Article(id=1308455662929859365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1744560000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889739973, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889739973, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889739973, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889739973, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2072, endPage=2083, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455664712438566, articleId=1308455662929859365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Strategies and research advances in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of peptide-drug conjugates for tumor treatment, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer therapeutic drugs include traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapy drugs, monoclonal antibodies, as well as novel antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). PDCs have demonstrated significant clinical advantages in cancer treatment, but they still face limitations such as poor stability and insufficient targeting specificity. In recent years, the application of multivalent targeting peptide strategies and dual targeting peptide strategies has significantly improved the targeting precision of PDCs. Meanwhile, molecular engineering approaches such as peptide cyclization, unnatural amino acid substitution, and fatty acid chain modification have effectively enhanced the in vivo stability of PDCs. These innovative strategies have markedly strengthened the pharmacological activity of PDCs and their therapeutic efficacy in tumors. Based on the structural characteristics and research progress of PDCs, this article systematically reviews the latest strategies for improving the targeting ability, stability, and cell membrane penetration efficiency of PDCs, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and research insights for the development of PDC-based anticancer drugs with superior pharmacodynamic properties.

, authors=Xue-dan WANG1, Wen-jing GAO2, Mao-long CHEN1, Zhi-jian HAN3, *, Ya-ping MA4, Yu-en WANG4, Jian-ping MA1, *, authorsList=Xue-dan WANG, Wen-jing GAO, Mao-long CHEN, Zhi-jian HAN, Ya-ping MA, Yu-en WANG, Jian-ping MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi-jian HAN, Jian-ping MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455665693905711, articleId=1308455662929859365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=多肽药物偶联物及其提高肿瘤疗效的改进策略和研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肿瘤治疗药物包括传统化疗药物、靶向治疗药物、单克隆抗体及新型抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs) 和多肽药物偶联物(peptide-drug conjugates, PDCs) 等。PDCs在肿瘤治疗中展现出显著的临床优势, 但其仍存在稳定性欠佳、靶向特异性不足等局限性。近年来, 多价靶向肽策略和双重靶向肽策略的应用显著提升了PDCs的靶向精准性。同时, 通过多肽环化、非天然氨基酸替换及脂肪链修饰等分子工程手段, 有效改善了PDCs的体内稳定性。这些创新策略显著增强了PDCs的药理活性和肿瘤的治疗效果。本文基于PDCs的结构特征及其研究进展, 综述了提高PDCs靶向性、稳定性及细胞膜穿透效率的最新策略, 旨在为开发具有更优药效学特性的PDC类抗肿瘤药物提供理论依据和研究思路。

, authors=王雪丹1, 高文静2, 陈卯龙1, 韩志坚3, *, 马亚平4, 王宇恩4, 马建苹1, *, authorsList=王雪丹, 高文静, 陈卯龙, 韩志坚, 马亚平, 王宇恩, 马建苹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩志坚, 马建苹, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王雪丹负责文章撰写、文献检索和绘制插图; 高文静、陈卯龙负责文献检索; 韩志坚、马亚平、王宇恩、马建苹负责文章整体构思、布局、文章修改及文章定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩志坚, E-mail:
马建苹, E-mail:
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Drug typeAdvantageDisadvantage
PDCGood cell permeability, low molecular weight, high bioavailability, low production costPoor stability, low oral bioavailability
ADCHigh target specificity, long half-life, bystander effect, wide therapeutic windowComplex pharmacokinetic, poor tissue permeability, high production cost
Antibody drugHigh target specificity, long half-life, low adverse drug reactionHigh immunogenicity, poor tissue permeability, high production cost
Small-molecule drugGood oral bioavailability, low molecular weight, easy to synthesize and modificationShort half-life, poor target specificity, drug resistance generation
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Advantages and disadvantages of PDCs, ADCs, antibody drugs, and small-molecule drugs. ADC: Antibody-drug conjugate

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Drug typeAdvantageDisadvantage
PDCGood cell permeability, low molecular weight, high bioavailability, low production costPoor stability, low oral bioavailability
ADCHigh target specificity, long half-life, bystander effect, wide therapeutic windowComplex pharmacokinetic, poor tissue permeability, high production cost
Antibody drugHigh target specificity, long half-life, low adverse drug reactionHigh immunogenicity, poor tissue permeability, high production cost
Small-molecule drugGood oral bioavailability, low molecular weight, easy to synthesize and modificationShort half-life, poor target specificity, drug resistance generation
