Article(id=1308455524043875237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0498, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=1748966400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889706860, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1754928000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889706860, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889706860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889706860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455410751525737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='2375', pageEnd='2648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754928000000', pubDateStr='2025-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889679849, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893542748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2510, endPage=2517, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455524270367654, articleId=1308455524043875237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The neural pathway from glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus mediates defensive behaviors in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article primarily investigates the role of the neural circuit from lateral hypothalamic (LH) glutamatergic neurons to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) in defensive behaviors in mice. Adult male vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2)-Cre mice (8-10 weeks old) were randomly divided into a mCherry control group and a channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) experimental group, who received injections of AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry and AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry virus into the LH, respectively. Optical fibers were implanted in the RMTg of both groups. After three weeks of recovery from surgery and sufficient viral expression, behavioral experiments were conducted, including the open field test, real-time place preference (RTPP) test, and hiding box test. After the experiment, ascertain the extent of viral infection and optical fiber positions in the mice. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect c-Fos expression in the RMTg to validate the activation of the pathway from LH glutamatergic neurons to the RMTg upon 473 nm blue laser stimulation. The results showed that c-Fos expression in the RMTg was elevated in ChR2-expressing mice following blue laser illumination, confirming successful pathway activation. During a 473 nm blue laser stimulation, compared to the mCherry group, mice in the ChR2 group exhibited a notable increase in velocity in the open field test, indicating an escape behavior. In the RTPP test, the time spent on the preferred side reduced, indicating avoidance behavior. Additionally, the latency to enter the hiding box significantly shortened, reflecting hiding behavior in the hiding box test. This research indicates that the activation of the projections from LH glutamatergic neurons to the RMTg promotes defensive behaviors in mice. All experimental procedures were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University (identification number: 20250427-001).

, authors=Liu-yan CHANG, Yang ZHANG, Su-rong YANG*, authorsList=Liu-yan CHANG, Yang ZHANG, Su-rong YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Su-rong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455525558018991, articleId=1308455524043875237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=外侧下丘脑谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核神经环路介导小鼠防御行为, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文主要探究外侧下丘脑(lateral hypothalamus, LH) 谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核(rostromedial tegmental nucleus, RMTg) 环路是否参与小鼠防御行为。使用8~10周龄雄性囊泡型谷氨酸转运体2-Cre小鼠, 随机分为mCherry对照组和视紫红质通道蛋白2 (channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) 实验组, 分别于LH处注射腺相关病毒AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry和AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry, 两组小鼠都于RMTg处埋置光纤插针。术后3周病毒充分表达后, 依次对小鼠进行行为学测试, 包括旷场实验、实时条件位置偏好实验及藏匿盒实验。实验结束后, 确认小鼠的病毒感染范围及光纤插针位置。通过免疫组化实验检测RMTg中c-Fos的表达, 以验证473 nm蓝光照射LH谷氨酸能神经元纤维末梢对RMTg的激活情况。结果发现473 nm蓝光照射RMTg内LH谷氨酸能神经元纤维末梢后, 小鼠RMTg处c-Fos表达升高, 表明该环路被光遗传学激活。行为学实验中, 相比于mCherry组, ChR2组小鼠在给予473 nm蓝光照射期间, 在旷场实验中运动速度显著增加, 表现出逃跑行为; 实时条件位置偏好实验中在偏好侧停留时间减短, 表现出回避行为; 藏匿盒实验中进入藏匿盒的潜伏期显著缩短, 表现出躲藏行为。本研究表明, 激活LH谷氨酸能神经元-RMTg环路促进小鼠的防御行为。本实验得到复旦大学基础医学院动物实验与使用委员会的批准(批准号: 20250427-001)。

