Article(id=1308455647385768620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740153600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-22, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889736267, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889736267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889736267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889736267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2097, endPage=2105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455647574512301, articleId=1308455647385768620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the biological activity of marine-derive 1,6-naphthyridine nature products, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, all known marine-derived 1,6-naphthyridine natural products have been isolated from sponge organisms. Research indicates that these compounds exhibit significant biological activities in various fields, including antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, demonstrating broad potential for drug development. This article systematically reviews the sources, chemical structures, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of 42 marine-derived 1,6-naphthyridine natural products. This study aims to systematically summarize the biological activities of these natural products, thereby identifying novel structures and prominent active compounds as potential leads for new drug development. At the same time, these studies lay the foundation for the development of highly effective and low-toxicity new drugs, thereby making an important contribution to human health.

, authors=Yun-fei LI1, 2, Hong-xia DAI2, Xu-wen LI1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yun-fei LI, Hong-xia DAI, Xu-wen LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu-wen LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455649101238974, articleId=1308455647385768620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物活性研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前已发现的海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物均来自海绵类生物。研究表明这类化合物在抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抗菌等多个领域表现出显著的生物活性, 展现出广阔的药物开发潜力。本文系统综述了42个海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物的来源、化学结构、生物活性及其作用机制。本文旨在通过对这些天然产物的生物活性系统归纳总结, 为新药研发梳理结构新颖、活性显著的先导化合物。同时, 这些研究将为开发高效、低毒的新型药物奠定基础, 进而为人类健康事业作出重要贡献。

, authors=李云飞1, 2, 代红霞2, 李序文1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=李云飞, 代红霞, 李序文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李序文, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李云飞负责文章撰写和文献检索; 代红霞负责语句修改和文章润色; 李序文负责文章整体构思、布局和文章修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李序文, E-mail:
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NumberSourceYearReferenceNumberSourceYearReference
1Suberites sp.1991[8]13Aaptos sp.2020[30]
Luffariella sp.1995[9]14Aaptos sp.2020[30]