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PDC nameClinical trials phaseDiseasePeptide or receptorLinkerPayload
ANG1005ⅢVarious types of cancerAngiopep-2Succinic acidPTX
NGR015ⅢMPMCNGRCGAmidehTNF
Zoptarelin, doxorubicinⅢEC and ovarian cancerLHRHAmideDOX
BT-1718ⅡSolid tumorMT1-MMP peptideDisulfideDM1
BCY-8245Ⅰ/ⅡVarious types of cancerNectin-4Cleavable linkerMMAE
BT5528Ⅰ/ⅡSolid tumorBicyclic peptideAmideMMAE
CBP-1008ⅠSolid tumorCB-20BKAmideMMAE
TH1902ⅠTNBCTH19P01AmideDTX
G-202ⅡHCCDγEγEγEγEAmideThapsigargin
PEN-221ⅡSmall cell lung cancerfCYwKTCCDisulfideDM1
MB1707ⅠSolid tumorCXCEsterPTX
CBX-12Ⅰ/ⅡVarious types of cancerpHLIPCleavable linkerExatecan
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Clinically investigated PDC drugs. CXC: C-X-C motif chemokine; DM1: Mertansine; DOX: Doxorubicin; DTX: Docetaxel; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; hTNF: Human tumor necrosis factor; MMAE: Monomethyl auristatin E; MPM: Malignant pleural mesothelioma; MT1-MMP: Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase; pHLIP: pH-low insertion peptide; PTX: Paclitaxel; TNBC: Triple negative breast cancer

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PDC nameClinical trials phaseDiseasePeptide or receptorLinkerPayload
ANG1005ⅢVarious types of cancerAngiopep-2Succinic acidPTX
NGR015ⅢMPMCNGRCGAmidehTNF
Zoptarelin, doxorubicinⅢEC and ovarian cancerLHRHAmideDOX
BT-1718ⅡSolid tumorMT1-MMP peptideDisulfideDM1
BCY-8245Ⅰ/ⅡVarious types of cancerNectin-4Cleavable linkerMMAE
BT5528Ⅰ/ⅡSolid tumorBicyclic peptideAmideMMAE
CBP-1008ⅠSolid tumorCB-20BKAmideMMAE
TH1902ⅠTNBCTH19P01AmideDTX
G-202ⅡHCCDγEγEγEγEAmideThapsigargin
PEN-221ⅡSmall cell lung cancerfCYwKTCCDisulfideDM1
MB1707ⅠSolid tumorCXCEsterPTX
CBX-12Ⅰ/ⅡVarious types of cancerpHLIPCleavable linkerExatecan
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多肽药物偶联物及其提高肿瘤疗效的改进策略和研究进展
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王雪丹 1 , 高文静 2 , 陈卯龙 1 , 韩志坚 3, * , 马亚平 4 , 王宇恩 4 , 马建苹 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2072-2083
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (7) : 2072 -2083
多肽药物偶联物及其提高肿瘤疗效的改进策略和研究进展
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王雪丹1, 高文静2, 陈卯龙1, 韩志坚3, * , 马亚平4, 王宇恩4, 马建苹1, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学生命与科学工程学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2兰州积石药业有限公司, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3兰州大学第二医院肿瘤中心, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 4深圳深创生物药业有限公司, 广东 深圳 518000
通讯作者:
韩志坚, E-mail:
马建苹, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王雪丹负责文章撰写、文献检索和绘制插图; 高文静、陈卯龙负责文献检索; 韩志坚、马亚平、王宇恩、马建苹负责文章整体构思、布局、文章修改及文章定稿。

Strategies and research advances in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of peptide-drug conjugates for tumor treatment
Xue-dan WANG1, Wen-jing GAO2, Mao-long CHEN1, Zhi-jian HAN3, * , Ya-ping MA4, Yu-en WANG4, Jian-ping MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2Lanzhou Jishi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4Shenzhen Shenchuang Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0159
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肿瘤治疗药物包括传统化疗药物、靶向治疗药物、单克隆抗体及新型抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs) 和多肽药物偶联物(peptide-drug conjugates, PDCs) 等。PDCs在肿瘤治疗中展现出显著的临床优势, 但其仍存在稳定性欠佳、靶向特异性不足等局限性。近年来, 多价靶向肽策略和双重靶向肽策略的应用显著提升了PDCs的靶向精准性。同时, 通过多肽环化、非天然氨基酸替换及脂肪链修饰等分子工程手段, 有效改善了PDCs的体内稳定性。这些创新策略显著增强了PDCs的药理活性和肿瘤的治疗效果。本文基于PDCs的结构特征及其研究进展, 综述了提高PDCs靶向性、稳定性及细胞膜穿透效率的最新策略, 旨在为开发具有更优药效学特性的PDC类抗肿瘤药物提供理论依据和研究思路。

多肽药物偶联物  /  靶向性  /  稳定性  /  肿瘤  /  治疗效率

Cancer therapeutic drugs include traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapy drugs, monoclonal antibodies, as well as novel antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). PDCs have demonstrated significant clinical advantages in cancer treatment, but they still face limitations such as poor stability and insufficient targeting specificity. In recent years, the application of multivalent targeting peptide strategies and dual targeting peptide strategies has significantly improved the targeting precision of PDCs. Meanwhile, molecular engineering approaches such as peptide cyclization, unnatural amino acid substitution, and fatty acid chain modification have effectively enhanced the in vivo stability of PDCs. These innovative strategies have markedly strengthened the pharmacological activity of PDCs and their therapeutic efficacy in tumors. Based on the structural characteristics and research progress of PDCs, this article systematically reviews the latest strategies for improving the targeting ability, stability, and cell membrane penetration efficiency of PDCs, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and research insights for the development of PDC-based anticancer drugs with superior pharmacodynamic properties.

