Article(id=1308455485330449017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889697630, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1754928000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889697630, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889697630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889697630, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455410751525737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='2375', pageEnd='2648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754928000000', pubDateStr='2025-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889679849, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893542748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471612978786381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455410751525737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2453, endPage=2465, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455485527581306, articleId=1308455485330449017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in drug research targeting ubiquitin-specific protease 7, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) is one of the more widely studied members of the deubiquitinating enzyme family, which regulates the activity and function of a variety of proteins in cells. USP7 is closely associated with the tumor progression, which makes USP7 a highly promising target for drug therapy. However, no drug targeting USP7 has yet been approved for clinical trials, thus the development of drug targeting USP7 still requires in-depth research. This article reviews the structure and function of USP7 and the progress of drug research targeting USP7.

, authors=Wan-qing YU1, 2, Chao CHEN2, Ya-xi YANG2, Ying ZHI1, Bing ZHOU1, 2, *, authorsList=Wan-qing YU, Chao CHEN, Ya-xi YANG, Ying ZHI, Bing ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bing ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455489277289107, articleId=1308455485330449017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶7的药物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

泛素特异性蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7, USP7) 是去泛素化酶家族中研究较为广泛的成员之一, 能调节细胞内多种蛋白的活性和功能。USP7与癌症的发生发展密切相关, 使其成为一个极具潜力的药物治疗靶点。但目前尚未有靶向USP7的药物被批准进入临床试验, 以USP7为靶点的药物开发仍然需要深入的研究。本文综述了USP7的结构、功能及以USP7为靶点的药物研究进展。

, authors=于万晴1, 2, 陈超2, 杨亚玺2, 智英1, 周兵1, 2, *, authorsList=于万晴, 陈超, 杨亚玺, 智英, 周兵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周兵, authorNote=

作者贡献:

于万晴负责文献资料的收集、文章的撰写及图表的绘制; 陈超提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等工作; 杨亚玺负责文章的修改; 智英在文章修回时提供修改意见并对图表进行完善; 周兵负责文章的选题与稿件修改完善等工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
周兵, Tel: 15001787478, E-mail:
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Inhibition of USP7 induces p53-independent tumor growth suppression in triple-negative breast cancers by destabilizing FOXM1 [J]. Cell Death Differ, 2023, 30: 1799-1810., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308499375945515746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455485330449017, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu MM, Fu JF, Pei Y, et al. Discovery of a highly potent, selective and efficacious USP7 degrader for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia [J]. 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A: Structural formula and structure-activity relationship of compounds 12 (FT671), 13 (FT827), 14 (YCH2823), 15 (L55), 16 (X20), 17 (X26), 18 (X36), 19-22; B, C, D: Eutectic structure of compound 12 and USP7, yellow dashed lines represent the hydrogen bonding interaction (PDB ID: 5NGE); E: Eutectic structure of compound 15 and USP7, yellow dashed lines represent the hydrogen bonding interaction (PDB ID: 6M1K), figureFileSmall=/V1UOBtUgr4Vm2VHSy1nFg==, figureFileBig=aPG6l4FsrvUal14cb/X8fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499361898791561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455485330449017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PtcC0HKiieu8ZxjBC3D53Q==, figureFileBig=xu5enqBkMX9If0KD1dPcuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499361970094730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455485330449017, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Structures and conformational relationships of 4-quinazolinone derivatives. 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靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶7的药物研究进展
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于万晴 1, 2 , 陈超 2 , 杨亚玺 2 , 智英 1 , 周兵 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(8): 2453-2465
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (8) : 2453 -2465
靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶7的药物研究进展
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于万晴1, 2, 陈超2, 杨亚玺2, 智英1, 周兵1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1山东第一医科大学 (山东省医学科学院), 山东 济南 250117
  • 2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海 (烟台) 药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264117
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周兵, Tel: 15001787478, E-mail:
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于万晴负责文献资料的收集、文章的撰写及图表的绘制; 陈超提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等工作; 杨亚玺负责文章的修改; 智英在文章修回时提供修改意见并对图表进行完善; 周兵负责文章的选题与稿件修改完善等工作。

Advances in drug research targeting ubiquitin-specific protease 7
Wan-qing YU1, 2, Chao CHEN2, Ya-xi YANG2, Ying ZHI1, Bing ZHOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
  • 2Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
出版时间: 2025-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1048
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泛素特异性蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7, USP7) 是去泛素化酶家族中研究较为广泛的成员之一, 能调节细胞内多种蛋白的活性和功能。USP7与癌症的发生发展密切相关, 使其成为一个极具潜力的药物治疗靶点。但目前尚未有靶向USP7的药物被批准进入临床试验, 以USP7为靶点的药物开发仍然需要深入的研究。本文综述了USP7的结构、功能及以USP7为靶点的药物研究进展。

泛素-蛋白酶体系统  /  去泛素化酶  /  泛素特异性蛋白酶7  /  抑制剂  /  癌症治疗

Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) is one of the more widely studied members of the deubiquitinating enzyme family, which regulates the activity and function of a variety of proteins in cells. USP7 is closely associated with the tumor progression, which makes USP7 a highly promising target for drug therapy. However, no drug targeting USP7 has yet been approved for clinical trials, thus the development of drug targeting USP7 still requires in-depth research. This article reviews the structure and function of USP7 and the progress of drug research targeting USP7.

