Article(id=1308455617543303986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740240000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-23, revisedDate=1745683200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889729152, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1754928000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889729152, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889729152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889729152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455410751525737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='2375', pageEnd='2648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754928000000', pubDateStr='2025-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889679849, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893542748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2626, endPage=2632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455617732047667, articleId=1308455617543303986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning and expression analyses of an aloesone synthase encoding gene RoALS2 from Rheum officinale, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aloesone synthase (ALS), as a type Ⅲ polyketide synthase, plays an important role during the biosynthesis of diverse and active polyketide basic structural frameworks. In order to explore the expression pattern and function of RoALS2 in Rheum officinale, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), prokaryotic expression, and other techniques were used to analyze the expression pattern, in vitro protein expression, etc. of RoALS2 based on the previous transcriptome data. The overall results showed that the total length of the RoALS2 gene was 1 176 bp in size, encoding 391 amino acids, without signal peptides or transmembrane domains. Through evolutionary analysis and comparison, it was found that the RoALS2 is closely related to the ALS protein of Polygonum cuspidatum and R. palmatum. The RT-qPCR results showed that the relative expression level of RoALS2 in the roots and rhizomes of R. officinale increased first and then decreased with the change of growth years. The relative expression level was highest in the roots and rhizomes of two-year-old samples. The expression patterns of RoALS2 under different hormones' treatment were also different, and the overall trend was first upregulated, then downregulated, and then upregulated again. RoALS2 could respond to be upregulated by MeJA and SA treatments, but down-regulated by ABA and ethephon significantly. RoALS2 was then constructed into prokaryotic expression vectors pET-28a(+) and pGEX6p-1 respectively, and transformed into BL21 (DE3) competent, both of which showed successfully induction of the target fusion proteins. However, the pET-28a(+)-RoALS2 strain could be detected of the target band in the supernatant and the soluble protein was also obtained, whereas pGEX6P-1-RoALS2 recombinant protein existed in the form of inclusion bodies in the precipitate. The research results lay a solid foundation for further function characterization of the gene and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of quality development of rhubarb from R. officinale.

, authors=Qing LIU1, 2, Gao-xin HAO1, 2, Xiao-chen HU1, 2, Yi-min LI1, 2, Zhao FENG2, 3, Jing GAO1, 2, Rui-hua LÜ2, 3, *, Gang ZHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Qing LIU, Gao-xin HAO, Xiao-chen HU, Yi-min LI, Zhao FENG, Jing GAO, Rui-hua LÜ, Gang ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rui-hua LÜ, Gang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455621599195970, articleId=1308455617543303986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=药用大黄芦荟松合酶基因RoALS2的克隆及表达分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