peptide-drug conjugate  /  targeting specificity  /  stability  /  tumor  /  therapeutic efficacy
王雪丹, 高文静, 陈卯龙, 韩志坚, 马亚平, 王宇恩, 马建苹. 多肽药物偶联物及其提高肿瘤疗效的改进策略和研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2072 -2083 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0159
Xue-dan WANG, Wen-jing GAO, Mao-long CHEN, Zhi-jian HAN, Ya-ping MA, Yu-en WANG, Jian-ping MA. Strategies and research advances in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of peptide-drug conjugates for tumor treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2072 -2083 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0159
在全球公共卫生领域, 恶性肿瘤已成为一项重大的健康挑战。流行病学数据显示, 癌症相关疾病负担呈逐年上升趋势, 目前已成为全球第二大死因[1]。传统的小分子化疗药物具有显著的药学优势, 包括良好的口服生物利用度和相对低廉的生产成本。在临床肿瘤治疗中, 这类药物确实展现出一定的治疗效果。然而, 因其靶向特异性不足, 常引发严重的药物不良反应, 常见的有腹泻、呕吐、脱发和骨髓抑制等[2]。相比之下, 单克隆抗体通过特异性识别肿瘤细胞表面抗原, 实现了精准的靶向治疗, 显著降低了系统毒性[3]。然而, 单克隆抗体存在生产成本高、潜在的免疫原性等问题, 这些因素限制了其在临床实践中的广泛应用[4]。
1913年, 德国科学家Paul Ehrlich首次提出了“魔法子弹”这一革命性概念[5]。该概念的核心在于将高细胞毒性的小分子药物与单克隆抗体的靶向特异性相结合, 从而实现肿瘤细胞的精准杀伤。2000年, 首个抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugate, ADC)——Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) 获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准上市, 这一里程碑事件标志着“魔法子弹”理论成功转化为临床应用, 为肿瘤靶向治疗开辟了新的治疗范式[6]。尽管ADC在临床应用中展现出一定的治疗效应, 但仍存在诸多局限性。与单克隆抗体类似, ADC同样面临生产成本高昂和潜在免疫原性等问题。此外, ADC的复杂分子结构导致其组织渗透性和生物利用度受限, 这些因素严重制约了其在临床治疗中的广泛应用和进一步发展[7]。
为有效克服ADC的固有局限性, 多肽药物偶联物(peptide-drug conjugate, PDC) 应运而生。PDC在分子设计上采用低分子质量多肽替代ADC中的抗体成分, 这一结构优化带来了显著的药学优势。首先, 其生产成本显著降低, 提高了药物的经济可及性; 其次, 药物的组织穿透能力和生物利用度得到显著改善[8]。PDC的创新性设计理念在于巧妙地整合了多肽的靶向特异性与小分子药物的细胞毒性。其作用机制是通过受体介导的内吞作用实现肿瘤细胞的精准杀伤, 同时最大限度地降低对正常组织的脱靶毒性, 从而获得更优化的治疗效果[9]。基于PDC独特的分子设计策略及其展现出的显著优势, 包括增强的药代动力学特性和改善的治疗效果, PDC有望突破ADC的发展瓶颈, 推动肿瘤药物治疗进入一个更具靶向性、更高疗效的新时代[10]。
PDC作为一类新型靶向治疗药物, 其分子构建是利用不同类型的连接子将具有特定生物活性的多肽与细胞毒性有效载荷共价连接(图1A)[11]。PDC的设计理念旨在充分利用多肽的靶向特异性, 实现有效载荷在病变部位或肿瘤细胞的特异性蓄积, 从而增强治疗效果并降低系统毒性[12]。在PDC的分子结构中(图1A), 多肽(peptide) 组分通常由10~30个氨基酸残基组成的功能性短肽构成, 这些多肽通过分子识别特异性结合肿瘤细胞表面过表达的受体或细胞内靶点[13]。连接子(linker) 作为PDC的关键功能元件, 根据其化学特性可分为可裂解连接子和不可裂解连接子, 常见的化学结构包括二硫键、酰胺键、酯键及多肽序列等[14]。有效载荷(payload) 通常选择具有强效细胞毒性的小分子药物, 如微管抑制剂紫杉醇、拓扑异构酶抑制剂柔红霉素和喜树碱等, 这些药物可通过不同的作用机制诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[15]。
PDC的作用机制[16]主要包含以下步骤(图1B): ①靶向性结合: PDC通过其结构中的靶向多肽与肿瘤细胞表面过表达的特异性受体发生高亲和力结合, 这种结合依赖于多肽与受体之间的分子识别和配体-受体相互作用, 从而实现PDC对肿瘤细胞的特异性靶向, 为后续的肿瘤杀伤作用奠定分子基础; ②内吞作用: PDC与肿瘤细胞表面受体结合后, 通过受体介导的内吞作用进入细胞内部。此外, 部分PDC也可能通过非特异性内吞途径被细胞摄取, 从而确保药物高效进入肿瘤细胞[17]; ③药物释放: PDC进入细胞后, 在溶酶体或内体的酸性环境中, 其连接子在低pH条件或在溶酶体酶的作用下发生裂解, 从而释放出细胞毒性药物。这种可控的药物释放机制确保了药物在肿瘤细胞内精准释放, 同时最大限度地减少对正常细胞的毒性; ④细胞杀伤: 释放的细胞毒性药物通过干扰DNA复制、抑制微管聚合或诱导细胞凋亡等机制杀伤肿瘤细胞。此外, 部分药物可通过“旁观者效应”扩散至邻近肿瘤细胞, 进一步增强抗肿瘤效果[18]。这种效应对于异质性肿瘤的治疗尤为重要, 可有效克服肿瘤细胞对单一靶点的耐药性。综上, PDC通过多肽介导的靶向递送、内吞摄取、可控释放及细胞杀伤等多步骤协同作用, 实现了对肿瘤细胞的高效精准治疗, 体现了靶向药物递送系统在前沿肿瘤治疗中的独特优势。