ubiquitin-proteasome system  /  deubiquitinase  /  ubiquitin-specific protease 7  /  inhibitor  /  cancer therapy
于万晴, 陈超, 杨亚玺, 智英, 周兵. 靶向泛素特异性蛋白酶7的药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2453 -2465 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1048
Wan-qing YU, Chao CHEN, Ya-xi YANG, Ying ZHI, Bing ZHOU. Advances in drug research targeting ubiquitin-specific protease 7[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (8) : 2453 -2465 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1048
细胞内蛋白质的稳态水平取决于蛋白质的合成和降解速率, 维持适当的蛋白质稳态对细胞的生存和生长至关重要。泛素蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin proteasome system, UPS) 能够通过蛋白质泛素化修饰高度特异性和选择性地调控靶蛋白的稳定性。USP7属于泛素化修饰中的去泛素化酶, 对p53-MDM2 (murine double minute 2)-USP7通路有关键的调控作用[1, 2], 并与多种癌症的进展密切相关。作为一个极具潜力的创新药物靶标, 目前靶向USP7的药物研究处于高速发展中。
在真核生物中, 蛋白质降解的主要途径之一是泛素-蛋白酶体途径。泛素蛋白酶体系统包括泛素(ubiquitin, Ub)、泛素激活酶(ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E1)、泛素结合酶(ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E2)、泛素连接酶(ubiquitin-protein ligase, E3)、26S蛋白酶体和去泛素化酶(deubiquitinase, DUBs)[3, 4]。泛素-蛋白酶体系统介导的蛋白质降解包括两个阶段: 分别为蛋白底物的泛素化修饰和蛋白酶体对底物的降解。蛋白质的泛素化修饰是由泛素激活酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2) 和泛素连接酶(E3) 的级联反应介导的[5]。泛素是由76个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质, 既可以发生单泛素化[6], 还可以通过泛素分子本身具有的8个潜在泛素化位点(M1、K6、K11、K27、K29、K33、K48和K63) 形成不同拓扑结构的多聚泛素链[7, 8]。泛素化修饰具有丰富的生物学功能, 其中, K48和K11多聚泛素链通常标记蛋白质以进行蛋白酶体降解。泛素化是一个高度动态可逆并被严格调控的过程, 去泛素化酶可以去除底物蛋白的泛素化修饰, 防止其被蛋白酶体降解, 从而保持蛋白的稳定。
人类基因组中编码大约100种去泛素化酶, 根据其作用机制分为半胱氨酸蛋白酶和锌金属蛋白酶[9, 10]。半胱氨酸蛋白酶又进一步细分为泛素特异性蛋白酶(ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USPs)、卵巢肿瘤相关蛋白酶(ovarian tumor-related proteases, OTUs)、Machado-Joseph结构域相关金属蛋白酶(Machado-Joseph domain-containing proteases, MJDs)、泛素羧基末端水解酶(ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases, UCHs)、含锌指的泛素肽酶1 (zinc finger-containing ubiquitin peptidase 1, ZUP1), 及与含泛素的新型DUB家族相互作用基序(motif interacting with ubiquitin-containing novel DUB family proteases, MINDY)。
