Article(id=1308455402492945389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=1740844800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889677879, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889677879, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889677879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889677879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1594, endPage=1603, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455402715243502, articleId=1308455402492945389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progresses on aggregation-induced emission luminogens-armed bacteriophages, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the growing global challenge of antibiotic resistance, the development of novel drug formulations with high specificity, excellent antibacterial activity, and the ability to reduce the generation of bacterial resistance has become an urgent and critical task. Recently, new molecular materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have shown great potential in disease treatment due to their unique luminescent properties and high biocompatibility. By combining phage therapy with AIE-based photodynamic therapy (PDT), a new antibacterial strategy, known as AIE-armed phages, has been developed. This innovative approach not only enables bacterial imaging in vivo but also enhances targeted bacterial eradication through the synergistic effects of PDT and phage therapy. This review summarizes the research progress of AIE-armed phages, highlighting the unique targeting and visualization capabilities of this biological conjugate, demonstrating its potential to precisely locate and effectively eliminate bacteria, and discusses future directions for optimizing AIE-armed phages.

, authors=Jian-ge XU, Zheng-fang LUO, Xiao-yu XU, Mei-jia GU*, authorsList=Jian-ge XU, Zheng-fang LUO, Xiao-yu XU, Mei-jia GU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mei-jia GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455405865165821, articleId=1308455402492945389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=聚集诱导发光分子材料武装噬菌体的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了应对全球范围内日益严峻的抗生素耐药性挑战, 研发具有高度特异性与卓越抗菌活性, 并且能够减少细菌耐药性生成的新型药物制剂, 已成为一项迫切且至关重要的任务。具有聚集诱导发光(aggregation-induced emission, AIE) 效能的新型分子材料因其独特发光性能和高度生物相容性能在疾病治疗领域展现出巨大潜力, 通过将噬菌体疗法与基于AIE的光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 相结合, 发展了一种新的抗菌策略, 称为AIE武装噬菌体。这种创新的方法不仅可以在体内进行细菌成像, 还可以通过PDT和噬菌体疗法的协同作用来增强靶向细菌清除。本文综述了AIE武装噬菌体的研究进展, 强调了生物结合物独特的靶向和可视化能力, 展示了它们精确定位细菌和有效根除细菌的潜力, 并讨论了优化AIE武装噬菌体的未来方向。

