Article(id=1308455620672250404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1745337600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889729897, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889729897, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889729897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889729897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2167, endPage=2177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455620928102949, articleId=1308455620672250404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The dual role of neutrophils: mechanisms in Behçet's Syndrome and advances in targeted therapeutic carrier applications, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare chronic immune/inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral aphthous ulcers and a variety of other systemic manifestations that can lead to many severe complications and even death. The exact pathogenesis of BS has not yet been fully elucidated. However, in recent years, several studies have identified neutrophil hyperfunction and enhanced chemotaxis as important components of the pathogenesis of BS. In this paper, the latest research progress on the involvement of neutrophil in the pathogenesis of BS is reviewed from three aspects: namely neutrophil hyperactivation, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps NETs (NETs), and the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment of BS. Furthermore, based on the key role of neutrophils in the disease process of BS, this paper also reviews the progress of research on neutrophil-targeted drug delivery systems, to provide a reference for the targeted regulation of neutrophils in treating BS.

, authors=Fu-jun ZENG1, Rou TANG2, Cheng-zhen LÜ3, Yu-jia ZHANG1, Dong WU3, Wen-sheng ZHENG1, *, authorsList=Fu-jun ZENG, Rou TANG, Cheng-zhen LÜ, Yu-jia ZHANG, Dong WU, Wen-sheng ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen-sheng ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455621955707438, articleId=1308455620672250404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中性粒细胞的双重作用: 白塞综合征机制与靶向治疗载体应用进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白塞综合征(Behçet's syndrome, BS) 是一种罕见的慢性免疫/炎症性疾病, 特征为复发性口腔阿弗他溃疡及其他多种全身性表现, 可导致多种严重并发症甚至死亡。BS的确切发病机制尚未完全阐明, 近年来, 多项研究发现中性粒细胞功能亢进和趋化性增强是BS发病机制的重要组成部分。本文从中性粒细胞过度活化、释放中性粒细胞胞外陷阱和产生过量活性氧3个方面对其参与BS发病机制的最新研究进展进行综述, 旨在为BS的发病机制和临床诊治提供理论依据。基于中性粒细胞在BS疾病过程中扮演的关键角色, 本文进一步综述了中性粒细胞靶向药物递送系统的研究进展, 以期为靶向调控中性粒细胞治疗BS提供参考。