USP7是研究较深入的去泛素化酶之一[11, 12], 它属于USPs家族, 由1 102个氨基酸残基组成, 主要分为肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors, TRAF) 结构域, 催化核心(catalytic core) 结构域和羧基端串联的5个泛素样(ubiquition-like, UBL) 结构域(图1)。TRAF结构域是USP7特有的结构域, 该结构域由8个反向平行的β-折叠组成, 能够有效控制USP7的核定位, 可以与p53、MDM2、MDMX、PTEN、EBNA1和vIRF1等蛋白相互作用[13, 14], 因此对底物的识别至关重要[15]。催化核心结构域形似右手, 可分为手掌(palm)、拇指(thumb) 和手指(finger) 3个亚结构域, 其中Cys223、His464和Asp481组成保守的催化三联体[16]。催化三联体一般处于非活性构象, 与泛素结合后经由其结构中的“switching loop”介导转换为活性构象, 进而介导底物蛋白去泛素化[17]。羧基端结构域包含5个泛素样基序和一个由无序的保守肽组成的调控区[18]。其中, UBL1、UBL2、UBL3可以与ICP0、RNF168、RNF169、XPC、DNMT1产生相互作用。UBL4和UBL5可以与USP7催化域的“switching loop”相互作用, 增强USP7的活性和对其底物的亲和力[18, 19]。
在过去的10年中, 已经发现了超过70种蛋白是USP7的潜在底物, 通过调节底物的稳定性, USP7参与了有丝分裂、凋亡、DNA复制和修复、细胞周期、表观遗传调节和免疫应答等过程的调控[20]。USP7的功能紊乱与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关, 其在多种癌症中高表达, 包括乳腺癌[21]、卵巢癌[22]、前列腺癌[23]、宫颈癌[24]和结肠直肠癌[25]等, 是肿瘤进展和预后不良的标志。
p53是由TP53基因编码的肿瘤抑制因子, 它能维持细胞的基因组稳定、防止基因突变, 从而抑制肿瘤的发生。研究发现, 在一些肿瘤细胞中E3泛素连接酶MDM2会高表达, MDM2能将p53泛素化并促进其降解, MDM2还与p53的N端转录激活结构域结合, 从而阻止p53与其靶基因结合, 促进p53的核输出, 进一步抑制p53作为转录因子的作用(图2)[13, 26]。此外, MDM2也是p53下游调控的基因之一, p53水平升高也会导致MDM2水平升高[26]。研究发现, MDM2和p53都是USP7底物, 但USP7主要去泛素化MDM2[13, 27], 导致MDM2上调, 并促进p53泛素化进而被26S蛋白酶体降解(图2)。因此, USP7在多种肿瘤中上调MDM2促进疾病进展, 如多发性骨髓瘤[28]、胶质瘤[29]、神经母细胞瘤[30]、上皮性卵巢癌[31]、肺鳞状细胞癌和大细胞癌[32]等。因此, 抑制USP7以实现MDM2的泛素化降解和p53蛋白的上调是抗肿瘤药物研发的重要策略之一。
在慢性髓性白血病和前列腺癌中, USP7可以去泛素化PTEN, 使PTEN通路失活[23, 33], 导致肿瘤细胞持续增殖。有研究表明, 在大多数结直肠癌中USP7去泛素化β-catenin蛋白, 导致β-catenin的积累, 从而激活Wnt/β-catenin通路, 这与结直肠癌细胞的侵袭性密切相关[34, 35]。USP7还可以通过直接去泛素化p65-NF-κB或间接地通过去泛素化NF-κB上游因子来控制NF-κB信号通路, 导致肿瘤微环境中的炎症反应等[36]。此外, USP7还可以通过增强Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能, 抑制Teff细胞, 促进肿瘤逃避机体的免疫应答[37]。靶向USP7可以抑制M2巨噬细胞的分化和功能, 激活CD8+ T细胞, 抑制Lewis肺癌的体内生长[38]。
目前已报道的USP7抑制剂根据其主要的骨架类型可分为8类: 取代的噻吩衍生物、吖啶衍生物、氰吡咯烷衍生物、2-氨基-4-乙基吡啶衍生物、4-羟基哌啶衍生物、4-喹唑啉酮衍生物、噻吩并吡啶衍生物、吡嗪衍生物。此外, 天然产物也是USP7抑制剂的重要来源。这些抑制剂根据作用机制可分为共价抑制剂和非共价抑制剂: 共价抑制剂主要通过与催化结构域的Cys223形成共价键, 阻断泛素的结合; 非共价抑制剂主要结合在催化中心附近的变构位点上。由于USP家族催化结构域高度同源, 共价抑制剂表现出有限的选择性; 相反, 非共价的变构抑制剂表现出相对更好的选择性[39, 40]。
2012年Chauhan等[28]利用高通量筛选发现了三取代噻吩衍生物1 (P5091, 图3), 其EC50值为4.2 ± 0.9 μmol·L-1。2-乙酰基、4-硝基和5-取代的二氯苯硫基是决定活性的关键药效团。C-2位用乙基、正丁基等取代, C-5位的苯环用单氯取代或双氟取代都导致活性降低。二氯苯硫基的硫原子可与Cys223共价结合从而抑制USP7。化合物1在多发性骨髓瘤中可以克服硼替佐米耐药性, 与来那度胺、伏立诺他或地塞米松联用具有协同作用。研究显示, 化合物1对结直肠癌[25]、胶质母细胞瘤[41]和食管鳞状细胞癌[42]等也有一定的抑制作用。