, authors=许剑歌, 骆政芳, 徐小雨, 辜美佳*, authorsList=许剑歌, 骆政芳, 徐小雨, 辜美佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=辜美佳, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

许剑歌、骆政芳负责文献检索及文稿撰写; 徐小雨负责审核文章; 辜美佳负责文章选题与写作思路的指导。

, correspAuthorsNote=
辜美佳, Tel: 86-27-68759987, E-mail:
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Research strategyStructural formula of AIEgenConnection methodApplicationAdvantageDisadvantageReference
TVP-PAP Carboxylic acid and amine reactionTargeted imaging and synergistic PDT for killing P. aeruginosaHigh specificity, real-time fluorescence imaging, deep tissue penetration capabilityNarrow host range, targets only specific bacterial strains[31]
MS2-DNA-AIEgens conjugate Covalent modification of DNA and electrostatic adsorptionEliminate intracellular bacteria and treat intracellular infectionsImproved intracellular delivery efficiency, high biocompatibilityComplex synthesis steps, requires optimization of photosensitizer stability[32]
TBTCP-PMB phage cocktail therapy Sulfhydryl-nucleophilic reactionTreatment and rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections such as sepsisRapid diagnosis and synergistic immune modulationRequires customized formulation, insufficient clinical validation[33]
TPE-PBA armed bacteriophage PhysisorptionRapid detection of toxic bacterial strainsSensitive, rapid, and specificCost-effectiveness issues in practical testing applications[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497576282915363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455402492945389, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Application, advantages and disadvantages of AIE-armed bacteriophages. AIE: Aggregation-induced emission; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; AIEgen: Aggregation-induced emission luminogens; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Research strategyStructural formula of AIEgenConnection methodApplicationAdvantageDisadvantageReference
TVP-PAP Carboxylic acid and amine reactionTargeted imaging and synergistic PDT for killing P. aeruginosaHigh specificity, real-time fluorescence imaging, deep tissue penetration capabilityNarrow host range, targets only specific bacterial strains[31]
MS2-DNA-AIEgens conjugate Covalent modification of DNA and electrostatic adsorptionEliminate intracellular bacteria and treat intracellular infectionsImproved intracellular delivery efficiency, high biocompatibilityComplex synthesis steps, requires optimization of photosensitizer stability[32]