Suberea n. sp.2004[10]15A. aaptos2022[24]
Aaptos aaptos1982[11]16A. aaptos2022[24]
A. suberitoides2020[12]17A. aaptos2022[24]
A. aaptos2015[13]18A. aaptos2022[24]
A. nigra2008[14]A. aaptos2019[25]
A. suberitoides2006[15]19A. aaptos2014[27]
A. suberitoides2011[16]20A. aaptos2014[27]
A. aaptos2008[17]21A. aaptos2014[27]
Stylissa sp.2021[31]22A. aaptos2014[27]
2Hymeniacidon sp.2004[19]23A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2014[20]24A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2014[21]25A. aaptos2014[27]
3Aaptos sp.2010[18]26A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2018[22]27A. aaptos2014[27]
A. aaptos2022[24]28A. aaptos2014[27]
4A. suberitoides2013[23]A. suberitoides2022[29]
5A. suberitoides2013[23]29Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
6A. suberitoides2013[23]30Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
7A. suberitoides2013[23]31Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
8A. suberitoides2013[23]32A. suberitoides2012[28]
Xestospongia sp.2003[26]33A. suberitoides2012[28]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]34A. suberitoides2012[28]
9A. suberitoides2013[23]35A. suberitoides2012[28]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]36A. suberitoides2022[29]
10A. suberitoides2013[23]37A. suberitoides2022[29]
A. aaptos2022[24]38A. suberitoides2022[29]
A. aaptos2019[25]39A. suberitoides2020[32]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]40A. suberitoides2020[32]
11A. aaptos2014[27]41A. suberitoides2020[32]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]42A. suberitoides2020[32]
12A. aaptos2022[24]
A. aaptos2014[27]
A. suberitoides2022[29]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]
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Marine-derived 1,6-naphthyridine natural products

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NumberSourceYearReferenceNumberSourceYearReference
1Suberites sp.1991[8]13Aaptos sp.2020[30]
Luffariella sp.1995[9]14Aaptos sp.2020[30]
Suberea n. sp.2004[10]15A. aaptos2022[24]
Aaptos aaptos1982[11]16A. aaptos2022[24]
A. suberitoides2020[12]17A. aaptos2022[24]
A. aaptos2015[13]18A. aaptos2022[24]
A. nigra2008[14]A. aaptos2019[25]
A. suberitoides2006[15]19A. aaptos2014[27]
A. suberitoides2011[16]20A. aaptos2014[27]
A. aaptos2008[17]21A. aaptos2014[27]
Stylissa sp.2021[31]22A. aaptos2014[27]
2Hymeniacidon sp.2004[19]23A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2014[20]24A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2014[21]25A. aaptos2014[27]
3Aaptos sp.2010[18]26A. aaptos2014[27]
Aaptos sp.2018[22]27A. aaptos2014[27]
A. aaptos2022[24]28A. aaptos2014[27]
4A. suberitoides2013[23]A. suberitoides2022[29]
5A. suberitoides2013[23]29Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
6A. suberitoides2013[23]30Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
