Article(id=1308455494478221858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735920000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-04, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889699811, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1754928000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889699811, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889699811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889699811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455410751525737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='2375', pageEnd='2648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754928000000', pubDateStr='2025-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889679849, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893542748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2595, endPage=2603, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455496332104227, articleId=1308455494478221858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Synthesis and properties of a pH-responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe for targeting lysosomes, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lysosomes are intracellular organelles with lysosomal or digestive functions which contain various acid-dependent enzymes that are responsible for the recycling and degradation of intracellular substances. pH changes in lysosomes can reduce the activity of various enzymes, impairing the cell′s regulatory capacity and ultimately leading to apoptosis or pyroptosis. Therefore, monitoring lysosomal pH values is valuable for investigating alterations in intracellular physiological and pathological processes. This study developed a novel pH-responsive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe targeting lysosomes, named piperazine-croconic acid-piperazine (PCP). This probe was formed by connecting the electron-donating group piperazine to both ends of croconic acid. The π-conjugated system, featuring a five-membered ring structure, endowed the probe with excellent stability and resistance to photobleaching. The tertiary amine moiety of piperazine, serving as a lysosome-targeting group, produced reversible protonation/deprotonation under varying pH conditions as result of exhibiting pH-responsive characteristics. The synthesized PCP demonstrated excellent NIR fluorescence performance, making it suitable for fluorescence imaging of lysosomal pH values in living cells. Both solution and intracellular experiments confirmed that PCP exhibited good biocompatibility and pH-responsive characteristics. Additionally, its symmetrical structure and molecular rigidity contributed to its excellent resistance to photobleaching. This study employed PCP probes to detect the pH values of the lysosomes, offering potential avenues for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with lysosomal dysfunction.

, authors=Yu-ting XU1, Hui-bin WU1, Xiang CHEN1, Hai-bing DAI1, Lin MEI2, *, Jian-bo YU1, *, authorsList=Yu-ting XU, Hui-bin WU, Xiang CHEN, Hai-bing DAI, Lin MEI, Jian-bo YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin MEI, Jian-bo YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455497942716978, articleId=1308455494478221858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=溶酶体靶向的pH响应型荧光探针的合成及性能研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

溶酶体是细胞内具有溶解或消化功能的细胞器, 内部含有多种酸依赖性酶, 这些酶负责细胞内物质的回收和降解。溶酶体内pH值的变化会导致多种酶活性下降, 从而妨碍细胞调节能力, 最终引发细胞凋亡或焦亡。因此检测溶酶体pH值有助于探究细胞生理病理过程的改变。本研究构建了一种溶酶体靶向的pH响应型近红外荧光探针, 称为哌嗪-克酮酸-哌嗪(piperazine-croconic acid-piperazine, PCP)。该探针通过在克酮酸两端连接供电子基团哌嗪形成π共轭体系, 五元环结构的π共轭体系赋予其良好的稳定性和抗光漂白能力, 而作为溶酶体靶向基团的哌嗪, 其叔胺部分在不同pH值条件下发生可逆的质子化/脱质子化过程, 从而展现pH响应特性。合成的PCP荧光探针具有优异的近红外荧光性能, 适用于活细胞内溶酶体pH值的荧光成像。通过溶液及细胞内实验验证, PCP荧光探针具有较好的生物相容性及pH响应特性。此外, PCP荧光探针的对称性结构及良好的分子刚度使其具有优异的抗光漂白性能。本研究利用合成的PCP荧光探针检测溶酶体的pH值, 为溶酶体功能异常引起的相关疾病提供新的诊疗方法。

