Article(id=1308455541769004021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0232, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889711085, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1754928000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889711085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889711085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889711085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455410751525737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='2375', pageEnd='2648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754928000000', pubDateStr='2025-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889679849, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893542748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2518, endPage=2527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455541995496438, articleId=1308455541769004021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacological evaluation and advantage characterization of a novel Eucommia ulmoides Hydrogel in promoting fracture healing, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Delayed fracture healing and nonunion continue to pose substantial challenges in orthopedic clinical practice. Existing medications for fracture treatment can, to a certain degree, promote fracture healing. However, they are plagued by problems such as unstable efficacy, slow onset, and frequent adverse effects. In this study, leveraging BanGel patented technology, we developed a novel Eucommia ulmoides-based hydrogel. This was achieved by integrating Eucommia ulmoides, a traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its liver and kidney tonifying and bone-strengthening properties, with a hydrogel delivery system. A transverse mid-shaft tibial fracture rat model was established. Behavioral assessments, serological analysis, radiological and histopathological examinations were employed to observe the dynamic changes during the fracture and subsequent healing processes. The efficacy of the Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel in promoting fracture healing was objectively evaluated. Moreover, the therapeutic advantages of the hydrogel were compared with those of oral and direct topical administrations containing the same dosage of Eucommia ulmoides. All animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethics Committee of the Laboratory Animal Center of the Institute of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (approval No. IBTCMCACMS21-2406-03). The results showed that Eucommia hydrogel can significantly alleviate the early symptoms of fractured, promote callus formation, improve trabecular parameters and cortical bone continuity, and regulate the dynamic balance of bone formation and absorption. Compared with oral and topical applications of the same dose of Eucommia ulmoides, the Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel exhibited a faster onset and stronger permeability. Further mechanism exploration and verification results showed that Eucommia ulmoides can promote fracture healing by activating the serine/threonine protein kinase 1/β-catenin (AKT1/β-catenin) signaling axis to regulate the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG). In summary, the novel Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel shows distinct advantages in promoting fracture healing and has potential clinical application value.