7A. suberitoides2013[23]31Xestospongia sp.2003[26]
8A. suberitoides2013[23]32A. suberitoides2012[28]
Xestospongia sp.2003[26]33A. suberitoides2012[28]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]34A. suberitoides2012[28]
9A. suberitoides2013[23]35A. suberitoides2012[28]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]36A. suberitoides2022[29]
10A. suberitoides2013[23]37A. suberitoides2022[29]
A. aaptos2022[24]38A. suberitoides2022[29]
A. aaptos2019[25]39A. suberitoides2020[32]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]40A. suberitoides2020[32]
11A. aaptos2014[27]41A. suberitoides2020[32]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]42A. suberitoides2020[32]
12A. aaptos2022[24]
A. aaptos2014[27]
A. suberitoides2022[29]
Aaptos sp.2020[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1308499626471293490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455647385768620, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundIC50/μmol·L-1
HL-60K562MCF-7KBHepG2HT-29
120.03 ± 0.030.09 ± 0.030.40 ± 0.100.12 ± 0.030.20 ± 0.102.20 ± 0.03
200.11 ± 0.040.22 ± 0.041.20 ± 0.100.66 ± 0.040.60 ± 0.106.60 ± 1.10
260.28 ± 0.040.46 ± 0.042.30 ± 0.041.10 ± 0.041.00 ± 1.208.50 ± 2.10
280.03 ± 0.030.09 ± 0.010.44 ± 0.030.11 ± 0.030.17 ± 0.031.80 ± 0.40
Paclitaxel/nmol·L-11.5 ± 0.12.4 ± 0.23.2 ± 0.33.8 ± 0.52.7 ± 0.13.5 ± 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1308499626542596659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455647385768620, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Cytotoxic activities of compounds 9, 20, 26 and 28

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CompoundIC50/μmol·L-1
HL-60K562MCF-7KBHepG2HT-29
120.03 ± 0.030.09 ± 0.030.40 ± 0.100.12 ± 0.030.20 ± 0.102.20 ± 0.03
200.11 ± 0.040.22 ± 0.041.20 ± 0.100.66 ± 0.040.60 ± 0.106.60 ± 1.10
260.28 ± 0.040.46 ± 0.042.30 ± 0.041.10 ± 0.041.00 ± 1.208.50 ± 2.10
280.03 ± 0.030.09 ± 0.010.44 ± 0.030.11 ± 0.030.17 ± 0.031.80 ± 0.40
Paclitaxel/nmol·L-11.5 ± 0.12.4 ± 0.23.2 ± 0.33.8 ± 0.52.7 ± 0.13.5 ± 0.2
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CompoundMICs/µg·mL-1
M. smegmatisM. bovis BCG
AerobicHypoxicAerobicHypoxic
1100200200200
3256.25200200
82512.5100100
96.251.5200100
10256.25> 200> 200
116.2512.5100100
1212.56.250.750.75
136.251.56025
14256.252525
Isoniazid2.5250.05> 200
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MICs of aaptamines against M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; M. smegmatis: Mycolicibacterium smegmatis; M. bovis BCG: Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin

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CompoundMICs/µg·mL-1
M. smegmatisM. bovis BCG
AerobicHypoxicAerobicHypoxic
1100200200200
3256.25200200
82512.5100100
96.251.5200100
10256.25> 200> 200
116.2512.5100100
1212.56.250.750.75
136.251.56025
14256.252525
Isoniazid2.5250.05> 200