TBTCP-PMB phage cocktail therapy Sulfhydryl-nucleophilic reactionTreatment and rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections such as sepsisRapid diagnosis and synergistic immune modulationRequires customized formulation, insufficient clinical validation[33]
TPE-PBA armed bacteriophage PhysisorptionRapid detection of toxic bacterial strainsSensitive, rapid, and specificCost-effectiveness issues in practical testing applications[34]
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聚集诱导发光分子材料武装噬菌体的研究进展
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许剑歌 , 骆政芳 , 徐小雨 , 辜美佳 *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(6): 1594-1603
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聚集诱导发光分子材料武装噬菌体的研究进展
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许剑歌, 骆政芳, 徐小雨, 辜美佳*
作者信息
  • 武汉大学药学院, 组合生物合成和新药发现教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430072
通讯作者:
辜美佳, Tel: 86-27-68759987, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

许剑歌、骆政芳负责文献检索及文稿撰写; 徐小雨负责审核文章; 辜美佳负责文章选题与写作思路的指导。

Progresses on aggregation-induced emission luminogens-armed bacteriophages
Jian-ge XU, Zheng-fang LUO, Xiao-yu XU, Mei-jia GU*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0063
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为了应对全球范围内日益严峻的抗生素耐药性挑战, 研发具有高度特异性与卓越抗菌活性, 并且能够减少细菌耐药性生成的新型药物制剂, 已成为一项迫切且至关重要的任务。具有聚集诱导发光(aggregation-induced emission, AIE) 效能的新型分子材料因其独特发光性能和高度生物相容性能在疾病治疗领域展现出巨大潜力, 通过将噬菌体疗法与基于AIE的光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 相结合, 发展了一种新的抗菌策略, 称为AIE武装噬菌体。这种创新的方法不仅可以在体内进行细菌成像, 还可以通过PDT和噬菌体疗法的协同作用来增强靶向细菌清除。本文综述了AIE武装噬菌体的研究进展, 强调了生物结合物独特的靶向和可视化能力, 展示了它们精确定位细菌和有效根除细菌的潜力, 并讨论了优化AIE武装噬菌体的未来方向。

工程化噬菌体  /  聚集诱导发光  /  耐药性  /  噬菌体疗法  /  光动力疗法

To address the growing global challenge of antibiotic resistance, the development of novel drug formulations with high specificity, excellent antibacterial activity, and the ability to reduce the generation of bacterial resistance has become an urgent and critical task. Recently, new molecular materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have shown great potential in disease treatment due to their unique luminescent properties and high biocompatibility. By combining phage therapy with AIE-based photodynamic therapy (PDT), a new antibacterial strategy, known as AIE-armed phages, has been developed. This innovative approach not only enables bacterial imaging in vivo but also enhances targeted bacterial eradication through the synergistic effects of PDT and phage therapy. This review summarizes the research progress of AIE-armed phages, highlighting the unique targeting and visualization capabilities of this biological conjugate, demonstrating its potential to precisely locate and effectively eliminate bacteria, and discusses future directions for optimizing AIE-armed phages.