, authors=Yi ZHANG1, 2, Xiao-jie LI1, Yun-song YAN3, Chu ZHANG1, Xue-ting BAI3, Yan-guang SHEN2, Yu-dong LIU1, Yan YAN2, Jia-wen ZHANG2, Wei-heng CHEN2, Na LIN1, *, Yan-qiong ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Yi ZHANG, Xiao-jie LI, Yun-song YAN, Chu ZHANG, Xue-ting BAI, Yan-guang SHEN, Yu-dong LIU, Yan YAN, Jia-wen ZHANG, Wei-heng CHEN, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455543102791680, articleId=1308455541769004021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效评价及其优势表征, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

骨折后延迟愈合及骨不连仍是骨伤临床的难点和痛点。针对现有骨折治疗药物存在疗效不稳定、药效发挥慢和不良反应等问题, 本研究采用BanGel专利技术, 将具有补肝肾强筋骨功效的传统中药杜仲与水凝胶相结合, 制备了一种新型杜仲水凝胶。通过建立横断性胫骨中段骨折大鼠模型, 采用行为学、血清学、影像学和组织病理学等方法, 观察骨折发生及愈合过程中的动态变化特征, 评价杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效特点, 并与含相同杜仲药物浓度的口服给药和直接涂抹给药对比, 考察其药效优势。所有动物实验经中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心实验动物福利伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IBTCMCACMS21-2406-03)。研究结果表明, 杜仲水凝胶能够显著减轻骨折大鼠的早期症状, 促进骨痂形成, 改善骨小梁参数及皮质骨连续性, 调控骨形成与吸收的动态平衡。相较于含等量杜仲的口服及涂抹给药, 水凝胶具有起效快、渗透性强的优势。进一步的机制挖掘与验证结果显示, 杜仲可通过激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1/β-连环蛋白(AKT1/β-catenin) 信号轴调控Runt相关转录因子2 (RUNX2) 及核因子κB受体活化因子配体/骨保护素(RANKL/OPG) 表达促进骨折愈合。综上, 本研究开发的新型杜仲水凝胶在促进骨折愈合方面展现出显著优势, 具备潜在临床应用价值。

, authors=张依1, 2, 李晓洁1, 颜云松3, 张楚1, 白雪婷3, 申艳光2, 刘毓东1, 颜炎2, 张家雯2, 陈卫衡2, 林娜1, *, 张彦琼1, *, authorsList=张依, 李晓洁, 颜云松, 张楚, 白雪婷, 申艳光, 刘毓东, 颜炎, 张家雯, 陈卫衡, 林娜, 张彦琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林娜, 张彦琼, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张依负责实验开展、数据分析与文章撰写; 李晓洁、张楚、申艳光、刘毓东、颜炎、张家雯负责实验开展、数据分析; 颜云松、白雪婷负责药物制备; 张彦琼、林娜、陈卫衡负责整体研究方案设计、论文审阅指导及研究经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
林娜, E-mail:
张彦琼, E-mail:
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A: Flowchart of pharmacological evaluation of Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel in promoting fracture healing in rats; B: Changes in mid-tibial diameter ratio of rats; C: Changes in mechanical allodynia of the right hind limb of rats; D: Changes in hind limb weight difference of rats; E-H: Analysis results of gait parameters in rats. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; BanGel-0, 13.5, 27, 54, 108: Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel groups with different drug concentrations; EXT: Eucommia ulmoides external application group; PO: Eucommia ulmoides oral administration group. n = 6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs MOD; & & & P < 0.001 vs BanGel-108, figureFileSmall=XL+fI1Rg8M1XZ7eXn8ef/Q==, figureFileBig=ftmBlglDbzppahhavShiRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168495239263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Cp8NAmJg9O2CCjD8Whe/gg==, figureFileBig=4xNt5qEIoPs5ae9KJFeDyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168562348128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel promotes fracture healing in bone fracture rats. A: X-ray images; B: X-ray scores. n = 6, x±s. ***P < 0.001 vs CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs MOD, figureFileSmall=Cp8NAmJg9O2CCjD8Whe/gg==, figureFileBig=4xNt5qEIoPs5ae9KJFeDyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168629456993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lzBxMzzSAqFqyPGEVCvCjA==, figureFileBig=rQsRA83oBYef6R5gQx2Icg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168700760162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel improves trabecular parameters and