PDC药物相较于小分子药物、单克隆抗体及ADC, 具有独特优势和局限性(表1)。小分子药物合成工艺成熟、成本低、可口服给药[19], 但靶向性差, 易引发脱靶效应和毒副作用[20]。单克隆抗体靶向性强、半衰期长[21], 但生产成本高、需注射给药, 且可能诱发免疫原性反应[22]。ADC结合了抗体的靶向性和细胞毒性药物的杀伤作用[23], 实现了治疗效果的优化, 但组织渗透性差、生产工艺复杂、成本高, 并可能引发免疫原性和脱靶毒性[24]。PDC的优点如分子质量小, 组织穿透能力强, 生产成本较低等。然而, PDC面临靶向性不足、循环稳定性差导致肾脏快速清除及潜在非特异性毒性等挑战[25], 需通过技术创新和优化策略克服。
PDC中使用的多肽主要分为两大类: 细胞靶向肽(cell targeting peptides, CTPs) 和细胞穿透肽(cell penetrating peptides, CPPs)。CPPs通过非特异性机制实现跨膜转运, 从而促进药物分子高效进入细胞内[26]。典型的CPPs包括transportan和penetratin等, 它们能够通过与细胞膜脂质双层的相互作用或直接形成瞬时孔道实现内化[27]。相比之下, CTPs通过与肿瘤细胞表面过表达的特异性受体结合, 介导药物分子精准递送至靶细胞。CTPs具有高靶向性和强亲和力, 因此在肿瘤靶向治疗和药物递送系统中得到了广泛应用[28]。常见的CTPs包括生长抑素类似物(如octreotide)、angiopep-2 (靶向低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1, LRP1)、促黄体生成素释放激素(luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LHRH) 及精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸肽(RGD peptide, 靶向整合素αvβ3) 等[29, 30] (图2)。这些多肽通过特异性识别肿瘤微环境中的生物标志物, 显著提高了药物的靶向递送效率和治疗效果。
在PDC的设计中, linker的选择是至关重要的环节。Linker在血液循环系统中必须表现出高度的稳定性, 以防止药物过早释放或非特异性释放。过早释放可能导致payload在非靶组织中积累, 从而引发毒副作用并对正常生理功能造成损害。此外, 在选择linker时, 还需综合考虑其在体内的代谢途径及代谢产物的潜在毒性[31]。从化学结构的角度, linker可分为两大类: 不可裂解连接子和可裂解连接子(图3)。可裂解连接子可根据其裂解机制进一步细分为以下几类: ① pH敏感型连接子: 在肿瘤微环境的酸性条件下(pH 4.5~6.5) 发生水解; ②氧化还原敏感型连接子: 在肿瘤细胞内高浓度谷胱甘肽的还原环境下断裂; ③酶敏感型连接子: 可被肿瘤细胞内过表达的特定酶裂解。可裂解连接子在到达肿瘤细胞后, 能够响应肿瘤细胞内特定的酶或微环境条件(如低pH值) 而断裂, 从而实现药物分子的精准释放。相比之下, 不可裂解连接子在进入肿瘤细胞后, 通过内吞作用被转运至溶酶体, 随后被溶酶体酶或蛋白酶降解, 最终释放payload[32]。这种设计确保了药物在靶细胞内的高效释放, 同时最大限度地减少了对正常组织的毒性。
Payload通常由具有高细胞毒性的小分子化合物组成, 例如多柔比星、紫杉醇、柔红霉素及喜树碱等。然而, 这些化合物普遍存在靶向性不足、水溶性差、半衰期短及化学稳定性低等问题, 严重限制了其临床应用[33]。通过与多肽进行偶联, payload的理化性质和药代动力学特性得以显著改善。多肽偶联不仅增强了药物的靶向性, 还提高了其水溶性, 并通过延长血浆半衰期增加了药物在体内的循环时间[34]。这种策略不仅显著提高了药物的生物利用度, 还通过减少非靶组织中的药物分布, 有效降低了全身毒性和不良反应[35]。
截至2025年3月, 全球已有3款PDC成功获批上市(图4)。Lutathera (177Lu-DOTATATE) 是由诺华公司研发的全球首款PDC, 同时也是FDA批准的首个肽受体放射性核素治疗药物。2018年, Lutathera获得批准用于治疗胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤[36]。其作用机制基于Lutathera中的奥曲肽类似物能够特异性识别并结合肿瘤细胞表面过表达的生长抑素受体, 从而实现放射性同位素Lu-177的靶向递送。进入细胞后, Lu-177通过释放高能β射线, 诱导DNA双链断裂, 最终导致肿瘤细胞凋亡, 达到显著的抗肿瘤效果[37]。
另一款已上市的PDC药物Pepaxto由Oncopeptides公司研发。2020年, 该药物通过FDA加速审批程序获批上市, 其适应症为复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤的治疗[38]。Pepaxto是一种特异性靶向氨肽酶的PDC药物, 其分子设计利用高度亲脂性特性促进药物快速被骨髓瘤细胞摄取。在细胞内, Pepaxto被氨肽酶介导的水解作用裂解, 释放出亲水性烷化剂马法兰(melphalan), 通过诱导DNA交联和细胞周期阻滞等机制触发肿瘤细胞凋亡[39]。然而, 在后续的Ⅲ期确证性临床试验中, 研究结果未能达到预期, 同时暴露出安全性问题, 包括严重的血液学毒性。基于这些临床数据, FDA于2024年撤销上市许可。