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海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物活性研究进展
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李云飞 1, 2 , 代红霞 2 , 李序文 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2097-2105
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (7) : 2097 -2105
海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物活性研究进展
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李云飞1, 2, 代红霞2, 李序文1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1山东第一医科大学 (山东省医学科学院), 山东 济南 250117
  • 2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海 (烟台) 药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264117
  • 3中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
李序文, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李云飞负责文章撰写和文献检索; 代红霞负责语句修改和文章润色; 李序文负责文章整体构思、布局和文章修改。

Research progress on the biological activity of marine-derive 1,6-naphthyridine nature products
Yun-fei LI1, 2, Hong-xia DAI2, Xu-wen LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
  • 2Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
  • 3Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0178
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目前已发现的海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物均来自海绵类生物。研究表明这类化合物在抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抗菌等多个领域表现出显著的生物活性, 展现出广阔的药物开发潜力。本文系统综述了42个海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物的来源、化学结构、生物活性及其作用机制。本文旨在通过对这些天然产物的生物活性系统归纳总结, 为新药研发梳理结构新颖、活性显著的先导化合物。同时, 这些研究将为开发高效、低毒的新型药物奠定基础, 进而为人类健康事业作出重要贡献。

1,6-萘啶  /  海洋天然产物  /  生物活性  /  作用机制

At present, all known marine-derived 1,6-naphthyridine natural products have been isolated from sponge organisms. Research indicates that these compounds exhibit significant biological activities in various fields, including antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, demonstrating broad potential for drug development. This article systematically reviews the sources, chemical structures, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of 42 marine-derived 1,6-naphthyridine natural products. This study aims to systematically summarize the biological activities of these natural products, thereby identifying novel structures and prominent active compounds as potential leads for new drug development. At the same time, these studies lay the foundation for the development of highly effective and low-toxicity new drugs, thereby making an important contribution to human health.

1,6-naphthyridine  /  marine natural product  /  biological activity  /  mechanism of action
李云飞, 代红霞, 李序文. 海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物活性研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2097 -2105 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0178
Yun-fei LI, Hong-xia DAI, Xu-wen LI. Research progress on the biological activity of marine-derive 1,6-naphthyridine nature products[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2097 -2105 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0178