cortical bone continuity. A: General picture of the right tibia; B, C: Micro-CT three-dimensional reconstructed picture, scale bar, 3 mm, 2 mm; D-I: The analysis of bone morphometric parameters. BMD: Bone mineral density; Tb.Th: Trabecular thickness; Tb.N: Trabecular number; BV/TV: Bone volume/tissue volume; Ct.Ar: Cortical bone area; CT.Th: Cortical bone thickness. n = 6, x±s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs MOD; & P < 0.05 vs BanGel-108, figureFileSmall=lzBxMzzSAqFqyPGEVCvCjA==, figureFileBig=rQsRA83oBYef6R5gQx2Icg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168772063331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dTjomU+rkfq1oVwpstDVVQ==, figureFileBig=pIkz27hrUnfiKQ+AB5GnFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168830783588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel regulates the dynamic balance of bone formation and absorption. A: Histopathological observations with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining (40×, 200×), scale bar, 200 μm, 40 μm; B: Quantitative analysis of bone area to total area ratio; C-F: Serum levels of bone turnover markers, osteocalcin (OCN, C), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP, D), carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (CTX-Ⅰ, E), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b, F). n = 6, x±s. ***P < 0.001 vs CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs MOD; & P < 0.05, & & & P < 0.001 vs BanGel-108, figureFileSmall=dTjomU+rkfq1oVwpstDVVQ==, figureFileBig=pIkz27hrUnfiKQ+AB5GnFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168889503845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BsSx4wghSA0TbMaNGTiPIg==, figureFileBig=QIbytkqkm4hOGh1nsSf1LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499168956612710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455541769004021, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Eucommia ulmoides promotes fracture healing by activating the serine/threonine protein kinase 1/β-catenin (AKT1/β-catenin) signaling axis to regulate the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG). 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新型杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效评价及其优势表征
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张依 1, 2 , 李晓洁 1 , 颜云松 3 , 张楚 1 , 白雪婷 3 , 申艳光 2 , 刘毓东 1 , 颜炎 2 , 张家雯 2 , 陈卫衡 2 , 林娜 1, * , 张彦琼 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(8): 2518-2527
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (8) : 2518 -2527
新型杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效评价及其优势表征
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张依1, 2, 李晓洁1, 颜云松3, 张楚1, 白雪婷3, 申艳光2, 刘毓东1, 颜炎2, 张家雯2, 陈卫衡2, 林娜1, * , 张彦琼1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
  • 2北京中医药大学第三附属医院, 北京 100029
  • 3Bang Nanobiotech s.r.l, 米兰 20139
通讯作者:
林娜, E-mail:
张彦琼, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张依负责实验开展、数据分析与文章撰写; 李晓洁、张楚、申艳光、刘毓东、颜炎、张家雯负责实验开展、数据分析; 颜云松、白雪婷负责药物制备; 张彦琼、林娜、陈卫衡负责整体研究方案设计、论文审阅指导及研究经费支持。

Pharmacological evaluation and advantage characterization of a novel Eucommia ulmoides Hydrogel in promoting fracture healing
Yi ZHANG1, 2, Xiao-jie LI1, Yun-song YAN3, Chu ZHANG1, Xue-ting BAI3, Yan-guang SHEN2, Yu-dong LIU1, Yan YAN2, Jia-wen ZHANG2, Wei-heng CHEN2, Na LIN1, * , Yan-qiong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3Bang Nanobiotech s.r.l, Milan 20139, Italy
出版时间: 2025-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0232