芦荟松合酶(aloesone synthase, ALS) 作为一种Ⅲ型聚酮合酶, 在生理活性多样的聚酮类化合物结构骨架合成中起重要作用。为探索药用大黄RoALS2的表达模式及功能, 在前期转录组数据基础上, 利用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR) 及原核表达等技术对RoALS2的表达模式、体外蛋白表达进行分析。结果显示, RoALS2基因全长为1 176 bp, 编码391个氨基酸, 不含信号肽和跨膜结构域。RoALS2与掌叶大黄的ALS蛋白亲缘关系较近。RoALS2在药用大黄根和根茎中的相对表达量随生长年限上升先增加后减少, 在2年生样品中相对表达量最高。茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) 和水杨酸(SA) 处理显著诱导RoALS2上调, 脱落酸(ABA) 或乙烯利显著抑制其表达。pET-28a(+)-RoALS2或pGEX6p-1-RoALS2重组载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 中均成功表达目的蛋白, 但前者表达蛋白可在上清中检测到, 为可溶性蛋白, 而后者重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在于沉淀中。研究结果为下一步进行基因功能验证及大黄药材品质形成机制解析奠定基础。

, authors=刘清1, 2, 郝高鑫1, 2, 胡晓晨1, 2, 李依民1, 2, 冯昭2, 3, 高静1, 2, 吕蕊花2, 3, *, 张岗1, 2, *, authorsList=刘清, 郝高鑫, 胡晓晨, 李依民, 冯昭, 高静, 吕蕊花, 张岗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕蕊花, 张岗, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘清和郝高鑫进行实验材料的收集、实验过程的操作和论文撰写; 胡晓晨、冯昭、高静参与实验和论文撰写; 李依民负责数据分析、图片制作和论文修改; 吕蕊花和张岗指导文章撰写和论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
吕蕊花, E-mail:
张岗, E-mail:
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M: Marker; CK1: Cell lysate of empty vector strain; CK11: Cell lysate of no IPTG induction; P: Recombinant strain cell lysate after induced by 0.1 mmol·L-1 IPTG; S: Recombinant strain supernatant after induced by 0.1 mmol·L-1 IPTG; FT: Purified sample flow-through solution; W: Purified sample washing solution; E: Purified sample eluent, figureFileSmall=nBTFoTKvREnKkOcrNoZorw==, figureFileBig=ok8h1pIz3CyddbMcxGT05A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497620218246026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455617543303986, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer pairForward primer sequenceReverse primer sequence
RoALS2-ORFATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGTCACGGAATCGGGACACTTC
RoALS2-qPCRCGCCGAAAAGGCGATAAAAGAAGAGGGTGGCGAATTGGTA
RoALS2-1305tctagaATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGggatccCGGAATCGGGACACTTC
RoALS2-pET/pGEXggatccATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGgaattcCGGAATCGGGACACTTC
β-actin-qPCRAGGGTCCAATGCTTTATCCAGTCTTCTCCACCACAA
), ArticleFig(id=1308497620302132107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455617543303986, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The primer sequence used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer pairForward primer sequenceReverse primer sequence
RoALS2-ORFATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGTCACGGAATCGGGACACTTC
RoALS2-qPCRCGCCGAAAAGGCGATAAAAGAAGAGGGTGGCGAATTGGTA
RoALS2-1305tctagaATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGggatccCGGAATCGGGACACTTC
RoALS2-pET/pGEXggatccATGGCGAAGCTGCTGCAGgaattcCGGAATCGGGACACTTC
β-actin-qPCRAGGGTCCAATGCTTTATCCAGTCTTCTCCACCACAA
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药用大黄芦荟松合酶基因RoALS2的克隆及表达分析
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刘清 1, 2 , 郝高鑫 1, 2 , 胡晓晨 1, 2 , 李依民 1, 2 , 冯昭 2, 3 , 高静 1, 2 , 吕蕊花 2, 3, * , 张岗 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(8): 2626-2632
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (8) : 2626 -2632
药用大黄芦荟松合酶基因RoALS2的克隆及表达分析
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刘清1, 2, 郝高鑫1, 2, 胡晓晨1, 2, 李依民1, 2, 冯昭2, 3, 高静1, 2, 吕蕊花2, 3, * , 张岗1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西中医药大学药学院/陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
  • 2陕西中医药大学/陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046