engineered bacteriophage  /  aggregation-induced emission  /  antibiotic resistance  /  phage therapy  /  photodynamic therapy
许剑歌, 骆政芳, 徐小雨, 辜美佳. 聚集诱导发光分子材料武装噬菌体的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1594 -1603 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0063
Jian-ge XU, Zheng-fang LUO, Xiao-yu XU, Mei-jia GU. Progresses on aggregation-induced emission luminogens-armed bacteriophages[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1594 -1603 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0063
抗生素的发现标志着人类历史的一个重要转折点, 为解决长期困扰社会的感染性疾病提供了革命性的治疗手段。然而, 抗生素的广泛滥用和不当使用引发了一个日益严重的危机: 抗生素耐药性。过度使用、误用以及自我用药加速了耐药细菌的出现[1], 耐药细菌的传播给人类带来不可估量的伤害。科学家对于新型抗生素的研究和开发远远比不上细菌的进化速度[2, 3]。世卫组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 已宣布, 抗微生物药物耐药性是人类面临的十大全球公共卫生威胁之一, 严重威胁人类生命安全和健康[4]。这一不断加剧的挑战凸显了寻找更加可持续的抗生素使用方法以及开发替代治疗策略应对耐药性感染的迫切需求。
噬菌体疗法利用噬菌体病毒裂解细菌治疗感染。具有高度特异性的噬菌体能够精准识别并感染特定的细菌, 启动复制机制并在细菌体内繁殖, 最终使细菌裂解。不同于抗生素, 噬菌体针对性强, 避免了无差别攻击, 并能在细菌耐药时进化出新型噬菌体, 减少耐药性发展。
荧光成像技术, 特别是基于聚集诱导发光(aggregation-induced emission, AIE) 现象的荧光探针, 因其实时性、原位观测能力和无损性, 广泛应用于临床诊断和生物医学研究[5]。AIE分子(aggregation-induced emission luminogens, AIEgens) 在溶液中聚集时发光增强, 克服了传统发光材料在高浓度下荧光淬灭的问题[6]。并且以AIEgens为基础研发出的AIE探针可通过光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 杀灭细菌, 利用活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 破坏细菌膜、蛋白质及DNA, 且难以产生耐药性, 其优良的生物相容性、光稳定性和高量子产率, 弥补了噬菌体疗法无法实时监控和定位的不足, 增强了PDT的抗菌效果[7, 8]。因此, AIE武装噬菌体作为创新抗菌策略, 结合AIE效应与噬菌体疗法, 既能实现高效细菌靶向和实时成像, 又能增强抗菌效果, 具有应对耐药性问题的巨大潜力和临床应用前景。
噬菌体疗法是一种利用噬菌体裂解细菌以治疗病原菌感染的治疗手段[9]。噬菌体是专门感染并裂解细菌的病毒, 具备高度特异的抗菌能力, 能精准锁定特定细菌或其子群。噬菌体入侵细菌后, 会利用宿主细胞的蛋白质合成和能量系统进行自我复制, 直至细菌裂解。其攻击依赖细菌表面特异性受体, 因此只感染特定宿主[10], 相较于抗生素避免了无差别攻击的混乱局面。此外, 噬菌体在细菌产生耐药性时能够自然进化出新的噬菌体以应对, 相比于抗生素治疗能够减少耐药的发生。
噬菌体通常由蛋白质外壳包裹核心遗传物质, 形成核衣壳结构, 大多数噬菌体还具有尾部结构, 通常为中空针状, 用于将遗传物质注入宿主体内。噬菌体形态多样, 常见为具有尾部结构的二十面体, 也有无尾或线状噬菌体。这些结构特点使噬菌体能够高效感染、复制和裂解细菌[11]。
尽管噬菌体对人类的细胞不具备感染性, 但它们在生物学特性上与真核病毒有显著的相似性, 噬菌体可能与人类有着双刃剑的关系[12, 13]。越来越多的科学研究揭示了噬菌体在宿主生物体内的作用远超单纯的寄生与裂解, 同时, 噬菌体-细菌相互作用影响着人类的组织、器官和系统的功能[14, 15], 通过增强炎症免疫反应[16, 17], 在人体抵御侵袭性病原体过程中产生积极影响, 加速病原体的清除与机体的恢复。
噬菌体因其高特异性和可能促进人体免疫反应的特点, 成为新型抗菌手段的优选。近年来, 噬菌体广泛应用于新药研发、蛋白质及DNA疫苗精准递送、病原微生物快速检测, 以及蛋白质、肽类或小分子抗体筛选等前沿领域。
然而, 噬菌体疗法面临多重挑战, 包括宿主谱狭窄, 通常仅对单一菌株或有限菌种有效, 限制了其在复杂感染中的应用; 噬菌体可能引发宿主免疫反应, 影响疗效或产生不良反应; 规模化生产、储存稳定性及临床标准化等问题仍未解决。此外, 噬菌体疗法无法实时监控治疗过程, 难以精准评估感染部位和治疗效果。为克服这些局限性, 需要与其他技术协同应用。
荧光成像技术及其关键组成部分——荧光探针作为一种新型工具, 相较于其他成像手段, 显著优势在于其实时性、原位观测能力和对样本的无损性, 这些优点使其在临床诊断与生物医学研究等医疗前沿领域展现出巨大潜力[18, 19]。