, authors=常柳燕, 张杨, 杨素荣*, authorsList=常柳燕, 张杨, 杨素荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨素荣, authorNote=

作者贡献:

常柳燕负责实验操作、数据整理、论文撰写、论文修改; 张杨负责论文修改、研究指导; 杨素荣负责研究指导、经费支持和论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨素荣, Tel: 86-21-54237228, E-mail:
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Mol Autism, 2023, 14: 34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497774568637138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497774577025747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, companyId=1308497774568637138, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497774585414356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, companyId=1308497774568637138, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=复旦大学基础医学院, 上海 200032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308497778637112048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Gupn7ADL40ixTDid2vYyMA==, figureFileBig=wLD+mWa//h53sb//xeoJsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497778964267761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic showing virus expression and optical fiber positions as well as images of c-Fos expression in the RMTg. A: Expression profiles of ChR2 in LH glutamatergic neurons (up) and the ends of optical fibers in the RMTg (down). n = 8, indicated with different colors; B: Representative images of c-Fos expression in the RMTg from brain slices of mice receiving sham laser (up) and 473 nm laser (down) stimulation. ChR2: Channelrhodopsin-2; LH: Lateral hypothalamus; RMTg: Rostromedial tegmental nucleus; xscp: Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle; DAPI: 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, figureFileSmall=Gupn7ADL40ixTDid2vYyMA==, figureFileBig=wLD+mWa//h53sb//xeoJsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497779073319666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vEIKThmBUc4Kr7j7yt1/1A==, figureFileBig=yrT5e1sWM5iAw5fWVp5tig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497779392086771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic LH-RMTg pathway induces fleeing behavior. A: Schematic showing the open field test; B: Typical tracks of mCherry mice (left) and ChR2 mice (right) in the open field during a 473 nm laser on; C: The effect of optogenetic stimulation on the velocity, total distance, center area entries, and time in the center in mCherry mice (n = 6, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test); D: The effect of optogenetic stimulation on the velocity, total distance, center area entries, and time in the center in ChR2 mice (n = 8, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns: Not significant, figureFileSmall=vEIKThmBUc4Kr7j7yt1/1A==, figureFileBig=yrT5e1sWM5iAw5fWVp5tig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497779492750068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IR3oAPLH+4SKZ2ASC0HcbQ==, figureFileBig=KMu5Ok+OpBqLOuvBxlOePw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497779585024757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455524043875237, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic LH-RMTg pathway evokes avoidance behavior. A: Experimental schematic of RTPP test; B: Representative tracks of mCherry mice (left). Total time spent in stimulation and safe chambers before and during light stimulation (right) (n = 6, paired t test, data are represented as mean); C: Representative tracks of ChR2 mice (left). Total time spent in stimulation and safe chambers before and during light stimulation (right) (n = 8, paired t test, data are represented as mean); D: The latency of entering safe chamber for the first time (n = 6 for mCherry mice and n = 8 for ChR2 mice, unpaired t test, data are represented as mean ± SEM). *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.000 1. 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外侧下丘脑谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核神经环路介导小鼠防御行为