  • 3陕西中医药大学医学技术学院, 陕西 西安 712046
通讯作者:
吕蕊花, E-mail:
张岗, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘清和郝高鑫进行实验材料的收集、实验过程的操作和论文撰写; 胡晓晨、冯昭、高静参与实验和论文撰写; 李依民负责数据分析、图片制作和论文修改; 吕蕊花和张岗指导文章撰写和论文修改。

Cloning and expression analyses of an aloesone synthase encoding gene RoALS2 from Rheum officinale
Qing LIU1, 2, Gao-xin HAO1, 2, Xiao-chen HU1, 2, Yi-min LI1, 2, Zhao FENG2, 3, Jing GAO1, 2, Rui-hua LÜ2, 3, * , Gang ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine/Engineering Research Center for Application and Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Qinling, Xi'an 712046, China
  • 2Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine/Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
  • 3College of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
出版时间: 2025-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0179
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芦荟松合酶(aloesone synthase, ALS) 作为一种Ⅲ型聚酮合酶, 在生理活性多样的聚酮类化合物结构骨架合成中起重要作用。为探索药用大黄RoALS2的表达模式及功能, 在前期转录组数据基础上, 利用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR) 及原核表达等技术对RoALS2的表达模式、体外蛋白表达进行分析。结果显示, RoALS2基因全长为1 176 bp, 编码391个氨基酸, 不含信号肽和跨膜结构域。RoALS2与掌叶大黄的ALS蛋白亲缘关系较近。RoALS2在药用大黄根和根茎中的相对表达量随生长年限上升先增加后减少, 在2年生样品中相对表达量最高。茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) 和水杨酸(SA) 处理显著诱导RoALS2上调, 脱落酸(ABA) 或乙烯利显著抑制其表达。pET-28a(+)-RoALS2或pGEX6p-1-RoALS2重组载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 中均成功表达目的蛋白, 但前者表达蛋白可在上清中检测到, 为可溶性蛋白, 而后者重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在于沉淀中。研究结果为下一步进行基因功能验证及大黄药材品质形成机制解析奠定基础。

药用大黄  /  芦荟松合酶  /  基因克隆  /  原核表达  /  重组蛋白

Aloesone synthase (ALS), as a type Ⅲ polyketide synthase, plays an important role during the biosynthesis of diverse and active polyketide basic structural frameworks. In order to explore the expression pattern and function of RoALS2 in Rheum officinale, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), prokaryotic expression, and other techniques were used to analyze the expression pattern, in vitro protein expression, etc. of RoALS2 based on the previous transcriptome data. The overall results showed that the total length of the RoALS2 gene was 1 176 bp in size, encoding 391 amino acids, without signal peptides or transmembrane domains. Through evolutionary analysis and comparison, it was found that the RoALS2 is closely related to the ALS protein of Polygonum cuspidatum and R. palmatum. The RT-qPCR results showed that the relative expression level of RoALS2 in the roots and rhizomes of R. officinale increased first and then decreased with the change of growth years. The relative expression level was highest in the roots and rhizomes of two-year-old samples. The expression patterns of RoALS2 under different hormones' treatment were also different, and the overall trend was first upregulated, then downregulated, and then upregulated again. RoALS2 could respond to be upregulated by MeJA and SA treatments, but down-regulated by ABA and ethephon significantly. RoALS2 was then constructed into prokaryotic expression vectors pET-28a(+) and pGEX6p-1 respectively, and transformed into BL21 (DE3) competent, both of which showed successfully induction of the target fusion proteins. However, the pET-28a(+)-RoALS2 strain could be detected of the target band in the supernatant and the soluble protein was also obtained, whereas pGEX6P-1-RoALS2 recombinant protein existed in the form of inclusion bodies in the precipitate. The research results lay a solid foundation for further function characterization of the gene and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of quality development of rhubarb from R. officinale.