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骨折后延迟愈合及骨不连仍是骨伤临床的难点和痛点。针对现有骨折治疗药物存在疗效不稳定、药效发挥慢和不良反应等问题, 本研究采用BanGel专利技术, 将具有补肝肾强筋骨功效的传统中药杜仲与水凝胶相结合, 制备了一种新型杜仲水凝胶。通过建立横断性胫骨中段骨折大鼠模型, 采用行为学、血清学、影像学和组织病理学等方法, 观察骨折发生及愈合过程中的动态变化特征, 评价杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效特点, 并与含相同杜仲药物浓度的口服给药和直接涂抹给药对比, 考察其药效优势。所有动物实验经中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心实验动物福利伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IBTCMCACMS21-2406-03)。研究结果表明, 杜仲水凝胶能够显著减轻骨折大鼠的早期症状, 促进骨痂形成, 改善骨小梁参数及皮质骨连续性, 调控骨形成与吸收的动态平衡。相较于含等量杜仲的口服及涂抹给药, 水凝胶具有起效快、渗透性强的优势。进一步的机制挖掘与验证结果显示, 杜仲可通过激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1/β-连环蛋白(AKT1/β-catenin) 信号轴调控Runt相关转录因子2 (RUNX2) 及核因子κB受体活化因子配体/骨保护素(RANKL/OPG) 表达促进骨折愈合。综上, 本研究开发的新型杜仲水凝胶在促进骨折愈合方面展现出显著优势, 具备潜在临床应用价值。

杜仲  /  水凝胶  /  递送系统  /  骨折愈合  /  骨代谢平衡

Delayed fracture healing and nonunion continue to pose substantial challenges in orthopedic clinical practice. Existing medications for fracture treatment can, to a certain degree, promote fracture healing. However, they are plagued by problems such as unstable efficacy, slow onset, and frequent adverse effects. In this study, leveraging BanGel patented technology, we developed a novel Eucommia ulmoides-based hydrogel. This was achieved by integrating Eucommia ulmoides, a traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its liver and kidney tonifying and bone-strengthening properties, with a hydrogel delivery system. A transverse mid-shaft tibial fracture rat model was established. Behavioral assessments, serological analysis, radiological and histopathological examinations were employed to observe the dynamic changes during the fracture and subsequent healing processes. The efficacy of the Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel in promoting fracture healing was objectively evaluated. Moreover, the therapeutic advantages of the hydrogel were compared with those of oral and direct topical administrations containing the same dosage of Eucommia ulmoides. All animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethics Committee of the Laboratory Animal Center of the Institute of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (approval No. IBTCMCACMS21-2406-03). The results showed that Eucommia hydrogel can significantly alleviate the early symptoms of fractured, promote callus formation, improve trabecular parameters and cortical bone continuity, and regulate the dynamic balance of bone formation and absorption. Compared with oral and topical applications of the same dose of Eucommia ulmoides, the Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel exhibited a faster onset and stronger permeability. Further mechanism exploration and verification results showed that Eucommia ulmoides can promote fracture healing by activating the serine/threonine protein kinase 1/β-catenin (AKT1/β-catenin) signaling axis to regulate the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG). In summary, the novel Eucommia ulmoides hydrogel shows distinct advantages in promoting fracture healing and has potential clinical application value.

Eucommia ulmoides  /  hydrogel  /  delivery system  /  fracture healing  /  bone metabolism balance
张依, 李晓洁, 颜云松, 张楚, 白雪婷, 申艳光, 刘毓东, 颜炎, 张家雯, 陈卫衡, 林娜, 张彦琼. 新型杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的药效评价及其优势表征. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2518 -2527 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0232