, authors=曾富郡1, 唐柔2, 吕成贞3, 张宇佳1, 吴东3, 郑稳生1, *, authorsList=曾富郡, 唐柔, 吕成贞, 张宇佳, 吴东, 郑稳生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑稳生, authorNote=

作者贡献:

曾富郡进行文献检索和文章撰写; 唐柔、吕成贞对文章内容进行客观核对; 张宇佳、吴东、郑稳生对文章进行指导和修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
郑稳生, Tel: 86-10-63165233, E-mail:
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Copyright © 2019 Giacomo Emmi, Matteo Becatti, Alessandra Bettiol, Gülen Hatemi, Domenico Prisco, Claudia Fiorillo and Frontiers Media SA, figureFileSmall=bNAp26JnDQXnuK52T8UhCQ==, figureFileBig=/hUvjDWlXDgugpCDNCN/8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497723846914490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455620672250404, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AcaBZCytuV42FUOLV6fn9g==, figureFileBig=/nVEC3TMIe23668jEcqJaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497724014686651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455620672250404, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic design of NE-mediated anticancer drug delivery. A: Schematic illustration of the preparation of PTX-CL/NEs; B: Schematic that shows how PTX-CL/NEs suppress postoperative glioma recurrence in mice. Surgical resection of a tumor amplifies inflammatory signals in the brain, which allows PTX-CL/NEs to target brain tumors, release PTX and suppress glioma recurrence. SPC: Soy phosphatidylcholine; Chol: Cholesterol; HG2C18: 1, 5-Dioctadecyl-N-histidyl-L-glutamate; PTX: Paclitaxel; NE: Neutrophil. Adapted from Ref. 67 with permission. Copyright © 2017 Springer Nature Limited, figureFileSmall=AcaBZCytuV42FUOLV6fn9g==, figureFileBig=/nVEC3TMIe23668jEcqJaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497724136321468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455620672250404, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4+yR6kMnjgPYDkpbAxZk/A==, figureFileBig=JQOBCsJXZMuXpgvI5AxAPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497724224401853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455620672250404, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic illustration of LA-NM-NP/CBD preparation and its nanobuffer effect. 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中性粒细胞的双重作用: 白塞综合征机制与靶向治疗载体应用进展
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曾富郡 1 , 唐柔 2 , 吕成贞 3 , 张宇佳 1 , 吴东 3 , 郑稳生 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2167-2177