Rheum officinale  /  aloesone synthase  /  gene cloning  /  prokaryotic expression  /  recombinant protein
刘清, 郝高鑫, 胡晓晨, 李依民, 冯昭, 高静, 吕蕊花, 张岗. 药用大黄芦荟松合酶基因RoALS2的克隆及表达分析. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2626 -2632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0179
Qing LIU, Gao-xin HAO, Xiao-chen HU, Yi-min LI, Zhao FENG, Jing GAO, Rui-hua LÜ, Gang ZHANG. Cloning and expression analyses of an aloesone synthase encoding gene RoALS2 from Rheum officinale[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2626 -2632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0179
中药材大黄性寒味苦, 具有泻下攻积、清热泻火、凉血解毒、逐瘀通经、利湿退黄等功效[1], 其活性成分蒽醌类、鞣质类等具有泻下、抗菌消炎、降血糖等多种药理作用[2]。野生大黄由于目前生境以及环境变化等因素数量急剧减少, 市场上大黄以栽培为主, 主要产自甘肃、青海、重庆及陕西等省高海拔区域。但栽培药用植物往往活性成分含量低、品种退化及不同产地生产批次质量差异过大等问题。因此, 深入研究大黄中活性成分的合成途径及调控机制, 对提高大黄药材品质有重要的实际指导价值。
蒽醌类作为大黄中主要活性成分, 其主要通过四条途径复合而成, 其中聚酮途径受关注较少[3]。在该途径中, 聚酮合酶(polyketide synthases, PKSs) 是催化聚酮类化合物合成的关键酶, 根据PKSs酶系的结构, 可将其分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型, Ⅰ和Ⅱ型PKSs主要存在于微生物中, Ⅲ型主要分布在植物中[4]。目前研究认为, 在Ⅲ型PKSs的催化下, 丙二酰辅酶A及其他类型辅酶A发生连续缩合, 使碳链不断加长生成聚酮链[5], 聚酮长链可能会通过折叠以及多重环化脱羧等多种反应后, 形成蒽酮结构骨架[6], 在此基础上经过进一步的氧化反应, 得到蒽醌类的骨架结构[7]。
芦荟松合酶(aloesone synthase, ALS) 是一种Ⅲ型PKSs, 在掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum) 中报道其可催化1分子乙酰辅酶A和6分子丙二酰辅酶A通过脱羧反应合成七酮化合物芦荟松[8]。序列分析发现, 掌叶大黄ALS与其他植物的查尔酮合成酶氨基酸序列具有60 %的一致性, 它们几乎具有相同的CoA结合位点和催化残基[8]。基于全长转录组测序技术从药用大黄中发现3个ALS基因, 这3个基因在根茎中的表达量均最高[9]。但目前其他有关ALS的报道仍相对匮乏。
本研究依托课题组前期构建的药用大黄全长转录组数据, 克隆获得药用大黄(R. officinale) RoALS2基因, 进行生物信息学和表达模式分析, 并对其原核表达条件进行探究成功获得体外表达蛋白产物, 为后续进一步探究基因功能及其在大黄蒽醌类化合物合成中的分子机制奠定基础。
实验材料  药用大黄种子采收于陕西省汉中市镇巴县, 大黄幼苗培养方法参考课题组建立的方法[9], ALS2序列源自药用大黄全长转录组数据(SRP534880)。
菌株、试剂和载体  DH5α、BL21 (DE3) 和EHA105感受态细胞购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司; Phanta Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase高保真酶、ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix高灵敏性染料法定量PCR检测试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 植物RNA快速提取试剂盒、DNase Ⅰ柱上消化试剂盒购自山东思科捷生物技术有限公司; PrimeScriptTM Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit逆转录试剂盒、DL2000 DNA Marker、pMDTM 18-T载体试剂盒、T4 DNA连接酶购自中国TaKaRa公司; 胶回收纯化和质粒提取试剂盒购自美国Omega Bio-Tek公司; 