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常柳燕 , 张杨 , 杨素荣 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(8): 2510-2517
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (8) : 2510 -2517
外侧下丘脑谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核神经环路介导小鼠防御行为
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常柳燕, 张杨, 杨素荣*
作者信息
  • 复旦大学基础医学院, 上海 200032
通讯作者:
杨素荣, Tel: 86-21-54237228, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

常柳燕负责实验操作、数据整理、论文撰写、论文修改; 张杨负责论文修改、研究指导; 杨素荣负责研究指导、经费支持和论文修改。

The neural pathway from glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus mediates defensive behaviors in mice
Liu-yan CHANG, Yang ZHANG, Su-rong YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
出版时间: 2025-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0498
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本文主要探究外侧下丘脑(lateral hypothalamus, LH) 谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核(rostromedial tegmental nucleus, RMTg) 环路是否参与小鼠防御行为。使用8~10周龄雄性囊泡型谷氨酸转运体2-Cre小鼠, 随机分为mCherry对照组和视紫红质通道蛋白2 (channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) 实验组, 分别于LH处注射腺相关病毒AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry和AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry, 两组小鼠都于RMTg处埋置光纤插针。术后3周病毒充分表达后, 依次对小鼠进行行为学测试, 包括旷场实验、实时条件位置偏好实验及藏匿盒实验。实验结束后, 确认小鼠的病毒感染范围及光纤插针位置。通过免疫组化实验检测RMTg中c-Fos的表达, 以验证473 nm蓝光照射LH谷氨酸能神经元纤维末梢对RMTg的激活情况。结果发现473 nm蓝光照射RMTg内LH谷氨酸能神经元纤维末梢后, 小鼠RMTg处c-Fos表达升高, 表明该环路被光遗传学激活。行为学实验中, 相比于mCherry组, ChR2组小鼠在给予473 nm蓝光照射期间, 在旷场实验中运动速度显著增加, 表现出逃跑行为; 实时条件位置偏好实验中在偏好侧停留时间减短, 表现出回避行为; 藏匿盒实验中进入藏匿盒的潜伏期显著缩短, 表现出躲藏行为。本研究表明, 激活LH谷氨酸能神经元-RMTg环路促进小鼠的防御行为。本实验得到复旦大学基础医学院动物实验与使用委员会的批准(批准号: 20250427-001)。

外侧下丘脑  /  谷氨酸能神经元  /  吻内侧被盖核  /  防御行为  /  光遗传学  /  神经环路

This article primarily investigates the role of the neural circuit from lateral hypothalamic (LH) glutamatergic neurons to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) in defensive behaviors in mice. Adult male vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2)-Cre mice (8-10 weeks old) were randomly divided into a mCherry control group and a channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) experimental group, who received injections of AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry and AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry virus into the LH, respectively. Optical fibers were implanted in the RMTg of both groups. After three weeks of recovery from surgery and sufficient viral expression, behavioral experiments were conducted, including the open field test, real-time place preference (RTPP) test, and hiding box test. After the experiment, ascertain the extent of viral infection and optical fiber positions in the mice. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect c-Fos expression in the RMTg to validate the activation of the pathway from LH glutamatergic neurons to the RMTg upon 473 nm blue laser stimulation. The results showed that c-Fos expression in the RMTg was elevated in ChR2-expressing mice following blue laser illumination, confirming successful pathway activation. During a 473 nm blue laser stimulation, compared to the mCherry group, mice in the ChR2 group exhibited a notable increase in velocity in the open field test, indicating an escape behavior. In the RTPP test, the time spent on the preferred side reduced, indicating avoidance behavior. Additionally, the latency to enter the hiding box significantly shortened, reflecting hiding behavior in the hiding box test. This research indicates that the activation of the projections from LH glutamatergic neurons to the RMTg promotes defensive behaviors in mice. All experimental procedures were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University (identification number: 20250427-001).