诺华公司研发的PDC药物Pluvicto于2022年获得FDA批准上市[40]。该药物是一种放射性配体疗法, 主要用于治疗前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate specific membrane antigen, PSMA) 阳性的转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌。其作用机制是通过PSMA靶向肽与放射性核素Lu-177的偶联, 实现精准的肿瘤靶向治疗。值得注意的是, Pluvicto对PSMA高表达的肿瘤细胞具有高度选择性, 其靶向特异性显著降低了药物对周围正常组织的辐射损伤, 从而在保证疗效的同时提高了治疗安全性[41]。
与此同时, 大量PDC候选药物正处于临床研发阶段(表2), 在多种实体肿瘤的治疗中展现出显著的治疗潜力, 其适应症涵盖胃癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、非小细胞肺癌及乳腺癌等多种恶性肿瘤。
ANG1005是一种具有血脑屏障穿透能力的PDC药物, 其结构由紫杉醇与angiopep-2多肽偶联而成。临床研究数据表明, ANG1005在乳腺癌脑转移患者中表现出显著的治疗效果, 这主要归功于其通过LRP1介导的跨血脑屏障转运机制[42]。Zoptarelin doxorubicin是一种将LHRH激动剂与蒽环类化疗药物多柔比星偶联的PDC药物。尽管在部分癌症类型的临床前研究和早期临床试验中显示出一定的抗肿瘤活性, 但在晚期子宫内膜癌的Ⅲ期临床试验中未能显著改善患者的总生存期, 因此该试验已被终止[43]。CBX-12是一种新型PDC药物, 其结构包含拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂依喜替康与pH敏感型连接子。在Ⅰ期临床试验中, CBX-12表现出良好的安全性和耐受性, 同时显示出潜在的抗肿瘤活性, 目前正在进行进一步的临床开发[44]。随着PDC药物在临床试验中的不断推进, 其在肿瘤治疗领域的应用前景日益广阔。PDC药物通过结合多肽的靶向性和细胞毒性药物的高效杀伤作用, 为克服传统化疗药物的局限性提供了新的策略, 有望在未来肿瘤精准治疗中发挥重要作用。
尽管PDC在部分肿瘤治疗中有效降低了细胞毒性药物的毒副作用, 并显著提高了治疗效率, 但其研发仍面临诸多科学和技术挑战。其中, 药物的靶向性不足、循环稳定性差、递送效率低及潜在的毒副作用等问题, 成为制约其临床转化的关键因素[45]。为进一步提升PDC在肿瘤治疗中的效能, 研究人员正在积极探索多种改进策略。这些改进策略旨在突破现有技术瓶颈, 推动PDC在肿瘤精准治疗领域的进一步发展, 为患者提供更安全、更有效的治疗方案。
PDC的稳定性对其血浆半衰期、安全性及治疗疗效具有显著影响。为确保药物在到达靶细胞前不被血浆蛋白酶降解或过早代谢, 从而实现药物载荷的安全、高效递送, 研究人员开发了一系列优化策略。这些策略旨在增强PDC的系统稳定性, 确保药物在靶部位实现高效释放, 从而最大化治疗效果并最小化毒副作用。通过优化策略, PDC的稳定性显著提升, 能够更高效地将药物递送至肿瘤部位, 充分发挥其治疗作用, 进一步增强其在肿瘤治疗中的潜力。
化学修饰是提高其稳定性的重要策略, 其中环化技术因其显著效果而被广泛应用[46]。例如, 头尾环化和二硫键环化能够显著增强多肽的构象稳定性, 并降低其在体内的酶解速率。环化后的多肽可形成稳定的二级结构, 如α-螺旋和β-折叠, 从而提升其与靶标分子的结合亲和力[47]。此外, 通过化学方法限制多肽的构象自由度也是提高稳定性的有效手段。例如, “订书肽”技术利用侧链共价键将多肽链上的氨基酸残基交联, 从而稳定α-螺旋构象, 增强其抗酶解能力和细胞穿透性。其他化学修饰策略还包括: D-氨基酸或非天然氨基酸替换如通过引入D-氨基酸或非天然氨基酸, 可显著提高多肽的代谢稳定性和生物利用度[48]。聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 化: 通过将PEG共价连接到多肽上, 可延长其血浆半衰期, 减少肾脏清除, 并降低免疫原性。这些化学修饰策略不仅增强了PDC在血液循环中的稳定性, 还减少了其在体内的降解, 从而提高了药物的靶向递送效率和治疗效果[49]。
通过在多肽结构中引入脂肪酸链, 可促进PDC与血清白蛋白的特异性结合, 从而改变其体内代谢途径, 显著延长血浆半衰期。例如, 胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物艾塞那肽通过脂肪酸侧链修饰, 增强了与白蛋白的相互作用, 显著延长了其循环时间[50]。Zhang等[50]利用计算机模拟技术和结构优化策略, 基于抗体互补决定区的氨基酸序列, 设计出具有纳摩尔级亲和力的拟肽。对这些拟肽进行脂肪酸修饰后, 实验结果表明, 其不仅保持了与受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体的高亲和力, 还显著改善了体内药代动力学特性, 延长了半衰期并增强了抗肿瘤疗效。
Kim等[51]开发了一种基于抗体辅助的药物递送系统, 利用抗烟碱抗体与烟碱标记的PDC (cot-APTEDB-SN38) 之间的特异性结合, 形成稳定的分子杂交体。该杂交体通过改变PDC的物理化学性质, 降低了免疫系统对PDC的识别和清除, 从而显著延长了PDC的血浆半衰期。这种策略使PDC能够在血液循环中维持更长时间的有效血药浓度, 增加其在肿瘤部位的蓄积。携带的细胞毒性药物得以充分发挥其抗癌活性, 抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭, 从而显著增强抗肿瘤效果。