限制性核酸内切酶购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司; 茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate, MeJA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)、脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)、乙烯利(ethephon, Eth)、丙二酰辅酶A、乙酰辅酶A、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside, IPTG) 等购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; pET-28a(+)、pGEX6P-1为江苏理工学院张大为博士赠予; pCAMBIA1305-GFP载体为本实验室保存; 引物由武汉金开瑞生物工程有限公司合成, 测序服务由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司西安分公司完成。
仪器  伯乐T100梯度PCR仪和Gel DocTM XR凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司); StepOnePlus® Real-Time (赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); 超声破细胞粉碎机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 奥林巴斯FV300 (奥林巴斯有限公司)。
RoALS2克隆  提取药用大黄叶片RNA, 以反转录后的cDNA作为模板进行RoALS2基因扩增, 所用引物序列具体见表1, 目的片段经T克隆后进行测序。
RoALS2理化性质及结构分析  使用InterPro (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro) 在线网站对结构域进行分析, 为确保结果准确性, 使用CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd) 以及SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de) 数据库再次验证。利用NetPhos 3.1 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos-3.1/) 对编码蛋白丝氨酸、酪氨酸和苏氨酸潜在磷酸化位点预测; NetNGlyc 1.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc-1.0/) 进行N-糖基化位点分析。借助软件MEGA 7.0, 选择邻接法、自举值设置1 000, 其他设置默认进行系统进化树构建分析, 并用ChiPlot(https://www.chiplot.online) 在线工具对系统进化树进行美化。采用DNASTAR (MegAlign) 工具进行多序列比对。
RoALS2基因表达分析  为检测RoALS2在药用大黄不同生长阶段中的表达量, 分别取1、2、3年生药用大黄植株的根和根茎作为材料。为了检测外界胁迫对药用大黄RoALS2基因表达量的影响, 取1月龄土培苗作为处理组材料, 设置4个不同激素处理(MeJA、SA、ABA、Eth), 激素浓度为200 μmol·L-1。以0 h为空白对照, 分别于处理后2、6、12和24 h取样, 各取三个生物学重复。提取RNA, 经反转录及Dnase Ⅰ纯化后进行RT-qPCR检测分析, 用RoALS2-qPCR引物扩增目标基因, 以β-actin为对照, 结果用2-∆∆Ct法[10]计算相对表达量, 使用GraphPad Prism进行柱状图绘制。数据均采用均值±标准差表示, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05代表差异具有统计学意义。
RoALS2亚细胞定位分析  结合RoALS2的ORF序列信息以pCAMBIA1305-GFP载体的酶切位点, 选择Xba Ⅰ和BamH Ⅰ作为双酶切位点并设计无终止密码子引物(RoALS2-1305)。构建好的载体进行菌液PCR、双酶切及测序验证。将测序验证正确的重组质粒通过冻溶法转化入根癌农杆菌EHA105感受态细胞中, 在含有Kan、Rif的平板上筛选出来的单菌落进行菌液PCR鉴定。经鉴定成功的转化农杆菌注射烟草叶片下表皮, 3天后使用激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察。
RoALS2原核表达  分析RoALS2基因的ORF序列信息以及pET-28a(+) 和pGEX6P-1载体的酶切位点, 选择BamH Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ作为双酶切位点并设计引物(RoALS2-pET/pGEX)。连接产物转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞后, 将阳性单一菌落进行菌液PCR、双酶切验证并测序, 验证成功后提取质粒, 经热击法分别转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 表达感受态细胞中。