lateral hypothalamus  /  glutamatergic neuron  /  rostromedial tegmental nucleus  /  defensive behavior  /  optogenetics  /  neural circuit
常柳燕, 张杨, 杨素荣. 外侧下丘脑谷氨酸能神经元-吻内侧被盖核神经环路介导小鼠防御行为. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2510 -2517 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0498
Liu-yan CHANG, Yang ZHANG, Su-rong YANG. The neural pathway from glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus mediates defensive behaviors in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2510 -2517 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0498
实际或潜在的威胁引发动物的恐惧情绪, 进一步触发其防御行为以应对威胁。根据威胁程度的不同, 动物可表现出逃跑、回避、躲藏等行为。防御行为有助于动物规避或减轻伤害, 对动物的生存和繁殖至关重要。然而, 人类过度的防御行为与焦虑症、恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍等精神疾病的发生发展密切相关[1-3]。因此, 探究防御行为的神经机制不仅有利于进一步认识动物本能行为, 也有助于更好理解相关疾病的发生机制, 并为其治疗提供新靶点。
目前, 关于防御行为的神经环路机制尚不清晰。已有研究表明, 中脑、边缘系统及下丘脑等脑区参与调控防御行为的驱动和执行。其中, 中脑导水管周围灰质(periaqueductal grey, PAG) 是执行防御行为的重要核团, 通过将输出信号传递到脑干运动控制中心驱动防御行为。在没有威胁的情况下, 光遗传激活腹侧PAG (ventral PAG, vPAG) 就能引起强烈的逃跑行为[4, 5]。中央杏仁核生长抑素阳性和蛋白激酶C-δ阳性的神经元通过局部抑制环路在不同模式的防御行为转变中发挥重要作用[6]。上丘是视觉相关本能恐惧诱发的防御反应的核心脑区[7], 通过投射到外侧后核[8]、腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area, VTA)[9]、外侧臂旁核[10]及丘脑外侧后核[10]等多个脑区驱动小鼠在上视野的阴影刺激(looming) 范式下的防御行为。最近研究发现, 外侧下丘脑(lateral hypothalamus, LH) 是防御行为重要的调节脑区, 光遗传学激活LH谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu) 能神经元促进小鼠防御行为[11]。LH Glu能神经元与VTA、外侧缰核(lateral habenula, LHb) 及PAG等多个防御行为调节核团存在解剖和功能连接。光遗传学激活LHGlu-VTA环路引起小鼠回避行为[12], 增强looming条件下小鼠的逃跑行为[13]。足底电击时可激活LHGlu-LHb环路, 而化学遗传学抑制该环路后小鼠在looming威胁下的躲藏行为减弱[14]。光遗传学激活LHGlu-vPAG环路驱动小鼠快速逃跑样行为[15]。因此, LH Glu能神经元通过多个下游调节不同的防御行为。
吻内侧被盖核(rostromedial tegmental nucleus, RMTg) 位于中脑, 是中脑多巴胺系统的重要抑制性上游[16], 其接受皮层、下丘脑等输入, 并投射至VTA及其他脑干核团, 在睡眠[17, 18]、成瘾[19]、厌恶[20]、防御[21]等行为中发挥重要作用。课题组前期对RMTg的γ-氨基丁酸(gama-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 能神经元的全脑单突触输入研究发现, LH是RMTg的重要上游输入[22], 但RMTg是否参与LH Glu能神经元介导的防御行为尚不清楚。因此, 本研究采用光遗传学结合小动物行为学, 探讨LHGlu-RMTg环路在防御行为中的作用。