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (7) : 2167 -2177
中性粒细胞的双重作用: 白塞综合征机制与靶向治疗载体应用进展
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曾富郡1, 唐柔2, 吕成贞3, 张宇佳1, 吴东3, 郑稳生1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物传输技术及新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院北京协和医院药剂科, 北京 100730
  • 3中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院北京协和医院消化内科, 疑难重症及罕见病国家重点实验室, 北京 100730
通讯作者:
郑稳生, Tel: 86-10-63165233, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

曾富郡进行文献检索和文章撰写; 唐柔、吕成贞对文章内容进行客观核对; 张宇佳、吴东、郑稳生对文章进行指导和修改。

The dual role of neutrophils: mechanisms in Behçet's Syndrome and advances in targeted therapeutic carrier applications
Fu-jun ZENG1, Rou TANG2, Cheng-zhen LÜ3, Yu-jia ZHANG1, Dong WU3, Wen-sheng ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • 3Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0186
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白塞综合征(Behçet's syndrome, BS) 是一种罕见的慢性免疫/炎症性疾病, 特征为复发性口腔阿弗他溃疡及其他多种全身性表现, 可导致多种严重并发症甚至死亡。BS的确切发病机制尚未完全阐明, 近年来, 多项研究发现中性粒细胞功能亢进和趋化性增强是BS发病机制的重要组成部分。本文从中性粒细胞过度活化、释放中性粒细胞胞外陷阱和产生过量活性氧3个方面对其参与BS发病机制的最新研究进展进行综述, 旨在为BS的发病机制和临床诊治提供理论依据。基于中性粒细胞在BS疾病过程中扮演的关键角色, 本文进一步综述了中性粒细胞靶向药物递送系统的研究进展, 以期为靶向调控中性粒细胞治疗BS提供参考。

中性粒细胞  /  白塞综合征  /  发病机制  /  药物递送系统  /  靶向递送

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare chronic immune/inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral aphthous ulcers and a variety of other systemic manifestations that can lead to many severe complications and even death. The exact pathogenesis of BS has not yet been fully elucidated. However, in recent years, several studies have identified neutrophil hyperfunction and enhanced chemotaxis as important components of the pathogenesis of BS. In this paper, the latest research progress on the involvement of neutrophil in the pathogenesis of BS is reviewed from three aspects: namely neutrophil hyperactivation, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps NETs (NETs), and the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment of BS. Furthermore, based on the key role of neutrophils in the disease process of BS, this paper also reviews the progress of research on neutrophil-targeted drug delivery systems, to provide a reference for the targeted regulation of neutrophils in treating BS.

neutrophils  /  Behçet's syndrome  /  pathogenesis  /  drug delivery system  /  targeted delivery