分别将pET-28a(+)/pGEX6p-1-RoALS2重组载体菌液与pET-28a(+)、pGEX6p-1空载菌液扩大培养至OD值在0.6~0.8之间, 加入IPTG至终浓度分别为0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2 mmol·L-1。诱导温度设置16 ℃, 加入IPTG后, 将培养瓶放置水平摇床上200 r·min-1诱导16 h。
RoALS2蛋白纯化  向离心收集的菌体中加入裂解缓冲液, 并加入溶菌酶至终浓度为1 mg·mL-1, 冰上放置30 min后进行超声破碎20 min (10 s on/10 s off), 低温离心后收集上清, 经GST-tag Purification Resin结合后按照His标签蛋白纯化试剂盒说明书进行纯化分离, 洗脱后的样品进行SDS-PAGE上样分析。
药用大黄全长转录组中RoALS2 (Isoform0028202) 序列全长为1 618 bp, 以RoALS2-ORF引物对扩增获得药用大黄RoALS2基因, 长度1 176 bp (图1), 序列至GenBank, 获得注册号PV 289224。
InterPro及SMART分析显示RoALS2蛋白具有Ⅲ型聚酮合酶特有的Chal_sti_synt_N (PF00195) 及Chal_sti_synt_C (PF02797) 保守结构域。SignalP-5.0和TMHMM在线分析表明RoALS2蛋白无信号肽和跨膜结构域。在线分析结果显示, RoALS2由6 104个原子构成, 其编码蛋白分子式为C1926H3066N520O567S25, 分子质量为43 380.18 Da, 等电点为6.39, 为亲水性蛋白。此外, RoALS2包含22个磷酸化位点、3个糖基化位点。多重序列比对分析表明, 所选的Ⅲ型聚酮合酶中多个氨基酸高度保守, 还有一些位于活性中心空间的氨基酸残基, 包括Thr132、Ser133、Thr194、Gln256、Phe265和Ser339, 这些残基对聚酮链的延伸以及起始底物和产物的特异性有显著影响。
利用MEGA 7.0将RoALS2的氨基酸序列与掌叶大黄等蛋白序列进行聚类, 进化分析结果显示RoALS2与虎杖和掌叶大黄的ALS分为一支(图2)。
从图3可以看出, RoALS2在药用大黄的根和根茎中相对表达量随着生长年限变化先增加后减少, 在二年生样品中根及根茎中相对表达量最高。在不同激素处理下, RoALS2表达模式存在差异: MeJA处理下, RoALS2在不同时间处理的相对表达量均为显著上调, RoALS2的相对表达量在6和24 h最高, 分别为CK的130.98、106.67倍; SA处理下, RoALS2在24 h内相对表达量均为显著诱导并且变化趋势基本一致, 12 h的相对表达量最高, 为CK的58.25倍, 6 h的相对表达量最低, 为CK的6.95倍; ABA处理下, RoALS2的相对表达量在24 h内均为显著抑制, 其中在24 h达到谷值为CK的0.000 2; Eth处理下, RoALS2的相对表达量随时间变化不断减少, 2 h为CK的0.86, 在24 h达到最低值, 为CK的0.000 3。
将构建成功的药用大黄RoALS2亚细胞定位重组质粒通过农杆菌介导烟草叶片的瞬时表达, 在激光共聚焦显微镜观察下拍照进行分析(图4), 对照pCAMBIA1305-GFP空载体, RoALS2重组蛋白定位于细胞质中。
pET-28a(+)-RoALS2和pGEX6P-1-RoALS2在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 表达通过IPTG诱导。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明两种重组质粒均能够被成功诱导表达。pET-28a(+)-RoALS2表达的重组蛋白在上清中检测到(图5), 而pGEX6P-1-RoALS2表达的重组蛋白在沉淀中被检测到(图略), 说明可通过pET-28a(+) 表达RoALS2可溶性蛋白。
SDS-PAGE检测添加不同浓度的IPTG终浓度后pET-28a(+)-RoALS2重组蛋白的表达量, 结果显示当IPTG终浓度为0.1和0.2 mmol·L-1时, 重组蛋白的表达量最高(图6), 因此后续扩大培养选择16 ℃、0.1 mmol·L-1 IPTG条件进行诱导, 用于纯化实验。
使用His纯化试剂盒进行纯化将pET-28a(+)-RoALS2表达的重组蛋白洗脱, SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示在洗脱物中发现与预期蛋白大小一致的条带(图7)。