实验动物  本实验采用雄性囊泡型谷氨酸转运体2 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2, Vglut2)-Cre小鼠(8~10周龄, 25~30 g), 购于上海南方模式生物科技股份有限公司, 生产许可证: SCXK (沪) 2024-0007。将小鼠饲养在独立通气笼盒中, 每笼饲养4~6只, 环境温度为22 ± 0.5 ℃, 相对湿度为60% ± 2%, 明暗循环周期为12 h/12 h (07:00开灯, 照明强度约为100 lx)。小鼠可以自由活动并且获取食物和水。所有实验程序均得到复旦大学基础医学院动物实验与使用委员会的批准(批准号: 20250427-001)。尽量减少动物使用数目, 并减少动物的痛苦。
主要仪器及试剂  脑立体定位仪(型号: 68001) 与集成化光遗传系统(型号: LIOG473-80-A1) 均购自深圳市瑞沃德生命科学有限公司; Tracking Master V5.0 (型号: ZS-Labmaze-Ⅰ) 购自北京众实迪创科技发展有限责任公司; 冰冻切片机(型号: CM1950) 购自德国Leica公司; 腺相关病毒AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry (批号: PT-0013)、AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry (批号: PT-0002) 均购自武汉枢密脑科学技术有限公司。
病毒微注射  使用异氟烷对小鼠进行麻醉(2%诱导, 1.5%维持), 观察到小鼠翻正反射消失即麻醉完成。使用小动物剃毛机将小鼠头部手术区域毛发剔除干净。将小鼠固定于脑立体定位仪, 蘸取75%酒精对小鼠头皮进行消毒。使用手术剪沿矢状缝剪开头皮, 用棉签清理干净颅骨上方的血液及组织, 充分暴露颅骨表面的手术视野。将尖端内径为20 μm的玻璃微注射针、橡胶软管固定于脑立体定位仪, 并与Master 9微量注射泵连接。在立式显微镜的观察视野下, 调节脑立体定位仪旋钮使玻璃微注射针位于小鼠颅骨前囟, 以玻璃微注射针针头接触颅骨表面而不弯曲为标准, 读取前囟的Z轴, 记为dorsoventral (DV) 值。接着将玻璃微注射针移至小鼠颅骨后囟, 读取后囟DV值, 调节鼻夹旋钮直至前囟和后囟DV值相同。读取前囟的坐标值, 将X轴记为mediolateral (ML), Y轴记为anteroposterior (AP)。以前囟为原点, 根据坐标ML = ± 0.10 cm, AP = -0.12 cm移动坐标轴旋钮定位至LH, 使用颅骨钻轻轻打磨颅骨直至露出硬脑膜, 以玻璃微注射针针头接触硬脑膜而不弯曲为标准, 读取DV值。将硬脑膜刺破并且清理干净孔内血液及组织液, 根据坐标DV = -0.51 cm调节旋钮, 将玻璃微注射针针头定位于LH, 以15 nL·min-1的速度注射病毒45 nL (对照组为AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-mCherry, 实验组为AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-ChR2-mCherry), 注射完成后留针15 min, 缓慢拔出玻璃微注射针, 使用蘸取生理盐水的棉签清理针头。
光纤插针埋置  病毒注射后, 于双侧RMTg埋置光纤插针。光纤插针具体参数为: 长度4.2 mm, 陶瓷外径1.25 mm, 内径200 μm, 数值孔径0.37。由于光纤插针有一定的外径, 而核团旁开距离较小, 所以一侧光纤插针垂直埋置, 另一侧光纤插针以相较于垂直线倾斜10°的角度埋置。将光纤插针固定于光纤夹持器上, 以前囟为原点, RMTg光纤埋置坐标为ML = +0.07 cm, AP = -0.37 cm, DV = -0.36 cm; 对侧ML = -0.14 cm, AP = -0.37 cm, DV = -0.36 cm, 倾斜10°。将光纤插针置于目标核团上方后, 使用胶水及牙科水泥固定光纤插针。手术完成后, 使用碘伏对手术部位进行消毒并缝皮。将小鼠置于35 ℃恒温加热毯, 直至苏醒。术后恢复3周后进行后续实验。