海洋, 作为地球上最为广袤且神秘的领域, 覆盖了地球表面约71%的表面积, 是地球上最大的生态系统, 被誉为生命的摇篮和天然药物的巨大宝库。在这片具有高盐度、高压、缺少光照以及营养匮乏等极端条件的生态环境中, 海洋生物为了适应严酷环境并争夺有限的生存空间, 在漫长的进化过程中逐渐形成了独特的代谢途径和防御机制, 能够产生多种结构新颖、功能独特的次级代谢产物。这些代谢产物不仅具有罕见的化学骨架, 更展现出卓越的药理活性, 为新药研发提供了丰富的资源宝库和创新灵感[1]。
萘啶是一类含氮杂环化合物, 由两个吡啶环稠合而成, 存在6种位置异构体(图1)。多样的化学结构赋予了萘啶类化合物丰富多样的生物活性, 例如抗肿瘤、抗抑郁、抗炎、抗菌和抗疟疾等[2-6]。其中海洋来源的1,6-萘啶类天然产物因其独特的苯并萘啶骨架和显著的生物活性在药物研发领域展现出了重要的研究价值。
本文对42个海洋来源的1,6-萘啶类天然产物的研究进展进行了总结, 从这些化合物的来源出发, 基于其生物活性进行分类, 全面梳理了其在抗肿瘤、抗菌和抗氧化等方面的研究现状, 系统总结该类化合物的生物学作用机制, 为后续药物开发提供坚实的理论基础和参考依据(图2)。
目前, 已发现的海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物均来自海绵类生物。其中Aaptos属海绵是该类化合物的主要来源, 该属最早由Gray在1867年鉴定并命名[7]。此外, 研究表明1,6-萘啶类天然产物在Suberites、Stylissa、Luffariella、Hymeniacidon、Suberea、和Xestospongia属海绵中也被分离得到。化合物来源如表1[8-32]所示。
1982年Nakamura等[11]首次从冲绳岛海绵Aaptos aaptos中分离得到aaptamine (1), 如图3。该化合物是1,6-萘啶类生物碱aaptamine家族首个发现的成员, 也是该类生物碱的典型代表。
Gong等[12]从南海海绵Aaptos suberitoides中也分离得到化合物1, 并对其抗肿瘤活性进行了研究。体外实验表明, 该化合物对H1299和A549非小细胞肺癌表现出明显的细胞毒作用, 其IC50值分别为10.47和13.91 µg·mL-1。研究表明, 化合物1的抗肿瘤作用机制主要涉及细胞周期调控和信号通路干预两个方面。在细胞周期调控方面, 化合物1通过下调关键细胞周期调控因子细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2 (cyclin-dependent kinases 2, CDK2) 和CDK4的表达水平, 同时抑制细胞周期蛋白D1/E的表达, 诱导G1期肿瘤细胞停滞。在信号通路调控方面, 化合物1通过有效干扰磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶3β (PI3K/AKT/GSK3β) 信号通路, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。此外, 化合物1还可以下调MMP-7和MMP-9的表达水平, 在抑制肿瘤侵袭和转移方面发挥重要作用。
除此之外, 化合物1在HCC-LM3和HepG2肝癌细胞中显著降低SRY-盒转录因子9和CDK2的表达, 表现出强大的抗肝癌作用, 能够显著抑制肝癌细胞的增殖, 有效抑制其集落形成[13]。研究还发现化合物1可插入DNA[14], 上调p21的表达, 并通过p53非依赖性途径诱导癌细胞凋亡[13, 15]。化合物1还对人K562慢性髓系白血病细胞和CEM-SS T淋巴细胞白血病表现出显著的抑制作用[16, 17], 其IC50值分别是3.84和15.03 µg·mL-1。
Shubina等[18]证实了化合物3在THP-1细胞中作为重要凋亡诱导剂的作用。这一发现为进一步研究化合物3的抗癌机制提供了重要依据, 也表明其在白血病治疗等相关领域具有潜在的研究和应用价值。
Pettit等[19]从海绵Hymeniacidon sp.中分离得到化合物1~3 (图3)。研究发现, 它们对P388小鼠白血病细胞系具有显著的细胞毒活性, 其IC50值分别为3.60、0.28和0.31 µg·mL-1。
Dyshlovoy等[20]从海绵Aaptos sp.中分离得到化合物1~3。研究发现, 化合物1~3在顺铂敏感NT2人胚胎癌细胞(IC50值为54.5、1.7和6.3 μmol·L-1) 和耐药NT2-R细胞系(IC50值为53.7、1.9和3.9 μmol·L-1) 中表现出相似的活性, 与顺铂无交叉耐药。机制研究表明, 化合物1主要表现出抗增殖作用, 而2和3则作为强效的凋亡诱导剂。通路分析(ingenuity pathways analysis, IPA) 技术可以观察到化合物处理细胞后, 细胞内蛋白质组的变化。IPA研究发现在假设的蛋白质相互作用网络中, 不同化合物的核心调控因子各不相同。化合物1的核心调控因子为骨髓细胞瘤癌基因(myelocytomatosis oncogene, MYC) 和p53基因; 化合物2的核心调控因子为肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF); 而化合物3的核心调控因子则同时包括MYC基因、p53基因和TNF。这些发现揭示了不同化合物可能通过调控不同的关键因子, 发挥其独特的生物活性。
Dyshlovoy等[21]进一步对THP-1人白血病单核细胞、HeLa宫颈癌、SNU-C4结直肠癌、SK-MEL-28人黑色素瘤、MDA-MB-231乳腺癌等人癌细胞系进行细胞毒性评估, 研究发现化合物2和3对MDA-MB-231细胞系具有明显的细胞毒活性, 其IC50值分别为10.6和9.1 μmol·L-1, 并能诱导THP-1细胞系发生凋亡。此外, 在JB6小鼠表皮细胞系中, 化合物1~3在低浓度(0.7~2.1 μmol·L-1) 无毒的情况下, 能够阻止由表皮生长因子诱导的癌症发生, 而且其防御机制与AP-1和核因子-κB (NF-κB) 的激活无关。