新型纳米材料有有机-无机杂化纳米系统和核-壳纳米结构。Sun等[52]利用纳米技术, 将荧光标记的两亲性共聚物通过耦合工艺修饰到空心介孔铜硫化物纳米粒子表面, 构建了有机-无机杂化纳米系统。该系统结合了无机纳米粒子的稳定框架和有机聚合物的界面功能, 显著增强了PDC在循环系统中的稳定性, 减少了降解和聚集, 同时降低了脱靶效应, 实现了药物的精准递送。Qian等[53]设计了一种基于PDC的核-壳纳米结构, 将PDC与pH响应性聚赖氨酸壳层结合。该结构在肿瘤微酸性环境中发生电荷切换, 增强与肿瘤细胞的相互作用, 促进纳米粒子的内化。同时, 壳层稳定了PDC的结构, 防止其解离或降解, 确保了PDC在体内的稳定运输和靶向释放。
随着研究的深入, 未来有望开发更多创新方法和新型材料, 进一步优化PDC的性能, 推动肿瘤治疗疗效的持续提升。
在肿瘤治疗领域, 精准靶向是提升疗效和降低毒副作用的关键。PDC作为一种新兴的靶向治疗策略, 其核心设计在于通过高效递送细胞毒性有效载荷至肿瘤细胞, 同时最小化对正常组织的脱靶毒性[54]。然而, 尽管PDC中的靶向肽具有一定的肿瘤选择性, 脱靶效应仍难以完全避免。为此, 研究人员通过深入探索, 开发了多种创新策略, 以进一步提升PDC的靶向特异性和治疗效率。
多价靶向肽策略通过利用“多价效应”和“表观协同亲和力”显著提升了PDC的靶向性能。Liu等[55]开发了一种靶向人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2) 的PDC, 通过偶联两个HER2靶向多肽, 优化了多肽与受体的空间构象和相互作用模式, 增加了结合位点并增强了亲和力, 从而提高了PDC在肿瘤组织中的富集效率和靶向性。Salem等[56]则通过结构优化将YSA肽改进为稳定性更高的123B9肽, 并利用化学合成方法构建了双价PDC分子。这种设计增强了PDC与A型红细胞生成素肝配蛋白受体2的相互作用稳定性, 显著提升了其靶向性能。实验表明, 优化后的PDC在体内外均表现出优异的肿瘤靶向能力和治疗效果, 为肿瘤靶向治疗提供了新策略。
双重靶向策略通过同时靶向表皮生长因子受体的细胞外结构域和细胞内结构域, 显著提升了PDC的靶向特异性。Tan等[57]设计的PDC能够精准富集于癌细胞内部, 增强药物在肿瘤部位的蓄积和治疗效果。同时, 该策略通过减少对正常细胞的脱靶效应, 显著降低了系统毒性, 为癌症治疗提供了一种创新且高效的靶向递送策略。
纳米材料策略通过功能化修饰显著提升了PDC的靶向性和治疗效果。Wang等[58]利用透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) 包覆PDC-DOX2, 构建了HA@PDC-DOX2纳米药物。这种靶向作用机制使得HA@PDC-DOX2纳米药物能够有效富集于肿瘤部位, 显著提高了PDC药物在肿瘤组织中的浓度, 进而增强了药物对肿瘤细胞的治疗效果。HA作为一种天然多糖, 能够特异性识别癌细胞表面过表达的CD44、RHAMM和ICAM-1等受体, 从而实现肿瘤靶向递送, 显著提高药物在肿瘤部位的富集和治疗效果。此外, HA优异的生物相容性、生物可降解性和安全性确保了纳米药物在体内的稳定性和低毒性。
多功能聚合物递送系统通过pH敏感性聚合物胶束载体实现了药物的精准递送和高效释放。Berguig等[59]开发的载体在生理pH下保持结构稳定性, 确保药物在血液循环中的完整性和稳定性, 防止药物提前释放。在酸性内体环境中, 载体发生构象转变, 从胶束态转变为单体形式, 破坏内体膜, 促进药物内体逃逸和细胞内释放, 显著提高了药物的细胞摄取效率。此外, 该系统能够高效递送前凋亡蛋白如前凋亡蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因家族相互作用介质肽至细胞内, 实现药物在细胞质中的精准释放和靶向作用, 为疾病治疗提供了高效的递送平台。
新型靶向肽策略通过优化linker和靶向肽设计, 显著提升了PDC的靶向性和治疗效果。Geng等[60]利用CTPs和可裂解linker优化了药物释放过程, 增强了PDC对肾脏的靶向特异性, 为肾脏疾病治疗提供了新策略。Ji等[61]开发了线粒体靶向肽与活性氧响应性连接子构建的自组装纳米颗粒CPT-TK-KLAK, 实现了药物在线粒体的富集, 显著增强了肿瘤细胞杀伤效果和治疗安全性。Cho等[62]提出了一种基于磷酸酯酶与张力蛋白同源物缺失和乳腺癌易感基因突变的联合治疗策略, 通过PDC与奥拉帕利联用, 增强了PDC的靶向性和治疗效果, 为转移性三阴性乳腺癌提供了创新治疗方案。
自组装PDC能够通过分子间相互作用形成具有独特物理化学性质的纳米结构。以Hao等[63]的研究为例, 其开发的PEG-Pep-SN38两亲性前药分子, 可在水相介质中通过疏水相互作用和π-π堆积等分子间作用力自发组装形成纳米粒。这种自组装纳米粒可借助肿瘤组织的增强渗透与滞留(enhanced permeability and retention, EPR) 效应, 实现被动靶向递送。EPR效应的分子机制主要源于肿瘤新生血管内皮细胞间隙增宽及淋巴引流系统功能障碍, 使得纳米粒能够通过跨内皮转运穿过肿瘤血管壁, 并在肿瘤间质中实现长效滞留, 从而在肿瘤部位实现药物蓄积[64]。这种纳米粒的肿瘤靶向蓄积对于提高抗肿瘤药物的治疗指数具有重要意义: 一方面可避免活性药物分子在体循环中过早降解, 另一方面可降低药物的系统清除率, 从而显著提高药物的肿瘤靶向效率和生物利用度。
在肿瘤靶向治疗领域, 研究者整合生物技术与人工智能算法优化PDC分子设计。噬菌体展示技术作为高通量筛选平台, 能从复杂度达109的多肽文库中筛选出对肿瘤细胞表面受体高亲和力和选择性的靶向肽。这些靶向肽通过化学偶联或基因工程整合入PDC, 增强其靶向特异性, 为精准医疗奠定基础[65]。计算机辅助药物设计结合机器学习算法优化靶向肽序列或结构域融合, 可进一步提升PDC靶向性能[66]。双功能肽不仅能识别肿瘤细胞表面标志物, 还能通过CPP介导的内化作用促进PDC跨膜转运, 提高药物在肿瘤细胞内的蓄积浓度[67]。这种多肽工程策略为增强抗肿瘤疗效提供了新方向。