AIE是一种光物理现象, 首次在2001年由Luo等[20]提出, 指的是AIEgens在稀溶液状态下发光微弱甚至难以观察到, 但是当它们在溶液中发生聚集时或在固体状态下却可发出明亮的荧光[20]。AIE效应的机制主要基于分子内运动受限(restriction of intramolecular motions, RIM) 模型[21, 22]。在稀溶液中, AIEgens内部的基团由于相对运动(如振动和转动), 消耗激发态能量, 荧光效率降低。然而, 在聚集态或高浓度下, 分子间相互作用限制了这些内部运动, 增加了光输出能量的比例, 从而出现荧光增强现象[23]。AIE现象的发现解决了传统发光材料在高浓度状态下由于分子聚集发生荧光淬灭现象(aggregation-caused quenching, ACQ) 而失去发光特性的问题, 展现出独特的发光优势, 为光电子领域带去新的发展前景[24]。AIE材料具有良好的生物相容性、光稳定性、高聚集态量子产率和大斯托克斯位移等特点[25], 能够作为光敏剂通过PDT杀灭细菌。在PDT过程中, AIE材料与细菌细胞壁结合, 光照激发后产生能级跃迁, 产生的电子与氧气反应生成高反应活性的ROS, 进而通过物理损伤细胞膜、蛋白质和DNA杀死细菌[26, 27]。AIEgens产生ROS的途径有两种: 电子传递(Ⅰ型) 机制和能量传递(Ⅱ型) 机制。在Ⅰ型机制中, AIE光敏剂受光激发后, 其激发态分子具有较高的氧化/还原电位, 能够与周围还原性物质(如还原辅酶、氨基酸等) 发生电子转移, 生成羟基自由基(•OH)。与此不同, Ⅱ型机制涉及AIE光敏剂的三元激发态向分子氧基态的能量转移, 生成单线态氧(1O2)。单线态氧因其未被占用的π*2p轨道, 对富电子化合物(如脂质、氨基酸等) 具有高反应性, 能引发氧化反应, 生成过氧化物等产物, 从而引发细胞毒性[28]。PDT对于细菌的杀伤速度极快, 并且对于细胞的破坏是物理性的、非特异性的, 所以细菌难以通过基因突变的方式产生耐药性[29]。
AIE与噬菌体的结合是一种创新策略, 将AIEgen的独特发光特性与噬菌体对细菌的精准识别和杀伤能力相结合, 同时利用光疗诊断学的微创性和时空可控性实现抗菌治疗[30], 通过AIE武装噬菌体, 研究者赋予其新能力——引导AIEgens局部富集, 并具备细菌瞄定和辨别能力。AIE的聚集发光效应成为噬菌体疗法的“眼睛”, 提供可视化能力, 克服了传统噬菌体疗法缺乏成像手段和难以追踪的障碍, 能够精准定位和监控治疗过程。
噬菌体成功结合并侵入细菌后, 通过PDT, AIE释放ROS杀伤细菌, 形成强大的协同抗菌效果。AIE与噬菌体结合不仅实现功能互补, 还开创了一种全新的抗菌治疗模式, 通过精准定位和协同作用高效杀灭细菌, 提供了新的治疗思路。通过AIE武装噬菌体, 使噬菌体疗法可视化, 荧光信号实时标记感染部位, 为临床治疗提供支持。在外科清创或感染灶切除时, AIE荧光成像可精确定位细菌聚集区域, 辅助彻底清除病灶, 提高手术精准度。同时, 动态监测荧光强度变化可评估抗菌效果, 为优化治疗方案提供数据支撑。AIE的可视化与光动力疗法协同作用, 能在光照下实现“边成像边治疗”, 为深部组织感染等难以触及的病灶提供微创、高效的治疗策略, 具有显著的应用潜力。
基于以上有关噬菌体和AIE的分析, 本研究总结并阐述了目前已有的几种AIE结合噬菌体靶向杀伤细菌的策略, 并对这种新型抗菌策略提出优化改进建议(表1[31-34])。
自2001年Luo等[20]发现AIE现象后, 唐及其团队便专注于研究制备聚合诱导发射光敏剂(aggregation-induced emission photosensitizers, AIE-PSs), 其中一种具有很典型AIE特性的化合物为三苯胺及其衍生物, 三苯胺作为一种典型的电子供体, 常被用作AIE-PSs的核心部分, 可以广泛增强PSs的AIE效应。在首个成功合成的AIE武装噬菌体中, He等[31]选择以三苯胺作为核心的AIE化合物TVP-S。在TVP-S中, 带正电的吡啶基团和亲水羧基团赋予其在高级溶剂中的良好溶解性。其易激活的羧基与噬菌体外壳蛋白的游离氨基可形成连接。TVP-S能在可见光照射下通过系统间交叉(intersystem crossing, ISC) 过程达到三元激发态, 产生1O2。此外, TVP-S中的Br原子通过重原子效应促进ISC过程, 从而增强其产生ROS的能力。TVP-S具有强大的可见光吸收能力, 长波长发射特性和大斯托克斯位移, 意味其在治疗进程中具有深层组织穿透能力, 是一个性能优良的AIE探针。
根据世卫组织的细菌优先病原体清单, 铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa) 是前三名高级优先病原体之一, 是一种感染宿主能力极强的革兰阴性菌[35]。P. aeruginosa易发生基因突变从而具有多药耐药性, 并且具有强大的生物膜生成能力, 能在宿主组织表面形成生物膜, 而其具有的外排泵系统, 可以主动将抗菌药物排出体外。P. aeruginosa的种种特性大大增加了使用传统抗生素将其彻底杀灭的困难程度。在噬菌体选择方面, 针对P. aeruginosa的短尾噬菌体PAP被选为TVP-S结合的实验对象。通过TVP-S上可激活的羧基和PAP上的氨基进行羧氨反应, He等[31]成功形成AIE特征噬菌体生物共轭物(TVP-PAP)。
当AIE特征噬菌体生物共轭物与细菌接触时, 噬菌体通过表面的特定受体与目标细菌表面配体结合, 实现精准识别。这一特异性确保AIE探针能够在噬菌体引导下准确聚集于目标细菌表面, 形成高密度荧光团, 提供高灵敏度和高对比度的细菌成像信号, 便于在复杂生物环境中识别和追踪(图1)。结合AIEgens与噬菌体克服了AIEgens非特异性染色和无法稳定高效染色革兰阴性菌双层膜结构的缺陷, 赋予噬菌体吞噬疗法在临床中的实时监控与定位能力[36, 37]。同时, 噬菌体的靶向作用不仅确保AIEgens精准定位, 还提升了PDT效率, 减少了对宿主细胞的非特异性伤害。