随后Weinstock等[43]以化合物1 (图3) 为先导化合物进行结构优化, C-5位用间位氯取代的吡啶环代替邻位氯取代的苯环, 活性得以提高; C-2位引入胺甲基哌啶、4-甲氧基苯基胺、4-甲磺酰基苯基胺等亲水溶性基团, 其中4-甲磺酰基苯基胺取代化合物活性最好, 水溶性也得到改善; 进一步的C-4位构效关系研究发现氰基取代的化合物2 (P50429) 活性较好, 是USP7 (IC50 = 0.42 μmol·L-1) 和USP47 (IC50 = 1.0 μmol·L-1) 的双选择性抑制剂, 对GSH具有良好的稳定性和一定的血浆稳定性。进一步研究显示, 化合物2相比于1对HCT116细胞具有更强的增殖抑制作用。Altun等[44]对化合物1进行结构优化得到了USP7和USP47的双选择性抑制剂3 (P22077, 图3), 化合物3可以增强多柔比星和依托泊苷的细胞毒作用, 使化疗耐药的LA-N-6神经母细胞敏感[30]。
噻吩环上的吸电子取代基会增强对USP7的抑制活性, Chen等[45]利用电子云密度更低的噻唑环替换了化合物3中的噻吩环, 得到了一系列新的USP7抑制剂(图3)。进一步对C-2位进行构效关系研究, 用乙酰基、羟乙基、1-(苯甲酰氧基)乙基、苄基氨基甲酰、3-氟苄基氨基甲酰基等进行取代, 其中化合物4 (C7) 和5 (C19) 活性较好, IC50值分别为0.67和1.35 μmol·L-1, 对HCT-116细胞株的抗增殖活性略有提高。
2012年Reverdy等[46]通过高通量筛选, 发现了一类以化合物6 (HBX 19818, IC50 = 28.1 μmol·L-1) 和化合物7 (HBX 28258, IC50 = 22.6 μmol·L-1) 为代表的小分子USP7抑制剂(图4)。化合物6的活性氯原子位于催化位点Cys223附近, 这使得Cys223的巯基与含氯的碳原子之间形成共价键。进一步研究发现, 化合物6通过抑制USP7诱导含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase, caspase) 激活和DNA修复酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 的裂解, 导致HCT116细胞G1周期阻滞。
为了发现选择性USP7抑制剂, Bashore等[47]设计并合成了拟肽亲电抑制剂库, 经过筛选发现氰吡咯烷和氟苯乙酮抑制剂对USP7表现出较好抑制作用, 进一步优化得到化合物8 (GNE 3086) 和9 (GNE 3093) (图5), IC50值均为0.9 μmol·L-1, 并且都共价结合在Cys223。进一步研究显示, 半胱氨酸和氰基吡咯烷亲电试剂之间可形成硫代亚氨酸酯加成物, 然后半胱氨酸残基转化为脱氢丙氨酸(图5), 为半胱氨酸酶的不可逆抑制提供一种新的策略。
2017年Di Lello等[48]报道了两个变构抑制剂。首先, 通过虚拟筛选, 随后结合基于核磁共振的筛选和生化高通量筛选, 发现了一系列结合在USP7催化域的手掌区域并抑制其催化活性的2-氨基吡啶类化合物(图6)。吡啶母核上的2-氨基和4-乙基是活性的关键, 缺少2-氨基和4-乙基取代导致化合物活性降低。C-3位苯环上的酚羟基对活性也很重要, C-4位引入丙基、异丙基或氰基会使活性降低, C5位用疏水基团取代会提高活性。优选化合物10 (GNE-6640) 和11 (GNE-6776) 的IC50值分别为0.75和1.34 μmol·L-1。化合物10和USP7的晶体复合物结构显示, 苯酚片段伸入口袋底部, 羟基与His403和Gln405形成氢键, 2-氨基吡啶的氨基与Asp349形成氢键, 吲唑基团朝向溶剂暴露区。该类抑制剂减弱了USP7与泛素的结合, 从而抑制USP7的去泛素酶活性[49]。机制研究表明, USP7可通过去泛素化稳定PIM2, 化合物11能抑制USP7促进AML细胞系中p21水平升高和PIM2水平降低, 进而调控p53-MDM2通路发挥抗肿瘤作用[49]。
2017年Turnbull等[50]通过泛素-罗丹明分析法对由FORMA公司提供的50万个化合物进行筛选(图7), 并用等离子体共振技术对苗头化合物进行验证, 获得两个对USP7高特异性结合的化合物12 (FT671, IC50 = 52 nmol·L-1) 和13 (FT827)。晶体学研究显示, 两者都结合在USP7的催化结构域。化合物12中的对氟苯基结构指向手指结构域, 3-氟吡唑和哌啶伸入结合口袋。其母核结构中嘧啶酮的1位N原子和Gln297, 羰基和Arg408、Phe409形成氢键; 4-羟基哌啶的羟基和Val296、Asp295形成氢键; 哌啶环上N原子旁的羰基和Tyr465也形成氢键相互作用。FT827的乙烯磺酰胺基与Cys223结合, 属于共价抑制剂。值得注意的是, USP7中的“switching loop”阻止了Tyr465与拇指区域的相互作用, 使Tyr465残基可以与化合物形成氢键, 且Tyr514的残基构象转变进一步促进USP7与化合物的结合。而在其他USP结构中, Tyr465和Tyr514残基都指向泛素结合通道, 阻碍了USP与化合物12和13的结合, 这使得化合物12和13能够特异性地靶向USP7。机制研究表明, 化合物12能够降低MDM2等的稳定性, 增加p53水平, 促进p53靶基因p21等的转录, 最终抑制小鼠体内肿瘤的生长。