曾富郡, 唐柔, 吕成贞, 张宇佳, 吴东, 郑稳生. 中性粒细胞的双重作用: 白塞综合征机制与靶向治疗载体应用进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2167 -2177 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0186
Fu-jun ZENG, Rou TANG, Cheng-zhen LÜ, Yu-jia ZHANG, Dong WU, Wen-sheng ZHENG. The dual role of neutrophils: mechanisms in Behçet's Syndrome and advances in targeted therapeutic carrier applications[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2167 -2177 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0186
白塞综合征(Behçet's syndrome, BS) 是一种罕见的具有多系统受累特征的系统性自身免疫/炎症性疾病[1], 以复发性口腔阿弗他溃疡、生殖器阿弗他溃疡、眼部病变、皮肤损伤、胃肠道受累、神经系统疾病、血管病变或关节炎为特征, 可累及全身多个器官和系统[2, 3]。BS的临床表现主要归因于系统性血管炎, 其显著特点是可累及动静脉全血管层级(小、中、大血管)[1]。BS患者通常以痛性复发性皮肤黏膜溃疡为共同临床特征, 而其他临床表现在不同患者和人群之间异质性较大[2]。古丝绸之路沿线国家/地区(从东亚延伸至地中海) 的BS患病率显著高于其他区域, 且往往更严重, 故又称“丝绸之路病”[3]。既往研究显示, BS的地域分布可能与人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA) 基因有关, 尤其是HLA-B51[4]。一项纳入4 800例病例和16 289例对照者的Meta分析显示, HLA-B51/B5携带者发生BS的风险显著高于非携带者[5]。此外, 在丝绸之路沿线地区的患者中, 约50%~80%的人群携带HLA-B51基因[6]。流行病学数据表明, BS在土耳其的患病率最高(20~420例/10万人口), 意大利的患病率约为15.9/100 000, 中国约为14/100 000, 日本约为13.4/100 000, 法国约为7.1/100 000, 美国约为5.2/100 000, 英国约为0.64/100 000[7-10]。BS通常累及20~40岁的年轻成人, 偶见于儿童[11], 青年男性患者不仅患病率显著高于女性, 其疾病活动度和器官损害程度也更为严重, 除生殖器溃疡发生率无显著性别差异外, 其他脏器受累的严重程度在男性患者中普遍升高[12]。尽管大多数BS患者是散发病例, 但也有家族聚集性发病的相关报道, 一级亲属患BS会导致发病风险增加[13, 14]。
BS病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明, 目前研究表明, 该病可能是遗传易感个体在环境触发因素(如微生物感染) 作用下引发的异常免疫反应[15, 16]。目前研究已确立多维度发病机制框架: ①遗传多态性: 包括HLA-B51等主要组织相容性复合体基因及非HLA基因的易感性变异; ②微生物组失调与异常免疫应答; ③固有免疫系统失调; ④适应性免疫紊乱(Th1/Th17极化); ⑤血管内皮功能障碍伴凝血-纤溶失衡; ⑥中性粒细胞(neutrophils, NEs) 过度活化; ⑦表观遗传调控异常(如DNA甲基化修饰) 等[17]。其中, 中性粒细胞在BS的发病机制中扮演着重要角色, 目前已知可通过以下多种途径参与BS的发生发展: ①浸润组织的活化中性粒细胞直接参与组织损伤; ②释放中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs) 及NETosis (NETs形成过程中NE的一种特殊死亡方式, 不同于细胞凋亡和细胞坏死, 被称为NETosis) 异常; ③还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 氧化酶(NOX2) 依赖性活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 暴发介导BS[18]。
中性粒细胞是参与BS发病和发展的核心效应细胞, 阐明其参与BS发病的确切机制不仅可深化对疾病本质的认识, 更进一步利于开发针对中性粒细胞的精准靶向治疗策略。然而, 受限于BS的罕见病属性和低关注度, 通过调控中性粒细胞治疗BS的国内外研究仍处于起步阶段。因此, 本文通过检索和分析近年来有关BS和中性粒细胞的研究, 综述中性粒细胞参与BS发病的机制, 同时引入了中性粒细胞介导的靶向药物递送系统, 概述通过靶向调控中性粒细胞治疗其驱动的免疫/炎症性疾病的策略, 以期为靶向调控中性粒细胞治疗BS提供参考。
中性粒细胞是人体外周血中含量最丰富的白细胞类型, 约占白细胞总数的50%~70%[19], 作为人体免疫系统的重要组成部分, 为宿主的免疫防御系统提供强大力量[20], 然而其过度活化可能引发病理性组织损伤。中性粒细胞内富集多种抗菌效应分子, 储存于特定的颗粒中, 主要通过3大协同机制执行免疫防御功能, 分别是: 脱颗粒作用、吞噬作用和释放NETs[21]。