旷场实验  旷场设备为50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm的正方形箱体。将对照组小鼠与实验组小鼠与光遗传系统连接, 给光参数为: 473 nm, 20 Hz, 10 ms pulses, 5 mW。依次随机放入旷场进行15 min活动量的检测, 按照“5 min不给光-5 min给光-5 min不给光”的顺序进行。以5 min作为统计分析间隔, 计算小鼠在旷场中平均运动速度、总路程及中心区进入次数, 从而衡量小鼠在旷场中的防御行为[11]。
实时条件位置偏好实验  条件位置偏好设备由两个不同的箱体组成, 分别为黑箱和白箱(50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm), 并且触感不同。两个箱体之间有6 cm宽的间距保证小鼠可以自由穿梭。适应阶段将小鼠与光遗传系统连接后置于设备中适应10 min。接着探索阶段, 让小鼠在设备中自由探索10 min。将探索阶段中小鼠停留时间更长的一侧箱体定义为刺激侧, 接着为10 min刺激阶段, 每次小鼠进入刺激侧箱体立刻给予光遗传学刺激(473 nm, 20 Hz, 10 ms pulses, 5 mW) 直至小鼠离开。统计小鼠进入非刺激侧箱体的潜伏期及在各个箱体的时间衡量小鼠的回避行为[11]。
藏匿盒实验  藏匿盒设备为60 cm × 20 cm × 50 cm的长方形箱体, 分为3个区域, 包括开放区、藏匿盒(12 cm × 6 cm × 15 cm) 以及藏匿盒对角的食物区(12 cm × 6 cm × 2 cm)。实验前小鼠禁食24 h, 将小鼠与光遗传学系统连接后置于设备中自由探索1 h, 接着将食物置于食物区鼓励小鼠继续探索。当小鼠进入食物区20 s后, 分别给予不同频率的光遗传学刺激(0、5、10和20 Hz, 10 ms pulses, 5 mW), 直至小鼠进入藏匿盒。若给予刺激后60 s小鼠仍未进入藏匿盒中, 则停止给光。统计小鼠进入藏匿盒的潜伏期衡量小鼠的躲藏行为[11, 23]。
免疫组化  对小鼠进行灌注, 完整取出脑组织置于4%多聚甲醛中过夜固定。然后对脑组织进行梯度脱水, 先置于由4%多聚甲醛配制的20%蔗糖溶液中24 h, 再置于由PBS配制的30%蔗糖溶液中24 h。待脱水完成后, 使用冰冻切片机以30 μm的厚度切脑片, 收集包含目标区域LH和RMTg的脑片。根据红色荧光表达情况确认病毒感染的位置。为确认473 nm蓝光可有效激活LHGlu-RMTg环路, 本研究给予ChR2小鼠473 nm蓝光(20 Hz, 10 ms pulses, 5 mW) 10 min, 1.5 h后进行灌注(对照组不给予蓝光), 观察RMTg脑区即早基因c-fos表达产物c-Fos蛋白的表达情况[24]。将待染色脑片置于PBS溶液中漂洗3次, 每次漂洗5 min, 在一定体积的PBS溶液中加入3‰ Triton X-100配制PBST。按照c-Fos一抗∶3‰ PBST = 1∶8 000的比例稀释c-Fos一抗, 将漂洗好的脑片置于稀释后的一抗中, 于4 ℃摇床孵育48 h。接着将孵育好一抗的脑片转移到PBS溶液中漂洗3次, 每次5 min, 按照c-Fos二抗∶3‰ PBST = 1∶1 000的比例稀释二抗, 将漂洗好的脑片置于稀释后的二抗中, 室温摇床孵育2 h。染色完成后, 将脑片置于PBS溶液中漂洗3次, 每次5 min, 然后贴片。待所有脑片上液体自然晾干后使用含DAPI的封片剂封片。使用Olympus VS120显微成像系统对目标区域进行拍摄, 确认神经元激活状态。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8.0对数据进行统计分析, 实验数据表示为均值±标准误(mean ± SEM)。旷场实验数据使用单因素重复方差分析, 实时条件位置偏好实验数据使用非配对双侧t检验和配对双侧t检验, 藏匿盒实验数据使用Kaplan-Meier生存分析。显著性水平P < 0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
腺相关病毒注入RMTg脑区3周后, 对小鼠进行行为学测试, 结束测试后灌注取脑。选取病毒表达和光纤插针位置准确的小鼠用于后续数据分析。ChR2组小鼠LH处的病毒感染范围和RMTg处的光纤插针埋置位置如图所示(图1A)。免疫组化实验显示, 与空白对照组相比, 给予473 nm蓝光照射RMTg处LH Glu能神经元纤维末梢后, RMTg脑区c-Fos蛋白表达显著增加, 因此473 nm蓝光可有效激活LHGlu-RMTg环路(图1B)。