Yi ZHANG, Xiao-jie LI, Yun-song YAN, Chu ZHANG, Xue-ting BAI, Yan-guang SHEN, Yu-dong LIU, Yan YAN, Jia-wen ZHANG, Wei-heng CHEN, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG. Pharmacological evaluation and advantage characterization of a novel Eucommia ulmoides Hydrogel in promoting fracture healing[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2518 -2527 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0232
骨折作为全球性公共卫生问题, 其发病率、致残率和死亡率逐年上升。骨折的愈合过程复杂且漫长, 通常伴随较长的康复期和较高的医疗成本, 给患者、家庭及社会医疗系统带来了沉重负担。目前, 临床上多采用保守治疗与手术治疗相结合的方法, 但针对骨折愈合的药物开发和临床应用却十分有限[1]。中医治疗骨折历史悠久、经验丰富。中医骨伤科凭借其独特的复位、固定方法及中医药治疗优势, 在缓解疼痛、促进骨折愈合和提高生活质量方面效果突出[2]。中药外治法结合骨折愈合特点, 将药物直接作用于骨折局部组织, 起效快, 用量小, 促进骨折生长, 达到治疗目的, 不仅在临床应用中疗效显著, 还因其使用方便、操作简便而广泛应用。然而, 传统外用药物, 如膏药、喷雾剂等往往存在透皮吸收率低、刺激性大、易致敏、难以长时间维持药效等问题[3]。
中医理论认为, 骨折发生后, 伤骨必伤筋, 筋骨损伤难以截然分开, 故宜“筋骨同治”。杜仲作为我国特有的药用植物, 因其补肝肾、强筋骨的功效, 已被广泛应用于骨伤疾病的治疗[4]。近年来, 水凝胶作为一种新型药物递送系统, 因其优良的生物相容性、柔软性及可控释放性能, 受到广泛关注[5]。随着研究的深入, 将中药与水凝胶有机结合, 能够明显改善中药在单独应用时存在的溶解性不足、生物利用率低、用量大等问题, 同时也能够兼顾高生物相容性的需求。多项研究证实, 水凝胶包载中药制剂在皮肤损伤、骨关节炎和肿瘤等方面的应用展现了其治疗疾病的可行性[6]。除此之外, 已有研究表明, 包载银纳米颗粒、4-辛基衣康酸、铜离子等功能基团的多功能水凝胶系统通过协同作用影响细胞代谢、免疫反应和抗菌活性, 在促进骨折愈合中具有巨大的应用潜力[7, 8]。可见, 水凝胶包载中药是一种良好的新型药物递送系统。然而, 截至目前尚未有载中药水凝胶应用于骨折治疗的报道。
本研究采用BanGel专利技术[9], 制备了一种新型杜仲水凝胶, 利用横断性胫骨中段骨折大鼠模型, 全面考察其促进骨折愈合的有效性和安全性, 并通过对比研究, 明确其药效优势。进一步地, 基于骨代谢平衡探究杜仲水凝胶促进骨折愈合的分子机制, 揭示其通过多靶点调控促进骨折愈合的协同网络。
仪器  RJ-PS NS-2011型医用电动锯钻(芜湖锐进医疗设备有限公司); NC12775型Von Frey hair疼痛测试仪(上海玉研科学仪器有限公司); YLS-11A型通道式鼠足支撑力测量仪(济南益延科技发展有限公司); Catwalk XT动物步态分析系统(荷兰Noldus公司); MK3型Multiskan FC酶标仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); BX51型正置电子显微镜(日本Olympus公司)。
药品与试剂  杜仲原料药购自江西普正制药股份有限公司(批号: 230301); 400万注射用青霉素钠购自新乡市华畜商贸有限公司(兽药字: 221212659, 批号: 20240501); 4%多聚甲醛固定液购自武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司(批号: GP231030115922); 血清骨碱性磷酸酶(bALP)、骨钙素(OCN)、Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基端肽(CTX-Ⅰ)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRAP5b) 酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA) 试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司(批号分别为20240819A-1823B、20240819A-0936B、20240819A-6893B、20240819A-3620B); 苏木素伊红(H & E) 染色试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司(批号: 2306001); 免疫组化(IHC) 试剂盒购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司(批号: 20C24C02); 丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1 (p-AKT1) 抗体购自艾博抗(上海) 贸易有限公司(货号: Ab81283), Runt相关转录因子2 (RUNX2) 抗体购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司(货号: A2851); β-连环蛋白(β-catenin) 抗体、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL) 抗体、骨保护素(OPG) 抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司(货号分别为51067-2-AP、66610-1-Ig、11534-1-AP)。
杜仲原料药制备方法  杜仲除去栓皮后切段, 粉碎成细粉, 取250 g备用, 其余杜仲粉碎后, 加85%乙醇加热回流提取2 h, 滤过, 滤液回收乙醇后药液备用; 药渣加水煎煮两次, 每次1 h, 合并煎液, 滤过, 滤液与上述回收乙醇后的溶液合并, 浓缩至相对密度为1.30 (80 ℃) 的清膏, 加入上述杜仲细粉及淀粉适量, 拌匀、干燥、粉碎、过筛, 即得。
杜仲水凝胶贴剂的制备工艺流程  首先, 将BanGel Ⅰ型溶液常温搅拌2 h至均匀, 再加入BanGel Ⅱ型试剂, 抽真空搅拌1 h去除气泡, 制成BanGel MED母液。然后, 将杜仲原料药溶解于甲醇, 配成400 mg·mL-1溶液, 并按配方比例与BanGel MED母液混合, 500 r·min-1搅拌8 h至完全溶解。最后, 溶解完毕后, 将药液倒入8 cm × 10 cm的模具中, 紫外灯区365 nm常温照射1 h固化成膜, 形成杜仲水凝胶。
动物  SPF级雄性SD大鼠108只(8~10周龄, 260 ± 20 g), 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 动物使用许可证: SCXK (京) 2021-0011。实验动物均按照规章制度在中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心SPF级动物房饲养, 实验期间采用昼夜各12 h间断照明, 恒温恒湿条件(24 ± 1 ℃, 相对湿度50%~65%), 通风, 予SPF大小鼠维持饲料, 自由饮水, 单笼饲养, 适应性喂养1周。本研究中的动物实验已获得中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心实验动物福利伦理委员会批准, 伦理审查编号: IBTCMCACMS21-2406-03。