Wu等[22]从海绵Aaptos sp.中同样分离得到了化合物1~3并对乳腺癌细胞系进行了细胞毒性测试。研究表明化合物2和3的活性明显高于1。其中化合物2对T-47D细胞系IC50值为30.13 μmol·L-1, 化合物3对MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞系的IC50值分别为23.11和19.34 μmol·L-1。因化合物2在分离出的化合物中占比最高(84.74%), 所以被选作进一步研究对象。研究发现化合物2可抑制连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, XIAP) 的表达, 并且通过激活半胱天冬酶3和半胱天冬酶7特异性地切割聚ADP-核糖聚合酶, 诱导癌细胞发生凋亡。化合物2的细胞毒性还基于其具有诱导自噬、破坏线粒体功能以及过度产生ROS的能力。
Pham等[23]从印度尼西亚收集的海绵Aaptos suberitoides中分离得到8个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物1、4、5~10), 如图3、4。研究发现化合物1、6和7对小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞系具有显著的细胞毒活性, 其IC50值分别为8.3、0.9和5.5 μmol·L-1。
Trang等[24]从越南海绵Aaptos aaptos中分离得到7个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物3、10、12、15~18), 如图3、4。研究发现对SKLU-1肺腺癌、MCF-7乳腺癌、HepG2肝癌和SK-Mel-2黑色素瘤等细胞系具有明显的细胞毒作用, IC50值在7.7 ± 0.8~51.4 ± 1.8 μmol·L-1之间。
Toshiyuki等[25]从海绵Aaptos aaptos中分离得到化合物10和化合物18, 并测试了对成人T细胞白血病细胞的细胞毒性。发现化合物18具有显著的抗肿瘤作用, 其IC50值为0.29 μmol·L-1。
Calcul等[26]从印度尼西亚海绵Xestospongia sp.中分离得到5个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物8、10、29~31), 如图4、5。研究发现化合物10对KB表皮样癌具有显著的抑制作用, 其ID50值为3.5 µg·mL-1。
Yu等[27]从南海海绵Aaptos aaptos中分离出12个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物11、12、19~28), 如图4、5。研究结果表明化合物12、20、26和28对人肿瘤细胞系: HL-60白血病、K562人慢性髓系白血病、MCF-7乳腺癌、KB表皮样癌、HepG2肝细胞癌和HT-29结肠癌有显著的细胞毒性, 其IC50值在0.03~8.5 μmol·L-1之间, 如表2所示。在不同细胞系的敏感性分析中, HL-60细胞表现出最高的敏感性, 其次是K562细胞、HepG2细胞、KB细胞、MCF-7细胞和HT-29细胞。这一结果表明, 这些化合物对白血病细胞(HL-60和K562) 的抑制作用更为显著, 而对实体瘤细胞(HepG2、KB、MCF-7和HT-29) 的敏感性相对较低。这种差异可能与不同细胞系的遗传、代谢或信号通路调控机制有关, 值得进一步深入研究。
Liu等[28]从海绵Aaptos suberitoides中分离得到4个偶联的1,6-萘啶类天然产物suberitine A~D (32~35), 如图6。研究发现, 偶联反应仅发生在aaptamine单体的C-3或C-6位, 推测这些二聚体的生物合成途径可能是一种自由基偶联机制。化合物32~35对P388小鼠白血病、HeLa宫颈癌和K562人慢性髓系白血病的细胞毒性评价结果显示, 化合物33和35对P388具有显著的抗肿瘤活性, IC50分别为1.8和3.5 μmol·L-1。
He等[29]在南海海绵Aaptos suberitoides中分离得到5个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物12、28、36~38), 如图4、5、7。对H1299肺癌、H520肺鳞癌、SCG7901胃癌、CNE-2鼻咽癌和SW680结肠癌等5种人癌细胞的细胞毒活性进行了评价。研究结果表明, 化合物12、28和38对H1299和H520细胞具有明显的细胞毒性, IC50值在12.9~20.6 µg·mL-1之间。
尽管癌症具有高度的多样性和异质性, 但其共同特征在于细胞周期调控机制的紊乱以及由此引发的细胞异常增殖[33]。CDKs在调节细胞周期和增殖中发挥核心作用, 在已知的9种亚型中, CDK2是细胞周期中最重要的调控因子之一, 其功能为促进细胞从G1期向S期的转换, 并调控DNA的合成[34]。他们在所获得的细胞毒性数据的基础上, 进一步研究了化合物的CDK2抑制活性, 结果表明化合物12、28和38对CDK2均表现出显著的抑制活性, IC50值分别为3.0、6.0和14.3 µg·mL-1。此外, 在低浓度条件下, 化合物12、28和38显著诱导了H1299肺癌细胞的G1期阻滞, 这与CDK2抑制活性的结果一致。药物亲和力反应性靶标稳定性分析技术(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS) 是一种用于检测小分子蛋白靶标的可靠方法[35]。DARTS实验表明化合物38能有效地与CDK2蛋白结合。
Utkina等[36]从越南海绵Aaptos aaptos中分离得到化合物1和2 (图3), 评估了它们捕获2, 2-二苯基-1-苦基肼基(2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 自由基、降低福林-锡卡托试剂(Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, FCR) 和抑制过氧化物自由基诱导的亚油酸(linoleic acid, LA) 氧化的能力。结果表明, 化合物1和2具有显著的DPPH自由基清除能力, IC50值分别为18和16 μmol·L-1, 与阳性对照水溶性维生素E (IC50 = 16 μmol·L-1) 相当, 此外, 尽管它们的FCR还原能力略低于水溶性维生素E, 但仍具有较高的还原活性。研究发现, 化合物1和2对LA氧化的抑制速率分别为0.91和0.78 μmol·L-1·min-1, 与阳性对照丁基羟基甲苯(0.84 μmol·L-1·min-1) 相当。