细胞穿透性是指分子或纳米载体穿越细胞膜屏障并实现细胞内递送的能力特性。这一特性是决定药物递送效率和生物利用度的关键药代动力学参数, 直接影响药物的最终治疗效果。在PDC系统中, CPPs作为核心功能元件, 在介导药物跨膜转运过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用[68]。CPPs其独特之处在于能够通过能量依赖或非能量依赖的机制促进大分子生物活性物质的跨膜转运。研究表明, CPPs可高效介导小分子化学药物、治疗性蛋白质、多肽类药物及核酸类药物等多种治疗剂的细胞内递送, 显著提高PDC在肿瘤细胞内的药物蓄积浓度, 从而增强其抗肿瘤活性[69]。根据CPPs的氨基酸序列特征、疏水性和电荷分布等结构参数, 可将其分为3大类: 阳离子型CPPs、两亲性CPPs和疏水性CPPs[70]。
Cheng等[71]基于肿瘤微环境(pH 6.5~6.8) 的弱酸性特征, 采用酸敏感型2, 3-二甲基顺丁烯二酸酐(2, 3-dimethylmaleic anhydride, DMA) 作为电荷屏蔽基团。在生理pH 7.4条件下, DMA通过酰胺键与ACPP的伯胺基团结合, 利用空间位阻效应抑制多阳离子型细胞穿透肽(如R8) 的跨膜活性, 降低药物在正常组织中的非特异性摄取。在肿瘤酸性微环境中, DMA发生pH依赖性水解, 使ACPP电荷状态逆转, 恢复其细胞穿透功能。这种智能响应型策略显著提高了肿瘤细胞的药物摄取效率, 为肿瘤靶向治疗提供了新思路。此外, Bae等[72]通过理性设计开发了新型细胞穿透肽SDT7, 并将其与蛋白酶激活受体激动剂偶联, 构建了具有抗炎活性的新型PDC系统。体外透皮实验表明, 该PDC系统可显著增强药物对皮肤角质层的穿透能力, 为经皮给药系统的开发提供了新平台。
Grabeck等[73]通过系统性地进行氨基酸替换或删除, 成功构建了一系列CPPs的类似物, 研究发现, 多肽序列的特定位点修饰可显著影响其生物学特性。例如, 将多肽羧基端的赖氨酸替换为组氨酸对其穿膜活性影响不显著; 而删除羧基端的三个氨基酸残基虽可提升穿膜效率, 但伴随细胞毒性的增加。通过系统的构效关系研究, 最终优化出最佳修饰方案: 删除CPP羧基端末位赖氨酸, 同时将倒数第二位谷氨酸替换为赖氨酸。基于此修饰构建的PDC展现出最优的穿膜活性, 为CPPs的理性设计提供了重要依据。
Wang等[74]在该领域进行了开创性研究, 他们设计并开发了一种具有肿瘤细胞特异性靶向功能的PDC。该PDC能够在肿瘤细胞表面实现原位自组装, 这一创新设计显著增强了药物的跨膜转运效率。通过自组装形成的纳米结构可有效促进药物分子穿透肿瘤细胞膜, 提高细胞内药物浓度, 从而增强对特定分子靶点的作用效果, 显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖活性。此外, 这种基于肿瘤细胞表面特异性自组装的给药策略实现了药物的精准递送, 最大限度地降低了药物对正常组织的非特异性作用, 显著改善了治疗窗口, 为降低系统毒性提供了新的解决方案。
耐药性是恶性肿瘤治疗面临的主要临床挑战, 其分子机制复杂多样, 主要包括: 靶点蛋白突变或表达改变、细胞凋亡通路抑制、药物外排泵过度表达及肿瘤代谢重编程等。其中, 靶点改变可导致药物-靶标结合亲和力显著降低; 细胞死亡抑制则使肿瘤细胞逃避程序性死亡, 获得持续增殖能力。尽管PDC在靶向治疗中展现出独特优势, 但其临床应用仍受到获得性耐药的限制。为突破这一治疗瓶颈, 研究人员正在探索多种创新策略。
Dubikovskaya等[75]提出了一种基于CPPs的新型药物递送策略, 通过将化疗药物与八聚精氨酸转运体共价结合, 为克服肿瘤多药耐药性提供了新的解决方案。该策略通过改变药物的理化性质和细胞摄取机制, 有效抑制了P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 介导的药物外排。P-gp作为腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 结合盒转运体超家族的重要成员, 通过ATP水解供能主动将细胞内药物外排, 导致细胞内药物蓄积浓度降低, 是肿瘤获得性耐药的重要机制之一。Kim等[76]则从细胞生物学和信号转导网络调控的角度, 系统性地探索了克服PDC耐药的策略。他们创新性地利用巨胞饮作用和正反馈调节环路, 同时结合DNA依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶信号通路的协同调控, 不仅有效克服了PDC的耐药性问题, 还显著增强了其抗肿瘤活性。这一多靶点、多层次的调控策略为改善PDC的临床治疗效果提供了重要的理论依据。
从分子作用机制角度, 增强linker的亲水性是优化PDC性能的关键策略之一。外排泵蛋白, 特别是ATP结合盒转运体, 在肿瘤细胞多药耐药性中起核心作用。这些跨膜蛋白能够识别并主动将药物外排至细胞外, 导致细胞内药物浓度降低, 从而削弱治疗效果。通过提高linker的亲水性, 可以显著降低药物分子被外排泵蛋白识别和排出的概率。这一机制源于亲水性修饰改变了药物的整体理化性质, 特别是其疏水-亲水平衡, 从而干扰了外排泵蛋白对底物的识别和结合能力, 确保药物在细胞内维持治疗浓度, 持续发挥药理作用。研究人员采用了一系列具有显著极性的linker分子, 如磺基2, 5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基4-(吡啶-2-基二硫烷基)丁酸乙酯和mal-PEG4-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺。实验数据表明, 这些极性linker不仅成功克服了PDC的耐药性问题, 还显著提升了其治疗指数。这种基于linker化学修饰的策略, 在维持药物稳定性和靶向特异性的同时, 有效解决了肿瘤耐药性这一临床难题。