横断性胫骨中段骨折大鼠模型的制备  按照本课题组前期造模方法制备横断性胫骨骨折大鼠模型[10]。具体来说, 腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠溶液(1 mL·kg-1) 充分麻醉大鼠后, 于右下肢内侧髋关节至踝关节处备皮、碘伏溶液消毒。通过暴露右侧胫骨干中段, 于胫骨弧度最明显处, 用电锯切割致其完全断裂, 并利用克氏针行胫骨内固定, 0.9%氯化钠溶液冲洗手术区域后逐层缝合。术后连续3天于大鼠健侧后肢肌注8×105 U·mL-1青霉素钠溶液预防感染。大体观察骨折局部皮肤完整, 无破溃、流脓或其他异常气味与颜色改变, 结合X射线片影像学正侧位片提示简单横形或斜形骨折、无明显断端旋转及移位, 髓内针固定在位, 即为造模成功。
分组与给药  按随机数字表法随机分为正常组(CON)、模型组(MOD)、杜仲水凝胶不同药物浓度组(BanGel-0、13.5、27、54、108, 含药浓度分别为0、13.5、27、54、108 mg·kg-1)、杜仲直接涂抹组(EXT, 108 mg·kg-1)、杜仲口服组(PO, 108 mg·kg-1) (相当于临床等效浓度的0.5倍), 共9组, 每组12只。正常组、模型组给予医用胶带固定, 并按体质量予纯水灌胃, 杜仲水凝胶组和杜仲直接涂抹组按照每只每天2 cm × 3 cm大小分别贴敷和涂抹, 给药后使用医用胶带进行固定, 造模成功后次日开始给药, 水凝胶各药物浓度组和直接涂抹组每日给药12 h, 口服组将杜仲原料药溶于纯水后给予108 mg·kg-1灌胃, 每日1次, 持续给药3周, 单笼饲养, 并予以项圈防止啃咬。
大鼠行为学指标测定  于造模前和造模后每3天用电子游标卡尺测量所有大鼠患肢骨折处和健侧下肢的腿围直径并记录。于造模前和造模后每周固定时间对所有大鼠进行患侧机械痛阈值和后肢负重差的测定。于取材前对所有大鼠行步态分析检测, 记录其站立时间(stand)、摆动时间(swing)、足印面积(print area) 和足印平均强度(mean intensity) 等。具体测定方法详见本课题组前期研究[11]。
大鼠胫骨X线检查  于造模术后每周固定时间, 对所有大鼠行右侧胫骨正、侧位X线片拍摄, 并采用改良胫骨放射愈合评分(mRUST)[12]对各时间点典型图像进行评分, 观察骨折断端与骨痂变化。具体评分标准为: 1分, 骨折断端之间骨折线清晰可见, 未见骨痂形成; 2分, 骨折断端之间有骨痂形成, 但同时可见骨折线; 3分, 骨折断端之间有桥接骨痂形成, 骨折线模糊; 4分, 骨痂重塑, 骨折线不明显。正前后位及侧位X线平片上进行4个骨皮质的评价, 最低分4分, 最高分16分。X线检测参数: 照射电压: 48 kV, 照射电流: 100 mA, 照射量: 8 mAs, 照射时间0.06 s。
大鼠胫骨micro-CT扫描  分离右下肢胫骨, 剔除周围肌肉及结缔组织, 将其置于中性福尔马林组织固定液中固定48 h。将骨标本置于micro-CT测试管内, 沿标本长轴方向进行扫描, 扫描范围为膝关节至踝关节, 分辨率18 μm。利用CTAn与CTVox软件进行三维重建, 定义以骨折线为中心, 上下共6 mm范围内的区域为兴趣区(ROI), 计算ROI的骨矿物质密度(BMD)、骨体积密度(BV/TV)、骨小梁数量(Tb.N)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)、皮质骨厚度(CT.Th)、皮质骨截面面积(Ct.Ar) 等参数。
大鼠胫骨组织病理学观察  将测试完micro-CT的骨标本用10% EDTA脱钙, 经酒精梯度脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋后, 制作成以骨折线骨痂为中心、厚4 μm的胫骨矢状纵切面的石蜡切片。采用H & E染色观察大鼠骨组织标本的病理学改变, 并利用ImageJ进行定量分析骨组织面积分数比。
大鼠血清骨转换生化标志物检测  所有动物均于给药3周后处死, 取材前12 h禁食不禁水, 采用戊巴比妥钠过量麻醉法结合腹主动脉取血方式处死动物。使用普通真空采血管采血, 每管5 mL, 静置2 h待全血分层后, 用高速离心机分离血清, 4 ℃低温转速3 000 r·min-1, 离心15 min, 分装血清并根据ELISA说明书检测骨转换生化标志物bALP、OCN、CTX-Ⅰ、TRAP5b等。
杜仲药物候选靶标谱的预测及骨折疾病相关基因集的检索与整理  利用中医药整合药理学研究平台(TCMIP v2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/), 预测杜仲所含化学成分的候选靶标基因。通过检索基因表达综合数据库(GEO数据库) 获取骨折临床相关发病基因集(GSE494, 该数据集包含5例骨折组和4例健康对照组, 采集上述患者的骨组织生物样本开展转录组测序所得, 各有两个技术重复), 并结合本课题组前期动物实验中获得的骨折大鼠骨组织和全血中的显著差异表达基因, 合并去冗余后筛选出与骨折动物发病密切相关的基因[10]。
杜仲促进骨折愈合“药物候选靶标-疾病相关基因”互作网络构建  通过整合杜仲活性成分的候选靶标基因与骨折相关基因的相互作用信息, 导入蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用信息库(string v12.0, https://www.string-db.org/) 构建“杜仲活性成分候选靶标谱-骨折疾病基因集”的相互作用网络, 再利用cytoscape 3.8.2软件, 构建生物分子网络并计算节点基因在网络中的拓扑特征值(连接度、介度、紧密度), 筛选出具有重要拓扑特征的核心靶点。
杜仲促进骨折愈合网络调控机制挖掘及科学内涵解析  通过DAVID在线生物信息分析平台(https://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) 和Metascape数据库(https://metascape.org/) 对杜仲治疗骨折潜在网络靶标进行基因本体(GO) 和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG) 信号通路富集分析(P < 0.05), 筛选杜仲干预骨折相关的信号通路, 并通过对GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/) 和KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/) 数据库中相关网络靶标及其所参与通路的文献调研, 深入解析这些核心靶标的生物学功能, 推测杜仲促进骨折愈合的潜在机制。
大鼠胫骨组织IHC染色  将石蜡包埋组织切片(厚度4 μm) 置于烤片机上, 经60 ℃烘烤1 h后进行二甲苯脱蜡和梯度乙醇水化处理。采用酶修复法修复抗原, 通过免疫组织化学法检测p-AKT1、β-catenin、RUNX2、RANKL、OPG在大鼠骨组织标本中的表达, 使用光学显微镜观察并拍照记录。图像分析通过ImageJ软件进行, 随机选择3~5个视野, 计算阳性表达区域的平均光密度值(OD), 并用于定量比较不同实验组间靶标蛋白的表达差异。
统计学方法  使用GraphPad Prism 9进行统计和绘图, 采用单因素方差分析, 实验结果以均数±标准差(x±s) 表示, P < 0.05表示有统计学意义。
本研究通过制备横断性胫骨中段骨折大鼠模型, 采用不同给药途径(装载不同药物浓度的杜仲水凝胶局部贴敷、杜仲药液直接涂抹和杜仲口服给药) 进行干预, 旨在评估其药效学与安全性(图1A)。
造模前采集各组大鼠双侧胫骨中段直径的基线值, 各组间患侧与健侧直径比值差异无统计学意义。与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠的胫骨中段直径比值在造模后第1周显著增加(P < 0.001), 第2周开始下降(P < 0.01), 第3周差异无统计学意义。与模型组相比, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组胫骨中段直径比值在造模后第1周明显小于模型组(P < 0.001, P < 0.01), 其余各时间点与模型组无明显差异(图1B)。