稳态条件下, 中性粒细胞维持静息表型, 而当病原体入侵机体时, 中性粒细胞则会迅速被激活, 通过一系列复杂的机制参与免疫防御: 其一, 中性粒细胞能够通过脱颗粒作用迅速释放预存抗菌物质形成化学屏障。在病原体入侵时, 中性粒细胞会迅速活化并释放其内部含有的颗粒物质, 诸如溶菌酶及ROS物种等, 这些成分能够有效降解并杀灭细菌, 同时发挥调节免疫反应的功能[22-24], 该快速反应机制使中性粒细胞成为急性炎症的先锋效应细胞。其二, 活化中性粒细胞能够通过吞噬作用直接摄取并消化病原体, 它们利用细胞膜的内陷将病原体包裹入内, 形成一个吞噬体。随后, 该吞噬体会与细胞内部的溶酶体相融合, 借助溶酶体内丰富的消化酶, 将病原体逐步降解成无害成分[25]。在微生物经历调理素作用, 且成功与特定的蛋白酶受体相互结合之后, 中性粒细胞膜便会开始对病原体进行吞噬。这一吞噬机制的实现, 依赖于膜蛋白与细胞内信号转导通路所构成的复杂网络, 以及细胞骨架的重排, 它们共同协作以完成这一过程[26]。但在此过程中, 中性粒细胞会在吞噬体内释放ROS和蛋白水解酶, 从而对宿主组织造成损害[27]。而NETs的释放则是中性粒细胞参与宿主免疫防御的第3条路径。在血流剪切力等特殊微环境下, 经典防御机制受限, 于是活化的中性粒细胞进化出一种特殊的细胞死亡形式, 称为NETosis, 通过这一过程, 它们会释放出由DNA、组蛋白和多种抗菌分子组成的网状结构, 即NETs, 通过带正电荷的组蛋白域捕获带负电荷的病原体, 形成物理-化学双重屏障, 以更好地捕获和杀死病原体[28-30]。另外, 中性粒细胞也能产生大量细胞因子, 从而募集炎症反应介质或更多中性粒细胞而导致炎症反应的加重[31]。
一直以来, 中性粒细胞都被认为是先天性免疫反应中发挥简单促炎作用的一种细胞, 然而, 现在越来越多的证据表明中性粒细胞能够发挥一系列复杂的重要功能, 作为效应因子在先天性免疫反应中发挥作用。它们对多种生理过程具有调节作用, 包括急性损伤修复、肿瘤免疫编辑、自身免疫反应及慢性炎症的发展。进一步的研究证据显示, 中性粒细胞不仅能够帮助特定适应性免疫反应的发展, 还能引导后续的适应性免疫应答, 从而增强整体的免疫效能[32]。总之, 中性粒细胞能够作为协调先天性免疫系统和适应性免疫系统的重要组成部分, 在机体的免疫防御系统中发挥关键作用[33]。
中性粒细胞能够通过多种途径介导BS的发生和发展, 主要包括过度活化参与组织损伤, 释放NETs及通过NADPH氧化酶产生大量ROS。
中性粒细胞的功能亢进与趋化性异常在BS发病机制中扮演着重要角色。根据van der Houwen等[34]的研究, 这种亢进状态不仅表现为循环中性粒细胞的数量增加, 更体现在其氧化暴发能力及迁移指数的显著提升。这种提升促使中性粒细胞释放更多的NETs及相关标志物, 这些物质在BS患者中显著升高。例如, 活动期BS患者中性粒细胞CD64 (中性粒细胞激活的标志物) 的表达水平较健康对照显著增高, 这进一步证实了中性粒细胞在BS发病过程中的活化状态[35]。
其次, 中性粒细胞过度活化导致NADPH介导的ROS过量产生, 不仅促进了纤维蛋白原的氧化, 还加速了血栓的形成, 这是BS发病过程中的另一个关键因素[34]。同时, ROS的过量生成不仅加剧了内皮细胞的氧化应激状态, 还直接导致了内皮屏障功能的受损。受损的内皮屏障使得炎症细胞能够轻易地穿越并渗透到周围组织, 从而引发更广泛的组织损伤和炎症反应[36]。这种由中性粒细胞过度活化诱导的内皮细胞间连接打开, 是BS发展进程中不可或缺的一环。最后, 中性粒细胞在炎症部位持续产生的ROS, 不仅加剧了内皮功能障碍, 还直接对周围组织造成了损伤。这种由ROS介导的组织损伤进一步推动了BS病情的发展。
综上, 中性粒细胞过度活化(主要表现为功能亢进和趋化性增强), 造成ROS过量产生, 内皮屏障功能受损等多种后果以参与组织损伤, 并最终诱发BS。
NETs是一种由解聚的染色质为支架, 同时大量胞质及颗粒蛋白附着其上而形成的细胞外网状结构[37], 蛋白质组学分析显示BS患者中性粒细胞的自发性NETosis发生率升高, 这种异常NETosis与血栓事件发生率呈正相关, 提示中性粒细胞可通过释放NETs导致血栓形成, 并参与BS的发病和发展。
释放NETs是中性粒细胞防止病原体扩散、发挥抗菌作用的重要途径之一, 然而, 在BS炎症微环境中, 当炎症部位的中性粒细胞处于过度激活状态时, 会不受控制地过量释放NETs或者清除的NETs数量减少, 导致其过度堆积, 从而对机体造成不利影响[38], 比如, NETs与风湿性关节炎等无菌性炎症性疾病及血液系统疾病有关, 同时还会促进血管炎和血栓生成[20]。目前, Le Joncour等[39]通过采集健康捐献者与BS患者的血液样本, 检测纯化中性粒细胞的自发NETosis行为、血清中无细胞DNA和中性粒细胞酶髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 水平及血浆中凝血酶含量等, 证实了BS患者体内的NETs及NETs标志物水平相比健康受试者有明显升高, 并导致了促凝状态, 证明NETs与BS的发病机制密切相关, 提示NETs可能是治疗BS的潜在靶标。
此外, NETs在血栓形成过程中也发挥了重要作用。Wang等[40]的研究表明, NETs可通过凝血的内在途径促进凝血酶的生成, 并进一步促进血小板的聚集, 从而导致血栓形成; 另外, NETs的网状结构也可为血小板、红细胞、纤维蛋白原等血小板黏附因子的富集提供支撑, 这一支架作用也有利于血栓形成[41]。而Noubouossie等[42]的研究则发现NETs中的组蛋白可通过与血小板Toll样受体结合或者与膜磷脂酰丝氨酸结合而介导血小板的活化, 以促进凝血, 相似地, 从NETs中提取的人中性粒细胞DNA也具有激活凝血的功能, 然而, 完整的NETs受限于空间位阻效应, 似乎并不能激活凝血功能。综上, 中性粒细胞通过释放NETs可以促进BS的发病和发展, 对NETs的释放进行干预或可成为BS的有效治疗策略。