随着多组学技术的发展及其在药用植物研究中的不断应用, 越来越多的Ⅲ型PKSs基因在多种药用植物中被报道[11]。在蒽醌类物质合成研究方面, 已有研究利用转录组学或结合代谢组学策略鉴定唐古特大黄[12]、决明[13]和掌叶大黄[14]进行蒽醌类成分合成通路研究。在药用大黄中, 有报道利用转录组分析揭示蒽醌类等活性成分合成差异基因表达谱特征及其关键调控转录因子bZIP[15]的系统鉴定研究。这些结果为蒽醌类成分合成通路解析及其调控机制提供坚实基础, 然而介导大黄蒽醌类成分合成的关键酶基因及其功能验证仍需深入研究。
ALS作为一个很早发现具有催化合成芦荟松的基因, 大黄属中仅有掌叶大黄RpALS的相关研究[8], 而前期作者从药用大黄全长转录组数据中克隆了两条ALS基因, 其中ALS1蛋白序列与已报道掌叶大黄ALS一致, ALS2序列与其存在明显差异(结果未展示), 故本研究继续开展ALS2分子鉴定研究。作者利用RT-PCR成功克隆药用大黄RoALS2基因, 并对其进行理化性质、蛋白结构域等生物信息分析, 显示其含有Ⅲ型聚酮合成酶特有的高度保守的催化三联体氨基酸残基(Cys164、His303、Asn336)[5]; 蛋白分析显示RoALS2为弱酸性、亲水蛋白, 定位于细胞质, 符合已报道ALS在细胞质发挥功能的结果[8]; 分子系统学研究也说明了RoALS2与掌叶大黄ALS进化上更趋于相似。
生物体基因功能的发挥在一定程度上与该基因的组织表达特征关系密切。圆叶大黄(R. tataricum) 聚酮合成酶基因RtSTS在其根茎中大量表达, 而在叶中转录水平较低[16]。在虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum) 中, 大部分苯丙素途径基因主要在根和茎中表达[17], 而以4年生唐古特大黄(R. tanguticum) 叶片为样品, 仅个别植株检测到了ALS的表达[18]。本研究分析发现RoALS2在大黄根和根茎中的相对表达量随生长年限变化先增加后减少, 而二年生根及根茎中的相对表达量最高, 暗示其可能在二年生根及根茎发挥重要的生物学功能。
激素信号转导在调控植物生长发育、衰老及其对环境胁迫的反应等生命活动过程中发挥至关重要的作用[19, 20], 也在药用植物次生代谢途径及调控研究方面广泛应用。在野生毛葡萄(V. quinquangularis)[21]中, VqSTS12、VqSTS24和VqSTS25在MeJA及SA处理后出现显著上调。掌叶大黄幼苗受MeJA处理, 显著促进蒽醌类等成分积累及其合成相关的大量关键酶基因与MYB基因上调[14]。本实验用4种不同外源激素处理药用大黄幼苗, 发现RoALS2的表达整体变化趋势均为先上调, 后下调, 再上调; 在24 h内, 经MeJA和SA处理RoALS2呈现显著上调趋势, ABA和Eth处理RoALS2则被显著抑制, 结合掌叶大黄的研究结果[14], 说明MeJA和SA信号转导通路参与调控药用大黄中蒽醌类成分的合成, 但其响应激素的具体机制有待进一步研究。
掌叶大黄ALS可在成功表达蛋白并具有体外催化活性[8]。将RoALS2基因分别克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a(+)、pGEX6p-1, 发现两种重组质粒在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 菌株中都能够表达, pET-28a(+)-RoALS2的表达蛋白可以在上清中检测到, 为可溶性重组蛋白, 而pGEX6P-1-RoALS2表达的重组蛋白则主要以包涵体形式存在于沉淀中, 可能由于重组蛋白在pGEX6P-1菌株体内折叠条件不充分所致。可通过提高大肠杆菌保质氧化还原势、增加细胞质中折叠酶以及增加参与蛋白折叠的分子伴侣[22]等方法来解决。后续将进一步利用体外表达蛋白催化和体内毛状根转化实验进行RoALS2基因功能验证, 进而为其在药用大黄蒽醌类活性成分合成中的作用机制及大黄药材品质形成奠定基础。

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2025年第60卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0179
  • 接收时间:2025-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-27
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    1陕西中医药大学药学院/陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
    2陕西中医药大学/陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046
    3陕西中医药大学医学技术学院, 陕西 西安 712046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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