造模前采集各组大鼠右下肢机械痛阈值的基线值, 各组间差异无统计学意义。与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠的机械痛阈值在造模后当天及第1周显著下降(P < 0.001, P < 0.01), 第2~3周有所上升, 但仍较低(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比, BanGel-108组大鼠的机械痛阈值在造模后第1周明显小于模型组(P < 0.05) (图1C)。
造模前采集各组大鼠后肢负重差的基线值, 各组间差异无统计学意义。与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠的后肢负重差在造模后第1周显著增加(P < 0.001), 第2~3周有所减小, 但仍显著大于正常组(P < 0.001)。与模型组相比, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组后肢负重差在造模后第1周明显小于模型组(P < 0.01)。造模后第2周, BanGel-27组、BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组和直接涂抹组均较模型组有显著下降(P < 0.001, P < 0.01)。造模后第3周, 含药水凝胶组、直接涂抹组和口服组均较模型组有显著下降(P < 0.001, P < 0.01)。与水凝胶组相比, 外用和口服组在第3周统计学差异明显(P < 0.001) (图1D)。
步态分析结果显示, 给药3周后, 与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠站立时间、足印面积、足印平均强度均显著降低(P < 0.001, P < 0.01), 摆动时间显著升高(P < 0.001)。与模型组相比, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组的上述指标均显著改善(P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05), BanGel-27组、直接涂抹组和口服组的摆动时间和足印平均强度也有显著回调的趋势(P < 0.001, P < 0.05)(图1E~H)。
X线平片显示, 正常组大鼠胫骨整体轮廓清晰、边缘平滑, 皮质骨表现为一条连续且致密的线条, 无断裂或缺损, 骨髓腔清晰可见, 表现为低密度区域。造模后第1周, 模型组大鼠的骨折线清晰可见, 克氏针固定在位, 骨折断端稍有移位, 未见骨痂形成。BanGel-27组、BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组部分大鼠骨折断端周围可见低密度影, 提示骨痂形成。造模后第2周, 模型组、BanGel-0组、BanGel-13.5组、涂抹组和口服组在骨折断端周围开始形成骨痂, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组骨折线模糊, 并在骨折断端周围出现桥接骨痂, 以BanGel-54组最为显著。造模后第3周, 模型组大鼠的骨折线依旧清晰可见, 骨折断端周围可见有桥接骨痂形成。BanGel-27组、BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组、涂抹组和口服组的骨折线进一步模糊, 骨折断端均可见桥接骨痂形成, 部分骨折线消失, 桥接骨痂吸收重塑, 提示已达到骨性愈合标准(图2A)。
X线评分结果提示, 造模后第1~3周, 与正常组相比, 模型组mRUST评分均显著下降(P < 0.001)。与模型组相比, BanGel-54组在造模后第2~3周的mRUST评分显著升高(P < 0.01, P < 0.05), BanGel-108组在造模后第3周的mRUST评分显著升高(P < 0.05), 其余各给药组与模型组无明显差异(图2B)。
右侧胫骨的大体形态特征见图3A。Micro-CT成像显示, 正常组大鼠胫骨整体外观面光滑平整, 冠状面可见皮质骨呈现连续而均匀的致密层, 无明显缺陷或孔洞, 骨小梁的厚度适中, 数量充足, 呈规则的网络状结构。模型组大鼠胫骨整体外观面可见桥接骨痂形成; 冠状面可见骨折断端局部皮质骨连续性中断, 断端缝隙较大, 骨折线明显, 部分伴有骨碎片的移位, 骨折区域可见大量的骨痂形成, 骨痂由新生的骨小梁和纤维组织构成, 表现为骨折端的骨小梁结构紊乱、骨小梁的增生和局部骨组织体积增加。BanGel-27组、BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组、涂抹组和口服组的大鼠胫骨整体外观面可见桥接骨痂形成; 冠状面可见骨折断端骨折线模糊, 骨折区域的骨痂逐渐成熟, 表现为更加规则和致密的骨小梁结构, 骨小梁数量及厚度均显著增多。其中, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组部分骨折线消失, 骨折周围骨痂吸收, 并与皮质骨发生融合重塑, 皮质骨恢复连续性(图3B、C)。
骨形态计量参数分析结果显示, 正常组整体骨结构完整、骨微结构参数正常。与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠BMD、Tb.Th、Ct.Th均显著降低(P < 0.001), Tb.N、BV/TV、Ct.Ar均显著升高(P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.01)。与模型组相比, BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组的上述指标均有所改善(P < 0.01, P < 0.05), 直接涂抹组和口服组的Tb.N、Tb.Th、Ct.Th也有所改善(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。与水凝胶组相比, 口服组的BV/TV统计学差异明显(P < 0.05) (图3D~I)。
骨折大鼠胫骨H & E染色结果显示, 正常组骨皮质结构完整且规整, 骨小梁分布均匀, 骨髓腔内充满正常的造血细胞, 未见炎症细胞浸润。模型组骨折处骨皮质和骨小梁结构明显破坏, 骨皮质变薄, 骨折断端呈不规则排列, 骨折线可见; 骨折周围伴随有血肿和纤维结缔组织的形成。BanGel-27组、直接涂抹组和口服组骨折断端周围的骨膜和骨内膜成骨细胞活跃增生, 骨小梁增厚, 纤维性骨痂分化形成透明软骨。BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组部分区域已有软骨化骨或膜内化骨的迹象, 纤维性骨痂中的软骨组织演变为骨组织, 形成骨性骨痂, 与周围成熟骨组织相融合, 并进一步改建重塑为板层骨, 显示骨愈合的初期阶段, 骨组织面积最为广泛(图4A、B)。
ELISA法检测血清骨转换生化标志物结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组血清骨形成标志物OCN、bALP和骨吸收标志物CTX-Ⅰ、TRACP5b显著升高(P < 0.001)。与模型组相比, 各含药水凝胶组的上述标志物均显著下降, 以BanGel-108组改善效果最为显著(P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。值得注意的是, 直接涂抹组和口服组血清OCN、bALP的改善效果均劣于水凝胶组(P < 0.05) (图4C~F)。