, authors=徐玉婷1, 吴慧彬1, 陈想1, 代海兵1, 梅林2, *, 于建渤1, *, authorsList=徐玉婷, 吴慧彬, 陈想, 代海兵, 梅林, 于建渤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梅林, 于建渤, authorNote=

作者贡献:

徐玉婷负责实验操作、数据处理及论文初稿的撰写; 吴慧彬负责部分实验操作与文章校对; 陈想负责文章校对与数据分析处理; 代海兵负责实验指导与文章校对; 梅林和于建渤负责课题的总体进展、论文的修改并提供实验经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
梅林, Tel: 18665387360, E-mail:
于建渤, Tel: 13537695609, E-mail:
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溶酶体靶向的pH响应型荧光探针的合成及性能研究
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徐玉婷 1 , 吴慧彬 1 , 陈想 1 , 代海兵 1 , 梅林 2, * , 于建渤 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(8): 2595-2603
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (8) : 2595 -2603
溶酶体靶向的pH响应型荧光探针的合成及性能研究
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徐玉婷1, 吴慧彬1, 陈想1, 代海兵1, 梅林2, * , 于建渤1, *
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学深圳临床医学院, 深圳市龙岗中心医院, 广东 深圳 518116
  • 2中国医学科学院生物医学工程研究所, 先进医用材料与医疗器械全国重点实验室, 天津市生物医学材料重点实验室, 天津 300192
通讯作者:
梅林, Tel: 18665387360, E-mail:
于建渤, Tel: 13537695609, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

徐玉婷负责实验操作、数据处理及论文初稿的撰写; 吴慧彬负责部分实验操作与文章校对; 陈想负责文章校对与数据分析处理; 代海兵负责实验指导与文章校对; 梅林和于建渤负责课题的总体进展、论文的修改并提供实验经费支持。

Synthesis and properties of a pH-responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe for targeting lysosomes
Yu-ting XU1, Hui-bin WU1, Xiang CHEN1, Hai-bing DAI1, Lin MEI2, * , Jian-bo YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518116, China
  • 2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
出版时间: 2025-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0007
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溶酶体是细胞内具有溶解或消化功能的细胞器, 内部含有多种酸依赖性酶, 这些酶负责细胞内物质的回收和降解。溶酶体内pH值的变化会导致多种酶活性下降, 从而妨碍细胞调节能力, 最终引发细胞凋亡或焦亡。因此检测溶酶体pH值有助于探究细胞生理病理过程的改变。本研究构建了一种溶酶体靶向的pH响应型近红外荧光探针, 称为哌嗪-克酮酸-哌嗪(piperazine-croconic acid-piperazine, PCP)。该探针通过在克酮酸两端连接供电子基团哌嗪形成π共轭体系, 五元环结构的π共轭体系赋予其良好的稳定性和抗光漂白能力, 而作为溶酶体靶向基团的哌嗪, 其叔胺部分在不同pH值条件下发生可逆的质子化/脱质子化过程, 从而展现pH响应特性。合成的PCP荧光探针具有优异的近红外荧光性能, 适用于活细胞内溶酶体pH值的荧光成像。通过溶液及细胞内实验验证, PCP荧光探针具有较好的生物相容性及pH响应特性。此外, PCP荧光探针的对称性结构及良好的分子刚度使其具有优异的抗光漂白性能。本研究利用合成的PCP荧光探针检测溶酶体的pH值, 为溶酶体功能异常引起的相关疾病提供新的诊疗方法。

溶酶体靶向  /  近红外区  /  pH响应  /  荧光探针  /  外阴癌细胞

Lysosomes are intracellular organelles with lysosomal or digestive functions which contain various acid-dependent enzymes that are responsible for the recycling and degradation of intracellular substances. pH changes in lysosomes can reduce the activity of various enzymes, impairing the cell′s regulatory capacity and ultimately leading to apoptosis or pyroptosis. Therefore, monitoring lysosomal pH values is valuable for investigating alterations in intracellular physiological and pathological processes. This study developed a novel pH-responsive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe targeting lysosomes, named piperazine-croconic acid-piperazine (PCP). This probe was formed by connecting the electron-donating group piperazine to both ends of croconic acid. The π-conjugated system, featuring a five-membered ring structure, endowed the probe with excellent stability and resistance to photobleaching. The tertiary amine moiety of piperazine, serving as a lysosome-targeting group, produced reversible protonation/deprotonation under varying pH conditions as result of exhibiting pH-responsive characteristics. The synthesized PCP demonstrated excellent NIR fluorescence performance, making it suitable for fluorescence imaging of lysosomal pH values in living cells. Both solution and intracellular experiments confirmed that PCP exhibited good biocompatibility and pH-responsive characteristics. Additionally, its symmetrical structure and molecular rigidity contributed to its excellent resistance to photobleaching. This study employed PCP probes to detect the pH values of the lysosomes, offering potential avenues for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with lysosomal dysfunction.

