病机制, 特别是免疫紊乱及T细胞功能的变化规律, 系统揭示不同病理阶段中各类T细胞亚群(如Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg) 的动态变化及其调控作用, 构建矽肺免疫微环境的动态图谱。同时, 矽肺过程中T细胞与不同细胞间的相互作用也应受到重视, 包括巨噬细胞、抗原递呈细胞和成纤维细胞等。在此基础上, 结合T细胞在矽肺中的具体作用机制, 利用计算机辅助药物设计和高通量筛选技术, 同时也应重视已有的用于自身免疫性疾病治疗的T细胞调控药物在矽肺中的潜在治疗作用, 开发靶向T细胞功能调控的新型治疗策略, 最终为临床治疗矽肺提供新的干预手段。通过解析免疫微环境的时空异质性及关键调控节点, 有望突破现有治疗局限, 为矽肺的精准治疗奠定理论基础。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0143
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
  • 修回日期:2025-04-16
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    1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2中国医学科学院、代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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