利用TCMIP v2.0预测得到209个杜仲所含化学成分的候选靶标基因, 根据本课题组前期研究基础获得87个骨折转录组差异表达基因, 导入String构建“骨折疾病基因-杜仲药物靶标”相互作用网络, 共有277个节点和540条边, P < 1.0e-16。进一步导入cytoscape, 通过计算连接度、介度和紧密度, 筛选出3种特征值均大于其相应中位数的46个核心网络靶标。将核心靶标导入DAVID和Metascape, 进行KEGG通路富集分析, 并整合关键靶标功能富集分析和通路富集分析结果, 筛选出P < 0.05的通路共122条, 涵盖骨代谢、激素调控、神经内分泌、炎症免疫、氧化应激等多个方向。本研究从杜仲补肝肾、强筋骨促进骨折愈合的作用功效切入, 将富集后的通路大致分为3类: 骨代谢与骨重建相关通路、内分泌调节与激素相关通路、免疫炎症-氧化应激相关通路。进而, 利用GeneCards和KEGG调研基因功能、通路上下游的关键作用靶点及通路间的相互作用关系。
结果提示, 杜仲的关键药物靶标AKT1在骨代谢与骨重建过程中发挥重要作用, 可能是促进骨折愈合的核心靶标。进一步分析发现, AKT1不仅是多个信号通路的交汇节点, 还在Wnt/β-catenin通路中扮演关键调控角色。具体而言, AKT1能够通过促进β-catenin的核转位来增强RUNX2的表达, 进而启动成骨相关基因的转录表达。同时, AKT1可下调RANKL/OPG比值, 抑制破骨细胞的形成与活性。通过上述双重作用, AKT1调节成骨-破骨平衡, 最终加快骨折愈合进程。
前期药效学评价结果已证实BanGel-54组、BanGel-108组具有促进骨折愈合的作用, 故利用该有效组别的样本开展机制验证实验。骨折大鼠胫骨IHC染色结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组骨痂组织中p-AKT1、β-catenin和RUNX2蛋白表达水平显著升高(P < 0.001), 与模型组相比, BanGel-54组和BanGel-108组显著上调p-AKT1 (P < 0.001, P < 0.05)、β-catenin (P < 0.001) 和RUNX2 (P < 0.05, P < 0.001) 的表达, 直接涂抹组和口服组显著上调β-catenin (P < 0.001) 和RUNX2 (P < 0.001) 的表达。同时, 正常组大鼠骨组织中未见明显RANKL和OPG蛋白表达, 与正常组相比, 模型组RANKL表达水平显著升高(P < 0.001), OPG表达水平稍有升高, 但无统计学差异。与模型组相比, 杜仲水凝胶各药物浓度组、直接涂抹组和口服组干预后, 均可显著降低RANKL的表达并增加OPG的表达(P < 0.001)。进一步计算RANKL/OPG比值, 发现模型组较正常组显著升高, 杜仲水凝胶各药物浓度组、直接涂抹组和口服组可显著回调RANKL/OPG的异常表达。可见, 杜仲水凝胶可通过激活AKT1/β-catenin信号轴, 调控RUNX2及RANKL/OPG表达, 维持骨代谢平衡, 促进骨折愈合(图5)。
骨折愈合是“瘀去、新生、骨合”的过程, 分为血肿机化、原始骨痂形成和骨痂改造塑形3个阶段。早期临床表现为局部肿胀疼痛, 中期肿胀减轻、伴有功能受限, 后期骨痂形成、活动功能逐渐恢复。本研究利用横断性胫骨骨折大鼠模型, 采用髓内固定法, 模拟临床骨折愈合过程, 造模成功率高, 早期肿痛明显, 2周后逐渐缓解, 伴随骨痂形成和功能障碍。
杜仲作为传统补肝肾、强筋骨中药, 在《神农本草经》中早有记载。现代研究证实, 杜仲及其制剂(如全杜仲胶囊、杜仲丸、复方杜仲片等) 均可促进骨折愈合、改善骨密度与生物力学性能, 并通过抗炎、抗氧化、促进成骨及血管新生等机制发挥作用[13-15]。本研究发现, 各杜仲给药组均可不同程度减轻骨折早期症状, 促进骨折断端的愈合, 改善骨小梁与皮质骨的重塑, 并调控骨形成与骨吸收的动态平衡。
水凝胶为新型药物递送系统, 具有缓释、渗透和靶向优势。本研究采用一种新型聚合物纳米材料BanGel透皮凝贴, 相较于传统经皮给药系统, 如药膏、橡皮膏药、巴布剂等, 在药物装载种类、装载量、起效时间、药物释放等方面有了很大的提升与优化, 具有广泛的药品装载可能性, 及高效的药品装载和渗透能力。实验表明, 将中药杜仲与水凝胶药物递送系统结合制备新型杜仲水凝胶, 显著优于传统口服与涂抹方式, 局部贴敷杜仲水凝胶能更有效缓解早期肿痛、促进骨痂形成与功能恢复, 这可能与其提高局部药物浓度、增强靶向性有关。
骨折发生后, 断端局部成骨细胞与破骨细胞的骨代谢失衡是延缓骨折愈合的关键因素[16, 17]。在骨折初期, 炎症反应与氧化应激抑制成骨细胞活性, 致使新骨形成能力下降。在本研究中, BanGel-54/108组通过早期局部药物递送, 有效抑制了骨折初期炎症反应, 缓解局部肿痛, 改善骨折部位功能活动障碍。X线与micro-CT结果显示, 该组能显著促进骨痂形成, 加速骨小梁与皮质骨的重建过程; 同时, 其对血清中骨形成和骨吸收标志物的良好调节作用, 证实了对骨重塑全过程的积极影响。虽然现代药理研究已初步证实杜仲可促进骨折愈合, 但其潜在分子调控机制尚不明确。为此, 本研究构建“杜仲候选靶标-骨折相关基因”相互作用网络, 揭示杜仲可能通过多靶点、多通路协同调节促进骨折愈合。在动物实验中, 骨折大鼠模型的骨折组织样本经IHC验证可见, p-AKT1、β-catenin和RUNX2蛋白质的表达水平显著升高, 表明内源性修复机制被激活; 而杜仲水凝胶干预后, 尤其在BanGel-54与BanGel-108组, 这些蛋白表达进一步增强, 说明杜仲水凝胶可协同调控AKT1-β-catenin-RUNX2信号轴, 加速成骨过程。此外, 杜仲水凝胶还能显著下调破骨标志物RANKL、上调OPG表达, 降低RANKL/OPG比值, 在抑制破骨细胞活性、维持成骨-破骨平衡方面发挥重要作用。值得关注的是, 局部涂抹、口服给药和水凝胶局部递送这几种方式, 均能使杜仲调节上述信号轴表达, 实现干预效果。但与口服组及涂抹组相比, 水凝胶组在蛋白表达调控、影像学表现及骨结构参数改善上更为突出, 这表明水凝胶可能通过提高局部药物浓度和靶向性, 增强了治疗效果。
本研究虽初步证实了杜仲水凝胶在促进骨折愈合方面的潜在价值, 但仍存在局限性。为推动其临床转化与应用, 后续研究可从以下维度展开: 在安全性与有效性验证层面, 需采用多种动物模型, 开展临床前效、毒评价研究, 进一步验证杜仲水凝胶的疗效与安全性。同时, 需长期监测药物累积效应和潜在不良反应, 深入探究不同药物浓度水凝胶的长期影响。在药剂学特性研究方面, 亟待系统量化杜仲水凝胶的药物释放动力学参数, 明确其缓释时长与局部药物代谢路径; 同时, 深入分析杜仲有效成分的透皮吸收特征, 为优化制剂设计提供数据支撑。在机制研究方面, 鉴于其作用机制尚未完全明晰, 未来将结合体内外实验模型, 综合运用多组学技术等前沿技术和方法, 全面解析杜仲水凝胶的优势及其关键作用靶点。
综上所述, 本研究开发的新型杜仲水凝胶在促进骨折愈合方面展现出显著优势, 具备潜在临床应用价值。该研究不仅为骨折治疗提供了新思路, 也为骨伤领域生物新材料的研发提供了创新性探索方向。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0232
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
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    1中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
    2北京中医药大学第三附属医院, 北京 100029
    3Bang Nanobiotech s.r.l, 米兰 20139

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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