ROS涵盖氧衍生的自由基, 如超氧阴离子(O2-)、羟自由基(·OH), 和非自由基分子, 如过氧化氢(H2O2)、臭氧(O3) 和单线态氧(1O2), 在正常的生理状态下, T细胞的存活与功能有赖于细胞内ROS与抗氧化系统之间的平衡, 一旦此平衡状态遭受破坏, 便可能导致多种病理进程的发展, 如骨髓增生异常综合征、类风湿性关节炎、神经退行性疾病及非性脂肪肝病等[43-46]。有研究[47]报道, BS患者呈现特征性氧化应激表型: ①超氧阴离子暴发量升高; ②作为中性粒细胞趋化性和吞噬作用标记的腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase, ADA) 活性升高; ③过氧化氢诱导羟基自由基产生。ADA作为激活中性粒细胞功能、趋化和吞噬的标志物, 表明BD患者中中性粒细胞介导的免疫反应增强, 同时ROS生产量增加, Yoshida等[48]研究证明BD患者的血清中含有启动因子, 能增强中性粒细胞在受到刺激时产生超氧化物的能力, 而活动性BS患者的中性粒细胞更容易受到氧化损伤的影响, 由此说明中性粒细胞可通过ROS来诱发BS。
有多种物质都可以导致NETs的产生, 如白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介素-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 等等。目前机制研究已明确两种主要的NETosis途径, 即依赖NADPH氧化酶的NETosis途径及非依赖NADPH氧化酶的NETosis途径[37], 而在这两种机制诱导的NETs形成过程中, ROS均发挥了重要作用。
Remijsen等[49, 50]的研究表明, 当中性粒细胞被以适当的程度激活时, 能够通过激活NADPH氧化酶复合物释放大量超氧化物, 虽然用NADPH氧化酶的强效诱导剂来刺激中性粒细胞并不会诱导NETosis等一系列证据表明, ROS的产生不足以诱发NETosis[51], 但另有研究证明NADPH氧化酶产生的ROS可直接使中性粒细胞中的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase, Caspase) 失活, 而NETosis是不依赖caspase激活的一种特殊的细胞死亡形式, 同时ROS促进这种对泛半胱天冬酶抑制剂不敏感的细胞死亡的方法之一恰是抑制caspase的活性[49], 诸如此类证据证明了ROS的产生是诱导NETosis的必要条件。
此外, 目前已有研究[52, 53]表明, ROS还可通过线粒体的氧化磷酸化复合物、髓过氧化物酶等非NADPH氧化酶依赖的途径产生, 这同样能够诱导NETosis的发生。例如, 由小电导钙激活钾(small conductance calcium activated potassium, SK) 通道成员SK3和线粒体ROS介导的非依赖NADPH氧化酶NETosis也是一种快速产生NETs的途径[52]; 中性粒细胞氧化暴发释放髓过氧化物酶, 其释放到胞外时所引发的ROS聚集并参与诱导NETosis的过程也并不依赖NADPH氧化酶的激活[53]。
在炎症性疾病的病灶部位, 中性粒细胞受多种分子激活, 并通过NADPH氧化酶系统催生大量超氧阴离子[54]。这些ROS不仅参与NETosis的发生过程, 而且还在BS相关血栓生成中扮演关键角色。值得注意的是, 在目前已鉴定出的7种NADPH氧化酶同源物中, NOX家族7个成员中, NOX1、NOX2和NOX4构成血管ROS生成的主要来源, 其生成的ROS是炎症诱导血管损伤的重要介导因素[55]。另一方面, 纤维蛋白原在炎症反应中的作用同样不容忽视(图1)。Emmi等[36]研究表明, 激活的中性粒细胞通过NADPH氧化酶系统产生的大量ROS, 能够显著改变纤维蛋白原的结构特性, 这种结构改变不仅会影响纤维蛋白原的聚合能力, 还会干扰其受凝血酶诱导的裂解功能, 从而更容易导致血栓的形成。由此可见, 中性粒细胞通过NADPH氧化酶介导的ROS生成, 在炎症部位不仅参与NETosis过程, 还通过影响纤维蛋白原的功能, 为BS相关血栓的生成提供了重要机制。
综上, 不论是通过诱导NETosis还是诱导血栓形成, 中性粒细胞都依赖ROS介导以上两条途径诱发BS, 此外, 血栓的形成同时还受到血小板活化等的影响。
除了上述3种可能的发病机制之外, 内皮功能障碍也是BS的一个特征性临床表现[56], 与血栓形成密切相关, 导致全身各种大小血管受到影响。已有研究[36]证明, 中性粒细胞作为炎症、内皮功能障碍和呼吸暴发之间的调节剂, 大幅增加血栓生成的风险。
中性粒细胞丝氨酸蛋白酶降解组织因子途径抑制物(tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI) 可能会导致血小板和中性粒细胞的活化, 活化的血小板又会分泌介质使活化的中性粒细胞被招募至血栓形成部位并释放核小体, 抑制凝血因子屏障, 从而导致血栓形成的风险增加[57]; 同时, 活化的中性粒细胞会分泌颗粒蛋白, 诱导黏附分子的表达, 并限制一氧化氮的生物利用度, 而加剧内皮功能障碍, 引发白细胞的募集和黏附, 使形成血小板-中性粒细胞复合物, 从而导致血栓的生成[58], 这也是BS的临床表现之一。
中性粒细胞不仅能通过过度活化、释放NETs、产生ROS等多种途径在BS的发病机制中发挥重要作用, 还能促进血栓形成, 加快BS的发展进程。因此, 靶向中性粒细胞的精准治疗策略已经显示出医学价值。