lysosome-targeting  /  near-infrared (NIR)  /  pH-responsive  /  fluorescent probes  /  CAL-39 cell
徐玉婷, 吴慧彬, 陈想, 代海兵, 梅林, 于建渤. 溶酶体靶向的pH响应型荧光探针的合成及性能研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2595 -2603 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0007
Yu-ting XU, Hui-bin WU, Xiang CHEN, Hai-bing DAI, Lin MEI, Jian-bo YU. Synthesis and properties of a pH-responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe for targeting lysosomes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2595 -2603 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0007
溶酶体在细胞的生理过程中发挥重要作用, 包括对蛋白质等生物大分子的降解、细胞内受损或老化细胞器的清除、细胞自噬及细胞信号传导的调节[1-3]。作为细胞内的“消化器官”, 低pH值的环境对于溶酶体内部的稳态维持至关重要[4]。当pH值出现异常时, 溶酶体内酶的活性发生变化, 进而影响其消化功能, 诱发神经退行性疾病、类风湿关节炎、肿瘤等疾病[5-7]。因此, 细胞内溶酶体pH值变化的检测对于细胞内相关生理病理过程的观测、炎症、癌症等疾病的预防具有重要意义。与传统的光谱法、电极法和指示剂法相比, 荧光探针具备非侵入性、高灵敏度和原位成像等优势, 更适用于细胞内pH值的检测, 已在生物研究领域得到广泛应用[8, 9]。此外, 根据发射光谱的不同, 检测pH值的荧光探针又分为紫外或可见光荧光探针、近红外荧光探针、远红外荧光探针等[10-12]。
现有的pH值荧光探针大多属于紫外或可见光荧光探针, 其发射光谱通常位于400~700 nm内, 虽然这些探针对pH值的变化具有高度灵敏性, 但由于易发生光漂白和干扰细胞代谢等问题, 实际应用被限制[13]。近红外荧光探针是一种发射光谱范围位于近红外(near-infrared, NIR) 区域的荧光探针, 其范围通常是650~900 nm, 具有强大的组织穿透能力和低自发荧光背景, 不仅在组织深层成像中表现良好, 而且通过提高信噪比能够更准确地监测pH值的变化[14]。因此, 开发靶向检测溶酶体内pH值的荧光探针是必要的[15]。
克酮酸菁是一种克酮酸类荧光染料, 通过克酮酸与具有供电子能力基团之间的化学缩合反应合成[16]。供电子基团的引入导致染料分子发生π-π能级跃迁的改变, 使得该染料吸收波长发生红移, 赋予其优异的近红外成像能力[17, 18]。此外, 克酮酸菁的分子结构包含π共轭体系使其具有对称性, 基于共轭延伸策略构建的刚性平面骨架能够显著增强光稳定性并减少非特异性结合, 因此相较于传统荧光染料(如罗丹明类) 具有更好的光稳定性[19]。凭借荧光性能和生物相容性, 克酮酸类染料在光学转换和生物荧光检测等领域得到广泛应用[20]。例如, Wang等[21]基于克酮酸原料合成克酮酸/槲皮素/二氧化钙光热纳米平台, 该平台在乳腺癌的治疗中表现出较强的近红外光吸收能力和光热转换能力, 克酮酸/槲皮素/二氧化钙光热纳米材料在体内外实验中被证实具有显著的光热治疗效果。