为了增强化合物12的细胞活性, Cheng等[51]采用了骨架跃迁策略, 发现了化合物14 (YCH2823, 图7), 其IC50值为49.6 ± 2.9 nmol·L-1。化合物14对TP53野生型(LNCaP细胞, MV4-11细胞)、TP53突变型(Capan-1细胞) 和MYCN-扩增型(CHP-212细胞、NCI-H526细胞) 细胞株表现出显著的增殖抑制作用, 其活性约是化合物12的5倍。化合物14能使p53和p21表达增加, 可有效诱导CHP-212细胞G1期显著阻滞和凋亡。
Li等[52]用杂芳环取代化合物12的柔性长链, 以模拟化合物12长链的空间构象, 去掉羰基并引入苄基, 设计了N-苄基哌啶醇衍生物, 其中2-氯-4-甲氧羰基苄基取代的化合物15 (L55) 是一种高选择性、强效的USP7抑制剂(IC50 = 40.8 nmol·L-1, KD = 78.3 nmol·L-1)。晶体结构显示, 化合物15结合在USP7手掌和拇指区域之间的裂隙中, (4-氨基甲基)苯基伸展到USP7表面, 并与Gln351发生氢键相互作用; 吡唑啉-亚胺酮基团伸入USP7口袋深处, 并与Gln297、Arg408和Phe409发生多重氢键相互作用; 哌啶醇的羟基和Val296、Asp295也形成氢键。化合物15对LNCaP细胞(IC50 = 29.6 nmol·L-1) 和RS4;11细胞(IC50 = 41.6 nmol·L-1) 具有较强的抑制活性, 能将细胞周期限制在G0/G1期和S期以诱导细胞死亡。此外, 化合物15能剂量依赖性降低MDM2和DNMT1蛋白水平, 增加p53和p21蛋白水平。
Li等[53]以化合物15为先导化合物, 设计合成了一系列新型的N-苄基哌啶醇衍生物。化合物15中易水解的甲酯基紧邻His456/461, 非常接近结合袋边缘, 用呋喃等环状基团取代甲酯部分, 不仅可以解决代谢不稳定性的问题, 还可以通过与His456/461形成潜在的氢键或π-π相互作用来增强其活性。进一步优化氨甲基片段, 获得活性提高的化合物16 (X20) 和17 (X26), 其IC50值分别为7.6和8.2 nmol·L-1。化合物16和17具有一定的肝微粒体稳定性, 但Caco-2细胞透膜率不理想。氟原子取代的化合物18 (X36) 活性略有降低, 其IC50值为64.5 nmol·L-1, 但口服利用度显著提高(t1/2 = 3.5 h, F = 40.8%)。此外, 化合物18能通过改善体内肿瘤免疫微环境来抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长。
2018年Gavory等[54]使用表面等离子共振技术对1 946个化合物的片段库进行筛选, 发现具有噻吩并嘧啶酮片段的化合物19具有USP7抑制活性, 其IC50值为13.1 μmol·L-1。在苯乙酰胺链的苄基位置引入手性甲基(R构型) 得到化合物20, 可将USP7抑制活性提高40倍(IC50 = 0.3 μmol·L-1)。随后晶体结构分析表明化合物20与12结合在同一口袋。通过基于结构的合理药物设计, 将核心杂环变为甲基吡唑并嘧啶酮后, 再引入能与USP7催化域Gln351形成氢键的苯甲胺片段, 得到活性大幅提高的化合物21 (IC50 = 6 nmol·L-1, 图7)。化合物21对RS4;11细胞(EC50 = 2.0 nmol·L-1) 和LNCaP细胞(EC50 = 29.0 nmol·L-1) 具有较好的增殖抑制作用。此外, 他们还报道了化合物22, 但活性不如化合物21, 其IC50值为0.09 μmol·L-1[55]。
2021年Li等[56]对已报道的小分子抑制剂与USP7催化域的共晶结构进行分析, 以具有4-喹唑啉酮骨架的化合物23作为先导化合物, 对C-7位和3-苯基丁酸部分进行构效关系探究(图8)。C-7位引入亲水基团能显著提高USP7抑制活性, 在3-苯基丁酸部分引入杂原子或大位阻基团会降低USP7抑制活性, 在哌啶环N-1上引入杂环会使活性降低或消失, 最终得到化合物24 (C9, IC50 = 4.86 μmol·L-1)。发现引入R构型的甲基可显著提高抑制活性, 进而得到化合物25 (C19, IC50 = 1.537 μmol·L-1)。分子对接显示, 4-喹唑啉酮的C-7位取代基位于溶剂暴露区, 而3-苯基丁酸部分伸入口袋内部。化合物24能将细胞周期限制在G0/G1期和S期, 抑制胃癌细胞增殖。此外, 化合物24在胃癌MGC-803细胞的斑马鱼模型中表现出显著的抗肿瘤作用。