在体内实验中, He等[31]通过构建抗生素敏感或多重耐药性(multidrug resistance, MDR) P. aeruginosa感染性皮肤伤口的小鼠模型进一步研究TVP-PAP应用于体内实验的可行性, 发现TVP-PAP治疗伤口的效率极高并且对皮肤细胞毒作用极小, 表明了AIE武装噬菌体在靶向细菌杀灭和细菌传染病治疗应用中的光明前景。
AIE武装噬菌体作为新型体内抗菌策略, 仍需进一步优化其生物相容性和体内稳定性。为了提高治疗效果并尽量减少潜在免疫反应和毒性, 结合生物相容性材料显得尤为关键。使用DNA等天然生物大分子作为修饰剂, 能够有效增强药物递送系统的生物相容性。
Zhang等[32]将DNA通过氨基-羧基偶联反应与噬菌体表面共价连接, 然后通过静电作用将带正电的AIEgen (TVP-T) 与DNA结合, 设计了一种多功能的、具有优异生物相容性的新型纳米生物偶联物MS2-DNA-AIEgen, 该偶联物由AIEgen光敏剂和DNA序列共同修饰杀伤, 并且对细胞内细菌具有内在靶向性和光动力失活活性。其核心在于通过将DNA序列与噬菌体表面共价连接, 形成球形核酸结构(spherical nucleic acids, SNA), 使得偶联物能够穿透被感染细胞的细胞膜, 精确识别细胞内的细菌并最终靶向胞内细菌, 同时产生可检测的荧光信号。
在光敏剂的选择上, Zhang等[32]合成了一种高效的AIEgen光敏分子TVP-T, 该分子具有出色的ROS产生能力。TVP-T的结构包含带正电荷的吡啶部分, 促进其与带负电的DNA链之间的静电结合, 从而实现了光敏剂在SNA上的直接且有效附着。
MS2-DNA-AIEgen偶联物的优异生物相容性主要源于其与DNA形成的SNA。SNA是一种由化学修饰颗粒构成的多功能纳米结构体, 其表面密集且有序地共价连接着功能性寡核苷酸[38]。这种结构赋予了SNA关键特性, 包括核酸酶抗性、增强的细胞摄取能力以及基因调控特性。更重要的是, SNA能够直接进入细胞, 无需依赖任何额外的物理或化学辅助手段。SNA独特的结构使其能够与目标细胞表面的受体或其他分子发生相互作用, 快速进入细胞内部, 并且不受其带负电荷的影响。这一过程无需共载物的辅助, 依然能够高效地将大量核酸及其他有效载荷传递至细胞内部[39]。这些特性使SNA不仅可作为体外DNA和RNA检测的探针, 还具有在基因调控、化疗和免疫系统调节中的潜在应用。
MS2-DNA-AIEgen生物偶联物结合了DNA、噬菌体和AIEgen三部分, 通过DNA修饰使噬菌体形成球形纳米粒, 增强了其保护性及穿透感染细胞膜的能力(图2)。DNA的共价修饰帮助偶联物在细胞内的摄取, 并显著提高了细胞内细菌的识别与靶向能力。实验表明, MS2-DNA-AIEgen能够有效标记并靶向细胞内的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli), 在白光照射下, AIEgen通过光动力效应生成ROS, 显著降低细菌存活率, 最终实现接近完全的细菌感染清除。进一步的研究表明, 该生物偶联物在处理感染巨噬细胞时, 能够恢复细胞活性, 克服传统抗生素难以清除细胞内细菌的局限性。
在体内实验中, Zhang等[32]构建了糖尿病小鼠模型, 并观察其在伤口感染治疗中的表现。实验结果显示, 在糖尿病小鼠体内实验中, MS2-DNA-AIEgen生物偶联物加速了细菌感染伤口的愈合过程, 并增强了感染部位细胞的免疫活性及整体机体的免疫反应, 表明MS2-DNA-AIEgen在糖尿病小鼠模型中具有显著的抗菌效果和促进伤口愈合的能力, 为糖尿病患者的细菌感染治疗开辟了新的方向。
通过结合DNA等生物大分子来增加AIE偶联噬菌体的生物相容性, 研究者进一步提升了其在体内的稳定性与免疫耐受性。然而, 在复杂的临床感染中, 单一的噬菌体往往难以应对多重耐药菌株的挑战。采用AIE共轭噬菌体鸡尾酒疗法是一种增强治疗效果的有效策略。鸡尾酒疗法是指将多种药物或治疗手段组合使用, 以增强疗效或减少不良反应的治疗策略, 通常用于治疗多重耐药疾病或复杂疾病, 以克服单一治疗方式的局限性。在这里指通过将不同种类的噬菌体与AIE光敏剂结合, 利用不同噬菌体的多重靶向性与AIE光动力治疗的协同作用, 显著提高抗菌效果, 同时减少耐药性的产生。
脓毒症是一种由多种病原体感染引发的严重感染性疾病, 主要由细菌侵入血液并繁殖导致, 机制复杂, 涉及多器官功能障碍。微生物产物与宿主易感因素相互作用, 可触发免疫和炎症反应, 导致细胞和器官损伤[40]。其核心路径包括非特异性免疫激活、炎症升级、凝血增强及免疫功能障碍等。
在脓毒症的发展过程中, 免疫风暴起到了关键作用。免疫风暴是一种失控的免疫反应, 感染、创伤或其他刺激引发免疫系统释放大量细胞因子, 对抗病原体或修复组织, 过度激活的免疫反应会导致细胞因子过量积累, 不仅损害病原体, 还会攻击正常细胞和组织, 引发全身炎症反应, 危及生命。
脓毒症的发病率与死亡率持续上升, 传统抗生素治疗因耐药菌出现逐渐失效, 增加了治疗难度和患者死亡风险, 成为全球公共卫生的一大挑战。为此, Wu等[33]设计了一种新型的AIE光敏剂TBTCP-PMB, 并提出利用TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体鸡尾酒疗法治疗脓毒症(图3)。在以三苯胺为核心的基础上采用D-π-A结构以降低单重激发态与三重激发态之间的能量差, 从而提高ROS生成效率。TBTCP-PMB与噬菌体蛋白壳上丰富的巯基通过亲核反应与噬菌体形成复合物, 合成TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体。