本研究通过在克酮酸两端连接供电子基团形成π共轭体系, 并将其与作为溶酶体靶向基团和pH响应位点的哌嗪结合, 合成一种靶向溶酶体的pH响应型近红外荧光探针, 称为哌嗪-克酮酸-哌嗪探针(piperazine-croconic acid-piperazine, PCP)。合成的PCP荧光探针含有克酮酸类染料的稳定五元环共轭结构, 具备较好的稳定性和抗光漂白能力; 哌嗪基团作为pH响应元件, 在脱质子化时作为强供电子基团能够增强分子内电荷转移, 反之抑制[22]; 同时, 质子化引发分子构象重排, 通过空间位阻效应改变荧光基团与哌嗪基团间的相互作用, 直接影响荧光量子产率[23]。以上两种机制的协同作用使得哌嗪衍生类荧光探针能够响应pH值的变化。因此, 本文首先探究PCP荧光探针的pH响应性能和生物安全性, 分析其溶酶体靶向功能, 进一步通过能量独立实验和地塞米松诱导的凋亡实验评估PCP荧光探针检测活细胞内溶酶体pH值变化的能力。
材料与细胞  克酮酸(croconic acid, 488-86-8)、氘代氯仿(chloroform-d, CDCl3, C109593)、地塞米松(dexamethasone, 50-02-2)、二氯甲烷(dichloromethane, DCM, 75-09-2)、甲醇(methanol, MeOH, 67-56-1)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, 67-68-5) 均购自中国阿拉丁试剂有限公司; 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, 10091148) 购自美国Gibco Life Science公司; 培养基(dulbecco's modified eagle medium, DMEM, G4511-500ML)、磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS, G4202-500ML)、青链霉素混合液(G4003-100ML)、CCK-8高灵敏快速检测试剂盒(G1613-5ML)、DAPI染色试剂(G1012-10ML)、溶酶体绿色荧光探针(LysoTrackerTM green DND-26, LTG, G1722-50UL)、玻璃底共聚焦皿(WG801001)、细胞培养皿(CCD-35) 均购自中国赛维尔生物有限公司。外阴癌细胞CAL-39购自上海ATCC细胞库。
仪器  Avance Ⅲ 600MHz型核磁共振仪(德国Bruker公司); Lambda 35紫外-可见分光光度计(美国PerkinElmer公司); FluoroMax-4荧光分光光度计(日本Horiba公司); Synergy Neo 2型多功能酶标仪(美国BioTek公司); DMi8倒置荧光显微镜(德国Leica公司); 二氧化碳培养箱(美国Thermo Fisher公司)。
PCP荧光探针的合成与表征[24]  将1-甲基-4-(2-噻吩)-哌嗪(364 mg, 2 mmol) 和克酮酸(142 mg, 1 mmol) 溶解于1∶1的无水甲苯/1-丁醇混合溶剂(10 mL) 中。将反应体系转移至氮气保护的三颈烧瓶中, 磁力搅拌速率设置为500 r·min-1, 加热至120 ℃回流8 h。全程通氮气维持惰性氛围, 避免克酮酸氧化及不良反应发生。反应结束后, 将混合物冷却至室温, 收集滤液并减压旋蒸至干燥。粗产物通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化(洗脱剂: DCM∶MeOH = 95∶5, v/v), 得到深绿色固体PCP (102 mg, 22%), 即为目标产物PCP荧光探针。将荧光探针放置于4 ºC保存, 备用。