化合物1和2在DPPH自由基清除实验中均表现出显著的抗氧化活性, 但在基于二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯的活性氧检测中无明显活性[37], 其IC50值> 55 μmol·L-1, 而阳性对照抗坏血酸的IC50值为9.7 μmol·L-1。这表明化合物1和2虽然在溶液中表现出一定的自由基清除能力, 并显示出潜在的抗氧化活性, 但可能由于细胞摄取效率低或在细胞内缺乏有效作用机制, 未能有效抑制ROS催化的氧化反应。因此, 化合物1和2与能够高效进入细胞并发挥抗氧化作用的抗坏血酸相比, 在自由基淬灭能力或细胞膜穿透性方面可能存在局限性。
长期暴露于紫外线辐射会导致晒伤、炎症反应、皮肤癌和光老化等一系列皮肤损伤。Kim等[38]发现在中波紫外线(ultraviolet radiation b, UVB) 照射的人角质形成细胞中, 浓度为10 μmol·L-1的化合物1能够提高抗氧化酶的水平, 其中过氧化氢酶提高了71.87%, 超氧化物歧化酶提高了26.2%, 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶提高了95.43%。此结果显示了化合物1在抗氧化方面的积极作用, 可能有助于减轻UVB照射引起的氧化损伤, 进而在抗光老化过程中发挥重要作用。推测其作用机制为化合物1能够抑制ROS的产生, 从而抑制由UVB照射引发ROS对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和AP-1信号通路的激活。
除此之外, 10 μmol·L-1浓度的化合物1能够显著降低UVB诱导的人角质形成细胞内多种促炎细胞因子和NF-κB亚基(p50和p65) 的表达水平。与对照组相比, 环氧化酶-2降低了518.75%, TNF-α降低了665.57%, 白细胞介素-1β降低了579.66%, NF-κB的p50亚基降低了453.33%, p65亚基降低了352.89%。这表明化合物1可有效抑制UVB诱导的炎症反应, 对减轻皮肤光老化过程中的炎症损伤具有重要作用, 为其在抗光老化应用方面提供了有力证据。
结核病是一个严重的公共卫生问题, 其高发性和高致死性对全球健康造成了巨大威胁。特别是对于HIV阳性人群, 由于免疫系统受损, 感染结核病的风险更高, 病情也往往更严重, 两者的合并感染会增加治疗的复杂性和死亡率。
Sumii等[30]在海绵Aaptos sp.中分离得到9个1,6-萘啶类天然产物(化合物1、3、8、9~14), 如图3、4, 并进行了抗菌活性筛选, 如表3所示。在众多筛选的测试化合物中, 化合物12对M. bovis BCG有显著的抗菌活性, 其MIC值为0.75 µg·mL-1。作为对照的异烟肼, 在有氧条件下对该菌的MIC值为0.05 µg·mL-‍1, 高于化合物12, 但在缺氧条件下化合物12的抗菌活性远高于异烟肼。
为了评价化合物12作为一种抗结核药物候选先导化合物的潜力, 进一步研究了其对结核分枝杆菌的各种致病菌株的抗菌活性。结果表明, 化合物12对有氧条件下生长的药物敏感的结核分枝杆菌H37Rv、Erdman、Beijing以及耐药、多重耐药和广泛耐药的结核分枝杆菌具有相似的抗菌活性, MIC值为0.5~2.0 µg·mL-1。所以该化合物在抗结核杆菌研究领域有进一步研究和优化的价值。
从表3中可知化合物9、11和13对M. smegmatis展现出强抗菌作用, 在有氧环境中的MIC值为6.25 µg·mL-1。根据结构推测可得到结论, 在有氧生长条件下, C-3或C-9位置存在羰基官能团会增强对M. smegmatis的抑制潜力。
Bowling等[14]从海绵Aaptos nigra中分离得到化合物1和2, 研究发现它们具有显著的抗HIV-1作用, 其EC50值分别为8.9和7.7 μmol·L-1。
Luyao等[31]首次从海绵Stylissa sp.中分离得到化合物1, 研究发现该化合物能作用于G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs)。剂量-反应分析证实了化合物1对α-肾上腺素能受体、β-肾上腺素能受体和多巴胺受体D4的拮抗活性, 其IC50值分别为11.9、0.20和6.9 μmol·L-1。此外, 化合物1对趋化因子受体7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7, CXCR7) 和趋化因子受体1 (C-C chemokine receptor type 1, CCR1) 具有激动作用, 其EC50值分别为6.2和11.8 μmol·L-1。同时, 化合物1可以作为正向变构调节剂增强CXCR3和CCR3的激动活性, 其EC50值分别为31.8和16.2 μmol·L-1。这些GPCRs在心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症和神经系统疾病的治疗中起着关键作用。研究结果表明, 化合物1通过调节GPCRs, 可能为非传染性疾病提供新的治疗策略。
核因子κB受体激活剂配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, RANKL) 是一种控制骨再生和重塑的跨膜蛋白。Wang等[32]从海绵Aaptos suberitoides分离得到4个1,6-萘啶类天然产物aaptodine A~D (39~42), 如图8, 并且对化合物39~42进行生物活性检测, 研究发现可以显著抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成和吸收, 其中化合物42抑制酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色阳性多核破骨细胞数量和面积的效果最强, 其ED50值为2.3 μmol·L-1, 而且没有细胞毒性。因此, aaptodines可被视为治疗骨质疏松症和激素治疗引起的骨质流失的候选药物。
Ohizumi等[39]从海绵Aaptos aaptos分离得到化合物1 (图3), 研究发现该化合物具有α-肾上腺素受体阻断活性, 是血管平滑肌中α-肾上腺素受体的竞争性拮抗剂。因此, 化合物1具有降低血压的作用。除此之外, 化合物1选择性地阻断了单胺氧化酶A, 这是一种在严重抑郁症发作期间在大脑中过表达的酶。因此, 化合物1可能在抑郁症治疗中发挥作用[40]。
Sung等[41]研究发现, 化合物1能够显著缓解大鼠慢性缩窄性损伤(chronic constriction injury, CCI) 诱导的神经病理性疼痛行为。进一步的机制研究表明, 其通过抑制脊髓中CCI诱导的血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、分化簇31 (cluster of differentiation, CD31) 和乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 的过度表达, 发挥镇痛作用。其中, VEGF主要表达于星形胶质细胞, 而LDHA则主要定位于神经元。因此, 化合物1的镇痛机制可能与其抑制星形胶质细胞介导的血管生成以及神经元LDHA表达相关。