Lamberto等[57]对化合物23与USP7催化域的共晶结构进行分析, 通过基于结构的合理药物设计得到了化合物26 (XL188, 图8)。化合物26表现出良好的USP7抑制活性, 对USP7催化域和全长USP7的IC50值分别为193和90 nmol·L-1。而其对映异构体化合物27 (XL203C, 图8) 的活性比26低, 对USP7催化域和全长USP7的IC50值分别为10.7和7.18 μmol·L-1。构效关系研究显示, 哌啶环上的4-羟基是USP7抑制活性所必需的, 去除或用体积较大的基团取代会导致活性降低甚至完全无活性; 用五元环取代哌啶环会降低活性, 连接哌啶环的酰胺键对活性至关重要; 此外, 3-苯基丁酸基团中苯环是活性所必需的, 去除或缩短羟基哌啶与苯环之间的连接链会导致活性丧失, 在C3位引入(R)-构型的甲基会提高活性。
2020年Schauer等[58]基于化合物26进行结构改造发现了USP7的强效选择性不可逆抑制剂28 (XL177A, 图8), 其IC50值为0.34 nmol·L-1。化合物28和26具有相似的结合位点和结合方式, 但与化合物26相比, 化合物28与α2~α4螺旋结合后蛋白质动力学构象发生变化, 导致螺旋链上氢原子暴露, 从而使二者紧密结合。机制研究发现, 化合物28能诱导MDM2快速降解并刺激p53与细胞周期阻滞基因(CDKN1A和GADD45A) 和凋亡相关的靶基因(BAX和DDB2) 的转录。
2020年美国生物制药公司RAPT Therapeutics研究团队[59]对已知DUB抑制剂化合物库进行筛选和测试, 发现7-吡啶基苯并二氢呋喃化合物29 (图9) 对USP7具有较高的选择性, 可作为先导化合物进行优化。进一步得到嘧啶并噻吩环母核的化合物30, 其中琥珀酰亚胺结构是关键的药效基团, 其两个羰基基团能与Gln297和Phe409形成氢键。为进一步提高活性和代谢稳定性, 用吗啉环对5-氟噁唑烷进行替换, 在易水解的琥珀酰亚胺基团上引入二甲基环丙烷, 手性拆分得到单一(R)-构型的化合物31 (图9), 其IC50值为0.44 nmol·L-1。在人多发性骨髓瘤细胞的异种移植模型中, 化合物31以剂量依赖的方式有效抑制肿瘤生长并延长动物生存期[59, 60]。
2024年Colombo等[61]通过高通量筛选, 发现32为活性化合物(图10)。以化合物32为先导化合物, 在苯环上引入甲基、甲氧基、氟原子、氯原子等, 发现C-8位引入氯原子活性最好。将C-2位氰基替换为甲氧基、氨基、4, 4-二氟-哌啶都会降低活性; 将酮还原成羟基或衍生为甲醚也均会降低活性, 最终获得活性较好的化合物33 (HBX 41108), 其IC50值为0.4 μmol·L-1。化合物33以非竞争性的方式抑制USP7并对HCT116结肠癌细胞有抑制作用。进一步研究表明, 化合物33能够稳定p53, 激活p53靶基因的转录而不诱导基因毒性应激, 从而抑制癌细胞生长[62]。
2013年Yamaguchi等[63]从海洋海绵Stylissamassa中分离出的化合物34 (spongiacidin C, IC50 = 3.8 μmol·L-1, 图11) 是天然来源分离出来的第一个USP7抑制剂。此外, 从海绵Petrosiaalfiani中分离得到的五环醌35 (xestoquinone, 图11) 也对USP7有较好的抑制活性, 其IC50值为0.13 μmol·L-1[64]。从海绵沙粒菌属Psammocinia sp的次生代谢产物中分离得到的呋喃酯萜四烯酸类化合物36 (sulawesin A, 图11) 对USP7也具有一定的抑制作用(IC50 = 2.8 μmol·L-1)[65]。Li等[66]报道的倍半萜内酯37 (PTL, 图11) 对USP7具有低微摩尔的抑制活性(IC50 = 6.58 μmol·L-1)。化合物37通过破坏β-catenin的稳定性部分抑制了Wnt信号通路的活性。此外, 它还可以抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖, 并诱导其凋亡。化合物38 (ursolic acid, 图11) 是一种天然的五环三萜(IC50 = 7.0 μmol·L-1), 可以呈剂量依赖性抑制骨髓瘤细胞的增殖(IC50 = 6.56 μmol·L-1)。SAR分析表明, 在环A上引入极性基团(如羟基), 大大降低了其活性。增加环B的刚性并在环C和环D上添加取代基也会降低活性[67]。Qin等[22]发现了齐墩果酸三萜化合物39 (CDDO-Me, 图11), 其对USP7的IC50值为14.08 μmol·L-1。Zhang等[68]通过高通量筛选发现了从林泽兰中提取的天然小分子40 (eulalinolide B, 图11) 能与USP7特异性结合, 其KD值为6.85 μmol·L-1。