通过核磁共振波谱表征此PCP荧光探针, 具体步骤如下: 将10 mg PCP荧光探针溶解于1 mL CDCl3, 测定其1H NMR谱(400 MHz); 将50 mg PCP荧光探针溶解于1 mL CDCl3, 测定其13C NMR谱(100 MHz)。使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定PCP荧光探针(浓度为30 μmol·L-1) 的紫外可见吸收光谱; 确定PCP荧光探针的最大吸收峰后利用荧光分光光度计测定其荧光发射光谱。测试均在氮气保护的比色皿中进行, 避免溶剂挥发及光氧化干扰。
细胞培养条件及细胞毒性实验[25]  外阴癌细胞CAL-39使用含10%胎牛血清、1%链霉素和1%青霉素的DMEM培养基, 在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中进行培养。使用CCK-8试剂盒对不同浓度的PCP荧光探针进行细胞毒性试验。首先, 将CAL-39细胞接种于96孔板中, 分别培养12、24和48 h。培养时间到达后弃掉培养基, 加入含有不同浓度(0、1.25、2.5、5、10和20 μmol·L-1) PCP荧光探针的新鲜DMEM培养基, 继续培养24 h。最后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK-8, 孵育1.5 h后, 通过酶标仪在450 nm下检测细胞存活率。
PCP荧光探针的溶酶体共定位细胞成像  将CAL-39细胞接种于玻璃底共聚焦皿中, 孵育24 h。将溶于DMSO溶液的浓度为2 mmol·L-1 PCP荧光探针以2 μmol·L-1的终浓度加入培养基中。随后将铺有CAL-39细胞的玻璃底共聚焦皿内加入PCP荧光探针, 孵育30 min, 之后用PBS洗涤3次, 加入LTG继续孵育30 min。随后, PBS洗涤3次后加入DAPI孵育3 min。最后, 用PBS洗涤3次后, 于荧光显微镜下进行观察。
PCP荧光探针在活细胞中的pH响应性能检测  为了评估PCP荧光探针对CAL-39细胞的pH响应能力, 在共聚焦皿内接种CAL-39细胞并培养24 h。将溶于DMSO溶液的浓度为2 mmol·L-1 PCP荧光探针以2 μmol·L-1的终浓度加入培养基中。将CAL-39细胞用含有PCP荧光探针的不同pH值PBS溶液处理15 min, 于荧光显微镜下观察。
PCP荧光探针的光漂白实验  将CAL-39细胞接种于共聚焦皿中培养。24 h后, 将浓度为2 mmol·L-1的PCP荧光探针溶于DMSO, 取一定体积加入培养基中稀释至终浓度为2 μmol·L-1。使用PCP荧光探针和LTG探针处理细胞, 使用徕卡激光器(激光强度50%) 在100 mW·cm-2下持续照射CAL-39细胞30 s, 于荧光显微镜下观察。
PCP荧光探针在不同温度下的能量独立实验  在共聚焦皿内接种CAL-39细胞并培养24 h。将溶于DMSO溶液的浓度为2 mmol·L-1 PCP荧光探针以2 μmol·L-1的终浓度加入培养基中。随后为了研究PCP荧光探针进入CAL-39细胞的机制, 加入含PCP荧光探针的培养基, 分别在37 ℃和4 ℃下孵育15 min, 于荧光显微镜下进行观察。
PCP荧光探针在ATP生成抑制下的能量独立实验  在共聚焦皿内接种CAL-39细胞并培养24 h。使用100 nmol·L-1浓度的ATP抑制剂(叠氮化钠) 处理后, PBS缓冲液洗涤细胞3次, 随后将终浓度2 μmol·L-1的PCP荧光探针加入细胞培养基中, 培养箱中孵育30 min, 于荧光显微镜下进行观察。
PCP荧光探针在活细胞内检测溶酶体pH值的荧光成像  在共聚焦皿内每毫升接种5×104个CAL-39细胞并培养24 h后, 弃掉培养液清洗细胞。随后用100 μmol·L-1地塞米松预处理CAL-39细胞10~60 min, 清洗细胞后按照终浓度2 μmol·L-1添加溶于DMSO溶液中的PCP荧光探针(浓度为2 mmol·L-1), 于荧光显微镜下进行观察。