中性粒细胞作为人体免疫系统的重要组成部分及人体内含量最多的白细胞, 鉴于其在急/慢性炎症、肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病中扮演的重要角色, 使得针对中性粒细胞的靶向药物递送系统逐渐走入研究者视野。目前, 中性粒细胞的靶向递送策略主要包括: ①中性粒细胞体外载药再回输策略; ②中性粒细胞体内载药策略; ③中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒[59]。其中, 中性粒细胞体外载药再回输策略受到中性粒细胞极短的平均寿命的限制, 导致中性粒细胞分离、载药的难度较大, 不仅需要在极短时间内快速完成, 更需要在此过程中保证中性粒细胞的活力, 以避免其释放的“find-me”和“eat-me”信号, 导致中性粒细胞被吞噬细胞吞噬[60]; 同时, 中性粒细胞的回输也受到异质性及免疫排斥的限制而具有一定的研究空白。中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒策略需要将中性粒细胞膜或胞外囊泡分离纯化后涂覆在纳米粒表面[61], 导致对于分离、涂覆的技术要求较高, 可行性相对较低。中性粒细胞体内载药策略相较于上述两种策略来说更加简便易行, 研究也更为广泛。
目前, 研究者对于中性粒细胞靶向递送系统的研究主要集中于肿瘤等领域, 而对于中性粒细胞靶向药物递送治疗BS的研究尚处于起步阶段, 因此, 本文简单就中性粒细胞靶向药物递送系统在恶性肿瘤、脑部疾病及炎症性疾病治疗的研究进行综述, 以期为靶向调控中性粒细胞治疗BS提供研究思路。
研究人员发现, 肿瘤细胞与周围环境产生的趋化因子和细胞因子能够与中性粒细胞所表达的趋化因子受体及细胞因子受体结合, 从而促进肿瘤相关中性粒细胞的募集。例如中性粒细胞表达的趋化因子CXCR1和CXCR2[62]可与小鼠T细胞淋巴瘤和Lewis肺癌细胞表达的氧固醇相互作用募集中性粒细胞[63]; 肿瘤所表达的CXCL5、CXCL6、CXCL8等趋化因子和细胞因子也能够参与募集中性粒细胞[64]。更有研究表明, 中性粒细胞可能在肿瘤转移前微环境的形成过程中发挥作用[65], 并能够通过NETs与循环肿瘤细胞相互作用从而促进肿瘤的转移[66]。以上证据都表明, 以中性粒细胞作为靶点, 设计中性粒细胞介导的靶向药物递送系统能够弥补传统靶向策略的不足, 在肿瘤治疗方面很有前景。
如图2所示, Xue等[67]用紫杉醇阳离子脂质体(PTX-CL) 孵育小鼠骨髓中分离纯化的成熟中性粒细胞, 构建装载有PTX-CL的中性粒细胞(PTX-CL/NEs) 并回输至小鼠体内, 用于术后胶质瘤的治疗。再通过活体成像技术监测回输后PTX-CL/NEs的体内分布情况, 发现手术治疗组的脑部荧光强度明显强于未治疗组和假手术组, 表明在炎症介导下PTX-CL/NEs有着卓越的脑肿瘤靶向性, 同时实验证明PTX-CL/NEs在延长术后胶质瘤小鼠的存活期及减缓胶质瘤复发方面都有出色的能力。
Wang等[68]构建了一种嗜中性粒细胞-外泌体(NEs-Exos) 系统, 用于递送多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 药物治疗胶质瘤。C6-Luc胶质瘤小鼠模型显示, 携带DOX的NEs-Exos能快速穿透血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 并迁移到大脑中, 且静脉注射NEs-Exos/DOX可有效抑制肿瘤生长并延长存活时间。Xu等[69]将活体中性粒细胞生物工程化, 构建了一种新型的“光活性中性粒细胞”(photoactive neutrophil, PAN), 包裹RGD-凋亡肽共轭物(RGD-apoptotic peptide conjugate, RA) 装饰脂质体光敏剂Ce6的多功能纳米复合物(RA/Ce6), 用于增强肿瘤的光化学疗法, 结果显示PAN不仅有良好的肿瘤靶向性, 还无不良反应地抑制黑色素瘤和正位口腔癌小鼠的肿瘤生长, 延长小鼠存活期。Chu等[70]制备了抗CD11b抗体装饰的NPs (NPs-CD11b) 靶向中性粒细胞, 同时通过光敏化作用提高中性粒细胞的肿瘤归巢能力, 从而介导NPs-CD11b的肿瘤靶向能力。
脑部疾病是当今社会中发病率明显上升的一类疾病, 由于大脑结构复杂, 该类疾病的发病机制难以明确, 以及受到机体自身存在的BBB这一障碍的限制, 药物运输至中枢神经系统的效率大大降低[71], 所以对于脑部疾病的预防及治疗一直是科学研究的一大难点。研究表明, 血脑屏障能够阻止几乎所有大分子药物及大多数小分子药物进入大脑[72], 即使由于疾病的影响BBB可能存在损伤, 但小分子药物的入脑效率极低, 累计浓度并不足以使其发挥药效[73]。而中性粒细胞恰巧具有跨越内皮屏障迁移的能力, 能够有效地穿越血脑屏障输送治疗药物[74], 因此设计中性粒细胞靶向药物递送系统在脑部疾病治疗方面也具有很大潜力。
已有研究证明, 中性粒细胞靶向药物系统是一种有望治疗脑缺血缺氧的新的治疗手段[75], 当大脑的血流不足造成脑损伤时, 会发生脑缺血, 在缺血后30 min内中性粒细胞即会开始向缺血区招募, 并且持续时间长达15 d以上[76], 这为将中性粒细胞作为治疗脑缺血的靶点提供了有力的理论支撑。另外, 研究者普遍认为, 许多脑部疾病还存在炎症症状[77], Liu等[78]构建了一种在纳米粒子表面涂覆中性粒细胞膜而制成的中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒策略, 中性粒细胞膜不仅拥有跨BBB运输能力和出色的靶向能力, 还能够通过受体结合, 吸收如白细胞介素-1β、TNF-α等炎症性细胞因子, 以改善脑部的炎症状况(图3)。Feng等[79]构建了一种被中性粒细胞膜包被的纳米酶具有更精确的靶向能力, 能够实现对缺血性脑卒中的无创主动靶向治疗。同时, 也有研究表明, 将中性粒细胞作为靶点对颅内恶性肿瘤如神经胶质瘤等也有很大潜力[80], 即使是完整的血脑屏障, 中性粒细胞也能将药物精准有效地运输至胶质瘤部位以发挥作用[67]。综上, 各种研究结果均表明中性粒细胞靶向药物系统是治疗脑部疾病的一种很有前景的方法。