化合物40锚定在UBL1和UBL2之间的带负电荷的空腔上并与Cys576形成共价键, 与Asp666、Arg723和Glu572形成氢键等相互作用。此外, 化合物40在体内靶向USP7对小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症有明显的治疗作用。Li等[69]从天然产物库中筛选到了化合物41 (demethylzeylasteral)、42 (salvianolic acid C) 和43 (scutellarein) (图11), 其对USP7的IC50值分别为6.865、8.495和3.017 μmol·L-1。Guan等[70]结合虚拟筛选和细胞毒性测定筛选发现化合物44 (DHPO, 图11) 是USP7抑制剂。化合物44结合在USP7变构位点的裂隙内, 其结构上的丙烯酸酯靠近Cys300, 距离催化三联体约12 Å。化合物44通过迈克尔加成反应形成了共价键, 在空间上阻碍了泛素的结合并阻止USP7催化结构域中的α5螺旋转变为活性构象, 促进USP7底物硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD) 的靶向降解, 从而诱导胃癌细胞铁死亡。
蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras, PROTAC) 技术是近年来开发的一种有效降解内源性蛋白的新技术, 最早由耶鲁大学教授Craig Crews等在2001年提出[71]。它利用机体内的蛋白质清除系统, 通过降低蛋白水平而不是抑制蛋白的功能来治疗疾病。PROTAC分子主要由蛋白配体、E3泛素连接酶配体和Linker3部分组成。PROTAC独特的分子结构能通过邻近效应将靶蛋白诱导至E3泛素连接酶处, 导致靶蛋白泛素化并被蛋白酶体降解。常用的E3泛素连接酶配体包括: VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau)、CRBN (Cereblon)、IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins)、MDM2等[72]。与传统小分子药物相比, PROTAC的优势之一是能够靶向难以成药的靶点或突变蛋白。此外, PROTAC具有事件驱动(event-driven) 的药理作用模式、亚化学计量性质、对同源靶点潜在的高选择性、持久的药效动力学效应及低的获得性耐药发生率等优势[73, 74]。经过20年的发展, PROTAC技术已经成为当前新药研发领域的热门技术之一。
尽管USP7抑制剂的研究取得了很大进展, 但是抑制剂只能抑制USP7的酶功能, USP7的其他生物功能, 特别是在p53突变癌细胞系中的非酶功能仍有待明确。因此, 利用PROTAC的技术优势开发USP7降解剂非常必要。2022年, Pei等[75]设计合成了首个能高效选择性降解USP7的小分子探针45 (U7D-1, 图12B)。通过选择活性较好的抑制剂21作为USP7的配体, 在位于溶剂暴露区的苯基苄胺部分引入CRBN作为E3泛素连接酶配体, 设计并合成了一系列降解剂, 其中化合物45活性最好, 在RS4;11细胞系中的DC50值为33 nmol·L-1, 且对USP7降解具有高度选择性。此外, 相比于抑制剂, 化合物45在p53突变的细胞系(Jeko-1细胞系) 中仍旧表现出强烈的细胞生长抑制作用, 而抑制剂21无明显活性, 因此USP7降解引起的细胞生长抑制不完全是p53依赖性的, 进一步的研究发现, p53突变细胞系中45通过调控细胞凋亡和E2F通路发挥抗增殖作用。
Murgai等[76]选择化合物26为USP7的配体, 设计并合成了一系列基于CRBN配体的降解剂(图12B), 其中化合物46 (PROTAC17) 活性最好, 在MM.1S细胞系中的DC50值为17 nmol·L-1, 能有效诱导USP7依赖性癌细胞凋亡。2023年, Gu团队[77]报道了高效高选择性的USP7降解剂47 (PU7-1, 图12B)。PU7-1可以迅速有效的降解肿瘤细胞内的USP7蛋白, 在CAL33细胞系中的DC50值为4.3 nmol·L-1。进一步研究发现, 与肿瘤细胞生长密切相关的FOXM1蛋白是USP7去泛素化酶的底物, 化合物47能间接降低FOXM1蛋白在三阴性乳腺癌中的水平, 这为三阴性乳腺癌及其他高表达FOXM1蛋白的肿瘤提供新的治疗思路。2024年Xu等[78]报道了基于VHL配体的高效高选择性的USP7降解剂, 通过对降解剂中链接子长度、性质及VHL配体的广泛研究, 设计合成了一系列强效的USP7降解剂, 其中化合物48 (XM-U-14) 具有最优活性, 在RS4;11细胞系中的DC50值为0.74 nmol·L-1, Dmax值为93%, IC50值低至0.5 nmol·L-1。化合物48能高特异性诱导USP7蛋白快速降解, 并能有效抑制小鼠RS4;11异种移植模型中的肿瘤生长, 实现肿瘤的消退。