统计学方法  使用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行数据统计分析。所有结果均表示为均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s). 组间比较采用独立样本t检验, 以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
如图1A所示, PCP荧光探针由1-甲基-4-(2-噻吩)-哌嗪和克酮酸通过缩合反应构建, 分子中具有大π共轭体系; 哌嗪可作为溶酶体的靶向基团, 并且其含有的叔胺部分能够在不同pH值下发生可逆的质子化/脱质子化过程, 从而影响整体分子的荧光性能, 表现出pH响应特性。
PCP荧光探针的1H NMR表征如图1B所示, 含有5种不同化学氛围的氢原子, 其中δH = 2.28的单重峰为哌嗪的甲基峰, δH = 8.82~8.50和6.49处的峰为噻吩中的次甲基峰, δH = 3.75~3.47和2.51处的多重峰为哌嗪上的亚甲基峰; PCP荧光探针的13C NMR表征如图1C所示, 共有19种不同化学位移的核磁峰, 其分别对应分子中19种不同化学环境下的碳原子, 以上表明PCP荧光探针构建成功。
PCP荧光探针的光物理性质通过紫外可见光吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱表征, 如图1D所示, 该探针的最大吸收峰为770 nm, 在此波长的激发下, 得到最大发射波长为790 nm的荧光发射峰(图1E), 具有典型的近红外荧光成像性质。此外, 实验检测该荧光探针在pH = 3.5~7.5区间的荧光强度, 可见PCP荧光探针的荧光强度随pH值降低逐渐增强, 当pH值为4.5时达到最大荧光强度, 对比pH值为7.5处的荧光值提升约1.5倍。由此可见, 本研究构建的PCP荧光探针具有较好的pH响应能力。
将不同浓度(0、1.25、2.5、5、10和20 μmol·L-1) 的PCP荧光探针与CAL-39细胞共同孵育12、24、48 h, 采用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞存活率以评估其生物安全性。结果如图2所示, PCP荧光探针浓度在0至5 μmol·L-1之间, CAL-39细胞活力均高于95%; 提高PCP荧光探针浓度至10 μmol·L-1时, CAL-39细胞活力高于91%; 再提高PCP荧光探针浓度至20 μmol·L-1时, 12和24 h的细胞存活率均高于90%, 48 h的CAL-39细胞存活率高于85%。以上结果表明, 随着PCP荧光探针浓度的增加, 细胞未出现明显的死亡现象, 表明构建的PCP荧光探针具有较好的生物安全性。
将5 μmol·L-1 PCP荧光探针与CAL-39细胞共孵育30 min后, 于倒置荧光显微镜下进行观察。如图3A所示, CAL-39细胞内的PCP荧光探针呈现明显的红色荧光, LTG孵育处理的CAL-39细胞内的溶酶体呈现显著的绿色荧光; 经DAPI染色的CAL-39细胞核呈现蓝色荧光。3种荧光的融合图如图3B所示, 黄色荧光显示PCP荧光探针与LTG探针发生共定位现象。Pearson系数和Mander系数分别为0.93和0.89, 进一步证实PCP荧光探针与溶酶体的共定位效果。进一步对共定位结果进行分析, 在CAL-39细胞中, PCP荧光探针与LTG的染色部位具有较高的重合率。以上实验结果说明, PCP荧光探针具备良好的溶酶体靶向性。