Miao等[42]研究发现, 化合物1对乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE) 和丁酰胆碱酯酶(butyrylcholinesterase, BuChE) 均表现出抑制活性, 其IC50值分别为16.0和4.6 μmol·L-1, 化合物1对BuChE的抑制作用强于多奈哌齐(IC50 = 7.0 μmol·L-1)。动力学研究表明, 化合物1对AChE和BuChE的抑制属于混合型抑制, 其Ki值分别为6.96 ± 0.04和6.35 ± 0.02 μmol·L-1。此外, 表面等离子体共振实验证实化合物1可直接与AChE和BuChE结合, 表达抑制作用, 其Kd值分别为87.6和10.7 μmol·L-1。体内研究结果显示, 化合物1能够以剂量依赖的方式显著促进运动障碍的恢复。这些研究结果表明, 化合物1具有开发成为抗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 药物的潜力。
综上所述, 海洋来源的1,6-萘啶类天然产物在抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抗菌等多个领域中均表现出显著的生物活性。
在抗肿瘤领域, 自1982年Nakamura等[11]从Aaptos aaptos海绵中分离出aaptamine (1) 以来, 该类化合物的研究不断深入。研究者发现化合物1可通过调控CDK2/CDK4和PI3K/AKT/GSK3β信号通路抑制细胞增殖, 并下调MMP-7/MMP-9抑制肿瘤转移, 对肺癌、肝癌、白血病等细胞表现出显著抑制作用[12]。
化合物1~3在顺铂敏感及耐药NT2细胞中保持活性, 且无交叉耐药性。机制研究揭示其通过MYC、p53及TNF等核心因子发挥抗癌作用[20]。其中, 化合物2通过抑制XIAP并激活Caspase级联反应诱导凋亡, 同时引发自噬及线粒体功能障碍[22]。
化合物12、28和38显著抑制CDK2活性并诱导细胞G1期阻滞, DARTS实验证实化合物38可直接结合CDK2, 揭示其抗癌机制[29]。
多国研究者从不同海域海绵中分离出新型1,6-萘啶衍生物, 这些化合物表现出显著的生物活性。如Pham等[23]发现化合物6对L5178Y淋巴瘤的IC50值为0.9 μmol·L-1, Trang等[24]分离的化合物18对T细胞白血病IC50仅0.29 μmol·L-1, Yu等[27]研究发现化合物12、20、26和28对白血病HL-60细胞的敏感性最高(IC50值在0.03~0.28 μmol·L-1之间) 等。
这些研究揭示了1,6-萘啶类化合物的多靶点机制, 为新型抗癌药物的开发提供了重要的理论依据与候选分子。
在抗氧化领域, 海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物表现出多种抗氧化机制, 包括清除自由基、抑制ROS以及调控MAPK和AP-1信号通路等。研究表明, 化合物1在UVB照射的人角质形成细胞模型中提高了抗氧化酶的表达水平, 展现出强大的抗氧化效应, 此外, 该化合物能够有效降低多种促炎因子的表达, 从而显著抑制UVB诱导的炎症反应[38]。这些发现表明化合物1在皮肤光老化防护领域具有潜在的应用价值。
在抗菌领域, 海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物对多种致病菌表现出显著的抗菌活性。该类化合物对活性和休眠状态分枝杆菌均表现良好的抗菌效果, 显示出在抗细菌感染领域的应用潜力。其中化合物12对M. bovis BCG表现出显著的抗菌活性, MIC值为0.75 µg·mL-1, 且缺氧条件下抗菌活性远高于阳性药物异烟肼。此外, 化合物12对药物敏感、耐药、多重耐药和广泛耐药多种类型的结核分枝杆菌均表现出相当的抗菌活性, 其MIC值在0.5~2.0 µg·mL-1之间[30]。这些研究结果表明, 化合物12具有成为新型抗结核药物的巨大潜力。
尽管对海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物的研究取得了一定进展, 但仍存在一些不足之处。首先, 目前的研究主要集中在抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抗菌领域, 而在其他领域, 如降血压[39]、抗抑郁[40]和抗AD[42]等领域的研究还相对较少, 未来需要进一步拓展研究范围, 探索其在更多疾病治疗中的潜在价值。其次, 尽管已有一些研究对其作用机制进行了初步的探索, 但仍不够深入和全面。例如, 在抗菌方面, 对于1,6-萘啶类天然产物如何起到抑菌作用, 具体的作用靶点是什么, 以及如何通过合理的结构修饰增强其抗菌活性和选择性, 都是当前待解决的关键问题, 还需要进一步深入研究。在抗氧化和抗肿瘤机制研究中, 对于细胞内信号通路之间的复杂网络关系, 以及1,6-萘啶类天然产物如何对这些复杂的信号网络进行整体调控, 从而发挥抗氧化和抗肿瘤的功效, 还需要更系统的研究。相信在未来的研究中, 海洋来源1,6-萘啶类天然产物将在药物研发领域发挥更大的作用, 为解决人类健康问题做出重要贡献。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0178
  • 接收时间:2025-02-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-22
  • 修回日期:2025-05-09
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    1山东第一医科大学 (山东省医学科学院), 山东 济南 250117
    2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海 (烟台) 药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264117
    3中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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