Wu等[33]选择了多种常见的致病菌, 包括E. coli、P. aeruginosa、鼠伤寒沙门菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌来设计脓毒症小鼠模型, 以此来模拟临床脓毒症的复杂性和多样性。实验结果表明, TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体的应用不仅展示了其创新的治疗潜力, 而且切实地呈现出良好的治疗效果。接受TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体治疗的小鼠, 其脓毒症症状明显减轻, 表现为体温恢复正常、精神状态好转、体重稳定乃至增加等。小鼠的血液学检查显示白细胞计数回归正常范围, 提示免疫系统的过度激活得到有效调控; 生化学检验中肝肾功能指标趋于平稳, 多器官损害得到了明显的缓解和改善; 病理切片分析发现, 各主要器官的炎性浸润程度显著下降, 血管通透性改善, 水肿消退, 组织修复加快。TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体能够针对脓毒症中的关键病原体进行精准打击, 有效对抗宿主细菌, 进一步抑制炎症因子和细胞因子风暴, 改善组织纤维化, 促进细胞增殖、炎症浸润、血管生成、免疫应答, 以及组织修复, 从而治愈小鼠脓毒症。
脓毒症通常是重症监护病房危重患者死亡的直接原因。研究表明, 早期识别和及时护理对降低患者死亡率的影响最大。TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体的另一大亮点在于其快速诊断脓毒症的能力。在临床应用方面, TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体能够在30 min内有效识别出临床血样中的致病细菌(图4), 显著缩短了传统血培养所需的时间, 这有助于尽早启动脓毒症患者的靶向治疗, 从而提高治疗效果, 减少并发症, 改善患者的预后和生存率。
这种快速诊断能力不仅提高了脓毒症的早期识别率, 也为后续的个性化治疗提供了依据。结合光动力治疗的工程噬菌体在临床脓毒症治疗中, 展现出良好的安全性和生物相容性, 为患者提供了新的治疗选择。基于个体差异的定制化治疗是未来脓毒症管理的趋势之一。TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体能够灵活调整配方, 匹配不同患者的病原体种类和感染程度, 实现精准打击。同时, 光动力疗法的非侵入性和可控性, 使其在脓毒症急性期的紧急干预中占据独特地位, 减少了抗生素滥用的风险, 有利于长期维持生态平衡, 预防耐药菌株的出现。
根据菌株的毒力程度可以将菌株分为毒性菌株和减毒菌株, 毒性菌株具有较高的毒力, 能够引发疾病或导致宿主死亡, 而减毒菌株则是通过自然突变或人为干预使毒力减弱的菌株, 它们能够刺激宿主产生免疫反应而不会引起疾病, 通常用于疫苗开发[41]。毒性菌株即使在低浓度也能对人体造成伤害, 而减毒菌株即使在高浓度下也不会造成严重伤害, 所以在菌株监测中, 区分同一病原体细菌的毒性菌株和减毒菌株非常重要。
目前, 监测毒性菌株的方法如传统的板计数法、核扩增技术如聚合酶链式反应、环介导等温扩增和光电化学等[42], 这些方法存在操作繁琐且难以精准区分的缺陷。而噬菌体不仅可以识别一种细菌的不同菌株, 还容易与细菌结合, 因此, 噬菌体被认为是制造监测毒性菌株生物传感器探针的理想候选生物识别成分。AIE连接噬菌体可以通过噬菌体富集在细菌周围, 并且AIE可以通过聚集诱导发光效应作为反映菌株浓度的信号标签。基于此原理, Teng等[34]为食品安全中毒性菌株的监测开发了具有敏感、快速和特异性优点的成像检测方法。
在这项研究中, 一种名为TPE-PBA的新型AIEgen被用作细菌浓度信号标签, 96孔板作为即时现场检测(point-of-care testing, POCT) 平台。E. coli O157:H7是一种能够引起出血性肠炎和溶血性尿毒综合征的病原体。在我国, E. coli O157一直是食品中重点监测的病原菌, 对人具有很强的危害性, Teng等[34]将E. coli O157:H7的噬菌体首先固定在96孔板的底部, 以专门捕获菌株, 然后添加TPE-PBA信号标签, 并与捕获的菌株一起孵化, 以产生噬菌体|E. coli O157:H7| TPE-PBA夹层型复合物。该复合物可以产生与E. coli O157:H7的量成正比的密集AIE荧光, 30 min内检测限为30 CFU·mL-1。
这种新的AIEgen连接噬菌体吸附测定方法(AIEgen-linked phage adsorption assay, ALPSA) 能够为毒性细菌菌株成像和现场检测菌株E. coli O157:H7提供一个快速简便的平台。ALPSA的发明也为食品安全中食品病原体的现场精准监测展现出良好的应用前景。
AIE武装噬菌体的治疗方法展现了其巨大潜力, 但其仍存在着进一步改造和优化的空间, 以克服现有的局限性并拓展其应用范围。
噬菌体在治疗方法中主要起到特异性与宿主细菌结合, 并裂解和清除细菌的作用, 同时也由于其高特异性, 噬菌体存在宿主谱窄[43]的缺点, 一种噬菌体通常只对一种特定的细菌或其某个特定菌株有效, 这使得噬菌体疗法的应用范围相对有限, 在一定程度上限制了其广泛应用。针对此, 研究者希望对噬菌体进行改造和修饰。
噬菌体对宿主的精确识别能力是由尾部的受体结合蛋白(receptor binding protein, RBP) 所决定的[44], 这些蛋白质主要定位于噬菌体的尾丝蛋白中, 尾丝蛋白是噬菌体感染宿主细菌时的重要结构蛋白。可以通过基因工程技术, 改变与尾丝蛋白识别相关的基因, 从而调整尾部受体结合蛋白的结构, 进而改变其与宿主细菌表面受体的结合位点, 拓宽其宿主范围。除了直接改变尾丝蛋白的基因外, 研究人员还可以考虑采用其他噬菌体的基因进行替换或组合。通过人工选择具有不同宿主范围的噬菌体基因, 定向改变噬菌体尾部的受体结合蛋白, 以实现更广泛的宿主兼容性。如Lin等[45]研究已证明, 通过用T7噬菌体的基因替换T3噬菌体的部分尾丝蛋白基因, 可以显著拓宽T3噬菌体的宿主范围, 并提高对不同宿主细菌的吸附效率。此外, 还可以利用仿生纳米医学开发“拟噬菌体”, 仿生纳米是核心材料包裹在特定的层中, 保留噬菌体RBP特性的同时, 赋予其纳米平台多种生物学功能[46]。其他结构蛋白如头部或尾鞘蛋白的改造也可影响噬菌体特异性[47, 48]。但是, 对噬菌体的改造需平衡广谱性与精准性, 避免非靶向杀伤。