系统性自身炎症性疾病是一种遗传性疾病, 主要表现为全身反复或持续的炎症性反应, 人体固有免疫在其中起到主要的致病作用[81]。在传统的研究中, 靶向治疗炎症的策略一般将关注点放在利用单一的抗炎分子靶向到与促炎细胞因子相结合的载体上[82], 但这一策略受到炎症过程复杂性高的限制。而中性粒细胞不仅在炎症反应的发生中发挥了重要作用, 还能够与多种炎症因子相互作用, 这无疑是一种颇具潜力的炎症治疗新靶点, 也逐渐进入研究者的视线。Chen等[83]的研究证明, 利用中性粒细胞膜包被脂质体所制备的中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒, 能够保留中性粒细胞表面的多种促炎因子和趋化因子受体, 使得纳米粒能够靶向到炎症部位并发挥缓解炎症症状及调节炎症部位微环境的作用。
目前国内外相关研究均证明, 通过基于中性粒细胞的递送策略来治疗炎症的策略颇有效果。Zhang等[61]关于类风湿性关节炎治疗的研究表明, 中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒一方面能够与促炎细胞因子结合, 对滑膜炎症起到抑制作用; 另一方面还能够靶向软骨基质, 对关节损伤提供软骨保护, 这对治疗类风湿性关节炎有明显效果。Xin等[84]关于心肌梗死治疗的研究表明, 中性粒细胞仿生纳米囊泡不仅具有很好的定位靶向受损心肌细胞的效果, 还能够清除受损部位的ROS, 对受损心肌细胞和组织起到修复作用; Sun等[85]研究也证明中性粒细胞仿生纳米粒为改善以内源性内皮祖细胞(epc) 为基础的心肌缺血损伤修复提供了一条有效的新策略(图4)。综上所述, 中性粒细胞靶向药物递送系统在治疗炎症性疾病方面是一个颇具潜力的新方法。
此外, 在骨相关疾病治疗领域, 中性粒细胞也受到了研究者的关注。Luo等[86]研究证明利用中性粒细胞能够穿越骨髓-血液屏障, 将游离药物或药物纳米粒递送至骨髓发挥疗效; Luo等[87]设计的基于中性粒细胞生命周期的骨髓靶向的药物递送系统也是一种对骨相关疾病既具有效性又具安全性的新策略。
中性粒细胞在BS的发病机制中发挥着重要作用, 其可通过过度活化、释放NETs, 以及通过NADPH氧化酶产生大量ROS等机制参与BS的组织损伤和血栓形成等疾病进程, 目前的研究已经表明中性粒细胞是BS治疗的一个重要靶标。受限于BS的低发病率和现有动物模型的病理还原度不足等问题, 目前国内外针对BS的研究主要集中于回顾性病例分析和治疗方案的临床观察性研究, 仅很少一部分涉及机制研究。
中性粒细胞靶向递送系统在恶性肿瘤、脑部疾病及炎症性疾病等领域已取得突破, 但BS相关研究在国内外仍几乎处于起步阶段。鉴于中性粒细胞在BS发病机制多条途径中扮演的关键角色, 在未来的研究中, 一个极具前景的方向是设计针对中性粒细胞的高度特异性药物递送系统, 这一策略不仅可以将药物递送至与BS发病直接相关的中性粒细胞中, 提升药物对BS的治疗效果, 还能显著降低药物的毒副作用, 最终实现药物的增效减毒。例如, 可以借助脂质体、纳米颗粒和外泌体等药物递送载体, 携带治疗药物高效地穿越生物屏障, 实现药物对活化中性粒细胞的精准靶向递送。然而, 普通的药物递送系统可能存在中性粒细胞靶向效率不足等问题, 因此可以利用CD64、CD11b和中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶等活化中性粒细胞高表达或特异性表达的生物标志物, 设计对其具有高亲和力的靶向配体, 以确保治疗药物能够精确识别并递送和富集至活化的、致病的中性粒细胞表面, 以避免对那些静息的、有益的中性粒细胞产生抑制作用而造成全身性免疫影响。利用单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus, HSV) 诱导ICR乳鼠来制备BS小鼠模型[88], 能够验证中性粒细胞靶向效率。综上, 以中性粒细胞作为BS的治疗靶点, 通过开发新型特异性靶向药物递送系统, 将治疗药物靶向输送到与疾病相关的、活化的、致病的中性粒细胞, 可确保药物的有效半衰期、局部作用和最小的不良反应, 有望为BS的临床治疗提供新的方案。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0186
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-23
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    1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物传输技术及新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院北京协和医院药剂科, 北京 100730
    3中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院北京协和医院消化内科, 疑难重症及罕见病国家重点实验室, 北京 100730

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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