动物在面临捕食者接近时, 会出现逃跑行为, 表现为运动速度加快。为探究激活LHGlu-RMTg环路对小鼠逃跑行为的影响, 本研究对小鼠进行旷场实验观察其运动情况(图2A)。mCherry小鼠和ChR2小鼠给光期间的典型运动轨迹如图所示(图2B)。mCherry小鼠给予蓝光期间各个指标相比于给光前没有发生显著性变化(图2C)。而ChR2小鼠中, 给予473 nm蓝光激活LHGlu-RMTg环路后, 小鼠运动速度、运动总路程、进入中心区次数及在中心区停留时间显著增加(图2D)。综上所述, 光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路促进小鼠的快速逃跑行为。
为提高生存的可能性, 动物通过回避行为远离捕食者的潜在威胁。为探究激活LHGlu-RMTg环路对小鼠回避行为的影响, 本研究对小鼠进行实时条件位置偏好实验观察其回避行为的改变(图3A)。与非给光阶段相比, mCherry小鼠给光阶段在刺激侧的停留时间略有降低, 由414.10 ± 29.87 s降至357.80 ± 43.26 s, 这可能是光照带来的影响(图3B)。而ChR2小鼠给予蓝光激活LHGlu-RMTg环路后, 表现出对刺激侧的显著回避, 给光阶段小鼠在刺激侧停留时间大幅降低, 由406.17 ± 21.05 s降至60.28 ± 7.92 s (图3C)。此外, 相比于mCherry小鼠, ChR2小鼠在给予蓝光后第一次进入非刺激侧箱体的潜伏期显著缩短(图3D)。综上所述, 光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路促进小鼠的回避行为。
动物面对捕食者威胁时, 如果附近有其认为安全的巢穴或其他藏身处时, 动物会选择躲藏。为探究激活LHGlu-RMTg环路对小鼠躲藏行为的影响, 本研究对小鼠进行藏匿盒实验观察其躲藏行为的改变(图4A)。mCherry组小鼠在60 s光照期间, 6只中仅有3只小鼠停止进食并进入藏匿盒, 但在其中停留较短时间。对于ChR2组小鼠, 使用20、10或5 Hz的蓝光刺激LHGlu-RMTg环路60 s期间, 8只小鼠均在较短时间内停止进食行为并快速进入藏匿盒中, 并在其中停留较长时间(图4B、C)。因此, 光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路促进小鼠的躲藏行为。
本课题采用光遗传学方法和小鼠行为学测试, 探究LHGlu-RMTg环路在防御行为中的作用。结果表明, 激活该环路促进小鼠防御行为, 包括逃跑、回避及躲藏。该研究使LH Glu能神经元调节防御行为的下游神经环路机制更加清晰, 进一步丰富了动物先天本能行为发生的神经机制。
在旷场实验中, 本研究观察到光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路显著增加小鼠的运动速度, 这和动物遭遇捕食者威胁时的高速逃跑行为一致。在实时条件位置偏好实验中, 观察到光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路后小鼠迅速返回至对侧安全箱体并在其中停留, 因此该环路介导小鼠的回避行为。藏匿盒实验观察到光遗传学激活LHGlu-RMTg环路后小鼠迅速到达藏匿盒中, 因此该环路介导小鼠的躲藏行为。这些行为与光遗传学激活LH Glu能神经元观察到的现象一致。因此, RMTg是LH Glu能神经元发挥逃跑、回避和躲藏样防御行为的重要下游脑区。除RMTg外, LH Glu能神经元也通过其他下游, 如VTA、LHb、PAG、下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, PVN) 等调控不同行为范式下的防御行为。Looming行为范式下, 光遗传学激活LHGlu-VTA环路, 小鼠出现逃跑行为的次数显著增加[13]。条件位置偏好范式下, 小鼠表现出对LHGlu-VTA环路激活配对侧箱体的回避[12]。足底电击范式下, 小鼠投向LHb的LH Glu能神经元放电频率显著升高, 而化学遗传学抑制LHGlu-LHb环路后, 小鼠在经历足底电击时的逃跑速度显著降低, looming威胁下在安全区的躲藏时间减少[14]。在旷场实验范式下, 激活LH投射到vPAG的轴突末梢导致小鼠运动速度显著增加并伴随跳跃, 类似快速逃跑样行为[15]。在旷场实验、条件位置偏好实验和藏匿盒实验范式下, 激活LHGlu投射至PVN的轴突末梢都可促进小鼠防御行为, 因此LHGlu-PVN环路介导多种情境下的防御行为[11]。所以, LH可能通过不同的下游介导不同情景下发生的不同类型的防御行为, 在防御行为的精准调控中发挥重要作用。