针对AIEgens, 研究者需要进一步地开发, 可以解决其需要外源性氧气和光源的困难, 如Ⅰ型ROS有卓越的氧化电位和更广泛的反应性范围, 开发强大的Ⅰ型AIE可以诱导多方面细菌杀伤和提高PDT的免疫原性[49]。Yu等[50]使用生物发光作为内源性光源, 合成可基因编辑的光敏剂, 以及对细胞进行基因修饰以表达过氧化氢酶, 从而达到在内源中产生激发光、光敏剂和氧气, 以克服光敏剂产生PDT需要外源性光和氧气的目的。Deng等[51]在最新的研究中开发了一系列具有不同烷基链(TPD-4、TPD-6和TPD-12) 的AIEgens, 并通过实验证明烷基链对AIEgens的修饰可以增强AIEgens生物相容性的同时, 增强其对革兰阳性菌的抗菌性能, 这为修饰AIE共轭噬菌体以增强其生物相容性以及拓宽AIEgens的抗菌谱提供新的思路。
除此之外, 研究者还可以在AIE共轭噬菌体上进行其他的装饰来赋予复合物更优良的性能。Wang等[52]通过开发一种AIEgen-装甲磁性纳米颗粒Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP-PMB, 其磁性纳米颗粒具有的磁分离特性通过规避与血液循环和代谢相关的问题来有效地解决TBTCP-PMB不可避免地扩散到血液中的不良反应, 为败血症治疗引入了一种创新的解决方案。后续可以尝试在Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP-PMB加装噬菌体, 进一步增强其抗菌能力和特异性。Park等[53]将一种阳离子PONI-Guan聚合物通过其阳离子性和半刚性特性可逆地复合在噬菌体K (ATCC-19685B1) 的负电荷表面蛋白上, 形成噬菌体聚合物纳米组件(porous polymeric networks, PPN), 并证明了PPN在保留了噬菌体K传染性的同时增强噬菌体对生物膜渗透的能力。PPN的成功构建提供新的启发。通过纳米材料进一步修饰AIE共轭噬菌体, 可以赋予这个新型对抗细菌传染病的武器更多的作用。如利用碳纳米材料富勒烯的笼状结构包裹药物分子, 并对其修饰使其可以与AIE-噬菌体共轭物稳定相连接。通过在笼状结构表面引入环境敏感性基团可以控制笼状结构在目标部位开笼释放药物, 达到药物在特定部位富集的作用, 增强药效[54, 55]。
AIE武装噬菌体具有精准的靶向性和高度的可视化能力, 并且其高度的生物相容性赋予其在临床应用方面巨大的潜能。通过调控AIE探针的分子结构或噬菌体的结构修饰, 能够实现对不同病理状态或疾病模型的精准识别与针对性治疗, 从而开辟个性化医疗与精准医疗的新途径。优化制造工艺和储存条件, 改善AIE武装噬菌体的生产和储存问题是推动AIE武装噬菌体药物临床应用和商业化的关键。为了降低制造成本, 研究者可以探索更高效的合成路径, 如Shi等[56]提出以淀粉为主体, 通过“主体-客体”相互作用将发光染料分子包裹在其内部腔中, 形成荧光夹杂复合物, 实现了以低成本大规模制造具有聚集发光效应的纳米颗粒, 通过这种方法形成的荧光纳米聚合物具有更少的生物毒性和更强的荧光效应。除此之外, 可以将AIE武装噬菌体和纳米药物递送系统相结合, 实现药物缓控释, 靶向输送和靶向杀菌相结合, 从而提高抗菌疗效[57, 58], 为AIE武装噬菌体的广泛使用提供了新的途径。
对于储存问题, 重点在于提升AIE武装噬菌体的稳定性, 以适应不同的储存和运输环境。可以尝试通过调整AIE分子的化学结构来增强其光稳定性和热稳定性, 或开发新型包封技术, 如采用生物相容性高分子材料或冻干工艺, 延长其保存期限, 实现AIE武装噬菌体药物在复杂实际环境中的稳定储存。
此外, 需深入研究AIE武装噬菌体在复杂生物环境中的行为和药效, 通过系统性的临床研究验证其安全性、有效性和适应症范围。同时, 政策支持和公众教育也是推动这种药物普及的重要环节。通过制定相关规范和补贴措施, 鼓励制药企业加大研发力度, 并向公众普及抗菌药物耐药性危机及AIE武装噬菌体的潜在优势, 以提升社会接受度和市场需求。
本文总结了AIE武装噬菌体在细菌感染相关疾病治疗领域的最新进展, 并展望了应用前景。AIE与噬菌体的结合是一项创新性策略, 旨在为当前严峻的耐药性挑战提出新的解决方案。噬菌体特异性识别宿主细菌、AIE的监测及定位功能、AIE武装噬菌体的协同杀伤作用共同构成了该策略的核心。在一般的AIE武装噬菌体能够靶向杀灭生物体内外细菌的基础上, 对AIE武装噬菌体进行修饰, 结合DNA可以增强其生物相容性, 使得偶联物可以杀灭细胞内细菌。在临床应用方面, TBTCP-PMB武装噬菌体能通过有效对抗宿主细菌, 引发积极的免疫应答, 促进组织修复和再生来治疗脓毒症, 并且为脓毒症临床早期诊断治疗提供新方法。AIE武装噬菌体在展现其优越性的同时, 也存在一定缺陷, 研究者希望对其继续进行改造, 以达到更好的实际应用效果。
总的来说, 期望AIE武装噬菌体疗法能够成为一种创新的生物医疗手段, 通过结合AIE与噬菌体的特性, 实现对细菌感染的精准识别与治疗, 提高治疗的准确性和效率, 并为抗生素的滥用和细菌耐药性的问题提供解决方法。随着研究的不断深入和技术的不断完善, 相信AIE武装噬菌体疗法将在未来为细菌感染的治疗带来更多的突破和进展。

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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0063
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-02
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    武汉大学药学院, 组合生物合成和新药发现教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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