2022年美国加州大学伯克利分校的Henning等[79]开发了去泛素酶靶向嵌合体(deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras, DUBTACs) 技术。DUBTACs一般由靶蛋白配体、去泛素化酶配体和Linker三部分组成。DUBTAC可以使靶蛋白与DUB空间临近从而去除多泛素链, 阻碍蛋白质通过蛋白酶体降解, 进而稳定蛋白质水平。Henning等[79]使用去泛素酶OTUB通过共价配体EN523开发的DUBTACs实现了ΔF508-CFTR蛋白和WEE1激酶的稳定。然而, 由OTUB1共价配体衍生的DUBTAC可能与其他共价抑制剂存在类似的问题, 例如毒性或超敏反应。因此, 开发基于其他去泛素化酶和非共价配体的DUBTAC对于靶向蛋白稳定具有重要意义。
2024年, 哈佛医学院的Liu等[80]开发了首个基于USP7的DUBTAC (图12C, 49), 首先, 研究人员将USP7配体, CFTR配体与各种linker连接, 设计合成CFTR-DUBTACs, 其中49 (MS6869) 可稳定ΔF508-CFTR突变蛋白。为了进一步拓展USP7的DUBTACs的适用范围, 基于AMPK激动剂(可选择性激动AMPKβ1而不影响AMPKβ2) 设计并合成了AMPK-DUBTACs, 其中50 (MS8118) 可选择性稳定AMPKβ1, 而不影响AMPKβ2和AMPKα, 激活AMPK信号传导, 并抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。基于USP7抑制剂设计的DUBTAC机制还需进一步研究, 他们推测非共价的USP7抑制剂可能主要发挥招募而非抑制靶蛋白的作用, 或者USP7可能与细胞中的其他去泛素化酶组成同源二聚体或异源二聚体, 复合物中未被占位抑制的亚基仍旧可以发生去泛素化功能。
细胞内蛋白质稳态失衡是导致癌症发生发展的关键因素之一。泛素-蛋白酶体系统中的去泛素化酶对维持细胞的蛋白质稳态发挥了重要作用[81, 82]。作为DUB家族的成员, USP7具有去泛素化功能, 通过丰富的蛋白-蛋白相互作用维持多种底物的蛋白稳态, 参与多种生命过程。USP7的功能紊乱与癌症等疾病的发生发展密切相关, 因此USP7是一个很重要的药物治疗靶点。基于USP7的药物研发策略包括两种: 一种是破坏USP7功能, 通过抑制或者蛋白质降解策略, 进而降低致癌因子的稳定性; 另一种是借助USP7的功能, 通过去泛素酶靶向嵌合体策略, 进而提高抑癌因子的稳定性。
尽管目前已经发现多类骨架的USP7抑制剂, 但大多数化合物仅具有体外活性, 且还存在药代动力学性质不够优良, 体内疗效有限等问题。在适应症开发方面, 主要集中在血液瘤, 其在实体瘤的作用还需要进一步的探索。因此, 开发高效、高选择性且成药性好的USP7抑制剂是未来的主要研究方向。USP7抑制剂只能抑制蛋白的酶功能, 这可能是其体内疗效有限的原因之一, 借助蛋白质靶向降解技术可以实现靶蛋白整体功能的屏蔽。目前已开发多款USP7降解剂, 其中Xu等[78]开发的XM-U-14具有良好的体内抗肿瘤疗效, 这充分说明了USP7降解剂的巨大潜力。但相对传统的小分子抑制剂, 蛋白质降解剂在成药性优化方面更具挑战。基于USP7的靶向蛋白质稳定剂还处于初期研究阶段, 其作用机制还需进一步阐明, 相关技术有待进一步优化, 应用场景还需进一步拓展。总之, 以USP7为靶点的药物开发极具前景, 多种策略都正在蓬勃发展中, 但仍然需要深入研究来加快开发, 转化为临床药物使更多的患者受益。

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2025年第60卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1048
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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    1山东第一医科大学 (山东省医学科学院), 山东 济南 250117
    2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海 (烟台) 药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264117

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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