先前研究表明, RMTg和防御行为密切相关。Jhou等[25]使用Glu受体激动剂激活RMTg导致条件位置厌恶, 而RMTg的毁损导致可卡因引起的回避行为消失。除本研究中的LH外, RMTg在回避行为中的作用可能和“负性情绪中枢”LHb也相关, RMTg接受LHb的密集输入, 光遗传激活LHb-RMTg环路引起小鼠的条件性厌恶, 该回避行为在光遗传刺激后的第7天仍然存在[26]。RMTg在回避行为中的作用和“奖赏中枢”VTA也密切相关, VTA是RMTg的密集投射下游[27, 28]。光遗传激活大鼠RMTgGABA-VTA环路导致条件位置厌恶; 反之, 光遗传抑制大鼠RMTgGABA-VTA环路导致条件位置偏好[29]。因此, 防御行为的调控脑区可能通过RMTg进一步调控多巴胺的释放, 进而影响防御行为的发生。
前期研究通过病毒逆行示踪发现LH为RMTg GABA能神经元的重要上游输入, 但未鉴别LH的神经元类型[22]。本课题进一步细分LH神经元类型, 探究LHGlu-RMTg环路的功能。研究发现, LHGlu投射至RMTg, 激活该环路可诱导RMTg脑区c-Fos蛋白表达并表现出防御行为。另外, LHGlu的兴奋性投射虽然激活RMTg脑区, 但是激活的神经元类型尚不清楚。Jhou等[21]发现RMTg脑区主要由GABA能神经元组成, 因此被激活的神经元类型为GABA能神经元的可能性大, 但是前期研究表明激活RMTg GABA能神经元促进非快速眼动睡眠[18]。本课题组猜测行为表现不同原因可能与RMTg脑区神经元的异质性有关。一方面可能是神经元类型异质性, Smith等[29]对大鼠RMTg的RNA测序结果显示RMTg脑区高度表达Foxp1和Pnoc基因编码产物。已有研究表明皮层Foxp1基因敲除得到的自闭症模型小鼠触觉感受异常, 在反复受到胡须刺激时表现出过度防卫、逃避和惊吓行为[30], 因此Foxp1基因与防御行为密切相关。本课题组猜测RMTg脑区的GABA能神经元与Foxp1+神经元之间存在抑制性微环路, RMTg GABA能神经元被激活后进而抑制Foxp1+神经元诱导小鼠防御行为。另一方面可能是RMTg神经元上游传入纤维异质性, RMTg GABA能神经元的全脑输入研究发现其接受LH、LHb、未定带等多个脑区输入[22], 因此RMTg GABA能神经元可能接受不同上游输入分别调控睡眠和防御行为。
临床上, 焦虑症、恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍等精神疾病患者存在过度防御行为。深入研究LHGlu-RMTg环路在防御行为中的作用, 有望通过发现高选择性的药物靶点实现特异性调控该神经环路的目的。因此, 本研究为开发治疗精神障碍疾病药物及策略提供了科学依据, 将推动精准医疗的发展, 提高精神障碍疾病的治疗效果。本研究尚存在以下不足: 该研究只采用了光遗传学方法激活LHGlu-RMTg环路探究其在防御行为中的充分性, 未对该环路在防御行为中的必要性进行验证。尽管有此局限性, 本研究仍解析了大脑不同核团之间如何协作以参与防御行为, 进一步丰富了动物防御行为调控的神经环路机制。

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2025年第60卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0498
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
  • 修回日期:2025-06-04
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    复旦大学基础医学院, 上海 200032

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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