在验证PCP荧光探针能够靶向肿瘤细胞的溶酶体并荧光成像后, 进一步探讨PCP荧光探针对活细胞溶酶体内不同pH值的响应特性。将含有PCP荧光探针的不同pH值PBS溶液(pH值分别为4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0和6.5) 与CAL-39细胞共孵育30 min后进行荧光成像(图4A)。随着pH值的增加, PCP荧光探针在CAL-39细胞中的荧光强度逐渐减弱。pH值为4时, PCP荧光探针在CAL-39细胞中的荧光强度最强, 而pH值为6.5时, 其荧光强度最弱。随后, 对不同pH值实验组中的PCP荧光探针的荧光强度进行定量分析(图4B), 结果显示随着pH值升高, PCP荧光探针的荧光强度逐渐减弱。表明PCP荧光探针对溶酶体生理pH范围内的检测具有较高的灵敏度。
在证明PCP荧光探针具有良好的pH响应特性后, 进一步通过光漂白实验探究PCP荧光探针的光稳定性。实验结果如图5A所示, 对照组LTG在激光持续照射4 s后其荧光强度显著降低, 并在12~24 s内产生明显的光漂白效应; 而PCP荧光探针实验组荧光强度在激光持续照射28 s后仍未显著下降, 说明PCP荧光探针的光稳定性良好。图5B、C分别为LTG与PCP荧光探针在激光持续照射28 s内的荧光强度定量分析, 图5B显示LTG对照组在激光持续照射4 s后的荧光强度相比0 s时下降46.0%; 照射12 s比照射0 s时的荧光强度下降59.8%; 照射28 s相较于照射0 s时的荧光强度降低80%。图5C显示PCP荧光探针实验组在照射4 s时的荧光强度相比于照射0 s时仅下降2.8%, 在照射12 s时的荧光强度相比于照射0 s时下降9.9%, 而照射28 s后相较于照射0 s时PCP荧光探针的荧光强度仅降低18%。以上结果表明, PCP荧光探针具有优异的抗光漂白能力。
目前, 根据文献[26, 27]报道大多数的荧光探针依赖于细胞内能量穿越细胞膜。为探究PCP荧光探针是否需要依赖能量进入活细胞, 分别在37 ℃和4 ℃下共同孵育PCP与CAL-39细胞进行能量独立实验(图6)。在37 ℃和4 ℃条件下, PCP荧光探针均呈现显著的红色荧光, 表明在不同温度下, PCP荧光探针均能顺利进入细胞内部(图6A)。进一步对不同温度条件下的荧光图像进行定量分析, 37 ℃时PCP荧光探针的荧光强度与4 ℃时相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05), 表明PCP荧光探针在不同温度条件下均能够通过非温度依赖的内吞方式顺利进入活细胞, 其进入过程与能量无关(图6B)。
随后使用ATP抑制剂(叠氮化钠) 探究PCP荧光探针的能量独立性, 叠氮化钠处理组和空白对照组均观察到明显的红色荧光(图6C), 说明能量代谢抑制未影响PCP荧光探针进入细胞溶酶体。进一步对荧光图像进行了定量分析, 结果表明叠氮化钠处理组的荧光强度与空白对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05, 图6D), 证明PCP荧光探针的摄取效率不受ATP水平影响。
在细胞凋亡过程中, 溶酶体释放质子导致质子渗透, 从而使溶酶体的pH值显著升高。因此, 作者选择使用促进细胞凋亡的药物地塞米松, 模拟细胞凋亡下溶酶体pH值变化的情况, 在地塞米松孵育CAL-39细胞10和60 min后, 分别对其进行了荧光成像。结果如图7所示, 地塞米松诱导的凋亡组中, 相较于对照组中的PCP荧光探针的荧光强度在10 min处急剧下降; 而在60 min处的荧光强度仅剩微弱的荧光信号。表明地塞米松诱导细胞凋亡后, PCP的荧光强度在一定时间内呈现时间依赖性的降低, 实验结果与之前的文献[28]报道一致。以上实验结果表明, PCP荧光探针具有追踪活细胞内溶酶体pH值变化的能力。