肿瘤细胞可通过表观遗传调控或基因表达改变下调细胞表面靶抗原的表达, 从而导致PDC的靶向效率降低, 产生获得性耐药。为克服这一限制, 双靶点PDC应运而生, 其通过同时靶向肿瘤细胞表面两种不同的生物标志物, 如跨膜受体或特异性抗原, 显著增强了药物的肿瘤选择性和治疗效果。这种双靶向策略不仅降低了单一靶点下调导致的耐药风险, 还通过协同作用提高了药物的内化效率和肿瘤组织蓄积, 为克服肿瘤异质性和耐药性提供了创新解决方案[77]。
为克服传统化疗药物的局限性, 研究人员致力于开发具有新型作用机制的payload。其中, 细胞因子[78]通过调节肿瘤微环境和激活免疫应答发挥抗肿瘤作用; 蛋白降解靶向嵌合分子[79]利用泛素-蛋白酶体系统选择性降解靶蛋白, 为不可成药靶点提供了新的干预策略; 而寡核苷酸[80]则通过基因沉默、mRNA剪接调控或非编码RNA抑制等机制实现精准治疗。这些新型payload通过多模态作用机制协同杀伤肿瘤细胞, 显著降低了单一作用机制导致的耐药性风险, 为肿瘤治疗提供了更广阔的应用前景。
为克服肿瘤耐药性, 研究人员采用PDC药物与其他治疗药物的联合应用策略, 通过多靶点协同作用实现对肿瘤信号通路的全面调控[81]。例如, 将PDC与免疫检查点抑制剂联用, 可协同激活抗肿瘤免疫应答; 与化疗药物联合使用可产生协同细胞毒作用; 而与抗血管生成药物联用则可通过抑制肿瘤血管新生和改善肿瘤微环境来增强疗效。实验研究表明, 这种多模式联合治疗策略可显著提高对耐药肿瘤细胞株的杀伤效果, 为克服肿瘤异质性和耐药性提供了新的治疗范式[82]。
除上述策略外, 研究人员通过识别和验证新的肿瘤特异性分子靶点, 如CAD、TP53、FDPS和ATP6V1C1等[83], 为PDC的设计提供了更精准的靶向选择。这些靶点在肿瘤细胞中特异性高表达或发生功能性突变, 可作为PDC的理想结合位点[84]。通过靶向这些分子, PDC能够显著提高在肿瘤细胞中的选择性蓄积, 同时最大限度地减少对正常组织的非特异性分布, 从而降低系统毒性。这种基于新型靶点的策略不仅增强了PDC的治疗窗口, 还为克服肿瘤耐药性提供了新的分子基础。
PDC作为肿瘤靶向治疗领域的前沿研究方向, 正处于快速发展的关键阶段。未来研究的核心目标是优化PDC的治疗效率, 重点聚焦于提升其靶向特异性、结构稳定性和生物利用度。随着对PDC分子设计原理的深入理解, 探索新型靶向肽已成为重要研究方向, 旨在通过优化肽段结构与功能, 增强药物对肿瘤细胞的特异性识别和结合亲和力, 实现精准靶向治疗。以国家纳米科学中心王浩课题组[85]的研究为例, 其在体内自组装PDC领域取得了突破性进展。通过创新的肽自组装策略, 显著提高了PDC的细胞穿透效率和肿瘤组织蓄积, 为PDC的优化设计提供了新的思路。PDC的应用前景不仅限于肿瘤治疗, 在免疫调节、神经系统疾病和代谢性疾病等领域也展现出巨大潜力。随着对多肽结构-活性关系及其作用机制的深入研究, PDC的治疗价值将得到进一步拓展。合理应用PDC药物是未来临床研究的重点。通过临床试验和个体化治疗策略, 结合患者的分子分型和病理特征, 可实现PDC的精准用药。例如, 基于肿瘤生物标志物的检测结果, 优化PDC的治疗方案, 在提高治疗响应率的同时, 最大限度地降低不良反应, 为患者提供更安全有效的治疗选择。
综上所述, PDC在抗肿瘤治疗领域展现出显著的临床应用前景。其通过将肿瘤特异性靶向多肽与payload进行共价偶联, 实现了对肿瘤的精准靶向治疗。随着分子药理学研究的深入, PDC的分子设计策略不断优化, 主要体现在通过计算机辅助药物设计和噬菌体展示技术提高多肽配体的靶向亲和力、使用可裂解连接子精准调控药物释放动力学, 以及开发新型CPPs和对多肽进行化学修饰以增强药物的递送效率和代谢稳定性。然而, PDC的发展仍面临诸多挑战, 包括肿瘤异质性导致的获得性耐药和脱靶效应、多肽在体内的代谢稳定性不足, 及规模化生产和质量控制问题。
为应对这些挑战, 未来研究应聚焦于开发靶向性更强和稳定性更好的多肽、探索纳米载体和外泌体等新型递送系统、优化PDCs的药代动力学和药效学特性, 并加强多学科合作以推动其临床转化。尽管挑战重重, 但随着多学科交叉融合与创新技术的应用, PDCs的治疗效果有望显著提升。通过合理药物设计和结构-活性关系研究, PDCs在肿瘤精准治疗领域的发展将持续推进, 为患者提供更加个体化的治疗方案。随着转化医学研究的深入, PDCs有望成为肿瘤靶向治疗领域的重要突破点, 为恶性肿瘤的治疗提供新的策略和希望。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0159
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-14
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    1兰州理工大学生命与科学工程学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    2兰州积石药业有限公司, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    3兰州大学第二医院肿瘤中心, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    4深圳深创生物药业有限公司, 广东 深圳 518000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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