溶酶体作为细胞内的“消化器官”, 在细胞的生理过程中发挥重要作用, 包括细胞内受损或老化细胞器的降解、参与细胞自噬及细胞信号传导等环节[29, 30]。溶酶体内部稳态依赖于溶酶体内低pH值环境。因此, 监测细胞内溶酶体pH值的变化对于观察细胞生理和病理过程, 以及预防炎症和癌症等疾病至关重要。近年来, 与传统的荧光探针如罗丹明类探针相比, 近红外荧光探针因其强大的组织穿透能力和较低的自发荧光背景而受到广泛关注[31]。本文合成的PCP荧光探针与其他近红外探针(花菁类) 相比具有以下优势: PCP荧光探针的共轭体系使其在近红外Ⅰ区(700~1 000 nm) 具有优势的发射波长, 更适用于深层组织的成像和肿瘤的长期追踪; 在生物相容性方面, PCP荧光探针由于其对称结构具有低细胞毒性, 相较花菁类更适合于体内肿瘤检测; 此外PCP荧光探针能够通过pH响应机制实现溶酶体成像。因此, 开发新型近红外荧光探针逐渐成为研究者们探索的重要方向。
本文构建了一种靶向溶酶体的pH响应型近红外荧光探针PCP。该探针的π共轭体系赋予其优异的近红外荧光特性, 同时作为溶酶体靶向基团和pH响应位点的哌嗪, 使其具备pH响应特性。与外阴癌细胞共孵育后, 观察到PCP荧光探针成功靶向溶酶体, 细胞内共定位分析的结果进一步证实PCP荧光探针具备良好的溶酶体靶向性。此外, 在含有PCP荧光探针的不同pH值PBS溶液孵育处理外阴癌细胞后, 经检测证明PCP荧光探针具有pH响应特性, 可见其在生理pH值范围内的变化检测具有高灵敏度。光漂白实验的结果验证PCP荧光探针具有良好的光稳定性。能量独立实验证实PCP荧光探针在低温和ATP生成抑制时仍能顺利进入细胞内具有非能量依赖性。地塞米松通过干扰溶酶体膜上的V-ATP酶功能抑制水解酶导致溶酶体膜通透性增加, 释放到胞质的组织蛋白酶激活天冬氨酸特异性的半胱氨酸蛋白水解酶级联反应发生凋亡, 使用地塞米松处理活细胞的实验结果证明PCP荧光探针具备较好的监测活细胞内溶酶体pH值的能力。
本研究合成的PCP荧光探针在肿瘤酸性微环境的监测中具备以下应用潜力: ①监测肿瘤细胞溶酶体的pH值: PCP荧光探针能够反映肿瘤细胞内溶酶体pH值的动态变化, 为研究代谢异常和溶酶体功能失调提供重要信息; ②指导个性化治疗: 鉴于肿瘤酸性微环境与化疗耐药性的相关性, 利用PCP荧光探针监测pH值的变化能够评估肿瘤治疗效果, 指导个体化策略; ③开发pH响应型药物递送系统: 可基于PCP荧光探针设计靶向释放的纳米药物系统, 提高疗效并减少不良反应[32, 33]。本研究为生物医学领域中基于克酮酸制备的有机分子荧光探针的开发提供了新方法。
在后续的研究中, 本课题组将通过多种细胞株来验证PCP荧光探针的性能, 验证PCP荧光探针适用于监测普遍细胞的生理和病理过程中溶酶体pH值的动态变化, 并且还将进一步研究细胞内溶酶体pH值变化在耐药相关信号通路的潜在机制。因此, 本研究为实现细胞内溶酶体pH值检测的可视化提供初步实验依据, 并为近红外荧光探针在生物医学领域的应用奠定了重要基础。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0007
  • 接收时间:2025-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-04
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
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    1广州中医药大学深圳临床医学院, 深圳市龙岗中心医院, 广东 深圳 518116
    2中国医学科学院生物医学工程研究所, 先进医用材料与医疗器械全国重点实验室, 天津市生物医学材料重点实验室, 天津 300192

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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